The Magellan Venus orbiter carries only one scientific instrument: a 12.6-centimeter wavelength radar system shared among three data-taking modes. The synthetic-aperture mode images radar echoes from the Venus surface at a resolution of between 120 and 300 meters, depending on spacecraft altitude. In the altimetric mode, relative height measurement accuracies may approach 5 meters, depending on the terrain's roughness, although orbital uncertainties place a floor of about 50 meters on the absolute uncertainty. In areas of extremely rough topography, accuracy is limited by the inherent line-of-sight radar resolution of about 88 meters. The maximum elevation observed to date, corresponding to a planetary radius of 6062 kilometers, lies within Maxwell Mons. When used as a thermal emission radiometer, the system can determine surface emissivities to an absolute accuracy of about 0.02. Mosaicked and archival digital data products will be released in compact disk (CDROM) format.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.252.5003.260","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Pettengill, G., Ford, P., Johnson, W., Raney, R., and Soderblom, L.A., 1991, Magellan: Radar performance and data products: Science, v. 252, no. 5003, p. 260-265, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5003.260.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"252","issue":"5003","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b2de4b0c8380cd69349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettengill, G.H.","contributorId":43899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettengill","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, P.G.","contributorId":62342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, W.T.K.","contributorId":27174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raney, R.K.","contributorId":27613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raney","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70210206,"text":"70210206 - 1991 - Basin and range crustal and upper mantle structure, northwest to central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-20T14:33:31.39634","indexId":"70210206","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-10T09:27:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basin and range crustal and upper mantle structure, northwest to central Nevada","docAbstract":"We present an interpretation of the crustal and uppermost mantle structure of the Basin and Range of northwestern Nevada based on seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection, near‐vertical reflection, and gravity data. In comparison to most previous estimates, we find that the crust is somewhat thicker (32–36 km versus 22–30 km), and the uppermost mantle velocity is somewhat higher (8.0 km/s versus 7.3–7.9 km/s). Along our transects, the crust is thinnest (32 km) in the Carson Sink‐Buena Vista Valley region and increases by 2–4 km to the west and east, respectively. There is considerable complexity throughout the crust where velocities range from of 2.5 km/s at the surface to 7.4 km/s in the lowermost crust. Variations in velocity and structure of the upper crustal layers reveal apparent basement velocity depressions (areas of lower velocities extending up to 10 km in depth) that underlie some surface ranges as well as the basins. The middle crust rises from about 20 km beneath central Nevada to within 12 km of the surface beneath the area of thinnest crust and is characterized by a modest (∼0.1 km/s) change in velocity and low‐velocity gradients. These midcrustal layers mark the onset of high crustal reflectivity and the apparent limiting depth to which Basin and Range faults can be traced in near‐vertical reflection profiles, suggesting that these midcrustal layers represent the transition between the brittle and ductile zones of the crust. The lower crust is more structurally complex, with layers thickening and thinning in a systematic manner with the upper crustal layers; generally, where there are velocity depressions in the upper crust, the lower crust is thickest and shallowest. The geometry of these lower crustal layers (derived from refraction modeling) coincides with changes in the crustal reflectivity, determined from the Consortium of Continental Reflection Profiling reflection data. The lower crustal layer is unusually high in velocity (7.4 km/s) and is likely the layer identified as mantle in some previous studies. We do not identify the 7.4 km/s layer as mantle because (1) there is an underlying layer with a velocity (8.0 km/s) that is more consistent with the worldwide average velocity for the upper mantle, and (2) the 7.4 km/s layer does not correspond to the “reflection” Moho. Gravity modeling and comparison to existing seismic models show a general consensus in many aspects with respect to crustal structure. This new model forms the basis for speculation on some of the processes associated with rifting of the Basin and Range Province. One such process, lithospheric magmatism, is inferred from the strong attenuation of transmitted seismic waves, which occurs at the same interface at which high‐amplitude, bright spot reflections originate. Unlike previous models, the overall structure and velocity of the crust and uppermost mantle of our new model are similar to other regions worldwide which have undergone high degrees of extension.
Luckner et al. [1989] (hereinafter LVN) present a clear summary and generalization of popular formulations used for convenient representation of porous media fluid flow characteristics, including water content (θ) related to suction (h) and hydraulic conductivity (K) related to θ or h. One essential but problematic element in the LVN models is the concept of residual water content (θr; in LVN, θw,r). Most studies using θr determine its value as a fitted parameter and make the assumption that liquid flow processes are negligible at θ values less than θr. While the LVN paper contributes a valuable discussion of the nature of θr, it leaves several problems unresolved, including fundamental difficulties in associating a definite physical condition with θr, practical inadequacies of the models at low θ values, and difficulties in designating a main wetting curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00165","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., 1991, Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 4, p. 661-662, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00165.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"661","endPage":"662","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171507,"text":"70171507 - 1991 - Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T17:11:25","indexId":"70171507","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-07T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1045,"text":"Biotropica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"On 18 September 1989 the western part ofHurricane Hugo crossed eastern Puerto Rico and the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF). Storm-facing slopes on the northeastern part of the island that were within 15 km of the eye and received greater than 200 mm of rain were most affected by the storm. In the LEF and nearby area, recurrence intervals associated with Hurricane Hugo were 50 yr for wind velocity, 10 to 31 yr for stream discharge, and 5 yr for rainfall intensity. To compare the magnitudes of the six hurricanes to pass over PuertoRico since 1899, 3 indices were developed using the standardized values of the product of: the maximum sustained wind speed at San Juan squared and storm duration; the square of the product of the maximum sustained wind velocity at San Juan and the ratio of the distance between the hurricane eye and San Juan to the distance between the eye and percentage of average annual rainfall delivered by the storm. Based on these indices, HurricaneHugo was of moderate intensity. However, because of the path of Hurricane Hugo, only one of these six storms (the 1932 storm) caused more damage to the LEF than Hurricane Hugo. Hurricanes of Hugo's magnitude are estimated to pass over the LEF once every 50-60 yr, on average.
","publisher":"Association for Tropical Biology","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.2307/2388247","issn":"00063606","usgsCitation":"Scatena, F., and Larsen, M.C., 1991, Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico: Biotropica, v. 23, no. 4, p. 317-323, https://doi.org/10.2307/2388247.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"323","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":322066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5750076fe4b0ee97d51bb6bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scatena, F.N.","contributorId":44766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scatena","given":"F.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242906,"text":"70242906 - 1991 - Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-21T17:11:20.422153","indexId":"70242906","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T12:06:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance","docAbstract":"Two general power formulas, one for hydraulically smooth flows and the other for fully rough flows, are derived in a rational way from the widely accepted logarithmic formulas for the velocity profile and the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor. A regression analysis based on the method of least squares is used to determine the valid range of the local velocity (or normal distance from the wall) in the power formula. Some older empirical formulas, such as Lacey's, Manning's, Blasius', and Hazen‐Williams', and their valid ranges, are actually explained analytically by the results. Incomplete self‐similarity of the power law, in which the exponent and the associated coefficient vary with the similarity parameters, such as the Reynolds number and the relative roughness, is elucidated through the parametric representations of the power formulas and their counterparts based on the logarithmic law. This paper examines the concept and rationale behind the power formulation of uniform turbulent shear flows, thereby addressing some critical issues in the modeling of flow resistance based on the power law.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:3(371)","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., 1991, Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 117, no. 3, p. 371-389, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:3(371).","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Cheng-lung","contributorId":30752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Cheng-lung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016874,"text":"70016874 - 1991 - Evidence of strong earthquake shaking in the lower Wabash Valley from prehistoric liquefaction features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-19T16:13:47.598674","indexId":"70016874","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of strong earthquake shaking in the lower Wabash Valley from prehistoric liquefaction features","docAbstract":"Earthquake-induced liquefaction features in Holocene sediments provide evidence of strong prehistoric shaking, magnitude mb 6.2 to 6.7, in the Wabash Valley bordering Indiana and Illinois. The source of the one or more earthquakes responsible was almost certainly in or near the Wabash Valley. The largest event is interpreted to have occurred between 7500 and 1500 years ago on the basis of archeological, pedological, and stratigraphic relations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.251.4997.1061","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S., Bleuer, N., Munson, C., Munson, P., Martin, W., McWilliams, K., Tabaczynski, D., Odum, J.K., Rubin, M., and Eggert, D.L., 1991, Evidence of strong earthquake shaking in the lower Wabash Valley from prehistoric liquefaction features: Science, v. 251, no. 4997, p. 1061-1063, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.251.4997.1061.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1061","endPage":"1063","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224809,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Wabash Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.83811820783973,\n 41.135029195651754\n ],\n [\n -87.83811820783973,\n 38.07473153099974\n ],\n [\n -85.1985378372508,\n 38.07473153099974\n ],\n [\n -85.1985378372508,\n 41.135029195651754\n ],\n [\n -87.83811820783973,\n 41.135029195651754\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"251","issue":"4997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d6de4b0c8380cd52ff1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bleuer, N.R.","contributorId":64103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleuer","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munson, C.A.","contributorId":14483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Munson, P.J.","contributorId":20805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, W.S.","contributorId":43229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McWilliams, K.M.","contributorId":69420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McWilliams","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tabaczynski, D.A.","contributorId":70654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabaczynski","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Eggert, Donald L.","contributorId":19286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggert","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":33640,"text":"Indiana Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70126506,"text":"70126506 - 1991 - User's guide to the wetland creation/restoration data base, version 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T12:19:17","indexId":"70126506","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T13:53:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"User's guide to the wetland creation/restoration data base, version 2","docAbstract":"Wetland creation or restoration projects are frequently proposed as mitigation for unavoidable wetland losses, as components of wetland enhancement programs, and as tools to accomplish specific objectives such as waterfowl production or flood control. There is considerable controversy concerning the effectiveness of such projects as well as the most appropriate and efficient techniques to employ. The importance of the resource and the long time scales involved in fully evaluating a creation or restoration effort make it imperative to consider existing information as fully as possible in the development and evaluation of wetland creation or restoration proposals.
To aid in the evaluation of wetland/creation efforts, the U.s. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Ecology Research Center, has developed the Wetland Creation/Restoration (WCR) Data Base. The data base is a highly indexed or keyworded bibliography of wetland creation or restoration articles. (\"Articles\" refers to any type of publication that deals specifically with wetland creation/restoration projects or studies.) The scope of the articles is international, although most of them are concerned with projects conducted in the United States. Information coded for each article includes author; citation; type of wetland and its location in terms of state, ecoregion, and FWS region; type of study undertaken; objectives in creating or restoring the wetland; actions performed to realize those objectives; length of time encompassed by the study; evaluation of results and responses to the wetland creation/restoration actions; and a listing of plant species significant to the project. A brief annotation summarizes the article and includes any significant additional information that may not be adequately reflected in the above described fields.
Many of these articles describe only one or two components of a total wetland restoration effort. Planning a project that is designed to restore a wetland system (including at least some of its functions) is similar to constructing a picture from a number of puzzle pieces--missing pieces represent data gaps or information that is not available. Articles range from specific case studies, to overviews of restoration methods and techniques, to planning restoration projects and assessing programmatic and administrative backgrounds and interactions.
In this data base, the term \"restoration\" is applied loosely to include rehabilitation of wetlands. It may refer to a number of situations or actions including, but not limited to:
1. breaching dikes or plugging drains;
2. water pollution clean-up;
3. conversion of eutrophic conditions;
4. wastewater treatment;
5. recolonization of previously disturbed or denuded areas;
6. amelioration of adverse conditions (erosion, wave, or wind action);
7. soil treatment --mulching, fertilization;
8. rerouting streams --may include construction of meander patterns;
9. monitoring natural vegetation; or
0. excluding grazers (geese, cattle) and monitoring results.
This report describes the format and content of Version 2 of the WCR data base. Version 2 differs from the previous version described in SchnellerMcDonald et al. (1988): several fields have been dropped and condensed and new records have been added. Version 2 includes all records distributed with the earlier version and its updates. We recommend you replace any previous version with Version 2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Miller, L., Auble, G.T., and Schneller-McDonald, K., 1991, User's guide to the wetland creation/restoration data base, version 2, 31 p.","productDescription":"31 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb3be4b08312ac7cf124","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Lee","contributorId":41757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneller-McDonald, Keith","contributorId":37661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneller-McDonald","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170332,"text":"70170332 - 1991 - Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T06:20:31","indexId":"70170332","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests","docAbstract":"Predicting the steady state distribution of air pressure in the unsaturated zone resulting from a pneumatic test provides a method for determining air-phase permeability. This technique is analogous to the inverse problem of well hydraulics; however, air flow is more complicated than ground water flow because of air compressibility, the Klinkenberg effect, variations in air density and viscosity that result from temperature fluctuations in the unsaturated zone and the possibility of inducing water movement during the pneumatic test. An analysis of these complicating factors reveals that, when induced water movement can be neglected, a linear version of the airflow equation can provide an appropriate approximation for the purpose of determining air-phase permeability. Two analytical solutions for steady state, two-dimensional, axisymmetric airflow to a single well partially screened in the unsaturated zone are developed. One solution applies where there is a stratum of relatively low air permeability, separating the stratum in which the well is completed, from the atmosphere. The other solution applies where there is no separating stratum between the domain and atmosphere. In both situations the water table forms the lower horizontal boundary. Applications of both solutions to determine air permeability from data collected during pneumatic tests are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR01655","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Hult, M.F., 1991, Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 10, p. 2605-2617, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01655.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2605","endPage":"2617","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160536e4b0ef3b7ca91ff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hult, Marc F.","contributorId":18344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126915,"text":"70126915 - 1991 - Effects of roadside habitat and fox density on a snow track survey for foxes in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-20T12:37:05","indexId":"70126915","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T09:21:17","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2938,"text":"Ohio Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of roadside habitat and fox density on a snow track survey for foxes in Ohio","docAbstract":"Many methods have been used to survey red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and gray fox (Urocyon dnereoargenteus) populations. However, none has proven entirely satisfactory, and wild foxes remain one of the most difficult economically important wildlife species to monitor. In this study we evaluated the reliability of a snow track survey method for foxes by investigating whether the average number of road crossings per fox is influenced by changes in roadside habitat or changes in fox density. Several snow track surveys were conducted in two Ohio counties during January and February, 1984. Data on roadside habitat, relative fox densities, and fox crossings were collected. Results suggested that changes in roadside habitat could influence the average number of crossings per fox and, therefore, changes in the index could occur independent of actual population changes. We found no evidence that crossings per fox varied with fox density, but further research is needed to substantiate this finding.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ohio Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","usgsCitation":"Stanley, T.R., and Bart, J., 1991, Effects of roadside habitat and fox density on a snow track survey for foxes in Ohio: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 91, no. 5, p. 186-187.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"186","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252eaee4b0e641df8a6f8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Thomas R. 0000-0002-8393-0005 stanleyt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-0005","contributorId":209928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Thomas","email":"stanleyt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125919,"text":"70125919 - 1991 - Weights and hematology of wild black bears during hibernation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-10T22:28:24.772497","indexId":"70125919","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T09:14:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weights and hematology of wild black bears during hibernation","docAbstract":"We compared weights and hematological profiles of adult (>3-yr-old) female black bears (Ursus americanus) during hibernation (after 8 January). We handled 28 bears one to four times (total of 47) over 4 yr of varying mast and berry production. Mean weight of lactating bears was greater (P < 0.0001) than that of non-lactating females. White blood cells (P < 0.05) and mean corpuscular volume (P = 0.005) also differed between lactating and non-lactating bears. Hemoglobin (P = 0.006) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.02) varied among years; values were lowest during 1975, following decreased precipitation and the occurrence of a second year of mast and berry crop shortages in a three-year period. Significant (P < 0.05) interaction between reproductive status (lactating versus non-lactating) and study year for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and packed cell volume, and increased mean corpuscular volume, suggested a greater nutritional challenge for lactating females compared to non-lactating females during the 1975 denning season. Our data suggest that hematological characteristics of denning bears may be more sensitive than weights as indicators of annual changes in nutritional status; however, other influential factors, in addition to mast and berry crop production, remain to be examined.
The Earth is a dynamic planet. Many different processes are continuously developing, creating a delicate balance between the energy stored and generated in its interior and the heat lost into space. The heat in continuously transferred through complex self-regulating convection mechanisms on a planetary scale. The distribution of terrestrial heat flow reveals some of the fine structure of the energy transport mechanisms in the outer layers of the Earth. Of these mechanisms in the outer layers of the Earth. Of these mechanisms, volcanism is indeed the most remarkable, for it allows energy to be transported in rapid bursts to the surface. In order to maintain the subtle balance of the terrestrial heat machine, one may expect that some law or principle restricts the ways in which these volcanic bursts affect the overall energy transfer of the Earth. For instance, we know that the geothermal flux of the planet amounts to 1028 erg/year. On the other hand, a single large event like the Lava Creek Tuff eruption that formed Yellowstone caldera over half a million years ago may release the same amount of energy in a very small area, over a short period of time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"de la Cruz-Reyna, S., 1991, Volcanic eruptions; energy and size: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 140-141.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"141","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6d5e4b0b28f1184dc28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de la Cruz-Reyna, S.","contributorId":152593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de la Cruz-Reyna","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015145,"text":"70015145 - 1991 - New evidence on the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera, California, from wells, fluid sampling, electrical geophysics, and age determinations of hot-spring deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015145","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New evidence on the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera, California, from wells, fluid sampling, electrical geophysics, and age determinations of hot-spring deposits","docAbstract":"Data collected since 1985 from test drilling, fluid sampling, and geologic and geophysical investigations provide a clearer definition of the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera than was previously available. This information confirms the existence of high-temperature (> 200??C) reservoirs within the volcanic fill in parts of the west moat. These reservoirs contain fluids which are chemically similar to thermal fluids encountered in the central and eastern parts of the caldera. The roots of the present-day hydrothermal system (the source reservoir, principal zones of upflow, and the magmatic heat source) most likely occur within metamorphic basement rocks beneath the western part of the caldera. Geothermometer-temperature estimates for the source reservoir range from 214 to 248??C. Zones of upflow of hot water could exist beneath the plateau of moat rhyolite located west of the resurgent dome or beneath Mammoth Mountain. Lateral flow of thermal water away from such upflow zones through reservoirs in the Bishop Tuff and early rhyolite accounts for temperature reversals encountered in most existing wells. Dating of hot-spring deposits from active and inactive thermal areas confirms previous interpretations of the evolution of hydrothermal activity that suggest two periods of extensive hot-spring discharge, one peaking about 300 ka and another extending from about 40 ka to the present. The onset of hydrothermal activity around 40 ka coincides with the initiation of rhyolitic volcanism along the Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic chain that extends beneath the caldera's west moat. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., Suemnicht, G., Sturchio, N., and Nordquist, G., 1991, New evidence on the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera, California, from wells, fluid sampling, electrical geophysics, and age determinations of hot-spring deposits: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 48, no. 3-4, p. 229-263.","startPage":"229","endPage":"263","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a657de4b0c8380cd72be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suemnicht, G.A.","contributorId":11339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suemnicht","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sturchio, N.C.","contributorId":16580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturchio","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nordquist, G.A.","contributorId":86493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordquist","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016345,"text":"70016345 - 1991 - Implications of low-temperature cooling history on a transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, west central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T23:35:56.78487","indexId":"70016345","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of low-temperature cooling history on a transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, west central Arizona","docAbstract":"Fission track ages of apatite and zircon from metamorphic, plutonic, and sedimentary rocks along a 80-km transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary in west central Arizona show differences in the low-temperature cooling histories between the provinces. The transect extends from Cypress Mountain in the Colorado Plateau transition zone to the eastern Buckskin Mountains in the Basin and Range. Along the northeast margin of the Basin and Range province, metamorphic rocks exposed in the footwall of a major detachment fault system yield zircon and apatite fission track ages of 16–10 Ma. These ages are similar to K-Ar fusion ages of biotite and age minima of K-feldspar on 40Ar/39Ar age spectra and collectively indicate rapid cooling. One K-feldspar age spectrum has an age maximum of about 22.8 Ma, an age minimum of 11.8 Ma, and a spectrum whose shape is suggestive of reheating, possibly in middle Miocene time. The heating event was probably related to hydrothermal activity during emplacement of Cu and Mn deposits in and above the detachment fault zone. Effects of this heating are only locally detected in rocks above the detachment fault. In the Poachie Range fission track ages of apatite and zircon are 60–50 and 80–70 Ma, respectively. The disparity between the apatite and zircon ages indicates that the rocks cooled slowly in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time, probably due to gradual uplift and erosion. Total uplift and denudation in the area of the Poachie Range since Cretaceous time is 6 km or more. To the northeast of the range, fission track ages of apatite and zircon increase and diverge, indicating that apparent uplift decreased in that direction. The apatite ages from the Poachie Range are concordant with early Tertiary hornblende ages determined in other studies of lower plate rocks near the southwest end of the transect. The ages represent cooling of crystalline rocks after Cretaceous regional metamorphism and magmatism. Near Bagdad, 20 km northeast of the Poachie Range, 2 km or less of erosion has occurred since intrusion of high-level plutons and dikes and caldera formation in Late Cretaceous time. Remnants of an erosion surface that developed in middle Tertiary time are preserved in the transition zone. Volcanic and sedimentary rocks at least as old as early Miocene were deposited on the erosion surface and filled valleys cut into it. Dissection of these deposits began about 8 Ma. We interpret these data combined with those from other studies to indicate that in Cretaceous time southward thrusting and later extensive magmatism in the middle crust led to thickening and heating of the crust. The Cretaceous igneous rocks at Bagdad are high-level manifestations of this magmatism. Uplift and slow cooling occurred in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time. In late Oligocene and early Miocene time during northeast-southwest extension, middle crustal rocks moved southwest put from beneath the southwest margin of the transition zone. Tectonic denudation rapidly exposed the crust that had been brought up from a depth of 10 km or more and rapidly cooled in the eastern Buckskin and Harcuvar mountains. Middle Miocene reheating occurred locally in the lower plate, along the detachment, and in nearby parts of the upper plate.
Textural, geochemical, and mineralogic study of soils and weathering profiles has led to the practice of applying varioys weathering parameters as relative age indicators. In our studies examined the entire thickness of weathered sediment (i.e., the weathering profile) for evidence of weathering-induced changes in both sand- and clay-sized mineralogy, and used two techniques for relative age determinations. These techniques were developed as tools to support geologic mapping.
One of our techniques for determining relative ages is based on the depth of weathering as recorded by progressive loss of denrital sand-sized minerals upward in the weathering profile. This is our preferred tool, especially in areas where weathering profiles have been truncated. We have found a gradual trend of increasing loss of labile sand-sized minerals (e.g., hornblendes, feldspars) and increasing depth of weathering with increasing age of the deposit. Of significance to many research programs, this technique does not require expensive instruments such as an X-ray diffractometer.
Our other technique depends on accumulation of stable, secondary clay-sized minerals in the upper part of the weathering profile. In our study area on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States, the stable assemblage consists of vermiculite, kaolinite, gibbsite, and iron oxides and hydroxides. This technique can be effective for relative age determinations where profiles have not been truncated, and can provide useful information on depositional and erosional history. However, in areas of widespread erosion and profile truncation, such as the Carolinas, the utility of this technique for relative age determinations is limited. There, soils were partially or completely removed in many localities in relatively recent times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(91)90068-5","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., and Owens, J.P., 1991, The use of mineralogic techniques as relative age indicators for weathering profiles on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA: Geoderma, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 111-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90068-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"131","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.19488098110419,\n 40.445101781541894\n ],\n [\n -74.41519339524608,\n 40.380584739264634\n ],\n [\n 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R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, J. P.","contributorId":50946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016427,"text":"70016427 - 1991 - Statistical analyses of soil properties on a quaternary terrace sequence in the upper sava river valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T19:16:42.075705","indexId":"70016427","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical analyses of soil properties on a quaternary terrace sequence in the upper sava river valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia","docAbstract":"Alpine glaciations, climatic changes and tectonic movements have created a Quaternary sequence of gravely carbonate sediments in the upper Sava River Valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. The names for terraces, assigned in this model, Günz, Mindel, Riss and Würm in order of decreasing age, are used as morphostratigraphic terms. Soil chronosequence on the terraces was examined to evaluate which soil properties are time dependent and can be used to help constrain the ages of glaciofluvial sedimentation. Soil thickness, thickness of Bt horizons, amount and continuity of clay coatings and amount of Fe and Me concretions increase with soil age. The main source of variability consists of solutions of carbonate, leaching of basic cations and acidification of soils, which are time dependent and increase with the age of soils. The second source of variability is the content of organic matter, which is less time dependent, but varies more within soil profiles. Textural changes are significant, presented by solution of carbonate pebbles and sand, and formation is silt loam matrix, which with age becomes finer, with clay loam or clayey texture. The oldest, Günz, terrace shows slight deviation from general progressive trends of changes of soil properties with time.
The hypothesis of single versus multiple depositional periods of deposition was tested with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on a staggered, nested hierarchical sampling design on a terrace of largest extent and greatest gravel volume, the Würm terrace. The variability of soil properties is generally higher within subareas than between areas of the terrace, except for the soil thickness. Observed differences in soil thickness between the areas of the terrace could be due to multiple periods of gravel deposition, or to the initial differences of texture of the deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(91)90071-Z","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Vidic, N., Pavich, M., and Lobnik, F., 1991, Statistical analyses of soil properties on a quaternary terrace sequence in the upper sava river valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia: Geoderma, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 189-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90071-Z.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Slovenia","otherGeospatial":"Sava River, Yugoslavia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 13.70786951280175,\n 46.517913560844136\n ],\n [\n 13.70786951280175,\n 45.708389264161866\n ],\n [\n 15.177657882087345,\n 45.708389264161866\n ],\n [\n 15.177657882087345,\n 46.517913560844136\n ],\n [\n 13.70786951280175,\n 46.517913560844136\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b970be4b08c986b31b852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vidic, N.","contributorId":105054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidic","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavich, M.","contributorId":58399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lobnik, F.","contributorId":24096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobnik","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001391,"text":"1001391 - 1991 - Habitat use, survival, and causes of mortality among mallard broods hatched near the James River in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:25:18","indexId":"1001391","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use, survival, and causes of mortality among mallard broods hatched near the James River in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Habitat use and survival by nine mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) broods from nests on the James River floodplain and adjacent drift plain were monitored during summer 1987. Radio-marked broods were relocated an average of 22% of the time in the river channel, 22% in oxbow ponds, 43% in a large sewage lagoon complex, and 13% in basin wetlands. Four of the six broods hatched on the floodplain stayed primarily in riverine wetlands throughout the brood-rearing period. Seven of nine broods fledged at least one young; a total of 27 ducklings survived to fledging of the 82 that hatched. The seven hens that fledged young used an average of two wetlands each from hatching to fledging. Mink and raptor predation and adverse weather conditions were the principal identified causes of mortality. Potential effects on waterfowl production of planned downstream irrigation, a part of the Reformulated Garrison Diversion Unit, are discussed and recommendations are made to reduce adverse impacts to wildlife.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prairie Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., and Luna, C., 1991, Habitat use, survival, and causes of mortality among mallard broods hatched near the James River in North Dakota: Prairie Naturalist, v. 23, no. 4, p. 213-222.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"222","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.54324340820312,\n 46.84986068986836\n ],\n [\n -98.61328125,\n 46.84798223530896\n ],\n [\n -98.62289428710938,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -98.5693359375,\n 46.57585481240773\n ],\n [\n -98.3111572265625,\n 46.326068311712596\n ],\n [\n -98.24249267578125,\n 46.337447097476925\n ],\n [\n -98.28506469726562,\n 46.417979059090115\n ],\n [\n -98.3990478515625,\n 46.48042784896914\n ],\n [\n -98.4100341796875,\n 46.52957950024517\n ],\n [\n -98.52676391601562,\n 46.59190029349218\n ],\n [\n -98.54873657226562,\n 46.705027447019\n ],\n [\n -98.54324340820312,\n 46.84986068986836\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luna, C.R.","contributorId":73951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luna","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016435,"text":"70016435 - 1991 - Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-26T20:52:22.017441","indexId":"70016435","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Rare dunite and 2-pyroxene gabbro xenoliths occur in banded trachyte at Puu Waawaa on Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii. Mineral compositions suggest that these xenoliths formed as cumulates of tholeiitic basalt at shallow depth in a subcaldera magma reservoir. Subsequently, the minerals in the xenoliths underwent subsolidus reequilibration that particularly affected chromite compositions by decreasing their Mg numbers. In addition, olivine lost CaO and plagioclase lost MgO and Fe2O3 during subsolidus reequilibration. The xenoliths also reacted with the host trachyte to form secondary mica, amphibole, and orthopyroxene, and to further modify the compositions of some olivine, clinopyroxene, and spinel grains. The reaction products indicate that the host trachyte melt was hydrous. Clinopyroxene in one dunite sample and olivine in most dunite samples have undergone partial melting, apparently in response to addition of water to the xenolith. These xenoliths do not contain CO2 fluid inclusions, so common in xenoliths from other localities on Hualalai, which suggests that CO2 was introduced from alkalic basalt magma between the time CO2-inclusion-free xenoliths erupted at 106??6 ka and the time CO2-inclusion-rich xenoliths erupted within the last 15 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00303448","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., and Bohrson, W.A., 1991, Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 108, no. 4, p. 439-452, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303448.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hualalai Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 19.528730138897643\n ],\n [\n -155.775146484375,\n 19.528730138897643\n ],\n [\n -155.775146484375,\n 20.076570104545173\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 20.076570104545173\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 19.528730138897643\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a710fe4b0c8380cd7641a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohrson, Wendy A.","contributorId":55024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohrson","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016463,"text":"70016463 - 1991 - Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM): a volcano monitoring and prediction tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016463","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM): a volcano monitoring and prediction tool","docAbstract":"Seismicity is one of the most commonly monitored phenomena used to determine the state of a volcano and for the prediction of volcanic eruptions. Although several real-time earthquake-detection and data acquisition systems exist, few continuously measure seismic amplitude in circumstances where individual events are difficult to recognize or where volcanic tremor is prevalent. Analog seismic records provide a quick visual overview of activity; however, continuous rapid quantitative analysis to define the intensity of seismic activity for the purpose of predicing volcanic eruptions is not always possible because of clipping that results from the limited dynamic range of analog recorders. At the Cascades Volcano Observatory, an inexpensive 8-bit analog-to-digital system controlled by a laptop computer is used to provide 1-min average-amplitude information from eight telemetered seismic stations. The absolute voltage level for each station is digitized, averaged, and appended in near real-time to a data file on a multiuser computer system. Raw realtime seismic amplitude measurement (RSAM) data or transformed RSAM data are then plotted on a common time base with other available volcano-monitoring information such as tilt. Changes in earthquake activity associated with dome-building episodes, weather, and instrumental difficulties are recognized as distinct patterns in the RSAM data set. RSAM data for domebuilding episodes gradually develop into exponential increases that terminate just before the time of magma extrusion. Mount St. Helens crater earthquakes show up as isolated spikes on amplitude plots for crater seismic stations but seldom for more distant stations. Weather-related noise shows up as low-level, long-term disturbances on all seismic stations, regardless of distance from the volcano. Implemented in mid-1985, the RSAM system has proved valuable in providing up-to-date information on seismic activity for three Mount St. Helens eruptive episodes from 1985 to 1986 (May 1985, May 1986, and October 1986). Tiltmeter data, the only other telemetered geophysical information that was available for the three dome-building episodes, is compared to RSAM data to show that the increase in RSAM data was related to the transport of magma to the surface. Thus, if tiltmeter data is not available, RSAM data can be used to predict future magmatic eruptions at Mount St. Helens. We also recognize the limitations of RSAm data. Two examples of RSAM data associated with phreatic or shallow phreatomagmatic explosions were not preceded by the same increases in RSAM data or changes in tilt associated with the three dome-building eruptions. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00298154","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Endo, E., and Murray, T., 1991, Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM): a volcano monitoring and prediction tool: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, no. 7, p. 533-545, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298154.","startPage":"533","endPage":"545","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205352,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298154"},{"id":223217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a959de4b0c8380cd81b17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Endo, E.T.","contributorId":45308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endo","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, T.","contributorId":59304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016484,"text":"70016484 - 1991 - Pumping tests in non-uniform aquifers - The linear strip case","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:58:48.257499","indexId":"70016484","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pumping tests in non-uniform aquifers - The linear strip case","docAbstract":"Many pumping tests are performed in geologic settings that can be conceptualized as a linear infinite strip of one material embedded in a matrix of differing flow properties. A semi-analytical solution is presented to aid the analysis of drawdown data obtained from pumping tests performed in settings that can be represented by such a conceptual model. Integral transform techniques are employed to obtain a solution in transform space that can be numerically inverted to real space. Examination of the numerically transformed solution reveals several interesting features of flow in this configuration. If the transmissivity of the strip is much higher than that of the matrix, linear and bilinear flow are the primary flow regimes during a pumping test. If the contrast between matrix and strip properties is not as extreme, then radial flow should be the primary flow mechanism. Sensitivity analysis is employed to develop insight into the controls on drawdown in this conceptual model and to demonstrate the importance of temporal and spatial placement of observations. Changes in drawdown are sensitive to the transmissivity of the strip for a limited time duration. After that time, only the total drawdown remains a function of strip transmissivity. In the case of storativity, both the total drawdown and changes in drawdown are sensitive to the storativity of the strip for a time of quite limited duration. After that time, essentially no information can be gained about the storage properties of the strip from drawdown data. An example analysis is performed using data previously presented in the literature to demonstrate the viability of the semi-analytical solution and to illustrate a general procedure for analysis of drawdown data in complex geologic settings. This example reinforces the importance of observation well placement and the time of data collection in constraining parameter correlation, a major source of the uncertainty that arises in the parameter estimation procedure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90132-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Butler, J., and Liu, W., 1991, Pumping tests in non-uniform aquifers - The linear strip case: Journal of Hydrology, v. 128, no. 1-4, p. 69-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90132-2.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9034e4b0c8380cd7fbcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, W.Z.","contributorId":99301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"W.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016514,"text":"70016514 - 1991 - Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:39:03","indexId":"70016514","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications","docAbstract":"Tholeiitic andesite was dredged from two sites on Valu Fa Ridge (VFR), a back-arc spreading center in Lau Basin. Valu Fa Ridge, at least 200 km long, is located 40-50 km west of the active Tofua Volcanic Arc (TVA) axis and lies about 150 km above the subducted oceanic plate. One or more magma chambers, traced discontinuously for about 100 km along the ridge axis, lie 3-4 km beneath the ridge. The mostly aphyric and glassy lavas had high volatile contents, as shown by the abundance and large sizes of vesicles. An extensive fractionation history is inferred from the high SiO2 contents and FeO* MgO ratios. Chemical data show that the VFR lavas have both volcanic arc and back-arc basin affinities. The volcanic arc characteristics are: (1) relatively high abundances of most alkali and alkaline earth elements; (2) low abundances of high field strength elements Nb and Ta; (3) high U/Th ratios; (4) similar radiogenic isotope ratios in VFR and TVA lavas, in particular the enrichment of 87Sr 86Sr relative to 206Pb 204Pb; (5) high 238U 230Th, 230Th 232Th, and 226Ra 230Th activity ratios; and (6) high ratios of Rb/Cs, Ba/Nb, and Ba/La. Other chemical characteristics suggest that the VFR lavas are related to MORB-type back-arc basin lavas. For example, VFR lavas have (1) lower 87Sr 86Sr ratios and higher 143Nd 144Nd ratios than most lavas from the TVA, except samples from Ata Island, and are similar to many Lau Basin lavas; (2) lower Sr/REE, Rb/Zr, and Ba/Zr ratios than in arc lavas; and (3) higher Ti, Fe, and V, and higher Ti/V ratios than arc lavas generally and TVA lavas specifically. Most characteristics of VFR lavas can be explained by mixing depleted mantle with either small amounts of sediment and fluids from the subducting slab and/or an older fragment of volcanic arc lithosphere. The eruption of subalkaline andesite with some arc affinities along a back-arc spreading ridge is not unique. Collision of the Louisville and Tonga ridges probably activated back-arc extension that ultimately led to the creation and growth of Valu Fa Ridge. Some ophiolitic fragments in circum-Pacific and circum-Tethyan allochthonous terranes, presently interpreted to have originated in volcanic arcs, may instead be fragments of lithosphere that formed during early stages of seafloor spreading in a back-arc basin. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T., Jenner, G., Frey, F., Gill, J., Davis, A.S., Volpe, A., Hawkins, J., Morris, J., Cawood, P.A., Morton, J.L., Scholl, D., Rautenschlein, M., White, W., Williams, R.W., Stevenson, A., and White, L.D., 1991, Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications: Chemical Geology, v. 91, no. 3, p. 227-256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9.","startPage":"227","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266078,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9"},{"id":223430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cfce4b08c986b31d58f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenner, G.A.","contributorId":58027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenner","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, J.B.","contributorId":61171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Volpe, A.M.","contributorId":86113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volpe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hawkins, J.W.","contributorId":88088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkins","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morris, J.D.","contributorId":25707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cawood, Peter A.","contributorId":75280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cawood","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morton, J. L.","contributorId":56196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rautenschlein, M.","contributorId":103799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rautenschlein","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"White, W.M.","contributorId":69715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Williams, Ross W.","contributorId":33062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Stevenson, A.J.","contributorId":27864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70016533,"text":"70016533 - 1991 - The high-pressure electronic structure of magnesiowustite (Mg, Fe)O: applications to the physics and chemistry of the lower mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T12:23:27.927021","indexId":"70016533","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The high-pressure electronic structure of magnesiowustite (Mg, Fe)O: applications to the physics and chemistry of the lower mantle","docAbstract":"The electronic structure of magnesiowustite is investigated using self-consistent field Xα scattered wave (SCF-Xα-SW) molecular orbital calculations on (FeO6)10− and (FeMg12O14)2− clusters. Calculated one-electron transition energies are used to interpret the optical spectrum of (Mg, Fe)O. The results are applied to the electrical and thermal conductivity of the lower mantle. The spin pairing of Fe2+ and the effect of pressure on bonding in magnesiowustite, with some inferences regarding the incorporation of oxygen in the outer core, is also addressed. The approach used here appears to give a reliable description of the energy and pressure dependence of the spin-allowed 5T2g → 5Eg ligand field transition and the spin-pairing transition of Fe2+ in (Mg, Fe)O. However, the oxygen to metal charge transfer transitions in (Mg, Fe)O are not as reliably determined insofar as the p-d band gap varies with cluster size and the energies of the charge transfer states cannot be found without including configurational interaction. Nevertheless, it is argued that the charge transfer transitions that are intrinsic to (Fe, Mg)O are of a sufficiently high energy to be irrelevant to the electrical and thermal conductivity of the lower mantle. This is especially true if Fe2+ adopts the low-spin configuration. The geophysically significant properties of (Fe, Mg)O probably result from defect Fe3+.
Recently compiled data on the composition of commercial Aroclor mixtures and ECD (electron capture detector) response factors for all 209 PCB congeners are used to develop estimates of the bias associated with determination of polychlorinated blphenyis. During quantitation of multlcomponent peaks by congener-specific procedures error is introduced because of variable ECD response to isomeric PCBs. Under worst case conditions, the magnitude of this bias can range from less than 2% to as much as 600%. Multicomponent peaks containing the more highly and the lower chlorinated congeners experience the most bias. For this reason, quantitation of ΣPCB in Aroclor mixtures dominated by these species (e.g. 1016) are potentially subject to the greatest error. Comparison of response factor data for ECDs from two laboratories shows that the sign and magnitude of calibration bias for a given multicomponent peak is variable and depends, in part, on the response characteristics of individual detectors. By using the most abundant congener (of each multicomponent peak) for purposes of calibration, one can reduce the maximum bias to less than 55%. Moreover, due to cancellation of errors, the bias resulting from summation of all peak concentrations (i.e. ΣPCB) becomes vanishingly small (<1.2%). In contrast, bias associated with determination of ΣPCB as Aroclor equivalents by the traditional Aroclor method is potentially large (>200%) and highly variable in sign and magnitude. In this case, bias originates not only from the incomplete chromatographic resolution of PCB congeners but also the overlapping patterns of the Aroclor mixtures. Together these results illustrate the advantages of the congener-specific method of PCB quantitation over the traditional Aroclor Method and the extreme difficulty of estimating bias incurred by the latter procedure on a post hoc basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00019a012","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., and Gossett, R.W., 1991, Sources and magnitude of bias associated with determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental samples: Analytical Chemistry, v. 63, no. 19, p. 2130-2137, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00019a012.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2130","endPage":"2137","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222854,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9357e4b08c986b31a43e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gossett, R. W.","contributorId":47086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gossett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016603,"text":"70016603 - 1991 - Anomalous folds associated with the east-central part of the Garlock Fault, southeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T22:59:28.196854","indexId":"70016603","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous folds associated with the east-central part of the Garlock Fault, southeast California","docAbstract":"The east-central part of the left-lateral Garlock fault, in southeast California, is associated with three broad folds that trend and plunge northeast. The folds, which lie north, south, and astride the fault, postdate deposition of alluvial gravels that at one time formed a continuous northwest-sloping fan; the gravels rest conformably on lake beds that contain the Lava Creek B ash bed (0.62 Ma). The anticline, named after Christmas Canyon, has vertical relief of as much as 100 m. Topographic profiles suggest that the gravels exposed along the synclinal troughs to its southeast (Pilot Knob Valley syncline) and northwest (Teagle Wash syncline) lie at about the same elevations as they did when part of the originally active fan, implying that the synclines are passive results of the anticline development. If so, the original slope of the middle Pleistocene alluvial sediment sheet was about 0.6° northwest. The age and dimensional controls allow calculation of the rates of tilting and horizontal shortening. Corrected tilting rates vary from about 2.5° to 4.7°/m.y.; the total shortening of about 7.5 m developed at a minimum rate of 12.5 m/m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0615:AFAWTE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., 1991, Anomalous folds associated with the east-central part of the Garlock Fault, southeast California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 5, p. 615-624, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0615:AFAWTE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"624","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224742,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"103","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec48e4b0c8380cd49181","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016617,"text":"70016617 - 1991 - Application of ground-penetrating-radar methods in hydrogeologic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T06:53:06","indexId":"70016617","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of ground-penetrating-radar methods in hydrogeologic studies","docAbstract":"A ground-penetrating-radar system was used to study selected stratified-drift deposits in Connecticut. Ground-penetrating radar is a surface-geophysical method that depends on the emission, transmission, reflection, and reception of an electromagnetic pulse and can produce continuous high-resolution profiles of the subsurface rapidly and efficiently. Traverse locations on land included a well field in the town of Mansfield, a sand and gravel pit and a farm overlying a potential aquifer in the town of Coventry, and Haddam Meadows State Park in the town of Haddam. Traverse locations on water included the Willimantic River in Coventry and Mansfield Hollow Lake in Mansfield. The penetration depth of the radar signal ranged from about 20 feet in fine-grained glaciolacustrine sediments to about 70 feet in coarse sand and gravel. Some land records in coarse-grained sediments show a distinct, continuous reflection from the water table about 5 to 11 feet below land surface. Parallel reflectors on the records are interpreted as fine-grained sediments. Hummocky or chaotic reflectors are interpreted as cross-bedded or coarse-grained sediments. Other features observed on some of the radar records include the till and bedrock surface. Records collected on water had distinct water-bottom multiples (more than one reflection) and diffraction patterns from boulders. The interpretation of the radar records, which required little or no processing, was verified by using lithologic logs from test holes located along some of the land traverses and near the water traverses.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00528.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Beres, M., and Haeni, F., 1991, Application of ground-penetrating-radar methods in hydrogeologic studies: Ground Water, v. 29, no. 3, p. 375-386, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00528.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca2e4b0c8380cd493c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beres, Milan Jr.","contributorId":78095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beres","given":"Milan","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016622,"text":"70016622 - 1991 - Late Laramide thrust-related and evaporite-domed anticlines in the southern Piceance Basin, northeastern Colorado Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T15:52:10.378224","indexId":"70016622","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Laramide thrust-related and evaporite-domed anticlines in the southern Piceance Basin, northeastern Colorado Plateau","docAbstract":"New seismic and gravity data across the hydrocarbon-producing Divide Creek and Wolf Creek anticlines in the southern Piceance basin reveal contrasting styles of deformation within two widely separated time frames. Seismic data indicate that prebasin Paleozoic deformation resulted in block faulting of the Precambrian crystalline basement rocks and overlying Cambrian through Middle Pennsylvanian strata. Movement along these block faults throughout much of Pennsylvanian time, during northeast-southwest crustal extension, likely influenced distribution of the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) evaporite-rich facies. Younger rocks, including the thick succession of Cenozoic basin strata, then buried the Paleozoic structures.
Tectonic reconfiguration of the basin's eastern margin occurred during late Laramide northeast-southwest compression, when a basement-involved thrust block, whose surface expression is the Grand Hogback monocline, moved into the Piceance basin. A decollement developed in front of the thrust block within the mechanically weak Desmoinesian evaporites and splayed out basinward as small-scale imbricate thrusts in the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale. The Divide Creek anticline formed above these splays as thrusting locally overthickened the shale and repeated the sandstone units between it and the evaporites. The Wolf Creek anticline to the east, however, is due to both depositional and tectonic thickening of the evaporite section along the decollement. Gravity data confirm that excess mater al of relatively low density exists beneath the Wolf Creek structure, whereas material of relatively higher density (overthickened shale) is found beneath the Divide Creek anticline.
Thrust-related basin margins and intrabasin folds structurally analogous to the Divide Creek and Wolf Creek anticlines may be more common than presently recognized in the Rocky Mountain foreland. One well-documented example is the Pinedale anticline in the northern Green River basin, Wyoming, which, like the Divide Creek anticline, developed above a zone of splay faults from a decollement in front of a large thrust block.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/0C9B2781-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Grout, M.A., Abrams, G.A., Tang, R., Hainsworth, T.J., and Verbeek, E., 1991, Late Laramide thrust-related and evaporite-domed anticlines in the southern Piceance Basin, northeastern Colorado Plateau: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 75, no. 2, p. 205-218, https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B2781-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44eee4b0c8380cd66edb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grout, M. A.","contributorId":89143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grout","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, G. A.","contributorId":27047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tang, R. L.","contributorId":12985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hainsworth, T. J.","contributorId":55160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainsworth","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verbeek, E.R.","contributorId":61439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verbeek","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}