This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure ROCHTH00370028 on Town Highway 37 crossing Brandon Brook, Rochester, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in central Vermont. The 8.0-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture on the upstream left overbank although the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. The upstream right overbank and downstream left and right overbanks are forested.
In the study area, the Brandon Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 44 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to cobbles with a median grain size (D50) of 84.2 mm (0.276 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I site visit on April 12, 1995 and Level II site visit on July 8, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 37 crossing of the Brandon Brook is a 33-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 31-foot timber-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 22, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 29.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, timber log cribbing abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 5 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the upstream left wingwall and the left abutment during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-5 protection, an artificial levee, extending along the upstream right bank to the end of the upstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. Left abutment scour ranged from 7.1 to 9.9 ft where the worst-case scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 4.4 to 5.1 ft where the worst-case scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98273","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (ROCHTH00370028) on Town Highway 37, crossing Brandon Brook, Rochester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-273, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98273.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98273.JPG"},{"id":280071,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0273/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Rochester","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50253,"text":"ofr9825 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (FERRTH00190032) on Town Highway 19, crossing the South Slang Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:07:58","indexId":"ofr9825","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-25","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (FERRTH00190032) on Town Highway 19, crossing the South Slang Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure FERRTH00190032 on Town Highway 19 crossing the South Slang Little Otter Creek (Hawkins Slang Brook), Ferrisburg, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Champlain section of the St. Lawrence Valley physiographic province in west-central Vermont. The 8.00-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover consists of wetlands upstream and downstream of the bridge with trees and pasture on the wide flood plains.
In the study area, the South Slang Little Otter Creek has a meandering channel with essentially no channel slope, an average channel top width of 932 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from clay to sand. Sieve analysis indicates that greater than 50% of the sample is coarse silt and clay and thus a medium grain size by use of sieve analysis was indeterminate. The median grain size was assumed to be a course silt with a size (D50) of 0.061mm (0.0002 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 2, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 19 crossing of the South Slang Little Otter Creek is a 45-ft-long, twolane bridge consisting of one 42-foot concrete box-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, December 11, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 41.8 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 5 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 3.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the upstream channel. Also a scour hole 2.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the right abutment during the Level I assessment. The scour protection measures at the site are type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) around the left and right abutments, along the upstream and downstream road embankments, and across the entire upstream and downstream bridge face. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 14.0 to 20.2 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 3.2 to 8.3 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. The predicted scour is well above the pile bottom elevations. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
Computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9825","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M.A., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (FERRTH00190032) on Town Highway 19, crossing the South Slang Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-25, iv, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9825.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":280007,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0025/report.pdf"},{"id":179411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Ferrisburgh","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648630","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21698,"text":"ofr98338 - 1998 - Contributions to the gold metallogeny of northern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T18:30:23","indexId":"ofr98338","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-338","title":"Contributions to the gold metallogeny of northern Nevada","docAbstract":"Nevada is one of the Earth's premier gold producing regions, accounting for approximately 64 percent of the U.S and nine percent of the world total. The impact of these mines on nearby local economies and on our national balance of payments is profound, and will continue well into the next century. Of principal importance in this region are giant sedimentary-rock-hosted (Carlin-type) deposits. These are some of the world's largest deposits, but yet are poorly understood. Other sedimentary-rock hosted deposits in the region, the distal-disseminated Ag-Au type, are genetically related to shallow plutonic complexes. Hot-spring gold-silver systems associated with Tertiary volcanic rocks represent a third type of precious metal deposit in northern Nevada. These deposits, despite being generally smaller than sedimentary-rock-hosted gold deposits, are also important gold-silver resources. Aspects about the geologic and metallogenic setting of gold-silver deposits in northern Nevada are addressed in the twenty-two chapters that compose this volume. The volume is organized along four themes: (1) crustal structure; (2) Carlin-type deposits; (3) pluton-related gold-silver deposits near Battle Mountain; and (4) hot-spring gold-silver deposits. This Open-File Report, the result of ongoing geologic and mineral-resource investigations, provides a basis for mineral exploration, for land-use planning decisions, and for environmental questions in northern Nevada.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98338","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"1998, Contributions to the gold metallogeny of northern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-338, v, 290 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98338.","productDescription":"v, 290 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1150,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-338/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d3b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tosdal, Richard M.","contributorId":42239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749894,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21675,"text":"ofr98274 - 1998 - Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T18:51:18","indexId":"ofr98274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-274","title":"Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97","docAbstract":"From July 1994 through May 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the \nDepartment of Energy, sampled 86 wells completed in the Snake River Plain aquifer at and \nnear the Idaho N ationa1 Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The wells were \nsampled for a variety of constituents including one- and two-carbon halocarbons. \nConcentrations of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and \ntrichlorotrifluororoethane (CFC-113) were determined. The samples for halocarbon analysis \nwere collected in 62-milliliter flame sealed borosilicate glass ampoules in the field. The data \nwill be used to evaluate the ages of ground waters at INEEL. The ages of the ground water will \nbe used to determine recharge rates, residence time, and travel time of water in the Snake River \nPlain aquifer in and near INEEL. The chromatograms of 139 ground waters are presented \nshowing a large number of halomethanes, haloethanes, and haloethenes present in the ground \nwaters underlying the INEEL. The chromatograms can be used to qualitatively evaluate a large \nnumber of contaminants at parts per trillion to parts per billion concentrations. The data can be \nused to study temporal and spatial distribution of contaminants in the Snake River Plain aquifer. \nRepresentative compressed chromatograms for all ground waters sampled in this study are \navailable on two 3.5-inch high density computer disks. The data and the program required to \ndecompress the data can be obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey office at Idaho Falls, \nIdaho. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentrations were measured in selected wells to determine \nthe feasibility of using this environmental tracer as an age dating tool of ground water. \nConcentrations of dissolved nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane were \nmeasured in 79 ground waters. Concentrations of dissolved permanent gases are tabulated and \nwill be used to evaluate the temperature of recharge of ground water in and near the INEEL.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Idaho Falls, ID","doi":"10.3133/ofr98274","issn":"0566-8174","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., Bartholomay, R.C., and Wayland, J.E., 1998, Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-274, v, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98274.","productDescription":"v, 72 p.","numberOfPages":"79","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277903,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0274/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.2492,43.2502 ], [ -114.2492,44.2491 ], [ -112.2501,44.2491 ], [ -112.2501,43.2502 ], [ -114.2492,43.2502 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e26c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wayland, Julian E. jwayland@usgs.gov","contributorId":4008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayland","given":"Julian","email":"jwayland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50195,"text":"ofr98536 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (SALITH00010008) on Town HIghway 1, crossing Otter Creek, Salisbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:49:56","indexId":"ofr98536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-536","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (SALITH00010008) on Town HIghway 1, crossing Otter Creek, Salisbury, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98536","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (SALITH00010008) on Town HIghway 1, crossing Otter Creek, Salisbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-536, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98536.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280058,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0536/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50213,"text":"ofr98570 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (WWINTH00370034) on Town Highway 37, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T12:43:10","indexId":"ofr98570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-570","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (WWINTH00370034) on Town Highway 37, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure WWINTH00370034 on Town Highway 37 crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in east-central Vermont. The 16.6-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture except for the upstream left bank where there is mostly shrubs and brush.
In the study area, Mill Brook has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.003 ft/ ft, an average channel top width of 52 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to cobbles with a median grain size (D50) of 43.4 mm (0.142 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 5, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. Point bars were observed upstream and downstream of this site. Furthermore, slip failure of the bank material was noted downstream at a cut-bank on the left side of the channel across from a point bar.
The Town Highway 37 crossing of Mill Brook is a 37-ft-long, one-lane covered bridge consisting of one 32-foot wood thru-truss span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 23, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 29.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, laid-up stone abutment walls with concrete facing and laid-up stone wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the right abutment during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-3 (less than 48 inches diameter) and type-4 (less than 60 inches diameter) stone fill. Type-3 stone fill was observed along the upstream right bank and along the right abutments. Type-4 stone fill was observed at the upstream end of the upstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
There was no contraction scour predicted for any of the modeled flows. Abutment scour at the left abutment ranged from 5.7 to 7.3 ft, while that at the right abutment ranged from 11.6 to 17.7 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98570","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (WWINTH00370034) on Town Highway 37, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-570, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98570.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98570.JPG"},{"id":280042,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0570/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"West Windsor","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21653,"text":"ofr98182 - 1998 - Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T14:10:50","indexId":"ofr98182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-182","title":"Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975","docAbstract":"This report presents all analytical determinations for samples collected from Yellowstone\r\nNational Park and vicinity during 1974 and 1975. Water temperature, pH, Eh, and dissolved O2\r\nwere determined on-site. Total alkalinity and F were determined on the day of sample collection.\r\nFlame atomic-absorption spectrometry was used to determine concentrations of Li, Na, K, Ca, and\r\nMg. Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry was used to determine concentrations of Fe(II), Fe(III),\r\nAs(III), and As(V). Direct-current plasma-optical-emission spectrometry was used to determine the\r\nconcentrations of B, Ba, Cd, Cs, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn. Two samples collected from\r\nYellowstone Park in June 1974 were used as reference samples for testing the plasma analytical\r\nmethod. Results of these tests demonstrate acceptable precision for all detectable elements. Charge\r\nimbalance calculations revealed a small number of samples that may have been subject to\r\nmeasurement errors in pH or alkalinity. These data represent some of the most complete analyses\r\nof Yellowstone waters available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98182","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., Jenne, E.A., and Vivit, D., 1998, Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-182, iv, 45 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98182.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GWC_chemtherm/pubs/ofr%2098-182.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 44.11125397357155\n ],\n [\n -109.9456787109375,\n 44.11125397357155\n ],\n [\n -109.9456787109375,\n 45.158800738352106\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 45.158800738352106\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 44.11125397357155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e57a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenne, Everett A.","contributorId":85582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vivit, Davison V.","contributorId":79922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vivit","given":"Davison V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50255,"text":"ofr98399 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 41 (NORWTH00160041) on Town Highway 16, crossing Bloody Brook, Norwich, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:24:09","indexId":"ofr98399","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-399","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 41 (NORWTH00160041) on Town Highway 16, crossing Bloody Brook, Norwich, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98399","usgsCitation":"Olson, S., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 41 (NORWTH00160041) on Town Highway 16, crossing Bloody Brook, Norwich, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-399, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98399.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280005,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0399/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6025","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, S.A.","contributorId":58681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50321,"text":"ofr98575 - 1998 - User's manual for the National Water Information System of the U.S. Geological Survey, Chapter 4, Water-Use Data System, Part 2, Aggregate Water-Use Data System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98575","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-575","title":"User's manual for the National Water Information System of the U.S. Geological Survey, Chapter 4, Water-Use Data System, Part 2, Aggregate Water-Use Data System","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98575","usgsCitation":"Perlman, H.A., 1998, User's manual for the National Water Information System of the U.S. Geological Survey, Chapter 4, Water-Use Data System, Part 2, Aggregate Water-Use Data System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-575, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98575.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perlman, Howard A.","contributorId":86323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlman","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50230,"text":"ofr985 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (BURKTH00130033) on Town Highway 13, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:36:21","indexId":"ofr985","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-5","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (BURKTH00130033) on Town Highway 13, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr985","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (BURKTH00130033) on Town Highway 13, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-5, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr985.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280028,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0005/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50304,"text":"ofr98284 - 1998 - A manual for a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for light stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98284","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-284","title":"A manual for a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for light stable isotopes","docAbstract":"The reliability and accuracy of isotopic data can be improved by utilizing database software to (i) store information about samples, (ii) store the results of mass spectrometric isotope-ratio analyses of samples, (iii) calculate analytical results using standardized algorithms stored in a database, (iv) normalize stable isotopic data to international scales using isotopic reference materials, and (v) generate multi-sheet paper templates for convenient sample loading of automated mass-spectrometer sample preparation manifolds. Such a database program is presented herein. Major benefits of this system include (i) an increase in laboratory efficiency, (ii) reduction in the use of paper, (iii) reduction in workload due to the elimination or reduction of retyping of data by laboratory personnel, and (iv) decreased errors in data reported to sample submitters. Such a database provides a complete record of when and how often laboratory reference materials have been analyzed and provides a record of what correction factors have been used through time. It provides an audit trail for stable isotope laboratories.\r\n\r\nSince the original publication of the manual for LIMS for Light Stable Isotopes, the isotopes 3 H, 3 He, and 14 C, and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113, have been added to this program.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98284","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., 1998, A manual for a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for light stable isotopes (Version 7.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-284, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98284.","productDescription":"124 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4126,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ofr/ofr97-812/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 7.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50298,"text":"ofr9826 - 1998 - Seismic Hazard Evaluation of the Torrance 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr9826","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-26","title":"Seismic Hazard Evaluation of the Torrance 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9826","usgsCitation":", C., 1998, Seismic Hazard Evaluation of the Torrance 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-26, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9826.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4124,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://gmw.consrv.ca.gov/shmp/download/evalrpt/tor_eval.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb9b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":" California Department of Conservation","contributorId":79541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"given":"California Department of Conservation","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50278,"text":"ofr98155 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (MENDTH00130025) on Town Highway 13, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:11:41","indexId":"ofr98155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-155","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (MENDTH00130025) on Town Highway 13, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98155","usgsCitation":"Willoughby, S., and Ivanoff, M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (MENDTH00130025) on Town Highway 13, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-155, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98155.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279982,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0155/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willoughby, S.A.","contributorId":87187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willoughby","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50277,"text":"ofr98160 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (ROCHTH00400025) on Town Highway 40, crossing Corporation Brook, Rochester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:10:16","indexId":"ofr98160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-160","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (ROCHTH00400025) on Town Highway 40, crossing Corporation Brook, Rochester, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure ROCHTH00400025 on Town Highway 40 crossing Corporation Brook, Rochester, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, from Vermont Agency of Transportation files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in central Vermont. The 4.97-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest on the upstream left and right overbanks, and the downstream left overbank. On the downstream right overbank, the surface cover is predominately brushland.
In the study area, Corporation Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.04 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 37 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 101 mm (0.332 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I site visit on April 12, 1995 and Level I and II site visit on July 8, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 40 crossing of Corporation Brook is a 31-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 26-foot steel stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 22, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 24 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees.
A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the channel at the downstream bridge face during the Level I assessment. Additionally, it was observed that the left abutment footing was exposed 1.0 ft and the right abutment footing was exposed 2.0 ft. Scour countermeasures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream left and right banks and the downstream left bank. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) scour protection extended along the downstream right bank and the upstream and downstream ends of the abutments. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 6.5 to 7.0 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 5.6 to 6.0 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (ROCHTH00400025) on Town Highway 40, crossing Corporation Brook, Rochester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-160, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98160.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98160.JPG"},{"id":279983,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0160/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Rochester","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8029","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50276,"text":"ofr98401 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 67 (MTHOTH00120067) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:04:57","indexId":"ofr98401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-401","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 67 (MTHOTH00120067) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure MTHOTH00120067 on Town Highway 12 crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in south-central Vermont. The 11.4-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forested.
In the study area, Freeman Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 51 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 55.7 mm (0.183 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 5, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 12 crossing of Freeman Brook is a 34-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 30-foot prestressed concrete-slab span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 15, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 29.5 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 50 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees.
Along the upstream right wingwall, the right abutment and the downstream right wingwall, a scour hole approximately 1.0 to 2.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the downstream end of the downstream right wingwall; type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream left wingwall, the left abutment, the downstream left wingwall and the upstream left and right banks; type- 3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) along the downstream left and right banks; and type-4 stone fill (less than 60 inches diameter) along the upstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.6 to 3.9 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 7.9 to 10.0 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 12.7 to 15.2 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98401","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 67 (MTHOTH00120067) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-401, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98401.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279984,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0401/report.pdf"},{"id":162366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98401.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Mount Holly","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a579d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50275,"text":"ofr98159 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 63 (MTH0TH00120063) on Town Highway 12, crossing Russell Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:00:27","indexId":"ofr98159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-159","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 63 (MTH0TH00120063) on Town Highway 12, crossing Russell Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure MTHOTH00120063 on Town Highway 12 crossing Russell Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in south-central Vermont. The 3.6-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream and downstream of the bridge.
In the study area, Russell Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.0263 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 29 ft and an average bank height of 3 ft. The channel bed material ranges from cobbles to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 97.1 mm (0.318 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 4, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 12 crossing of Russell Brook is a 29-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 26-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 21, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 23.5 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 40 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 35 degrees.
During the Level I assessment, it was observed that the upstream left wingwall footing was exposed 0.2 ft, in reference to the mean thalweg depth, and the upstream end of the left abutment was exposed 0.1 ft. The scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 100-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 4.4 to 5.7 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 11.3 to 12.2 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98159","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 63 (MTH0TH00120063) on Town Highway 12, crossing Russell Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-159, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98159.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279985,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0159/report.pdf"},{"id":162365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98159.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Mount Holly","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a593a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50270,"text":"ofr98161 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 65 (MTHOTH00120065) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T14:19:46","indexId":"ofr98161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-161","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 65 (MTHOTH00120065) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Boehmler, E.M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 65 (MTHOTH00120065) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-161, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98161.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98161.JPG"},{"id":279990,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0161/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Mount Holly","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50269,"text":"ofr9889 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (JERITH00590051) on Town Highway 59, crossing The Creek, Jericho, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T14:13:32","indexId":"ofr9889","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-89","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (JERITH00590051) on Town Highway 59, crossing The Creek, Jericho, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure JERITH00590051 on Town Highway 59 crossing The Creek, Jericho, Vermont (figures 1– 8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (Federal Highway Administration, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province and the Champlain section of the St. Lawrence physiographic province in northwestern Vermont. The 10.9-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture on the left and right overbanks, upstream and downstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation.
In the study area, The Creek has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 45 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 58.6 mm (0.192 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 3, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 59 crossing of The Creek is a 33-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 28-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, December 11, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 26 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees.
A scour hole 3 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the right abutment during the Level I assessment. Scour countermeasures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the left and right upstream road embankments. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) was along the upstream right bank and along the upstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. Left abutment scour ranged from 2.4 to 3.2 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 4.1 to 4.5 ft.The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9889","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (JERITH00590051) on Town Highway 59, crossing The Creek, Jericho, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-89, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9889.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9889.JPG"},{"id":279991,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0089/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Jericho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a588c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50267,"text":"ofr9813 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (TUNBTH00600032) on Town Highway 60, crossing First Branch White River, Tunbridge, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:55:42","indexId":"ofr9813","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-13","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (TUNBTH00600032) on Town Highway 60, crossing First Branch White River, Tunbridge, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure TUNBTH00600032 on Town Highway 60 crossing the First Branch White River, Tunbridge, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in central Vermont. The 92.9-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream and downstream of the bridge, while woody vegetation sparsely covers the immediate banks.
In the study area, the First Branch White River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.001 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 82 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to gravel with a median grain size (D50) of 24.4 mm (0.08 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 18, 1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable, as a result of block failure of moderately eroded banks.
The Town Highway 60 crossing of the First Branch White River is a 74-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 71-foot timber thru-truss span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, August 24, 1994). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 64 ft.The bridge is supported by vertical, laid-up stone abutments with upstream wingwalls. The channel is not skewed to the opening. The computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 5 degrees.
A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the upstream reach during the Level I assessment. Scour countermeasures at the site includes type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) is present along the upstream right wingwall, the left abutment and the right abutment. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the maximum free-surface discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenarios. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.2 to 6.8 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 20.6 to 30.4 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 9.7 to 19.5 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9813","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (TUNBTH00600032) on Town Highway 60, crossing First Branch White River, Tunbridge, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-13, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9813.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9813.JPG"},{"id":279993,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0013/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Tunbridge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a777a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50266,"text":"ofr98293 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (STRATH00020028) on Town Highway 2, crossing the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:51:18","indexId":"ofr98293","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-293","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (STRATH00020028) on Town Highway 2, crossing the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure STRATH00020028 on Town Highway 2 crossing the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gathered from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in central Vermont. The 25.4-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream and downstream of the bridge.
In the study area, the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.002 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 34 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt and clay to cobbles with a median grain size (D50) of 20.4 mm (0.0669 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 24, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable, because of moderate fluvial erosion.
The Town Highway 2 crossing of the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River is a 31-ft-long, twolane bridge consisting of a 26-foot concrete tee-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, October 23, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 24.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 45 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees.
A scour hole 3.2 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed under the bridge along the right side of the channel during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank, the upstream right wingwall, the right abutment and the downstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 3.2 to 4.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 4.4 to 7.5 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 7.2 to 10.1 ft.The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98293","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (STRATH00020028) on Town Highway 2, crossing the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-293, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98293.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98293.JPG"},{"id":279994,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0293/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Strafford","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50256,"text":"ofr9882 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (VICTTH00020004) on Town Highway 2, crossing Moose River, Victory, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:23:46","indexId":"ofr9882","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-82","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (VICTTH00020004) on Town Highway 2, crossing Moose River, Victory, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9882","usgsCitation":"Serra, M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (VICTTH00020004) on Town Highway 2, crossing Moose River, Victory, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-82, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9882.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280004,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0082/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6085","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Serra, M.M.","contributorId":81974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50254,"text":"ofr98552 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (GLOVTH00030006) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Barton River, Glover, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:24:51","indexId":"ofr98552","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-552","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (GLOVTH00030006) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Barton River, Glover, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98552","usgsCitation":"Olson, S., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (GLOVTH00030006) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Barton River, Glover, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-552, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98552.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280006,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0552/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5990","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, S.A.","contributorId":58681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50249,"text":"ofr9873 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (MENDTH00180022) on Town Highway 18, crossing the Cold River, Mendon, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:22","indexId":"ofr9873","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-73","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (MENDTH00180022) on Town Highway 18, crossing the Cold River, Mendon, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9873","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Song, D., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (MENDTH00180022) on Town Highway 18, crossing the Cold River, Mendon, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-73, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9873.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a817b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Song, D.L.","contributorId":34985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50244,"text":"ofr98376 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (LUDLTH00460031) on Town Highway 46, crossing Jewell Brook, Ludlow, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:28:34","indexId":"ofr98376","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-376","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (LUDLTH00460031) on Town Highway 46, crossing Jewell Brook, Ludlow, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98376","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (LUDLTH00460031) on Town Highway 46, crossing Jewell Brook, Ludlow, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-376, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98376.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280014,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0376/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7d58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50243,"text":"ofr98405 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (WFAITH000300007) on Town Highway 3, crossing Algerine Brook, West Fairlee, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:28:54","indexId":"ofr98405","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-405","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (WFAITH000300007) on Town Highway 3, crossing Algerine Brook, West Fairlee, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98405","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (WFAITH000300007) on Town Highway 3, crossing Algerine Brook, West Fairlee, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-405, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98405.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280015,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0405/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a56c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}