Arsenic concentrations in ground water of the lower Madison River valley, Montana, are high (16 to 176 μg/L). Previous studies hypothesized that arsenic-rich river water, applied as irrigation, was evapoconcentrated during recharge and contaminated the thin alluvial aquifer. Based on additional data collection and a reevaluation of the hydrology and geochemistry of the valley, the high arsenic concentrations in ground water are caused by a unique combination of natural hydrologic and geochemical factors, and irrigation appears to play a secondary role. The high arsenic concentrations in ground water have several causes: direct aquifer recharge by Madison River water having arsenic concentrations as high as 100 μg/L, leaching of arsenic from Tertiary volcano-clastic sediment, and release of sorbed arsenic where redox conditions in ground water are reduced. The findings are consistent with related studies that demonstrate that arsenic is sorbed by irrigated soils in the valley. Although evaporation of applied irrigation water does not significantly increase arsenic concentrations in ground water, irrigation with arsenic-rich water raises other environmental concerns.
Passive sampling of dissolved hydrophobic contaminants with lipid (triolein)-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) has been gaining acceptance for environmental monitoring. Understanding of the accumulation process has employed a simple polymer film-control model of uptake by the polymer-enclosed lipid, while aqueous film control has been only briefly discussed. A more complete three-compartment model incorporating both aqueous film (turbulent-diffusive) and polymer film (diffusive) mass transfer is developed here and is fit to data from accumulation studies conducted in constant-concentration, flow-through dilutors. This model predicts aqueous film control of the whole device for moderate to high Kow compounds, rather than polymer film control. Uptake rates for phenanthrene and 2,2‘,5,5‘-tetrachlorobiphenyl were about 4.8 and 4.2 L/day/standard SPMD, respectively. Maximum 28 day SPMD concentration factors of 30 000 are predicted for solutes with log Kow values of >5.5. Effects of varying aqueous and polymer film thicknesses and solute diffusivities in the polymer film are modeled, and overall accumulation by the whole device is predicted to remain under aqueous film control, although accumulation in the triolein may be subject to polymer film control. The predicted half-life and integrative response of SPMDs to pulsed concentration events is proportional to log KSPMD.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/es970754m","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Gale, R.W., 1998, Three-compartment model for contaminant accumulation by semipermeable membrane devices: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 32, no. 15, p. 2292-2300, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970754m.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2292","endPage":"2300","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206863,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es970754m"}],"volume":"32","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb31ce4b08c986b325ba4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020829,"text":"70020829 - 1998 - Modeling CO2 degassing and pH in a stream-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T09:48:58","indexId":"70020829","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling CO2 degassing and pH in a stream-aquifer system","docAbstract":"Pinal Creek, Arizona receives an inflow of ground water with high dissolved inorganic carbon (57-75 mg/l) and low pH (5.8-6.3). There is an observed increase of in-stream pH from approximately 6.0-7.8 over the 3 km downstream of the point of groundwater inflow. We hypothesized that CO2 gas-exchange was the most important factor causing the pH increase in this stream-aquifer system. An existing transport model, for coupled ground water-surface water systems (OTIS), was modified to include carbonate equilibria and CO2 degassing, used to simulate alkalinity, total dissolved inorganic carbon (C(T)), and pH in Pinal Creek. Because of the non-linear relation between pH and C(T), the modified transport model used the numerical iteration method to solve the non-linearity. The transport model parameters were determined by the injection of two tracers, bromide and propane. The resulting simulations of alkalinity, C(T) and pH reproduced, without fitting, the overall trends in downstream concentrations. A multi-parametric sensitivity analysis (MPSA) was used to identify the relative sensitivities of the predictions to six of the physical and chemical parameters used in the transport model. MPSA results implied that C(T) and pH in stream water were controlled by the mixing of ground water with stream water and CO2 degassing. The relative importance of these two processes varied spatially depending on the hydrologic conditions, such as stream flow velocity and whether a reach gained or lost stream water caused by the interaction with the ground water. The coupled transport model with CO2 degassing and generalized sensitivity analysis presented in this study can be applied to evaluate carbon transport and pH in other coupled stream-ground water systems.An existing transport model for coupled groundwater-surface water systems was modified to include carbonate equilibria and CO2 degassing. The modified model was used to simulate alkalinity, total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) and pH in Pinal Creek. The model used the numerical iteration method to solve the nonlinear relation between pH and CT. A multi-parametric sensitivity analysis (MPSA) was used to identify the relative sensitivities of the predictions to six of the physical and chemical parameters used in the transport model. MPSA results implied that CT and pH in the stream water were controlled by the mixing of groundwater with stream water and CO2 degassing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00093-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Choi, J., Hulseapple, S., Conklin, M., and Harvey, J., 1998, Modeling CO2 degassing and pH in a stream-aquifer system: Journal of Hydrology, v. 209, no. 1-4, p. 297-310, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00093-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"310","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206429,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00093-6"}],"volume":"209","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bc0e4b0c8380cd6f7a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choi, J.","contributorId":42741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hulseapple, S.M.","contributorId":10945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulseapple","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conklin, M.H.","contributorId":82875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020313,"text":"70020313 - 1998 - Using hydrogeology to site wetland compensation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70020313","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using hydrogeology to site wetland compensation","docAbstract":"The Illinois State Geological Survey has designed an initial site evaluation (ISE) procedure to rapidly separate candidate sites that have favorable hydrogeologic characteristics for wetland restoration or creation from sites where success is doubtful or difficult. ISE aims to focus compensation efforts on sites where former wetland hydrology can be restored or where the hydrogeology of wetlands in similar landscape positions can be reproduced.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the ASCE Wetlands Engineering River Restoration Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1998 ASCE Wetlands Engineering River Restoration Conference","conferenceDate":"22 March 1998 through 27 March 1998","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASME","publisherLocation":"Fairfield, NJ, United States","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.V., Fucciolo, C.S., and Miner, J.J., 1998, Using hydrogeology to site wetland compensation, in Proceedings of the ASCE Wetlands Engineering River Restoration Conference, Denver, CO, USA, 22 March 1998 through 27 March 1998.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc05fe4b08c986b32a0b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Michael V.","contributorId":52361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fucciolo, Christine S.","contributorId":55604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fucciolo","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miner, James J.","contributorId":30315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020318,"text":"70020318 - 1998 - Modelling of instream flow needs: The link between sediment and aquatic habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:28:38","indexId":"70020318","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling of instream flow needs: The link between sediment and aquatic habitat","docAbstract":"Instream flows are needed to remove undesirable accumulations of sediment. Fines and sand accumulate on and in gravels during periods of low flow and must be removed (flushed) periodically in order for the gravel to continue as suitable habitat for aquatic animals. Sediment of all sizes can also fill pools in the river and must be removed in order to maintain pool habitat. A new technique relates the sizes of sediment important in the biological process to the size transported as wash, suspended and bed loads. The technique has a biological component, a hydraulic component and a selection component that links the two. The technique was used to determine the instream flows needed to maintain habitat for Colorado squawfish in the Gunnison River in western Colorado. Flows included a flushing flow to remove course sand form the riffles where Colorado squawfish spawn, to remove fines and sand from the river in general, to remove gravel from pools, and to scour side channels. The Gunnison River has a mean discharge of 73 m3/s and the flows of both sediment and water in the river have been modified by the construction of reservoirs and by major diversions for irrigation. The flows needed to maintain the spawning habitat for the Colorado squawfish by removing fines and sand from the riffles is 355 m3/s, to remove sand and fines from the river is 354 m3/s, to remove gravel from pools is 484 m3/s and to scour side channels is 210 m3/s. The flow required to maintain the riffles during spawning is 210 m3/s. These flushing flows are not required each year but they are required periodically (usually not less than once in every 3 years); and the maintenance flow is needed every year.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<79::AID-RRR478>3.0.CO;2-9","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1998, Modelling of instream flow needs: The link between sediment and aquatic habitat: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 14, no. 1, p. 79-94, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<79::AID-RRR478>3.0.CO;2-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"94","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c6ee4b0c8380cd6fcba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020625,"text":"70020625 - 1998 - Glacioisostasy and Lake-Level Change at Moosehead Lake, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:18:29","indexId":"70020625","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacioisostasy and Lake-Level Change at Moosehead Lake, Maine","docAbstract":"Reconstructions of glacioisostatic rebound based on relative sea level in Maine and adjacent Canada do not agree well with existing geophysical models. In order to understand these discrepancies better, we investigated the lake-level history of 40-km-long Moosehead Lake in northwestern Maine. Glacioisostasy has affected the level of Moosehead Lake since deglaciation ca. 12,500 14C yr B.P. Lowstand features at the southeastern end and an abandoned outlet at the northwestern end of the lake indicate that the lake basin was tilted down to the northwest, toward the retreating ice sheet, by 0.7 m/km at 10,000 14C yr B.P. Water level then rose rapidly in the southeastern end of the lake, and the northwestern outlet was abandoned, indicating rapid relaxation of landscape tilt. Lowstand features at the northwestern end of the lake suggest that the lake basin was tilted to the southeast at ca. 8750 14C yr B.P., possibly as the result of a migrating isostatic forebulge. After 8000 14C yr B.P., water level at the southeastern end was again below present lake level and rose gradually thereafter. We found no evidence suggesting that postglacial climate change significantly affected lake level. The rebound history inferred from lake-level data is consistent with previous interpretations of nearby relative sealevel data, which indicate a significantly steeper and faster-moving ice-proximal depression and ice-distal forebulge than geophysical models predict. ?? 1998 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1998.1962","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Balco, G., Belknap, D.F., and Kelley, J.T., 1998, Glacioisostasy and Lake-Level Change at Moosehead Lake, Maine: Quaternary Research, v. 49, no. 2, p. 157-170, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1962.","startPage":"157","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266453,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1962"}],"volume":"49","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2926e4b0c8380cd5a6ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balco, G.","contributorId":44317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balco","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020613,"text":"70020613 - 1998 - Viewpoint: Sustainability of piñon-juniper ecosystems - A unifying perspective of soil erosion thresholds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T12:17:05","indexId":"70020613","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viewpoint: Sustainability of piñon-juniper ecosystems - A unifying perspective of soil erosion thresholds","docAbstract":"Many pinon-juniper ecosystem in the western U.S. are subject to accelerated erosion while others are undergoing little or no erosion. Controversy has developed over whether invading or encroaching pinon and juniper species are inherently harmful to rangeland ecosystems. We developed a conceptual model of soil erosion in pinon-jumper ecosystems that is consistent with both sides of the controversy and suggests that the diverse perspectives on this issue arise from threshold effects operating under very different site conditions. Soil erosion rate can be viewed as a function of (1) site erosion potential (SEP), determined by climate, geomorphology and soil erodibility; and (2) ground cover. Site erosion potential and cove act synergistically to determine soil erosion rates, as evident even from simple USLE predictions of erosion. In pinon-juniper ecosystem with high SEP, the erosion rate is highly sensitive to ground cover and can cross a threshold so that erosion increases dramatically in response to a small decrease in cover. The sensitivity of erosion rate to SEP and cover can be visualized as a cusp catastrophe surface on which changes may occur rapidly and irreversibly. The mechanisms associated with a rapid shift from low to high erosion rate can be illustrated using percolation theory to incorporate spatial, temporal, and scale-dependent patterns of water storage capacity on a hillslope. Percolation theory demonstrates how hillslope runoff can undergo a threshold response to a minor change in storage capacity. Our conceptual model suggests that pinion and juniper contribute to accelerated erosion only under a limited range of site conditions which, however, may exist over large areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","doi":"10.2307/4003212","usgsCitation":"Davenport, D.W., Breshears, D., Wilcox, B., and Allen, C.D., 1998, Viewpoint: Sustainability of piñon-juniper ecosystems - A unifying perspective of soil erosion thresholds: Journal of Range Management, v. 51, no. 2, p. 231-240, https://doi.org/10.2307/4003212.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/644200","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc260e4b08c986b32aae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davenport, David W.","contributorId":18135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davenport","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breshears, D.D.","contributorId":17952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breshears","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":386869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilcox, B.P.","contributorId":83490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014775,"text":"1014775 - 1998 - Renewal of voluntary feeding by wild‐caught Atlantic sturgeon juveniles in captivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:27:52.252427","indexId":"1014775","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Renewal of voluntary feeding by wild‐caught Atlantic sturgeon juveniles in captivity","docAbstract":"A modification of previously documented force‐feeding procedures resulted in the renewal of appetite by several wild‐caught juvenile Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus. Four of four fish under controlled laboratory conditions responded positively to this technique within 1 month. These fish exhibited negative mean growth rates of −2.71 g/d before force‐feeding and gained an average of 2.61 g/d at 285 d after initiation of force‐feeding. Mean lengths, weights, and coefficients of condition (K) also increased after force‐feeding. This method may be useful in other situations in which the holding of juveniles or adults is necessary, such as in zoos and public aquaria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060%3C0311:ROVFBW%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"DiLauro, M.N., 1998, Renewal of voluntary feeding by wild‐caught Atlantic sturgeon juveniles in captivity: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 60, no. 4, p. 311-314, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060%3C0311:ROVFBW%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiLauro, M. N.","contributorId":75475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLauro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020623,"text":"70020623 - 1998 - How perceptions have changed of world oil, gas resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T17:15:14","indexId":"70020623","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2941,"text":"Oil & Gas Journal","printIssn":"0030-1388","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How perceptions have changed of world oil, gas resources","docAbstract":"In this article, some of the trends in the estimates of the oil and gas resources are examined, with a view toward better understanding world oil and gas resources in the context of the next few decades. Quantitative assessments facilitate recognition of the big picture, which is necessary for purposes of planning and investment, and also form the foundation for periodic adjustments to the big picture made necessary by changes in technology and scientific understanding.","language":"English","publisher":"PennWell Corporation","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J.W., and Dyman, T.S., 1998, How perceptions have changed of world oil, gas resources: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 96, no. 8, p. 77-79.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"79","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351787,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-96/issue-8/in-this-issue/exploration/how-perceptions-have-changed-of-world-oil-gas-resources.html"}],"volume":"96","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3253e4b0c8380cd5e706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyman, Thaddeus S.","contributorId":83971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyman","given":"Thaddeus","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020716,"text":"70020716 - 1998 - Biodegradation of the chitin-protein complex in crustacean cuticle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70020716","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biodegradation of the chitin-protein complex in crustacean cuticle","docAbstract":"Arthropod cuticles consist predominantly of chitin cross-linked with proteins. While there is some experimental evidence that this chitin-protein complex may resist decay, the chemical changes that occur during degradation have not been investigated in detail. The stomatopod crustacean Neogonodactylus oerstedii was decayed in the laboratory under anoxic conditions. A combination of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and FTIR revealed extensive chemical changes after just 2 weeks that resulted in a cuticle composition dominated by chitin. Quantitative analysis of amino acids (by HPLC) and chitin showed that the major loss of proteins and chitin occurred between weeks 1 and 2. After 8 weeks tyrosine, tryptophan and valine are the most prominent amino acid moieties, showing their resistance to degradation. The presence of cyclic ketones in the pyrolysates indicates that mucopolysaccharides or other bound non-chitinous carbohydrates are also resistant to decay. There is no evidence of structural degradation of chitin prior to 8 weeks when FTIR revealed a reduction in chitin-specific bands. The chemical changes are paralleled by structural changes in the cuticle, which becomes an increasingly open structure consisting of loose chitinous fibres. The rapid rate of decay in the experiments suggests that where chitin and protein are preserved in fossil cuticles degradation must have been inhibited.Arthropod cuticles consist predominantly of chitin cross-linked with proteins. While there is some experimental evidence that this chitin-protein complex may resist decay, the chemical changes that occur during degradation have not been investigated in detail. The stomatopod crustacean Neogonodactylus oerstedii was decayed in the laboratory under anoxic conditions. A combination of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and FTIR revealed extensive chemical changes after just 2 weeks that resulted in a cuticle composition dominated by chitin. Quantitative analysis of amino acids (by HPLC) and chitin showed that the major loss of proteins and chitin occurred between weeks 1 and 2. After 8 weeks tyrosine, tryptophan and valine are the most prominent amino acid moieties, showing their resistance to degradation. The presence of cyclic ketones in the pyrolysates indicates that mucopolysaccharides or other bound non-chitinous carbohydrates are also resistant to decay. There is no evidence of structural degradation of chitin prior to 8 weeks when FTIR revealed a reduction in chitin-specific bands. The chemical changes are paralleled by structural changes in the cuticle, which becomes an increasingly open structure consisting of loose chitinous fibres. The rapid rate of decay in the experiments suggests, that where chitin and protein are preserved in fossil cuticles degradation must have been inhibited.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00113-7","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Artur, S.B., Mastalerz, M., Hof, C., Bierstedt, A., Flannery, M., Briggs, D.E., and Evershed, R., 1998, Biodegradation of the chitin-protein complex in crustacean cuticle: Organic Geochemistry, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 67-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00113-7.","startPage":"67","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206850,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00113-7"},{"id":230959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f148e4b0c8380cd4ab5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artur, Stankiewicz B.","contributorId":53965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artur","given":"Stankiewicz","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hof, C.H.J.","contributorId":49560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hof","given":"C.H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bierstedt, A.","contributorId":7447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierstedt","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flannery, M.B.","contributorId":22524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flannery","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Briggs, D. E. G.","contributorId":11758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Briggs","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Evershed, R.P.","contributorId":51051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evershed","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70021162,"text":"70021162 - 1998 - Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference lakes in Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021162","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference lakes in Florida, USA","docAbstract":"Sex-steroid and thyroid hormones are critical regulators of growth and reproduction in all vertebrates, and several recent studies suggest that environmental chemicals can alter circulating concentrations of these hormones. This study examines plasma concentrations of estradiol-171?? (E2), testosterone (T), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) in juvenile alligators (60-140 cm total length) from two contaminated lakes and one reference lake in Florida. First, the data were analyzed by comparing hormone concentrations among males and females from the different lakes. Whereas there were no differences in plasma E2 concentrations among animals of the three lakes, male alligators from the contaminated lakes (Lake Apopka and Lake Okeechobee) had significantly lower plasma T concentrations compared 10 males from the reference take (Lake Woodruff). Concentrations of thyroid hormones also differed in animals of the three lakes, with T4 concentrations being elevated in Lake Okeechobee males compared to Lake Woodruff males. Second, the relationship between body size and hormone concentration was examined using regression analysis. Most notably for steroid hormones, no clear relationship was detected between E2 and total length in Apopka females (r2 0.09, p = 0.54) or between T and total length in Apopka males (r2 = 0.007, p = 0.75). Females from Apopka (r2 = 0.318, p = 0.09) and Okeechobee (r2 = 0.222, p = 0.09) exhibited weak correlations between T3 and total length. Males from Apopka (r2 = 0.015, p = 0.66) and Okeechobee (r2 = 0.128, p = 0.19) showed no correlation between T4 and total length. These results indicate: some of the previously reported abnormalities in steroid hormones of hatchling alligators persist, at least, through the juvenile years; steroid and thyroid hormones are related to body size in juvenile alligators from the reference lake, whereas alligators living in lakes Apopka and Okeechobee experience alterations in circulating thyroid and steroid hormones in relationship to body size; and a number of the hormone abnormalities reported previously for Lake Apopka alligators are observed in alligators from Lake Okeechobee - a lake associated with numerous contaminant sources but no major chemical spill. The endocrine alterations reported in this study are hypothesized to be a response to embryonic exposure to endocrine-disrupting contaminants.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0446:SSATHC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Grain, D., Guillette, L., Pickford, D., Percival, H., and Woodward, A., 1998, Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference lakes in Florida, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 3, p. 446-452, https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0446:SSATHC>2.3.CO;2.","startPage":"446","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206431,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0446:SSATHC>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8db2e4b08c986b3184eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grain, D.A.","contributorId":82876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grain","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guillette, L.J. Jr.","contributorId":53744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guillette","given":"L.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pickford, D.B.","contributorId":41172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickford","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Percival, H.F.","contributorId":31716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woodward, A.R.","contributorId":81061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020835,"text":"70020835 - 1998 - Continuous lake-sediment records of glaciation in the Sierra Nevada between 52,600 and 12,500 14C yr B.P.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:42:29","indexId":"70020835","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous lake-sediment records of glaciation in the Sierra Nevada between 52,600 and 12,500 14C yr B.P.","docAbstract":"The chemistry of the carbonate-free clay-size fraction of Owens Lake sediments supports the use of total organic carbon and magnetic susceptibility as indicators of stadial-interstadial oscillations. Owens Lake records of total organic carbon, magnetic susceptibility, and chemical composition of the carbonate-free, clay-size fraction indicate that Tioga glaciation began ~24,500 and ended by ~13,600 14C yr B.P. Many of the components of glacial rock flour (e.g., TiO2, MnO, BaO) found in Owens Lake sediments achieved maximum values during the Tioga glaciation when valley glaciers reached their greatest extent. Total organic carbon and SiO2 (amorphous) concentrations reached minimum values during Tioga glaciation, resulting from decreases in productivity that accompanied the introduction of rock flour into the surface waters of Owens Lake. At least 20 stadial-interstadial oscillations occurred in the Sierra Nevada between 52,600 and 14,000 14C yr B.P. Total organic carbon data from a Pyramid Lake sediment core also indicate oscillations in glacier activity between >39,500 and ~13,600 14C yr B.P. Alpine glacier oscillations occurred on a frequency of ???1900 yr in both basins, suggesting that millennial-scale oscillations occurred in California and Nevada during most of the past 52,600 yr.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1998.1993","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., May, H.M., Antweiler, R.C., Brinton, T., Kashgarian, M., Smoot, J.P., and Lund, S., 1998, Continuous lake-sediment records of glaciation in the Sierra Nevada between 52,600 and 12,500 14C yr B.P.: Quaternary Research, v. 50, no. 2, p. 113-127, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1993.","startPage":"113","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206449,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1993"}],"volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa5ce4b0c8380cd4da83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Howard M.","contributorId":27202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brinton, T.I.","contributorId":93922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"T.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kashgarian, Michaele","contributorId":68473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kashgarian","given":"Michaele","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smoot, J. P.","contributorId":65878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lund, S.P.","contributorId":98054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020695,"text":"70020695 - 1998 - Changes in upland wildlife habitat on farmland in Illinois 1920-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020695","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in upland wildlife habitat on farmland in Illinois 1920-1987","docAbstract":"An index of upland wildlife habitat was developed to investigate patterns and changes in habitat over time, using four years (1920, 1940, 1964, 1987) and the state of Illinois as an example. The index was composed of two subdivisions that described, at the county level, the quantity of wildlife habitat and a third subdivision that described farming disturbances that impacted the quality of the habitat. Data came from the US Census of Agriculture. The first subdivision that reflected quantity of habitat was called the wildlife habitat subdivision and was the sum of percentage woodland on farms, percentage farmland in nonrow crops, and percentage farmland in set-aside programs. The second subdivision that reflected the quantity of habitat was termed the soil-related features subdivision and was the sum of the percentage of farmland that was not highly erodible, the percentage of farmland in soil-protecting crops, and the percentage of farmland in conservation tillage. The third subdivision, reflecting the quality of the habitat, was the farming disturbance subdivision and was the sum of the percentage of grazing and the percentage of land on which fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides were applied. Overall, major decreases occurred between 1920 and 1987 in the subdivisions reflecting the quantity of wildlife habitat and a major increase occurred in the subdivision associated with farming disturbance, reflecting the intensification of agriculture in the state. However, there was variability throughout the state, with some counties being more favorable to wildlife (as measured by the subdivisions) than others. Most of the changes within the state for the subdivisions reflecting quantity of upland wildlife habitat occurred during 1940 while changes in the farming disturbance subdivision (reflecting habitat quality) occurred in 1964. By 1987, the western and southern parts of Illinois were the most favorable for wildlife as reflected in all three subdivisions. Upland wildlife harvest indices were related to the subdivisions in 1964 and 1987, when harvest indices were available. Cottontail and northern bobwhite harvests were higher in counties with higher amounts of the wildlife habitat subdivision in both years. Cottontail harvest was also higher in counties with lower levels of the farming disturbance subdivision in 1964 and higher levels of soil-related features subdivision in 1987. Indices at the county level have the potential to be used in a multiscale analysis to investigate the impact of policy changes on large- scale areas of the Midwest and to develop regional perspectives of the impacts of agriculture on upland wildlife and their habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag New York","publisherLocation":"Secaucus, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1007/s002679900106","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Ribic, C., Warner, R., and Mankin, P., 1998, Changes in upland wildlife habitat on farmland in Illinois 1920-1987: Environmental Management, v. 22, no. 2, p. 303-313, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900106.","startPage":"303","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206929,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679900106"},{"id":231276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f438e4b0c8380cd4bbf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ribic, C. A. 0000-0003-2583-1778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":6026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warner, R.E.","contributorId":86924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mankin, P.C.","contributorId":41988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankin","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016019,"text":"1016019 - 1998 - Short-term influence of tank tracks on vegetation and microphytic crusts in shrubsteppe habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:42:21.607555","indexId":"1016019","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short-term influence of tank tracks on vegetation and microphytic crusts in shrubsteppe habitat","docAbstract":"Nutt.) habitat within the Idaho Army National Guard Orchard Training Area in southwestern Idaho. The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term (1–2 years) influence of tank tracks on vegetation and microphytic crusts in shrubsteppe habitat. The two types of tank tracks studied were divots (area where one track has been stopped or slowed to make a sharp turn) and straight-line tracks. Divots generally had a stronger influence on vegetation and microphytic crusts than did straight-line tracks. Tank tracks increased cover of bare ground, litter, and exotic annuals, and reduced cover of vegetation, perennial native grasses, sagebrush, and microphytic crusts. Increased bare ground and reduced cover of vegetation and microphytic crusts caused by tank tracks increase the potential for soil erosion and may reduce ecosystem productivity. Reduced sagebrush cover caused by tank tracks may reduce habitat quality for rodents. Tank tracks may also facilitate the invasion of exotic annuals into sagebrush habitat, increasing the potential for wildfire and subsequent habitat degradation. Thus, creation of divots and movement through sagebrush habitat by tanks should be minimized.
We compared reproductive and physiological responses of captive female northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) under control and water deprivation conditions. Scaled quail required less food and water to reproduce successfully under control conditions than northern bobwhite. Additionally, in scaled quail, serum osmolality levels and kidney mass were unaffected by water deprivation, whereas in northern bobwhite, serum osmolality levels increased and kidney mass declined. This finding indicates that scaled quail may have osmoregulatory abilities superior to those of northern bobwhite. Under control conditions, northern bobwhite gained more body mass and produced more but smaller eggs than scaled quail. Under water deprivation conditions, northern bobwhite lost more body mass but had more laying hens with a higher rate of egg production than scaled quail. Our data suggest that northern bobwhite allocated more resources to reproduction than to body maintenance, while scaled quail apparently forego reproduction in favor of body maintenance during water deprivation conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1095-6433(98)01015-0","issn":"10956433","usgsCitation":"Giuliano, W., Patino, R., and Lutz, R., 1998, Comparative reproductive and physiological responses of northern bobwhite and scaled quail to water deprivation: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, v. 119, no. 3, p. 781-786, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(98)01015-0.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"781","endPage":"786","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f824e4b0c8380cd4cedd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giuliano, W.M.","contributorId":96864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giuliano","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patino, R.","contributorId":39915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutz, R.S.","contributorId":40156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020740,"text":"70020740 - 1998 - Faulting along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T23:56:04.939693","indexId":"70020740","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faulting along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Approximately 320 km of deep seismic-reflection profiles in northwestern Tennessee reveal the structure of a major portion of the southeastern margin of the Reelfoot Rift. This rift margin consists of at least two major down-to-the-west late Precambrian to Cambrian normal faults. Maximum fault displacement at one location is 3 km. These two faults strike N50°E, in their northern portions; over their southern extent they trend N30°E however.
Numerous faults in these reflection lines displace Paleozoic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary reflectors. The dominantly reverse faulting, folding, and positive flower structures in the shallower section indicate Eocene or younger transpression. We believe the late Tertiary faulting is due to reactivation of the basement faults, because on some of the reflection lines basement normal faults can be traced into Tertiary reverse faults, the Tertiary faults parallel the basement faults, and the Tertiary faults overlie or are adjacent to the basement faults. Numerous faults displace the highest (youngest) reflectors and therefore we do not know how recently faulting has occurred. Previous studies have identified Quaternary faulting within the southeastern Reelfoot Rift margin of western Tennessee, however. Thus, we believe all of the late Tertiary faults identified in this research should be evaluated for possible Quaternary movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0880010131","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Van Arsdale, R., Purser, J., Stephenson, W., and Odum, J., 1998, Faulting along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 88, no. 1, p. 131-139, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0880010131.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231352,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Reelfoot Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.4,\n 36.3\n ],\n [\n -90.4,\n 35.3\n ],\n [\n -89.2,\n 35.3\n ],\n [\n -89.2,\n 36.3\n ],\n [\n -90.4,\n 36.3\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"88","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f23e4b0c8380cd537b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Arsdale, R.","contributorId":35093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Arsdale","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Purser, J.","contributorId":39158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purser","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, W.","contributorId":37910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odum, J.","contributorId":7849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020730,"text":"70020730 - 1998 - Population dynamics of the endangered Cape Sable seaside-sparrow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-24T16:07:11.84248","indexId":"70020730","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":774,"text":"Animal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of the endangered Cape Sable seaside-sparrow","docAbstract":"The Cape Sable seaside-sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) has disappeared from its only known breeding areas episodically since its discovery early this century. Systematic surveys across its range in the southern Everglades find the sparrow's range to be fragmented into six subpopulations. The sparrow population decreased by 58% between 1992 and 1995, with the near extinction of the western half of the population and the temporary local extinction of some eastern populations. Other similar grassland sparrows have populations that vary considerably from year to year. Yet the decline in the western subpopulation and the local extinction of some of the peripheral populations cannot be explained by natural variability alone. Hurricane Andrew passed over several subpopulations prior to the particularly poor year of 1993. However, the geographical and temporal patterns of subpopulation decline are not consistent with what would be expected following a hurricane. Frequent fires prevent successful breeding as does flooding during the breeding season. Better management can prevent frequent fires and episodic flooding. However, the long-term survival of the sparrow depends on managing the unanticipated risks that attend its small, fragmented population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Zoological Society of London","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00221.x","usgsCitation":"Curnutt, J.L., Mayer, A.L., Brooks, T., Manne, L., Bass, O.L., Fleming, D.M., Nott, M.P., and Pimm, S.L., 1998, Population dynamics of the endangered Cape Sable seaside-sparrow: Animal Conservation, v. 1, no. 1, p. 11-21, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00221.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d58e4b0c8380cd79eb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curnutt, J. L.","contributorId":97845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curnutt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, Audrey L.","contributorId":191663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"Audrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, Thomas M.","contributorId":48108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Thomas M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manne, L.","contributorId":47940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manne","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bass, O. L. Jr.","contributorId":31721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bass","given":"O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fleming, D. M.","contributorId":72970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nott, M. Philip","contributorId":107463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nott","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Philip","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pimm, Stuart L.","contributorId":7148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pimm","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70020487,"text":"70020487 - 1998 - Flow of river water into a Karstic limestone aquifer. 1. Tracing the young fraction in groundwater mixtures in the Upper Floridan Aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T06:29:09","indexId":"70020487","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow of river water into a Karstic limestone aquifer. 1. Tracing the young fraction in groundwater mixtures in the Upper Floridan Aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia","docAbstract":"The quality of water in the Upper Floridan aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia is affected locally by discharge of Withlacoochee River water through sinkholes in the river bed. Data on transient tracers and other dissolved substances, including Cl−, 3H, tritiogenic helium-3 (3He), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113), organic C (DOC), O2 (DO), H2S, CH4, δ18O, δD, and 14C were investigated as tracers of Withlacoochee River water in the Upper Floridan aquifer. The concentrations of all tracers were affected by dilution and mixing. Dissolved Cl−, δ18O, δD, CFC-12, and the quantity (3H+3He) are stable in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer, whereas DOC, DO, H2S, CH4, 14C, CFC-11, and CFC-113 are affected by microbial degradation and other geochemical processes occurring within the aquifer. Groundwater mixing fractions were determined by using dissolved Cl− and δ18O data, recognizing 3 end-member water types in the groundwater mixtures: (1) Withlacoochee River water (δ18O=−2.5±0.3‰, Cl−=12.2±2 mg/l), (2) regional infiltration water (δ18O=−4.2±0.1‰, Cl−=2.3±0.1 mg/l), and (3) regional paleowater resident in the Upper Floridan aquifer (δ18O=−3.4±0.1‰, Cl−=2.6±0.1 mg/l) (uncertainties are ±1σ). Error simulation procedures were used to define uncertainties in mixing fractions. Fractions of river water in groundwater range from 0 to 72% and average 10%. The influence of river-water discharge on the quality of water in the Upper Floridan aquifer was traced from the sinkhole area on the Withlacoochee River 25 km SE in the direction of regional groundwater flow. Infiltration of water is most significant to the N and NW of Valdosta, but becomes negligible to the S and SE in the direction of general thickening of post-Eocene confining beds overlying the Upper Floridan aquifer.
1. We tested for costs of chick rearing in the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus) by removing entire clutches from 149 of 405 randomly selected nests, in which one or both mates was colour-banded. After the manipulation, we monitored adult nest attendance and body condition at unmanipulated and manipulated nests, and measured the survival and fecundity of these adults the following year.
2. Late in the chick-rearing period, adults from unmanipulated nests (i.e. with chicks) went on significantly longer foraging trips, and were significantly lighter for their size, than adults from manipulated nests (i.e. without chicks).
3. Adults from unmanipulated nests also survived to the following nesting season at a significantly lower rate than those from the manipulated nests (0·898 vs. 0·953), suggesting that attempting to raise chicks can reduce life expectancy by 55%.
4. There was a tendency for adults from nests that were unmanipulated in year one to have lower reproductive success in year two, primarily because of reduced fledging success, and a higher incidence of non-breeding.
5. These findings suggest that mass loss in kittiwakes during chick rearing may not be adaptive. Raising chicks can lead to reproductive costs, and the causal mechanism appears to be a reduction in body condition.
6. We compare our results with previous brood (or clutch) size manipulation experiments that have measured adult body condition, survival and/or future fecundity. Although the empirical evidence suggests that long-lived species are more likely to experience survival costs than short-lived species, we believe the opposite may be true. We suggest that shifting the experimental protocol of cost of reproduction studies from brood enlargements (an approach taken in most prior studies) to brood reductions will provide more accurate quantifications of naturally occurring costs.
7. The cost of reproduction is one mechanism proposed to explain the reduced survival rates reported for kittiwake populations in the North Atlantic relative to those in the North Pacific ocean. Oceanographic data, however, suggest that lower food availability may limit survival of kittiwakes in the North Atlantic where a deeper mixed layer and reduced primary production combine to make conditions less favourable for this seabird during the winter months.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00233.x","issn":"00218790","usgsCitation":"Golet, G.H., Irons, D.B., and Estes, J.A., 1998, Survival costs of chick rearing in black-legged kittiwakes: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 67, no. 5, p. 827-841, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00233.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"827","endPage":"841","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.21630859375,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n -144.9755859375,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n -144.9755859375,\n 61.44927080076419\n ],\n [\n -149.21630859375,\n 61.44927080076419\n ],\n [\n -149.21630859375,\n 59.712097173322924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2bce4b08c986b31f900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golet, Gregory H.","contributorId":89844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golet","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irons, David B.","contributorId":63658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}