In 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began an assessment of the lower Tennessee River Basin as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Existing nutrient and sediment data from 1980 to 1996 were compiled, screened, and interpreted to estimate watershed inputs from nutrient sources, provide a general description of the distribution and transport of nutrients and sediments in surface water, and evaluate trends in nutrient and sediment concentrations in the lower Tennessee (LTEN) River Basin.
Nitrogen inputs from major sources varied widely among tributary basins in the LTEN River Basin. Point source wastewater discharges contributed between 0 and 0.61 tons per square mile per year [(tons/mi2)/yr]. Of the nonpoint sources of nitrogen for which inputs were estimated (atmospheric deposition, nitrogen fixation, fertilizer application, and livestock waste) livestock waste contributed the largest input in about two-thirds (7 out of 11) of the tributary basins, and fertilizer application contributed the largest input in the remaining 4 basins. Nitrogen input from fertilizer application was the most variable spatially among the nonpoint sources of nitrogen, ranging from 1.5 to 23 (tons/mi2)/yr. Atmospheric deposition estimates varied the least from basin to basin, ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 (tons/mi2)/yr. Estimates of nitrogen input from livestock waste ranged between 2.0 to 13 (tons/mi2)/yr. The percentage of the input from each of these nonpoint sources that entered the surface-water system is not known.
Wastewater discharge contributed between 0 and 0.14 (ton/mi2)/yr of phosphorus to tributary basins. Livestock waste contributed most of the input in 8 out of the 11 basins, and fertilizer application contributed the most in the remaining 3 basins. Estimates of phosphorus input for fertilizer application ranged from 0.35 to 5.1 (tons/mi2)/yr and from 0.62 to 4.3 (tons/mi2)/yr from livestock waste.
Reservoirs on the main stem of the Tennessee River and on the Duck and Elk Rivers affect nutrient transport because hydrodynamic conditions in the reservoirs promote assimilation by aquatic plants and deposition of particulate matter. Observed decreases in total nitrite plus nitrate and dissolved-orthophosphorus concentrations in reservoirs or at sites downstream of reservoirs during summer months were probably related to seasonality of plant growth.
Nutrient and sediment data used to estimate annual instream loads and yields were compiled from various water-quality monitoring programs and represent the best available data in the LTEN River Basin, but these data have several characteristics that limit accuracy of load estimates. Many of the monitoring programs were not designed with the objective of annual load estimation, and data representing storm transport are, therefore, sparse; sampling and analytical methods varied through time and among the monitoring programs, hampering spatial and temporal comparisons. The load estimates computed from these data are useful for evaluating broad spatial patterns of instream load, and comparisons of instream load to inputs, but may not be sufficiently accurate for local-scale evaluations of water quality.
Estimates of the mean annual instream load of total nitrogen entering (Chattanooga, Tenn.) and leaving (Paducah, Ky.) the LTEN River Basin were 29,000 and 60,000 tons per year (tons/yr), respectively. These estimates represent a gain of 31,000 tons/yr, on average, across the area (18,930 mi2) between these inlet and outlet sites. The sum of the mean annual instream load from gaged tributaries to the main stem within the study unit was 14,000 tons/yr; however, this number cannot be directly compared with the gain between the inlet and outlet sites because (1) the gaged area represents only 30 percent of the total area and (2) the period of record at many tributary sites did not correspond with the period of record at the inlet or outlet sites.
Estimates of mean annual instream load of total phosphorus at the inlet and outlet sites of the LTEN River Basin were 1,300 and 5,000 tons/yr, respectively, representing a gain of 3,700 tons/yr, on average, across the study unit. The sum of the gaged tributary load, representing only 28 percent of the area contributing to the main stem, was 4,300 tons/yr. Although this number cannot be closely compared with the gain throughout the study unit, for the same reasons given for total nitrogen, a general comparison suggests that the main stem of the Tennessee River and the tributary embayments along the main stem function as a sink for total phosphorus, removing a substantial amount from the water column through deposition or assimilation.
The estimates of inputs can be compared and correlated with yields (area-normalized instream loads); significant correlations between estimates of inputs and yields might be useful as predictive tools for instream water quality where monitoring data are not available. Yields of nitrogen correlated moderately well with inputs from nonpoint sources, based on 1992 estimates. Nitrogen yield was highest [3.5 (tons/mi2)/yr] for Town Creek, for which the balance of nonpoint-source inputs to agricultural lands (fertilizer application plus nitrogen fixation plus livestock waste minus harvest) was also the highest [15 (tons/mi2)/yr]. Nitrogen yield was low [1.0 (tons/mi2)/yr] for the Buffalo River, for which the balance of agricultural nonpoint-source input was correspondingly low [3.2 (tons/mi2)/yr, the second lowest]. Correlation of wastewater discharge with yield was poor, and contrasted with the significant correlation between wastewater discharge and median nitrogen concentration during low streamflow. The poor correlation between wastewater discharge and annual yield was expected, however, as wastewater discharge is a small fraction compared with annual yield.
In contrast with nitrogen, phosphorus yield did not correlate well with any estimated inputs or land-use types for the tributary basins. Phosphorus yield was highest [1.1 and 0.93 (tons/mi2)/yr] at two sites along the Duck River and at Elk River near Prospect [0.89 (ton/mi2)/yr]; however, estimates of inputs at these sites were in the middle of their respective ranges. The influence of the outcrop of phosphatic limestone formations of the brown-phosphate districts in the lower Duck and lower Elk River Basins might be responsible for the poor correlation between estimated inputs and yields of phosphorus. The outcrop pattern of these phosphatic limestones are an important factor to consider as regional boundaries are established for attainable, region-specific water-quality criteria for total phosphorus.
Estimates of sediment input from cropland soil erosion in 1992 ranged from 51 to 540 (tons/mi2)/yr among the major hydrologic units in the LTEN River Basin. Information was not available to estimate this input for individual tributaries. Sediment yield estimates ranged from 65 to 263 (tons/mi2)/yr for the three tributary monitoring basins for which instream data were available, and from 17 to 26 (tons/mi2)/yr for the Tennessee River at South Pittsburg and at Pickwick Landing Dam, respectively. Lower sediment yields for the main stem sites compared with the tributary sites is probably due to sediment deposition in the main stem of the Tennessee River and tributary embayments along the main stem.
Most of the significant trends in nutrient concentrations from about 1985 to about 1995 were decreasing trends, except for total nitrite plus nitrate, which increased at one site on the Elk River. The spatial distribution of decreasing trends of total nitrogen and total ammonia corresponds with the spatial variation among basins in wastewater loading rate. The time period of observed trends corresponds to the period of improvements in municipal treatment, thus decreases in wastewater effluent concentrations of nitrogen might be responsible for the decreasing trend in instream concentrations at these sites. Concentrations of total phosphorus did not decrease during this period at these sites, as might have been expected considering the reductions in wastewater input of phosphorus during this period.
The Great and Little Miami River Basins drain approximately 7,354 square miles in southwestern Ohio and southeastern Indiana and are included in the more than 50 major river basins and aquifer systems selected for water-quality assessment as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Principal streams include the Great and Little Miami Rivers in Ohio and the Whitewater River in Indiana. The Great and Little Miami River Basins are almost entirely within the Till Plains section of the Central Lowland physiographic province and have a humid continental climate, characterized by well-defined summer and winter seasons. With the exception of a few areas near the Ohio River, Pleistocene glacial deposits, which are predominantly till, overlie lower Paleozoic limestone, dolomite, and shale bedrock. The principal aquifer is a complex buried-valley system of sand and gravel aquifers capable of supporting sustained well yields exceeding 1,000 gallons per minute. Designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a sole-source aquifer, the Buried-Valley Aquifer System is the principal source of drinking water for 1.6 million people in the basins and is the dominant source of water for southwestern Ohio. Water use in the Great and Little Miami River Basins averaged 745 million gallons per day in 1995. Of this amount, 48 percent was supplied by surface water (including the Ohio River) and 52 percent was supplied by ground water.
Land-use and waste-management practices influence the quality of water found in streams and aquifers in the Great and Little Miami River Basins. Land use is approximately 79 percent agriculture, 13 percent urban (residential, industrial, and commercial), and 7 percent forest. An estimated 2.8 million people live in the Great and Little Miami River Basins; major urban areas include Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio. Fertilizers and pesticides associated with agricultural activity, discharges from municipal and industrial wastewater-treatment and thermoelectric plants, urban runoff, and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes contribute contaminants to surface water and ground water throughout the study area.
Surface water and ground water in the Great and Little Miami River Basins are classified as very hard, calcium-magnesiumbicarbonate waters. The major-ion composition and hardness of surface water and ground water reflect extensive contact with the carbonate-rich soils, glacial sediments, and limestone or dolomite bedrock. Dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan II, and lindane are the most commonly reported organochlorine pesticides in streams draining the Great and Little Miami River Basins. Peak concentrations of the herbicides atrazine and metolachlor in streams commonly are associated with post-application runoff events. Nitrate concentrations in surface water average 3 to 4 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in the larger streams and also show strong seasonal variations related to application periods and runoff events.
Ambient iron concentrations in ground water pumped from aquifers in the Great and Little Miami River Basins often exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (300 micrograms per liter). Chloride concentrations are below aesthetic drinking-water guidelines (250 mg/L), except in ground water pumped from low-yielding Ordovician shale; chloride concentrations in sodium-chloriderich ground water pumped from the shale bedrock can exceed 1,000 mg/L. Some of the highest average nitrate concentrations in ground water in Ohio and Indiana are found in wells completed in the buried-valley aquifer; these concentrations typically are found in those parts of the sand and gravel aquifer that are not overlain by clay-rich till. Atrazine was the most commonly detected herbicide in private wells. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in ground water generally were below Federal drinking-water standards, except near areas of known or suspected contamination.
Evaluation of fish and macroinvertebrate community performance in streams and rivers draining the Great and Little Miami River Basins indicates that most streams meet basic aquatic-life-use criteria set by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency for warmwater habitat. Stream reaches whose biological community performance meet aquatic-lifeuse criteria defined for exceptional warmwater habitat are found in Twin Creek, the Upper Great Miami River, the Little Miami River, and the Whitewater River Basins. Other streams have exhibited significant improvements in biological community performance (and water quality)'that are attributed primarily to reduced pollutant loadings from wastewater-treatment plants upgraded since 1972.
Four hydrogeomorphic regions were delineated in the Great and Little Miami River Basins based on distinct and relatively homogeneous natural characteristics. Primary features used to delineate the hydrogeomorphic regions include bedrock geology, surficial geology, physiography, hydrology, soil types, and vegetation. These four regions Till Plains, Drift Plains/Unglaciated, Interlobate, and Fluvial are used in the Great and Little Miami River Basins study to assess the influence of natural features of the environmental setting on surface- and ground-water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/wri994201","usgsCitation":"Debrewer, L.M., Rowe, G.L., Reutter, D., Moore, R.C., Hambrook, J.A., and Baker, N.T., 2000, Environmental Setting and Effects on Water Quality in the Great and Little Miami River Basins, Ohio and Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 1999–4201, Report: ix, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994201.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 98 p.","numberOfPages":"110","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4201/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":95532,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4201/wri19994201.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4201"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Great Miami River Basin, Little Miami River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.2486572265625,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -84.342041015625,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -84.4683837890625,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -84.6112060546875,\n 38.96368010198575\n ],\n [\n -84.74853515625,\n 38.89530825492018\n ],\n [\n -84.8309326171875,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -84.81994628906249,\n 38.80975079723835\n ],\n [\n -85.0506591796875,\n 38.77978137804918\n ],\n [\n -85.24841308593749,\n 38.70265930723801\n ],\n [\n -85.4022216796875,\n 38.71123253895224\n ],\n [\n -85.4351806640625,\n 38.53097889440026\n ],\n [\n -85.63842773437499,\n 38.40194908237825\n ],\n [\n -85.7537841796875,\n 38.285624966683756\n ],\n [\n -85.7977294921875,\n 38.5008925889646\n ],\n [\n -85.7977294921875,\n 38.70265930723801\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 38.86965182408357\n ],\n [\n -85.7757568359375,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -85.7647705078125,\n 39.57605638518604\n ],\n [\n -85.7098388671875,\n 39.74943369178247\n ],\n [\n -85.6768798828125,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -85.462646484375,\n 40.32141999593439\n ],\n [\n -84.957275390625,\n 40.59727063442027\n ],\n [\n -84.638671875,\n 40.772221877329024\n ],\n [\n -84.22119140625,\n 40.9052096972736\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 41.17038447781618\n ],\n [\n -82.694091796875,\n 41.269549502842565\n ],\n [\n -81.837158203125,\n 41.42625319507272\n ],\n [\n -81.727294921875,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -81.39770507812499,\n 41.12074559016745\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -81.221923828125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 40.47202439692057\n ],\n [\n -81.650390625,\n 40.136890695345905\n ],\n [\n -82.034912109375,\n 39.85072092501597\n ],\n [\n -83.08959960937499,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -83.594970703125,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 38.89103282648846\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 38.796908303484294\n ],\n [\n -84.1552734375,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 38.831149809348744\n ],\n [\n -84.2486572265625,\n 38.90813299596705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Colubus, OH 43229-1737
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994215","usgsCitation":"Childers, D., Kresch, D., Gustafson, S.A., Randle, T., Melena, J., and Cluer, B., 2000, Hydrologic data collected during the 1994 Lake Mills drawdown experiment, Elwha River, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4215, vi, 115 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994215.","productDescription":"vi, 115 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411818,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_32187.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":274555,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4215/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.583,\n 48.017\n ],\n [\n -123.608,\n 48.017\n ],\n [\n -123.608,\n 47.968\n ],\n [\n -123.583,\n 47.968\n ],\n [\n -123.583,\n 48.017\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f912","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Childers, Dallas","contributorId":57861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"Dallas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kresch, D. L.","contributorId":52559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresch","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gustafson, S. A.","contributorId":101285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustafson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Randle, T. J.","contributorId":59074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randle","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melena, J.T.","contributorId":10837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melena","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cluer, Brian","contributorId":87587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cluer","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":26290,"text":"wri994204 - 2000 - Environmental and hydrologic overview of the Yukon River basin, Alaska and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"wri994204","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4204","title":"Environmental and hydrologic overview of the Yukon River basin, Alaska and Canada","docAbstract":"The Yukon River, located in northwestern Canada and central Alaska, drains an area of more than 330,000 square miles, making it the fourth largest drainage basin in North America. Approximately 126,000 people live in this basin and 10 percent of these people maintain a subsistence lifestyle, depending on the basin's fish and game resources. Twenty ecoregions compose the Yukon River Basin, which indicates the large diversity of natural features of the watershed, such as climate, soils, permafrost, and geology.\r\n\r\nAlthough the annual mean discharge of the Yukon River near its mouth is more than 200,000 cubic feet per second, most of the flow occurs in the summer months from snowmelt, rainfall, and glacial melt. Eight major rivers flow into the Yukon River. Two of these rivers, the Tanana River and the White River, are glacier-fed rivers and together account for 29 percent of the total water flow of the Yukon. Two others, the Porcupine River and the Koyukuk River, are underlain by continuous permafrost and drain larger areas than the Tanana and the White, but together contribute only 22 percent of the total water flow in the Yukon.\r\n\r\nAt its mouth, the Yukon River transports about 60 million tons of suspended sediment annually into the Bering Sea. However, an estimated 20 million tons annually is deposited on flood plains and in braided reaches of the river. The waters of the main stem of the Yukon River and its tributaries are predominantly calcium magnesium bicarbonate waters with specific conductances generally less than 400 microsiemens per centimeter. Water quality of the Yukon River Basin varies temporally between summer and winter. Water quality also varies spatially among ecoregions","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994204","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., Wang, B., and Meade, R.H., 2000, Environmental and hydrologic overview of the Yukon River basin, Alaska and Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4204, v, 106 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;22 x 28 cm.; 37 illus.; 15 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994204.","productDescription":"v, 106 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;22 x 28 cm.; 37 illus.; 15 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1978,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meade, Robert H. 0000-0002-4965-3040 rhmeade@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3040","contributorId":2744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"Robert","email":"rhmeade@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25540,"text":"wri994138 - 2000 - Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality of the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:13:45","indexId":"wri994138","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4138","title":"Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality of the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois","docAbstract":"The geology, hydrology, hydraulic properties, and distribution of contaminants in the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois, were characterized on the basis of data collected from boreholes by use of packer assemblies, flowmeter logging, and borehole ground-penetrating radar. Four permeable intervals were identified in the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer: (1) a shallow, subhorizontal fracture from 37 to 40 feet below land surface; (2) an inclined fracture from 75 to 85 feet; (3) a shallow, vuggy interval from 90 to 100 feet; and (4) a deep, vuggy interval from about 140 to 180 feet. The calculated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the two fractured intervals exceeds 50 feet per day and is more than an order of magnitude greater than that of the vuggy intervals. Water levels in the Galena-Platteville aquifer respond to pumping cycles in the Belvidere municipal-supply wells below a depth of at least 180 feet.
Results of flowmeter logging and constant discharge aquifer testing indicate that the shallow, subhorizontal fracture is hydraulically connected to the overlying unconsolidated aquifer. Discrete inclined fractures are the primary conduits for vertical ground-water flow between the permeable units within the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer, and perhaps for flow to the deeper parts of the aquifer. The inclined fractures may become less permeable with depth.
A maximum effective porosity in the deep, vuggy interval of 8.8 percent was calculated from hydrologic and borehole radar-tomography data collected during tracer testing. The average maximum horizontal ground-water velocity through this interval was calculated at 21.4 feet per day using cross-hole radar tomography under a hydraulic gradient of 1.25 feet per foot.
Trichloroethene, trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene are the primary volatile organic compounds detected in the aquifer. There is no distinct pattern of the concentration of volatile organic compounds with depth; however, the highest concentrations tend to be present in the shallow part of the aquifer at the site. Movement of organic compounds through vertical fractures may account for their presence in the deeper parts of the aquifer.
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Streams and ground waters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","doi":"10.1016/B978-012389845-6/50002-8","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J.W., and Wagner, B.J., 2000, Quantifying hydrologic interactions between streams and their subsurface hyporheic zones, chap. of Streams and ground waters, p. 3-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012389845-6/50002-8.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"44","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6ec5e4b0b29085105fd9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jones, Jeremy B.","contributorId":113650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509706,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulholland, Patrick J.","contributorId":112634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":32968,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":509705,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26117,"text":"wri964106 - 2000 - Hydrology of the Columbia Plateau regional aquifer system, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri964106","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4106","title":"Hydrology of the Columbia Plateau regional aquifer system, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964106","usgsCitation":"Bauer, H.H., and Hansen, A.J., 2000, Hydrology of the Columbia Plateau regional aquifer system, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4106, iv, 61 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964106.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54918,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601f2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, H. H.","contributorId":85142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, Arnold J. Jr.","contributorId":84336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Arnold","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24888,"text":"ofr00315 - 2000 - Graphical user interface for MODFLOW, Version 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T19:18:24","indexId":"ofr00315","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-315","title":"Graphical user interface for MODFLOW, Version 4","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00315","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Winston, R.B., 2000, Graphical user interface for MODFLOW, Version 4: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-315, 27 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00315.","productDescription":"27 p. ","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438894,"rank":301,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Y29U1H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GW_Chart version 1.30"},{"id":157245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53876,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0315/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winston, Richard B. 0000-0002-6287-8834 rbwinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-8834","contributorId":3567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"Richard","email":"rbwinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38097,"text":"ofr0050 - 2000 - The Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Mine in Southeast Idaho: A source of selenium and other trace elements to surface water, ground water, vegetation, and biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:29:42","indexId":"ofr0050","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-50","title":"The Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Mine in Southeast Idaho: A source of selenium and other trace elements to surface water, ground water, vegetation, and biota","docAbstract":"Major-element oxides and trace elements in the Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Mine, Idaho were determined by a series of techniques. In this report, we examine the distribution of trace elements between the different solid components aluminosilicates, apatite, organic matter, opal, calcite, and dolomite that largely make up the rocks. High concentrations of several trace elements throughout the deposit, for example, As, Cd, Se, Tl, and U, at this and previously examined sites have raised concern about their introduction into the environment via weathering and the degree to which mining and the disposal of mined waste rock from this deposit might be accelerating that process. The question addressed here is how might the partitioning of trace elements between these solid host components influence the introduction of trace elements into ground water, surface water, and eventually biota, via weathering? In the case of Se, it is partitioned into components that are quite labile under the oxidizing conditions of subaerial weathering. As a result, it is widely distributed throughout the environment. Its concentration exceeds the level of concern for protection of wildlife at virtually every trophic level.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0050","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Piper, D.Z., Skorupa, J.P., Presser, T.S., Hardy, M.A., Hamilton, S.J., Huebner, M., and Gulbrandsen, R.A., 2000, The Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Mine in Southeast Idaho: A source of selenium and other trace elements to surface water, ground water, vegetation, and biota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-50, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0050.","productDescription":"73 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":64355,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Hot Springs Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 44.574817404670306\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":218879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skorupa, J. P.","contributorId":93002,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skorupa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Presser, T. S.","contributorId":93875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardy, M. A.","contributorId":54223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huebner, M.","contributorId":95497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebner","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gulbrandsen, R. A.","contributorId":48543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulbrandsen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":21939,"text":"ofr98654 - 2000 - Metal exposure to a benthic invertebrate, Hydropsyche californica, in the Sacramento River down stream of Keswick Reservoir, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T20:00:30.213577","indexId":"ofr98654","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-654","displayTitle":"Metal exposure to a benthic invertebrate, Hydropsyche californica, in the Sacramento River down stream of Keswick Reservoir, California","title":"Metal exposure to a benthic invertebrate, Hydropsyche californica, in the Sacramento River down stream of Keswick Reservoir, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98654","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Carter, J.L., Fend, S.V., Luoma, S.N., Alpers, C.N., and Taylor, H.E., 2000, Metal exposure to a benthic invertebrate, Hydropsyche californica, in the Sacramento River down stream of Keswick Reservoir, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-654, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98654.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406880,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31467.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51414,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0654/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0654/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Keswick Reservoir, Sacramento River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.45979309082031,\n 40.508056667997295\n ],\n [\n -122.34992980957031,\n 40.508056667997295\n ],\n [\n -122.34992980957031,\n 40.62750334315296\n ],\n [\n -122.45979309082031,\n 40.62750334315296\n ],\n [\n -122.45979309082031,\n 40.508056667997295\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - 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Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":68033,"text":"ha746C - 2000 - Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Fort Lupton-Gilcrest area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-02T19:30:52.629562","indexId":"ha746C","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"746","chapter":"C","title":"Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Fort Lupton-Gilcrest area, Colorado","docAbstract":"Urban areas commonly rely on ground water for at least part of the municipal water supply, and as population increases, urban areas expand and require larger volumes of water. However, the expansion of an urban area can reduce ground-water availability. This may occur through processes of depletion (withdrawal of most of the available ground water), degradation (chemicals used in the urban area seep into the ground and contaminate the ground water), and preemption (cost or restrictions on pumping ground water from under extensively urbanized areas may be prohibitive). Thus, a vital natural resource needed to support the growth of an urban area and its infrastructure can become less available because of growth itself.
The diminished availability of natural resources caused by expansion of urban areas is not unique to water resources. For example, large volumes of aggregate (sand and gravel) are used in concrete and asphalt to build and maintain the infrastructure (buildings, roads, airports, and so forth) of an urban area. Yet, mining of aggregate commonly is preempted by urban expansion; for example, it cannot be mined from under a subdivision. Energy resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas likewise are critical to the growth and existence of an urban area but may become less available as an urban area expands and preempts mining and drilling.
In 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey began work on a national initiative designed to provide information on the availability of those natural resources (water, minerals, energy, and biota) that are critical to maintaining the Nation's infrastructure or that may become less available because of urban expansion. The initiative began with a 3-year demonstration project to develop procedures for assessing resources and methods for interpreting and publishing information in digital and traditional paper formats. The Front Range urban corridor of Colorado was chosen as the demonstration area (fig. 1), and the project was titled the Front Range Infrastructure Resources Project (FRIRP). This report and those of Robson (1996), Robson and others (1998), and Robson and others (2000a, 2000b, 2000c) are the results of FRIRP water-resources investigations; reports pertaining to geology, minerals, energy, biota, and cartography of the FRIRP are published separately. The water resources studies of the FRIRP were undertaken in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, and the Colorado Water Conservation Board.
There are a number data set development, data dissemination, and applications activities at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) that contribute to the study of the water cycle in Africa. Some of these stem from global change research initiatives, while others are the result of technical assistance provided to international development and humanitarian assistance projects. Data themes include topography and related hydrological derivatives, land cover, satellite rainfall estimates, and vegetation indices. Some data sets are USGS products, while others originate from cooperating agencies like NASA and NOAA and are distributed secondarily. In Africa, applications include agrometeorological estimates, drought and flood monitoring. Many of the data sets are available to the user community without charge by internet, or at cost of reproduction on CDROM and tape media.
","conferenceTitle":"Information for sustainable development, International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment","conferenceDate":"March 27-31, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Cape Town, South Africa","language":"English","publisher":"International Center for Remote Sensing of Environment and CSIR Satellite Applications Centre","usgsCitation":"Verdin, J., 2000, Data and applications for study of the water cycle in Africa, Information for sustainable development, International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Cape Town, South Africa, March 27-31, 2000, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 17.543545433121523,\n -36.3103462117995\n ],\n [\n 49.71413439136023,\n -26.521549903991257\n ],\n [\n 51.124278052391475,\n -10.257499602815244\n ],\n [\n 52.17753303087025,\n 13.359360306041296\n ],\n [\n 45.29630778577069,\n 11.989998148812788\n ],\n [\n 42.14479291990705,\n 14.724720405256463\n ],\n [\n 30.808891048847613,\n 32.55832242926333\n ],\n [\n 20.031741993303967,\n 34.43604618549085\n ],\n [\n 9.15322594397145,\n 38.140250551018454\n ],\n [\n -0.32409209064496736,\n 36.79054670141103\n ],\n [\n -6.744435377428346,\n 36.011637704717515\n ],\n [\n -17.406512153654973,\n 34.539067465405466\n ],\n [\n -18.638683915346007,\n 13.306509250972255\n ],\n [\n -11.811789450396162,\n 3.6488560505939063\n ],\n [\n 4.368593356766951,\n 3.7563805435434148\n ],\n [\n 10.12364852518732,\n -6.102942228935035\n ],\n [\n 11.442967220751115,\n -11.372411981754283\n ],\n [\n 10.763448129410278,\n -17.39481694497057\n ],\n [\n 17.543545433121523,\n -36.3103462117995\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, James 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":145830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21763,"text":"ofr00204 - 2000 - Effects of animal feeding operations on water resources and the environment; proceedings of the technical meeting, Fort Collins, Colorado, August 30-September 1, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T17:38:59","indexId":"ofr00204","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-204","title":"Effects of animal feeding operations on water resources and the environment; proceedings of the technical meeting, Fort Collins, Colorado, August 30-September 1, 1999","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00204","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Wilde, F.D., Britton, L.J., Miller, C., and Kolpin, D., 2000, Effects of animal feeding operations on water resources and the environment; proceedings of the technical meeting, Fort Collins, Colorado, August 30-September 1, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-204, iii, 107 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00204.","productDescription":"iii, 107 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1194,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr00-204","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Fort Collins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.15426635742188,\n 40.493437209343654\n ],\n [\n -104.95788574218749,\n 40.493437209343654\n ],\n [\n -104.95788574218749,\n 40.625939917833925\n ],\n [\n -105.15426635742188,\n 40.625939917833925\n ],\n [\n -105.15426635742188,\n 40.493437209343654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624bb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilde, Franceska D. fwilde@usgs.gov","contributorId":92240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilde","given":"Franceska","email":"fwilde@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Britton, L. J.","contributorId":39788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britton","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, C.V.","contributorId":41026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":68046,"text":"ha746D - 2000 - Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Boulder-Longmont area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:13:57","indexId":"ha746D","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"746","chapter":"D","title":"Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Boulder-Longmont area, Colorado","docAbstract":"Urban areas commonly rely on ground water for at least part of the municipal water supply, and as population increases, urban areas expand and require larger volumes of water. However, the expansion of an urban area can reduce ground-water availability. This may occur through processes of depletion (withdrawal of most of the available ground water), degradation (chemicals used in the urban area keep into the ground and contaminate the ground water), and preemption (cost or restrictions on pumping ground water from under extensively urbanized areas may he prohibitive). Thus, a vital natural resource needed to support the growth of an urban area and its infrastructure can become less available because of growth itself.
The diminished availability of natural resources caused by expansion of urban areas is not unique to water resources. For example, large volumes of aggregate (sand and gravel) are used in concrete and asphalt to build and maintain the infrastructure (buildings, roads, airports, and so forth) of an urban area. Yet, mining of aggregate commonly is preempted by urban expansion; for example, it cannot he mined from under a subdivision. Energy resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas likewise are critical to the growth and existence of an urban area but may become less available as an urban area expands and preempts mining and drilling.
In 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey began work on a national initiative designed to provide information on the availability of those natural resources (water, minerals, energy, and biota) that are critical to maintaining the Nation's infrastructure or that may become less available because of urban expansion. The initiative began with a 3-year demonstration project to develop procedures for assessing resources and methods for interpreting and publishing information in digital and traditional paper formats. The Front Range urban corridor of Colorado was chosen as the demonstration area (fig. 1), and the project was titled the Front Range Infrastructure Resources Project (FRIRP). This report and those of Robson (1996), Robson and others (1998), and Robson and others (2000a, 2000b, 2000c) (fig. 1) are the results of FRIRP water resources investigations; reports pertaining to geology, minerals, energy, biota, and cartography of the FRIRP are published separately. The water-resources studies of the FRIRP were undertaken in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, and the Colorado Water Conservation Board.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are important atmospheric trace gases participating in the regulation of global climate and environment. Predictive models on the emissions of N2O and NO emissions from soil into the atmosphere are required. We modified the CENTURY model (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51 (1987) 1173) to simulate the emissions of N2O and NO from tropical primary forests in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica at a monthly time step. Combined fluxes of N2O and NO were simulated as a function of gross N mineralization and water-filled pore space (WFPS). The coefficients for partitioning N2O from NO were derived from field measurements (Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). The modified CENTURY was calibrated against observations of carbon stocks in various pools of forest ecosystems of the region, and measured WFPS and emission rates of N2O and NO from soil to the atmosphere.
\nWFPS is an important factor regulating nutrient cycling and emissions of N2O and NO from soils making the accuracy of the WFPS prediction central to the modeling process. To do this, we modified the hydrologic submodel and developed a new method for the prediction of WFPS at the monthly scale from daily rainfall information. The new method is based on: (1) the relationship between monthly rainfall and the number of rainfall events, and (2) the relative cumulative frequency distribution of ranked daily rainfall events. The method is generic and should be applicable to other areas.
\nSimulated monthly average WFPS was 0.68±0.02 — identical with the field measurement average of 0.68±0.02 from the annual cycle observed by Keller and Reiners (Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). Simulated fluxes of N2O and NO were 52.0±9.4 mg-N m−2 month−1 and 6.5±0.7 mg-N m−2 month−1, respectively, compared with measured averages of 48.2±11.0 mg-N m−2 month−1 and 7.1±1.1 mg-N m−2 month−1. The simulated N2O/NO ratio was 11.2±1.9 compared with the measured value of 10.9±4.7.
\nWFPS is the dominant determinant of the fraction of gross N mineralization that is emitted from the soil as N2O and NO. If WFPS were not limiting during part of the year, this fraction would be 4.2%. With some periods of lower WFPS, the realized fraction is 2.2%. Because of the strong relationships between N2O and NO emission rates and rainfall and its derivative, WFPS, these moisture variables can be used to scale up nitrogen trace gas fluxes from sites to larger spatial scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00030-X","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Reiners, W.A., Keller, M., and Schimel, D.S., 2000, Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 15, no. 8, p. 727-743, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00030-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"743","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034c3e4b0f42e3d040e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shu-Guang sliu@usgs.gov","contributorId":984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shu-Guang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiners, William A.","contributorId":147117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reiners","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, Michael","contributorId":42681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schimel, Davis S.","contributorId":108419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"Davis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179116,"text":"70179116 - 2000 - Geohydrology and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the central Virgin River Basin of Iron and Washington Counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T17:29:48.788751","indexId":"70179116","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"116","title":"Geohydrology and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the central Virgin River Basin of Iron and Washington Counties, Utah","docAbstract":"Because rapid growth of communities in Washington and Iron Counties, Utah, is expected to cause an increase in the future demand for water resources, a hydrologic investigation was done to better understand ground-water resources within the central Virgin River basin. This study focused on two of the principal ground-water reservoirs within the basin: the upper Ash Creek basin ground-water system and the Navajo and Kayenta aquifer system.
The ground-water system of the upper Ash Creek drainage basin consists of three aquifers: the uppermost Quaternary basin-fill aquifer, the Tertiary alluvial-fan aquifer, and the Tertiary Pine Valley monzonite aquifer. These aquifers are naturally bounded by the Hurricane Fault and by drainage divides. On the basis of measurements, estimates, and numerical simulations of reasonable values for all inflow and outflow components, total water moving through the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is estimated to be about 14,000 acre-feet per year. Recharge to the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is mostly from infiltration of precipitation and seepage from ephemeral and perennial streams. The primary source of discharge is assumed to be evapotranspiration; however, subsurface discharge near Ash Creek Reservoir also may be important.
The character of two of the hydrologic boundaries of the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is speculative. The eastern boundary provided by the Hurricane Fault is assumed to be a no-flow boundary, and a substantial part of the ground-water discharge from the system is assumed to be subsurface outflow beneath Ash Creek Reservoir along the southern boundary. However, these assumptions might be incorrect because alternative numerical simulations that used different boundary conditions also proved to be feasible. The hydrogeologic character of the aquifers is uncertain because of limited data. Differences in well yield indicate that there is considerable variability in the transmissivity of the basin-fill aquifer. Field data also indicate that the basin-fill aquifer is more transmissive than the underlying alluvial-fan aquifer. Data from the Pine Valley monzonite aquifer indicate that its transmissivity may be highly variable and that it is strongly influenced by the connection of fractures.
The Navajo and Kayenta aquifers provide most of the potable water to the municipalities of Washington County. Because of large outcrop exposures, uniform grain size, and large stratigraphic thickness, these formations are able to receive and store large amounts of water. In addition, structural forces have resulted in extensive fracture zones that enhance ground-water recharge and movement within these aquifers. Aquifer testing of the Navajo aquifer indicates that horizontal hydraulic-conductivity values range from 0.2 to 32 feet per day at different locations and may be primarily dependent on the extent of fracturing. Limited data indicate that the Kayenta aquifer generally is less transmissive than the Navajo aquifer. The aquifers are bounded to the south and west by the erosional extent of the formations and to the east by the Hurricane Fault, which completely offsets these formations and is assumed to be a lateral no-flow boundary. Like the Hurricane Fault, the Gunlock Fault is assumed to be a lateral no-flow boundary that divides the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers within the study area into two parts: the main part, between the Hurricane and Gunlock Faults; and the Gunlock part, west of the Gunlock Fault.
Generally, the water in the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers contains few dissolved minerals. However, two distinct areas contain water with dissolved-solids concentrations greater than 500 milligrams per liter: a larger area north of the city of St. George and a smaller area a few miles west of the town of Hurricane. Mass-balance calculations indicate that in the higher-dissolved-solids area north of St. George, as much as 2.7 cubic feet per second may be entering the aquifer from underlying formations. For the area west of Hurricane, as much as 1.5 cubic feet per second may be entering the aquifer from underlying formations.
On the basis of measurements, estimates, and numerical simulations, total water moving through the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers is estimated to be about 25,000 acre-feet per year for the main part and 5,000 acre-feet per year for the Gunlock part. The primary source of recharge is assumed to be infiltration of precipitation in the main part and seepage from the Santa Clara River in the Gunlock part. The primary source of discharge is assumed to be well discharge for both the main and Gunlock parts of the aquifers. Numerical simulations indicate that faults with major offset, such as the Washington Hollow Fault and an unnamed fault near Anderson Junction, may impede horizontal ground-water flow. Also, increased horizontal hydraulic conductivity along the orientation of predominant surface fracturing may be an important factor in regional ground-water flow. Simulations with increased north-south hydraulic conductivity substantially improved the match to measured water levels in the central area of the model between Snow Canyon and Mill Creek. Numerical simulation of the Gunlock part, using aquifer properties determined for the city of St. George municipal well field, resulted in a reasonable representation of regional water levels and estimated seepage from and to the Santa Clara River. To further quantify the Gunlock part of the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers, a better understanding of ground-water flow at the Gunlock Fault is needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the Washington County Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V., Freethey, G., Wilkowske, C., Stolp, B., and Wilberg, D., 2000, Geohydrology and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the central Virgin River Basin of Iron and Washington Counties, Utah: Technical Publication 116, xviii, 139 p.","productDescription":"xviii, 139 p.","numberOfPages":"206","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409264,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/docview.exe?Folder=TP50-1-203&Title=Technical+Publication+116"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Iron County, Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Central Virgin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b8ae4b02bdf681568c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heilweil, V.M.","contributorId":25197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"V.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkowske, C.D.","contributorId":63050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkowske","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22266,"text":"ofr0067 - 2000 - Water-quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through September 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T20:38:56.112509","indexId":"ofr0067","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-67","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through September 1998","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and biologic data collected from October 1996 through September 1998 in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program are presented in this report. Monthly data collected from 12 sites on rivers and streams included measurements of physical properties and determinations of the concentrations of nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, suspended sediment, and dissolved pesticides. Fish-tissue samples were collected at two sites in September 1997 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. In addition, water-quality assessments were made at 25 sites as part of a synoptic study in August 1997 and May 1998. A ground-water study was conducted to evaluate the effects of agricultural and urban land use on the water quality of shallow alluvial aquifers in the study unit. Samples were collected and analyzed from wells in 31 agricultural and 30 urban land-use areas during June-August 1997. Samples were collected and analyzed from 32 domestic wells during June-July 1998 to provide a broad assessment of the water quality of shallow alluvial aquifers throughout the study unit. Samples were collected during August 1998 from 27 shallow monitoring wells completed in the Iowa River alluvial aquifer to evaluate the effects of changing land use on shallow ground-water quality. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties, nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, dissolved pesticides, volatile organic compounds, radon-222, and tritium.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0067","usgsCitation":"Akers, K., Montgomery, D.L., Christiansen, D.E., Savoca, M.E., Schnoebelen, D.J., Becher, K., and Sadorf, E.M., 2000, Water-quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through September 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-67, viii, 359 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0067.","productDescription":"viii, 359 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr0067/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405948,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30106.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.828,\n 40.719\n ],\n [\n -90.367,\n 40.719\n ],\n [\n -90.367,\n 43.916\n ],\n [\n -93.828,\n 43.916\n ],\n [\n -93.828,\n 40.719\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Implementation of Water-Quality Studies
Surface-Water-Quality Data Collection
Sampling Sites
Surface-Water Sample Collection
Biologic Sample Collection
Analytical Procedures
Ground-Water-Quality Data
Site Selection
Well Installation
Ground-Water Sample Collection
Analytical Procedures
Water-Quality Analysis and Quality Control
Surface Water
Ground Water
Acknowledgments
Selected References
Chemical data were collected in the Boulder River watershed of southwestern Montana during 1996-99 as part of a detailed interdisciplinary study characterizing the effects of historical inactive mines on streams in the watershed. This report presents water-quality data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey for physical properties, major ions, nutrients, and trace elements for 62 sites in and near the watershed. Supplementary historical water-quality data for 83 sites also are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0099","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., and Cleasby, T., 2000, Water-quality data for streams in the Boulder River Watershed, Jefferson County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-99, iv, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0099.","productDescription":"iv, 70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53236,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0099/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Boulder River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.4066162109375, 46.2 ], [ -111.79412841796875, 46.2 ], [ -111.79412841796875, 46.5720787149159 ], [ -112.4066162109375, 46.5720787149159 ], [ -112.4066162109375, 46.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e58b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleasby, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0694-1541","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-1541","contributorId":21993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22051,"text":"ofr0034 - 2000 - Preliminary release of scientific reports on the acidic drainage in the Animas River watershed, San Juan County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T19:25:28.335681","indexId":"ofr0034","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-34","title":"Preliminary release of scientific reports on the acidic drainage in the Animas River watershed, San Juan County, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0034","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., 2000, Preliminary release of scientific reports on the acidic drainage in the Animas River watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-34, ii, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0034.","productDescription":"ii, 116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23406.htm","text":"Geologic control on acidic and metal-rich waters in the southeast Red Mountains area, near Silverton, Colorado","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51508,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465490,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23407.htm","text":"Pre-mining bed sediment geochemical baseline in the Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465491,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23408.htm","text":"Natural sources of metals to surface waters in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"San Juan County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-107.5857,37.9702],[-107.5786,37.9667],[-107.5721,37.9636],[-107.5632,37.9573],[-107.5584,37.9524],[-107.5549,37.9493],[-107.5502,37.9475],[-107.5361,37.9445],[-107.5319,37.9414],[-107.5324,37.9378],[-107.5347,37.9337],[-107.5352,37.9291],[-107.5351,37.9237],[-107.532,37.9178],[-107.5278,37.9088],[-107.5247,37.9039],[-107.5212,37.9007],[-107.5211,37.8967],[-107.5279,37.8875],[-107.5324,37.8806],[-107.5329,37.8748],[-107.5317,37.8734],[-107.5305,37.8716],[-107.5204,37.8618],[-107.5179,37.8554],[-107.5184,37.8486],[-107.5176,37.84],[-107.5146,37.8342],[-107.5127,37.8288],[-107.5121,37.8265],[-107.5109,37.8256],[-107.5068,37.8243],[-107.491,37.8236],[-107.4828,37.8223],[-107.4757,37.817],[-107.4705,37.8143],[-107.4669,37.8107],[-107.4627,37.8044],[-107.4578,37.7918],[-107.457,37.785],[-107.4581,37.7791],[-107.4666,37.7668],[-107.4677,37.7645],[-107.4695,37.7645],[-107.4777,37.768],[-107.4812,37.7684],[-107.4829,37.7675],[-107.484,37.7648],[-107.4824,37.7407],[-107.4832,37.6374],[-107.6698,37.6372],[-107.6849,37.6375],[-107.6867,37.6375],[-107.9686,37.6377],[-107.9628,37.6401],[-107.96,37.6415],[-107.9583,37.6429],[-107.9572,37.6456],[-107.9572,37.6479],[-107.9579,37.6524],[-107.9604,37.6592],[-107.9629,37.6646],[-107.966,37.6718],[-107.9685,37.6777],[-107.9698,37.6822],[-107.9699,37.6867],[-107.9688,37.6899],[-107.966,37.6936],[-107.9615,37.6977],[-107.9575,37.7005],[-107.9534,37.7024],[-107.9505,37.7029],[-107.9471,37.7029],[-107.9389,37.7017],[-107.936,37.7017],[-107.9331,37.7027],[-107.9274,37.706],[-107.9239,37.7074],[-107.9181,37.7079],[-107.9135,37.7098],[-107.9094,37.7112],[-107.9049,37.7154],[-107.9014,37.7168],[-107.8968,37.7173],[-107.8904,37.717],[-107.8817,37.7162],[-107.8764,37.7163],[-107.8747,37.7172],[-107.873,37.7213],[-107.8726,37.7259],[-107.8733,37.7317],[-107.8717,37.7368],[-107.8684,37.7431],[-107.8644,37.7477],[-107.8627,37.7509],[-107.8622,37.7537],[-107.8629,37.7559],[-107.8641,37.7582],[-107.8659,37.76],[-107.8677,37.7617],[-107.8683,37.7635],[-107.8672,37.7663],[-107.8615,37.7732],[-107.8592,37.7737],[-107.854,37.7742],[-107.8493,37.7734],[-107.8446,37.7721],[-107.8423,37.7721],[-107.84,37.7726],[-107.8354,37.7767],[-107.8275,37.7859],[-107.8224,37.7915],[-107.8213,37.7928],[-107.8225,37.7955],[-107.8268,37.8063],[-107.8263,37.8082],[-107.8258,37.81],[-107.8085,37.8207],[-107.8056,37.8212],[-107.8004,37.8212],[-107.7975,37.8213],[-107.7952,37.8222],[-107.7935,37.8236],[-107.7918,37.8277],[-107.7885,37.8332],[-107.7868,37.8355],[-107.7845,37.8378],[-107.7812,37.8451],[-107.7762,37.8556],[-107.7756,37.857],[-107.7768,37.8592],[-107.7781,37.8615],[-107.7741,37.8656],[-107.7655,37.8739],[-107.7553,37.8845],[-107.7479,37.8923],[-107.7422,37.8982],[-107.7359,37.9038],[-107.7188,37.8977],[-107.7077,37.8955],[-107.7024,37.892],[-107.6977,37.8912],[-107.6942,37.8917],[-107.6897,37.8967],[-107.6879,37.8976],[-107.6862,37.899],[-107.6839,37.9],[-107.681,37.9],[-107.6682,37.9011],[-107.6595,37.9039],[-107.6514,37.9081],[-107.6422,37.9146],[-107.6394,37.9187],[-107.6389,37.9237],[-107.6404,37.9368],[-107.6405,37.9404],[-107.6407,37.9491],[-107.6385,37.9545],[-107.635,37.9586],[-107.6263,37.9588],[-107.6216,37.9588],[-107.6077,37.9636],[-107.5961,37.9669],[-107.588,37.9688],[-107.5857,37.9702]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"San Juan\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4895e4b07f02db5228e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22972,"text":"ofr00109 - 2000 - check_picks_x: A program for checking the travel time picks of crosswell seismic and radar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T18:01:18","indexId":"ofr00109","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-109","title":"check_picks_x: A program for checking the travel time picks of crosswell seismic and radar data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00109","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K., 2000, check_picks_x: A program for checking the travel time picks of crosswell seismic and radar data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-109, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00109.","productDescription":"HTML","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1409,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0109/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4795e4b07f02db48d566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl","contributorId":19588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22930,"text":"ofr0070 - 2000 - Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1998, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr0070","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-70","title":"Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1998, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota","docAbstract":"This report presents water-level and water-quality data that have been collected or compiled, through water year 1998, for the Black Hills Hydrology Study. This study is a long-term coop-erative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey, the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District (which represents various local and county cooperators). This report is the third in a series of project data reports produced for the study.\r\n\r\nDaily water-level data are presented for 71 observation wells and 2 cave sites in the Black Hills area of western South Dakota. The wells include a network of observation wells that are maintained in cooperation with the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources and are completed in various bedrock formations that are utilized as aquifers in the Black Hills area of western South Dakota. Both cave sites are located within outcrops of the Madison Limestone. Data presented include site descriptions, hydrographs, and tables of daily water levels.\r\n\r\nAnnual measurements of water levels collected during water years 1995-98 from a net-work of 18 additional, miscellaneous wells are presented. These wells are part of a statewide network of wells completed in bedrock aquifers that was operated from 1959 through 1989 in cooperation with the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Site descriptions and hydrographs for the entire period of record for each site also are presented.\r\n\r\nWater-quality data are presented for 9 surface-water sites, 19 ground-water sites, and 30 sites that have been classified as areas of surface- and ground-water interaction in the Black Hills area. The surface- and ground-water interaction sites are further divided into three categories that include 11 loss zone sites, 8 headwater spring sites, and 11 downgradient spring sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr0070","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Driscoll, D.G., Bradford, W.L., and Moran, M.J., 2000, Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1998, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-70, iv, 284 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0070.","productDescription":"iv, 284 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1377,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr00-070/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4882e4b07f02db517489","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driscoll, Daniel G. dgdrisco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Daniel","email":"dgdrisco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, Wendell L.","contributorId":102883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moran, Michael J. mjmoran@usgs.gov","contributorId":1047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Michael","email":"mjmoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5109,"text":"fs14596 - 2000 - Ecosystem history of Biscayne Bay and the southeast coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T13:42:48.576481","indexId":"fs14596","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"145-96","displayTitle":"Ecosystem History of Biscayne Bay and the Southeast Coast","title":"Ecosystem history of Biscayne Bay and the southeast coast","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is participating in a multi-institutional effort to assess, monitor, and restore the ecosystem of South Florida. Federal, State and local agencies are collaborating to establish a firm scientific basis for land management and water policy issues. Historical changes in South Florida related to rapid population growth in the early to middle 1900's have led to significant alteration of the natural hydrocycles and water quality of Florida and Biscayne Bays. These changes have affected the salinity and nutrient supply and introduced toxic components into Biscayne Bay. The Biscayne Bay ecosystem shows increasing signs of distress: declines in fisheries, increased pollution, and dramatic changes in nearshore vegetation. Northern and central Biscayne Bay are strongly affected by the urban development associated with the growth of Miami. Southern Biscayne Bay is influenced by drainage from the Everglades, which has been altered by canals and agricultural activities. Restoration and preservation of Biscayne Bay and Biscayne National Park are dependent on a comprehensive understanding of the linkages between the hydrologic system and the bay ecosystem, and of natural versus human-induced variability of the ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14596","usgsCitation":"Ishman, S.E., 2000, Ecosystem history of Biscayne Bay and the southeast coast: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 1996–145, \nhttps://doi.org/10.3133/fs14596.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0145/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":477,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0145/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Metal-mining related wastes in the Boulder River basin study area in northern Jefferson County, Montana, have been implicated in their detrimental effects on water quality with regard to acid generation and toxic-metal solubilization during snow melt and storm water runoff events. This degradation of water quality is defined chiefly by the “Class 1 Aquatic Life Standards” that give limits for certain dissolved metal concentrations according to water alkalinity.
Veins enriched in base- and precious metals were explored and mined in the Basin, Cataract Creek, and High Ore Creek drainages over a period of more than 70 years. Extracted minerals included galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and arsenopyrite. Most of the metal-mining wastes in the study area were identified and described by the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. In 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey collected 20 composite samples of mine-dump or tailings waste from ten sites in the Basin and Cataract Creek drainages, and two samples from one site in the High Ore Creek drainage. Desborough and Fey presented data concerning acid generation potential, mineralogy, concentrations of certain metals by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), and trace-element leachability of mine and exploration wastes from the ten sites of the Basin and Cataract Creek drainages. The present report presents total-digestion major- and trace-element analyses, net acid production (NAP), and results from the EPA-1312 synthetic precipitation leach procedure (SPLP) performed on the same composite samples from the ten sites from the Basin and Cataract Creek drainages, and two composite samples from the site in the High Ore Creek drainage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00114","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fey, D.L., Desborough, G.A., and Finney, C.J., 2000, Analytical results for total-digestions, EPA-1312 leach, and net acid production for twenty-three abandoned metal-mining related wastes in the Boulder River watershed, northern Jefferson County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-114, Report: i, 17 p.; 4 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00114.","productDescription":"Report: i, 17 p.; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340593,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0114/ofr20000114_table1.xls","text":"Table 1","size":"18 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 1","linkHelpText":"- Sample numbers, localities, size estimates, and site descriptions of dump samples from the Boulder Watershed study area"},{"id":340594,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0114/ofr20000114_table2.xls","text":"Table 2","size":"20.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 2","linkHelpText":"- Total-digestion ICP-AES analyses of mine wastes collected from the Boulder River watershed study area"},{"id":340595,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0114/ofr20000114_table3.xls","text":"Table 3","size":"24 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 3","linkHelpText":"- pH, conductivities, ICP-AES analyses of EPA 1312 leach solutions, and Net Acid Production (NAP) of mine waste samples collected from Boulder River Watershed study area"},{"id":340596,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0114/ofr20000114_table4.xls","text":"Table 4","size":"19.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 4","linkHelpText":"- NAP, summed dissolved metals As+Cd+Cu+Pb+Zn and dissolved iron, in EPA -1312 leach solutions, and chemical ranks of mine wastes"},{"id":341933,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0114/"},{"id":339895,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0114/ofr-00-0114.pdf","text":"Report","size":"250 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-0114"},{"id":155139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0114/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Boulder River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225