This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and springs that originate from the confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the potentiometric surface of the Inyan Kara aquifer within the study area. The map provides a tool for evaluating ground-water flow directions and hydraulic gradients in the Inyan Kara aquifer.
This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and springs that originate from the confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the potentiometric surface of the Madison aquifer within the study area. The map provides a tool for evaluating ground-water flow directions and hydraulic gradients in the Madison aquifer.
This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and springs that originate from the confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the potentiometric surface of the Minnelusa aquifer within the study area. The map provides a tool for evaluating ground-water flow directions and hydraulic gradients in the Minnelusa aquifer.
This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and springs that originate from the confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the potentiometric surface of the Minnekahta aquifer within the study area. The map provides a tool for evaluating ground-water flow directions and hydraulic gradients in the Minnekahta aquifer.
This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and springs that originate from the confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the potentiometric surface of the Deadwood aquifer within the study area. The map provides a tool for evaluating ground-water flow directions and hydraulic gradients in the Deadwood aquifer.
Calcite grew continuously for 500,000 years on the submerged walls of an open fault plane (Devils Hole) in southern Nevada, U.S.A. at rates of 0.3 to 1.3 mm/ka, but ceased growing approximately 60,000 years ago, even though the fault plane remained open and was continuously submerged. The maximum initial in-situ growth rate on pre-weighed crystals of Iceland spar placed in Devils Hole (calcite saturation index, SI, is 0.16 to 0.21 at 33.7 °C) for growth periods of 0.75 to 4.5 years was 0.22 mm/ka. Calcite growth on seed crystals slowed or ceased following initial contact with Devils Hole groundwater. Growth rates measured in synthetic Ca-HCO3 solutions at 34 °C, CO2 partial pressures of 0.101, 0.0156 (similar to Devils Hole groundwater) and 0.00102 atm, and SI values of 0.2 to 1.9 were nearly independent of PCO2, decreased with decreasing saturation state, and extrapolated through the historical Devils Hole rate. The results show that calcite growth rate is highly sensitive to saturation state near equilibrium. A calcite crystal retrieved from Devils Hole, and used without further treatment of its surface, grew in synthetic Devils Hole groundwater when the saturation index was raised nearly 10-fold that of Devils Hole water, but the rate was only 1/4 that of fresh laboratory crystals that had not contacted Devils Hole water. Apparently, inhibiting processes that halted calcite growth in Devils Hole 60,000 years ago continue today.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1009627710476","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., and Riggs, A.C., 2000, In-situ growth of calcite at Devils Hole, Nevada--Comparison of field and laboratory rates to a 500,000 year record of near-equilibrium calcite growth: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 2, p. 257-274, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009627710476.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba421e4b0849ce97dc782","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, Alan C. ariggs@usgs.gov","contributorId":149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"Alan","email":"ariggs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":684785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":66835,"text":"i2687 - 2000 - Isostatic gravity map of the Battle Mountain 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, north central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T21:06:29.116342","indexId":"i2687","displayToPublicDate":"2000-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2687","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Isostatic gravity map of the Battle Mountain 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, north central Nevada","docAbstract":"Gravity investigations of the Battle Mountain 30 x 60 minute quadrangle were begun as part of an interagency effort by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Bureau of Land Management to help characterize the geology, mineral resources, hydrology, and ecology of the Humboldt River Basin in north-central Nevada. The Battle Mountain quadrangle is located between 40°30' and 41°N. lat. and 116° and 117°W. long. This isostatic gravity map of the Battle Mountain quadrangle was prepared from data from about 1,180 gravity stations. Most of these data are publicly available on a CD-ROM of gravity data of Nevada (Ponce, 1997) and in a published report (Jewel and others, 1997). Data from about 780 gravity stations were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1996; data from about 245 of these are unpublished (USGS, unpub. data, 1998). Data collected from the 400 gravity stations prior to 1996 are a subset of a gravity data compilation of the Winnemucca 1:250,000-scale quadrangle described in great detail by Wagini (1985) and Sikora (1991). This detailed information includes gravity meters used, dates of collection, sources, descriptions of base stations, plots of data, and a list of principal facts. A digital version of the entire data set for the Battle Mountain quadrangle is available on the World Wide Web at: http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/gump/gump.html
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2687","usgsCitation":"Ponce, D., and Morin, R.L., 2000, Isostatic gravity map of the Battle Mountain 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, north central Nevada (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2687, 1 Plate: 51.32 × 27.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2687.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 51.32 × 27.78 inches","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9393,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2687/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110080,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_26853.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"26853"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Battle Mountain 30 X 60 minute quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,40.5 ], [ -117,41 ], [ -116,41 ], [ -116,40.5 ], [ -117,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponce, D. A. 0000-0003-4785-7354","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":104019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morin, R. L.","contributorId":95484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6589,"text":"fs00500 - 2000 - Delta subsidence in California: The sinking heart of the state","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T13:23:38.221564","indexId":"fs00500","displayToPublicDate":"2000-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"005-00","title":"Delta subsidence in California: The sinking heart of the state","docAbstract":"The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta of California once was a great tidal freshwater marsh blanketed by peat and peaty alluvium. Beginning in the late 1800s, levees were built along the stream channels, and the land thus protected from flooding was drained, cleared, and planted. Although the Delta is now an exceptionally rich agricultural area (over a $500 million crop value in 1993), its unique value is as a source of freshwater for the rest of the State. It is the heart of a massive north-to-south waterdelivery system. Much of this water is pumped southward for use in the San Joaquin Valley and elsewhere in central and southern California. The leveed tracts and islands help to protect water-export facilities in the southern Delta from saltwater intrusion by displacing water and maintaining favorable freshwater gradients. However, ongoing subsidence behind the levees reduces levee stability and, thus, threatens to degrade water quality in the massive north-to-south water-transfer system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs00500","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., Ikehara, M.E., Galloway, D., and Jones, D., 2000, Delta subsidence in California: The sinking heart of the state: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 005-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00500.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs00500.jpg"},{"id":11162,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/fs00500/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_26596.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.817,\n 37.752\n ],\n [\n -121.4,\n 37.752\n ],\n [\n -121.4,\n 38.35\n ],\n [\n -121.817,\n 38.35\n ],\n [\n -121.817,\n 37.752\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66f25c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ikehara, M. E.","contributorId":40977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galloway, D. L. 0000-0003-0904-5355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":31383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, D.R.","contributorId":80670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156747,"text":"70156747 - 2000 - Basin level statistical properties of topographic index for North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T11:41:46","indexId":"70156747","displayToPublicDate":"2000-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basin level statistical properties of topographic index for North America","docAbstract":"For land–atmosphere interaction studies several Topmodel based land-surface schemes have been proposed. For the implementation of such models over the continental (and global) scales, statistical properties of the topographic indices are derived using GTOPO30 (30-arc-second; 1 km resolution) DEM data for North America. River basins and drainage network extracted using this dataset are overlaid on computed topographic indices for the continent and statistics are extracted for each basin. A total of 5020 basins are used to cover the entire continent with an average basin size of 3640 km2. Typically, the first three statistical moments of the distribution of the topographic indices for each basin are required for modeling. Departures of these statistical moments to those obtained using high resolution data have important implications for the prediction of soil-moisture states in the hydrologic models and consequently on the dynamics of the land–atmosphere interaction. It is found that a simple relationship between the statistics obtained at the 1 km and 90 m resolutions can be developed. The mean, standard deviation, skewness, L-scale and L-skewness all show approximate linear relationships between the two resolutions making it possible to use the moment estimates from the GTOPO30 data for hydrologic studies by applying a simple linear downscaling scheme. This significantly increases the utility value of the GTOPO30 datasets for hydrologic modeling studies.
\n\n
We employed a three-dimensional finite difference gas diffusion model to simulate the performance of chambers used to measure surface-atmosphere tace gas exchange. We found that systematic errors often result from conventional chamber design and deployment protocols, as well as key assumptions behind the estimation of trace gas exchange rates from observed concentration data. Specifically, our simulationshowed that (1) when a chamber significantly alters atmospheric mixing processes operating near the soil surface, it also nearly instantaneously enhances or suppresses the postdeployment gas exchange rate, (2) any change resulting in greater soil gas diffusivity, or greater partitioning of the diffusing gas to solid or liquid soil fractions, increases the potential for chamber-induced measurement error, and (3) all such errors are independent of the magnitude, kinetics, and/or distribution of trace gas sources, but greater for trace gas sinks with the same initial absolute flux. Finally, and most importantly, we found that our results apply to steady state as well as non-steady-state chambers, because the slow rate of gas diffusion in soil inhibits recovery of the former from their initial non-steady-state condition. Over a range of representative conditions, the error in steady state chamber estimates of the trace gas flux varied from -30 to +32%, while estimates computed by linear regression from non-steadystate chamber concentrations were 2 to 31% too small. Although such errors are relatively small in comparison to the temporal and spatial variability characteristic of trace gas exchange, they bias the summary statistics for each experiment as well as larger scale trace gas flux estimates based on them.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/1999JD901204","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, G., Livingston, G., Healy, R.W., and Striegl, R.G., 2000, Chamber measurement of surface-atmosphere trace gas exchange: Numerical evaluation of dependence on soil interfacial layer, and source/sink products: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 105, no. D7, p. 8865-8875, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901204.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"8865","endPage":"8875","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd901204","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338386,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"D7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da253ae4b0543bf7fda851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, G.L.","contributorId":189877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Livingston, G.P.","contributorId":189878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Livingston","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":686327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185201,"text":"70185201 - 2000 - Biogeochemistry: Hexadecane decay by methanogenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-13T10:26:13","indexId":"70185201","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemistry: Hexadecane decay by methanogenesis","docAbstract":"The potential for the biological conversion of long-chain saturated hydrocarbons to methane under anaerobic conditions has been demonstrated by using an enrichment culture of bacteria to degrade pure-phase hexadecane. The formation of methane in hydrocarbon-rich subsurface zones could be explained if a similar conversion of long-chain alkanes to methane were to take place in subsurface environments. If this process could be stimulated in the subsurface, it could be used to enhance hydrocarbon recovery from petroleum reserves. Parkes, however, questions the environmental significance of the enrichment-culture results1 on the grounds that alkane conversion to methane is very slow and because sulphate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria might both be necessary for even this slow process to occur, restricting the conversion to specialized, unusual zones in sediments. Here we show that, on the contrary, subsurface bacteria can adapt to convert hexadecane to methane rapidly and in the absence of sulphate-reducing bacteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Macmillan Publishers Limited","doi":"10.1038/35008145","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R.T., and Lovely, D.R., 2000, Biogeochemistry: Hexadecane decay by methanogenesis: Nature, v. 404, p. 722-723, https://doi.org/10.1038/35008145.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"722","endPage":"723","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"404","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc784","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Robert T.","contributorId":178193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovely, Derek R.","contributorId":184232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovely","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185228,"text":"70185228 - 2000 - Silica-coated titania and zirconia colloids for subsurface transport field experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:25:49","indexId":"70185228","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silica-coated titania and zirconia colloids for subsurface transport field experiments","docAbstract":"Silica-coated titania (TiO2) and zirconia (ZrO2) colloids were synthesized in two sizes to provide easily traced mineral colloids for subsurface transport experiments. Electrophoretic mobility measurements showed that coating with silica imparted surface properties similar to pure silica to the titania and zirconia colloids. Measurements of steady electrophoretic mobility and size (by dynamic light scattering) over a 90-day period showed that the silica-coated colloids were stable to aggregation and loss of coating. A natural gradient field experiment conducted in an iron oxide-coated sand and gravel aquifer also showed that the surface properties of the silica-coated colloids were similar. Colloid transport was traced at μg L-1 concentrations by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy measurement of Ti and Zr in acidified samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es9909531","usgsCitation":"Ryan, J.N., Elimelech, M., Baeseman, J.L., and Magelky, R.D., 2000, Silica-coated titania and zirconia colloids for subsurface transport field experiments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 10, p. 2000-2005, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9909531.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"2000","endPage":"2005","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc786","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elimelech, Menachem","contributorId":189312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elimelech","given":"Menachem","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baeseman, Jenny L.","contributorId":189421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baeseman","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Magelky, Robin D.","contributorId":189313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magelky","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168344,"text":"70168344 - 2000 - Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural–chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:05:59","indexId":"70168344","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural–chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle","docAbstract":"This special issue is devoted to recent and ongoing research relating to the fate and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River Basin by the US Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology (Toxics) Program. The Mississippi River Basin drains approximately 3 200 000 km2 representing 41% of the United States. This is the largest river in the United States and the third largest in the world. The Mississippi River discharges an average of 19 920 m3/s of water into the Gulf of Mexico. The river is an extensively used resource, supplying drinking water to 70 cities in the United States.
\nThe Mississippi River Basin has undergone dramatic land use and cultural changes over the last 150 years. Approximately 70 million people now live within the basin, representing approximately 27% of the nation's population. This basin has also become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world in terms of both crops and livestock grown. Approximately 65% of the nation's harvested cropland is grown in this basin, with more than 100 000 metric tons (t) of pesticides and approximately 6 500 000 t of commercial nitrogen fertilizers applied to cropland within the basin annually. The drainage of more than 20 000 000 ha within the basin has been enhanced by means of tile lines and ditches to lower the water table to make the cropland more productive. While removing the water from the soil as intended, this practice also leads to more rapid transport of contaminants to the river, and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, the extensive chemical use in the Mississippi River Basin has led to the transport of pesticides and nitrate into the region’s streams, aquifers, and atmosphere. An estimated 1 000 000 t of nitrate-N is transported from the Mississippi River Basin into the Gulf of Mexico annually. The peak annual load of herbicides to the Gulf of Mexico has been documented at 1920 t. The fundamental goal of the papers presented in this volume is to provide a scientific basis for decisions necessary to promote sound and efficient agricultural practices and protect the quality of the nation's water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00530-6","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., 2000, Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural–chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle: Science of the Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 71-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00530-6.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":317919,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bc6d45e4b08d617f66628d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185081,"text":"70185081 - 2000 - The Amazon reveals its secrets--partly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-19T14:20:09.606229","indexId":"70185081","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Amazon reveals its secrets--partly","docAbstract":"The role of the tropics in global climate change during glacial cycles is hotly debated in paleoclimate cycles today. Records from South America have not provided a clear picture of tropical climate change. In his Perspective, Betancourt highlights the study by Maslin and Burns, who have deduced the outflow of the Amazon over the past 14,000 years. This may serve as a proxy that integrates hydrology over the entire South American tropics, although the record must be interpreted cautiously because factors other than rainfall may contribute to the variability in outflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.290.5500.2274","usgsCitation":"Betancourt, J.L., 2000, The Amazon reveals its secrets--partly: Science, v. 290, p. 2274-2275, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5500.2274.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"2274","endPage":"2275","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","otherGeospatial":"Amazon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.1806640625,\n -11.436955216143177\n ],\n [\n -47.3291015625,\n -11.436955216143177\n ],\n [\n -47.3291015625,\n 2.6357885741666065\n ],\n [\n -70.1806640625,\n 2.6357885741666065\n ],\n [\n -70.1806640625,\n -11.436955216143177\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"290","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185211,"text":"70185211 - 2000 - Occurrence and load of selected herbicides and metabolites in the lower Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-01T21:02:03.448766","indexId":"70185211","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and load of selected herbicides and metabolites in the lower Mississippi River","docAbstract":"Analyses of water samples collected from the Mississippi River at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, during 1991–1997 indicate that hundreds of metric tons of herbicides and herbicide metabolites are being discharged annually to the Gulf of Mexico. Atrazine, metolachlor, and the ethane-sulfonic acid metabolite of alachlor (alachlor ESA) were the most frequently detected herbicides and, in general, were present in the largest concentrations. Almost 80% of the annual herbicide load to the Gulf of Mexico occurred during the growing season from May to August. The concentrations and loads of alachlor in the Mississippi River decreased dramatically after 1993 in response to decreased use in the basin. In contrast, the concentrations and loads of acetochlor increased after 1994, reflecting its role as a replacement for alachlor. The peak annual herbicide load occurred in 1993, when approximately 640 metric tons (t) of atrazine, 320 t of cyanazine, 215 t of metolachlor, 53 t of simazine, and 50 t of alachlor were discharged to the Gulf of Mexico. The annual loads of atrazine and cyanazine were generally 1–2% of the amount annually applied in the Mississippi River drainage basin; the annual loads of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor were generally less than 1%. Despite a reduction in atrazine use, historical data do not indicate a long-term downward trend in the atrazine load to the Gulf of Mexico. Although a relation (r2=0.62) exists between the atrazine load and stream discharge during May to August, variations in herbicide use and rainfall patterns within subbasins can have a large effect on herbicide loads in the Mississippi River Basin and probably explain a large part of the annual variation in atrazine load to the Gulf of Mexico.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00534-3","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., and Goolsby, D.A., 2000, Occurrence and load of selected herbicides and metabolites in the lower Mississippi River: Science of the Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 101-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00534-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 29.52567042617583\n ],\n [\n -89.40673828125,\n 29.52567042617583\n ],\n [\n -89.40673828125,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 29.52567042617583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 30.088107753367257\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 30.088107753367257\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 30.685163937659564\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 30.685163937659564\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 30.088107753367257\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.0931396484375,\n 32.20815332547324\n ],\n [\n -90.7855224609375,\n 32.20815332547324\n ],\n [\n -90.7855224609375,\n 32.48428001059022\n ],\n [\n -91.0931396484375,\n 32.48428001059022\n ],\n [\n -91.0931396484375,\n 32.20815332547324\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc788","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Gregory M. gmclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Gregory","email":"gmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68449,"text":"ha725 - 2000 - Water levels and ground-water discharge, regional aquifer system of the midwestern Basins and Arches Region, in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:15:29","indexId":"ha725","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"725","title":"Water levels and ground-water discharge, regional aquifer system of the midwestern Basins and Arches Region, in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan","docAbstract":"Aquifers in Quaternary glacial deposits and the underlying Silurian and Devonian carbonate bedrock in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan compose the regional aquifer system under investigation as part of the Midwestern Basins and Arches Regional Aquifer System Analysis (Midwestern Basins and Arches—RASA) project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The Midwestern Basins and Arches—RASA is part of a USGS program to assess the regional hydrology, geology, and water quality of the Nation's most important aquifers (Sun, 1986). An objective specific to the Midwestern Basins and Arches—RASA project is to conceptualize and describe regional ground-water flow in the glacial-deposit and carbonate-bedrock aquifer system, including regional recharge and discharge areas and regional relations between surface and ground water (Bugliosi, 1990).
Water-level and ground-water discharge data were collected and (or) analyzed to help meet the above objective. Specifically, data from the USGS Ground-Water Site Inventory (GWSI) data base were used to determine relations between land-surface altitude and water levels in glacial-deposit aquifers. Water levels in the carbonate-bedrock aquifer were synoptically measured during July 1990, and the data were used to construct a potentiometric surface map of the aquifer. Regional hydraulic gradients and general directions of regional flow in the carbonate-bedrock aquifer can be inferred from this map. Steady-state groundwater discharge to streams that drain the area underlain by the glacial-deposit and carbonate bedrock aquifer system was estimated from base-flow daily values computed from streamflow records.
Water-level and ground-water-discharge data collectively form the sample information necessary to develop calibration targets for calibration of a ground-water-flow model (Anderson and Woessner, 1992). Such a ground-water-flow model of the glacial-deposit and carbonate-bedrock aquifer system was constructed to help conceptualize and describe regional ground-water flow in the aquifer system. The model was calibrated to the water-level and ground-water-discharge data presented in this atlas.
Geobacter become dominant members of the microbial community when Fe(III)-reducing conditions develop as the result of organic contamination, or when Fe(III) reduction is artificially stimulated. These results suggest that further understanding of the ecophysiology of Geobacter species would aid in better prediction of the natural attenuation of organic contaminants under anaerobic conditions and in the design of strategies for the bioremediation of subsurface metal contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/PL00010974","usgsCitation":"Lovely, D.R., and Anderson, R.T., 2000, Influence of dissimilatory metal reduction on fate of organic and metal contaminants in the subsurface: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 77-88, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00010974.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"77","endPage":"88","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc78a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovely, Derek R.","contributorId":184232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovely","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Robert T.","contributorId":178193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185679,"text":"70185679 - 2000 - Evaluation and application of the transient-pulse technique for determining the hydraulic properties of low permeability rocks: Part 2: Experimental application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T18:12:50.387026","indexId":"70185679","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1824,"text":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation and application of the transient-pulse technique for determining the hydraulic properties of low permeability rocks: Part 2: Experimental application","docAbstract":"In Part 1 of this study, the general solution to the transient-pulse test (Hsieh et al. 1981) was extended to evaluate quantitatively the transient variations in hydraulic head and the corresponding distributions of hydraulic gradient within a test specimen. In addition, the conditions and the validity of using the expression proposed by Brace et al. (1968) to compute the low permeability of a rock specimen from a transient-pulse test were examined. Some theoretical considerations related to the optimal design of a transient-pulse test were also discussed. Part 2 presents a relatively general and convenient approach for determining not only the hydraulic conductivity and specific storage of a specimen directly from a transient-pulse test, but also the compressive storage of the fluid reservoirs. The accuracy and efficiency of this method are demonstrated through (1) the comparison of the compressibility of the fluid-reservoir (permeating) system back-calculated from the transient-pulse tests with the value obtained from calibration tests, and (2) its application to a series of experimental studies designed to investigate the effects of confining pressure on the hydraulic properties of Shirahama sandstone and Inada granite, two rock types available widely in Japan.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Testing and Materials International","doi":"10.1520/GTJ11127J","usgsCitation":"Zhang, M., Takahashi, M., Morin, R., and Esaki, T., 2000, Evaluation and application of the transient-pulse technique for determining the hydraulic properties of low permeability rocks: Part 2: Experimental application: Geotechnical Testing Journal, v. 23, no. 1, p. 91-99, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11127J.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da253ae4b0543bf7fda853","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, M.","contributorId":39161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takahashi, M.","contributorId":92617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morin, R.","contributorId":6210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Esaki, T.","contributorId":22939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esaki","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":68525,"text":"ha744C - 2000 - Altitude of the Top of the Minnelusa Formation in the Black Hills area, South Dakota, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:16:09","indexId":"ha744C","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"744","chapter":"C","title":"Altitude of the Top of the Minnelusa Formation in the Black Hills area, South Dakota, 1999","docAbstract":"This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and artesian springs that originate from confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the altitude of the top (structure contours) of the Minnelusa Formation within the area of the Black Hills Hydrology Study. The depth to the top of the Minnelusa Formation can be estimated at a specific site by subtracting the altitude of the top of the formation from the topographic elevation. However, caution is urged in determining the depth to the top of the formation in areas on the map where the contours are approximately located.
This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and artesian springs that originate from confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the altitude of the top (structure contours) of the Inyan Kara Group within the area of the Black Hills Hydrology Study. The depth to the top of the Inyan Kara Group can be estimated at a specific site by subtracting the altitude of the top of the formation from the topographic elevation. However, caution is urged in determining the depth to the top of the formation in areas on the map where the contours are approximately located.
Engineered stimulation of Fe(III) has been proposed as a strategy to enhance the immobilization of radioactive and toxic metals in metal-contaminated subsurface environments. Therefore, laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine which microbial populations would respond to stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in the sediments of sandy aquifers. In laboratory studies, the addition of either various organic electron donors or electron shuttle compounds stimulated Fe(III) reduction and resulted in Geobacter sequences becoming important constituents of the Bacterial 16S rDNA sequences that could be detected with PCR amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Quantification of Geobacteraceae sequences with a PCR most-probable-number technique indicated that the extent to which numbers of Geobacter increased was related to the degree of stimulation of Fe(III) reduction. Geothrix species were also enriched in some instances, but were orders of magnitude less numerous than Geobacter species. Shewanella species were not detected, even when organic compounds known to be electron donors for Shewanella species were used to stimulate Fe(III) reduction in the sediments. Geobacter species were also enriched in two field experiments in which Fe(III) reduction was stimulated with the addition of benzoate or aromatic hydrocarbons. The apparent growth of Geobacter species concurrent with increased Fe(III) reduction suggests that Geobacter species were responsible for much of the Fe(III) reduction in all of the stimulation approaches evaluated in three geographically distinct aquifers. Therefore, strategies for subsurface remediation that involve enhancing the activity of indigenous Fe(III)-reducing populations in aquifers should consider the physiological properties of Geobacter species in their treatment design.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag ","doi":"10.1007/s002480000018","usgsCitation":"Snoeyenbos-West, O., Nevin, K., Anderson, R.T., and Lovely, D., 2000, Enrichment of Geobacter species in response to stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in sandy aquifer sediments: Microbial Ecology, v. 39, no. 2, p. 153-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002480000018.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"167","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc78c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snoeyenbos-West, O.L.","contributorId":189427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snoeyenbos-West","given":"O.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nevin, K.P.","contributorId":189428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nevin","given":"K.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, R. T.","contributorId":17614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lovely, D.R.","contributorId":189429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovely","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185213,"text":"70185213 - 2000 - Development of a pore network simulation model to study nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:18:24","indexId":"70185213","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a pore network simulation model to study nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution","docAbstract":"A pore network simulation model was developed to investigate the fundamental physics of nonequilibrium nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution. The network model is a lattice of cubic chambers and rectangular tubes that represent pore bodies and pore throats, respectively. Experimental data obtained by Powers [1992] were used to develop and validate the model. To ensure the network model was representative of a real porous medium, the pore size distribution of the network was calibrated by matching simulated and experimental drainage and imbibition capillary pressure‐saturation curves. The predicted network residual styrene blob‐size distribution was nearly identical to the observed distribution. The network model reproduced the observed hydraulic conductivity and produced relative permeability curves that were representative of a poorly consolidated sand. Aqueous‐phase transport was represented by applying the equation for solute flux to the network tubes and solving for solute concentrations in the network chambers. Complete mixing was found to be an appropriate approximation for calculation of chamber concentrations. Mass transfer from NAPL blobs was represented using a corner diffusion model. Predicted results of solute concentration versus Peclet number and of modified Sherwood number versus Peclet number for the network model compare favorably with experimental data for the case in which NAPL blob dissolution was negligible. Predicted results of normalized effluent concentration versus pore volume for the network were similar to the experimental data for the case in which NAPL blob dissolution occurred with time.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900301","usgsCitation":"Dillard, L.A., and Blunt, M.J., 2000, Development of a pore network simulation model to study nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 439-454, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900301.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"439","endPage":"454","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900301","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc78e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillard, Leslie A.","contributorId":189405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dillard","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blunt, Martin J.","contributorId":189406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blunt","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}