New seismic and gravity data across the hydrocarbon-producing Divide Creek and Wolf Creek anticlines in the southern Piceance basin reveal contrasting styles of deformation within two widely separated time frames. Seismic data indicate that prebasin Paleozoic deformation resulted in block faulting of the Precambrian crystalline basement rocks and overlying Cambrian through Middle Pennsylvanian strata. Movement along these block faults throughout much of Pennsylvanian time, during northeast-southwest crustal extension, likely influenced distribution of the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) evaporite-rich facies. Younger rocks, including the thick succession of Cenozoic basin strata, then buried the Paleozoic structures.
Tectonic reconfiguration of the basin's eastern margin occurred during late Laramide northeast-southwest compression, when a basement-involved thrust block, whose surface expression is the Grand Hogback monocline, moved into the Piceance basin. A decollement developed in front of the thrust block within the mechanically weak Desmoinesian evaporites and splayed out basinward as small-scale imbricate thrusts in the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale. The Divide Creek anticline formed above these splays as thrusting locally overthickened the shale and repeated the sandstone units between it and the evaporites. The Wolf Creek anticline to the east, however, is due to both depositional and tectonic thickening of the evaporite section along the decollement. Gravity data confirm that excess mater al of relatively low density exists beneath the Wolf Creek structure, whereas material of relatively higher density (overthickened shale) is found beneath the Divide Creek anticline.
Thrust-related basin margins and intrabasin folds structurally analogous to the Divide Creek and Wolf Creek anticlines may be more common than presently recognized in the Rocky Mountain foreland. One well-documented example is the Pinedale anticline in the northern Green River basin, Wyoming, which, like the Divide Creek anticline, developed above a zone of splay faults from a decollement in front of a large thrust block.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/0C9B2781-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Grout, M.A., Abrams, G.A., Tang, R., Hainsworth, T.J., and Verbeek, E., 1991, Late Laramide thrust-related and evaporite-domed anticlines in the southern Piceance Basin, northeastern Colorado Plateau: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 75, no. 2, p. 205-218, https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B2781-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44eee4b0c8380cd66edb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grout, M. A.","contributorId":89143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grout","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, G. A.","contributorId":27047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tang, R. L.","contributorId":12985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hainsworth, T. J.","contributorId":55160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainsworth","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verbeek, E.R.","contributorId":61439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verbeek","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014972,"text":"70014972 - 1991 - Evolution of a Permo-Triassic sedimentary melange, Grindstone terrane, east-central Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T11:57:09.788768","indexId":"70014972","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of a Permo-Triassic sedimentary melange, Grindstone terrane, east-central Oregon","docAbstract":"The Grindstone terrane in east-central Oregon is one of the few areas in western North America where large blocks of unmetamorphosed Devonian, Mississippian, and Permian limestones are inter mixed with Permian and Lower Triassic radiolarian chert and Pennsylvanian?, Permian, and Triassic volcaniclastic rocks. Although originally described as parts of a coherent succession, we interpret the Grindstone rocks to be a sedimentary mélange composed of Paleozoic limestone slide and slump blocks that became detached from a carbonate shelf fringing a volcanic knoll or edifice in Late Permian to Middle Triassic time and were intermixed with Permian and Triassic slope to basinal clastic and volcaniclastic rocks in a forearc basin setting. Paleogeographic affinities of the Grindstone limestone faunas and volcaniclastic debris in the limestone and clastic rocks all indicate deposition in proximity to an island-arc system near the North American craton. The Grindstone terrane deposits are unconformably overlain by Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic sequences of the Izee terrane. Although lithologic and faunal differences indicate that the Grindstone and Izee terranes together represent a tectonic block separate from the adjacent Baker terrane, all three terranes were juxtaposed by Late Triassic or Early Jurassic time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1280:EOAPTS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Blome, C., and Nestell, M., 1991, Evolution of a Permo-Triassic sedimentary melange, Grindstone terrane, east-central Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 10, p. 1280-1296, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1280:EOAPTS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1280","endPage":"1296","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223845,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.12329846456441,\n 46.219854158651515\n ],\n [\n -122.23169690206423,\n 46.219854158651515\n ],\n [\n -122.23169690206423,\n 42.80558500045737\n ],\n [\n -116.12329846456441,\n 42.80558500045737\n ],\n [\n -116.12329846456441,\n 46.219854158651515\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d7be4b0c8380cd53044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blome, C.D.","contributorId":60647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nestell, M.K.","contributorId":44296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestell","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016846,"text":"70016846 - 1991 - Fossil and active fumaroles in the 1912 eruptive deposits, Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016846","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fossil and active fumaroles in the 1912 eruptive deposits, Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska","docAbstract":"Fumaroles in the ash-flow sheet emplaced during the 1912 eruption of Novarupta were intensely active throughout the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) when first studied in 1917. Fumarole temperatures recorded in 1919 were as hot as 645??C. Influx of surface waters into the hot ash-flow sheet provided the fluid flow to sustain the fumaroles but also enhanced cooling so that by the mid-1930's vigorous activity survived only in the vent region. Configuration and distribution of high-temperature fissure fumaroles tens of meters long, that are prevalent in the middle and upper VTTS, were controlled largely by sintering and degree of welding, which in turn controlled fracturing and permeability of the ash-flow tuff. One fracture type developed parallel to the enclosing valley walls during compaction of the ash-flow sheet. Another type extends across the VTTS nearly perpendicular to the flow direction. A third type of randomly oriented fractures developed as cooling contraction cracks during vapor-phase devitrification. In distal parts of the ash-flow sheet where the tuff is nonwelded, prominent fumaroles have irregular funnel-shaped morphologies. Fumarole distribution in the nonwelded part of the ash-flow sheet is concentrated above pre-emplacement river channels. The hottest, longest-lived fumaroles occurred in the upper VTTS near the 1912 vent where the ash-flow sheet is thicker, more indurated, and on average more mafic (richer in dacite and andesite) in contrast to the thinner, nonwelded rhyolitic tuff in the distal part of the sheet. Fumarolic activity was less intense in the distal part of the tuff because of lower emplacement temperatures, more diffuse fumarole conduits in the nonwelded tuff, and the thinness of the ash-flow sheet. Chemical leaching of ash-flow tuff by hot rising fluids took place adjacent to fumarolic conduits in deep parts of the fumaroles. Deposition of incrustation minerals, the components of which were carried upward by fumarolic gases, took place in the upper part of the ejecta, mostly in the fallout layers. The permeability difference between the ash-flow tuff and the overlying coarse dacite fallout was a critical factor in promoting the abrupt gradients in temperature, pressure, and fO2 that resulted in deposition of minerals from the fumarolic gases. The permeability difference between nonwelded ash-flow tuff and overlying fine-grained fall layers in the lower VTTS is less pronounced. The total mass of fumarolically deposited minerals appears large at first glance owing to the conspicuous coloration by Fe minerals; the mass is appreciably less than is apparent, however, because most incrustations are composed largely of ejecta coated or cemented by fine-grained fumarolic minerals. A large mass of unstable incrustation minerals, mainly chlorides and sulfates, reported during the 1917-1919 studies have since been removed by dissolution and weathering. In the vent region, argillic alteration that followed high-temperature degassing is localized along arcuate subsidence fractures in fallback ejecta. At widely scattered residual orifices, fumarolic gases presently are near-neutral steam, and temperatures are as hot as 90??C. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., 1991, Fossil and active fumaroles in the 1912 eruptive deposits, Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 45, no. 3-4, p. 227-254.","startPage":"227","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1383e4b0c8380cd5469a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, T. E. C.","contributorId":11681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016796,"text":"70016796 - 1991 - Regional hydrogeological screening characteristics used for siting near-surface waste-disposal facilities in Oklahoma, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016796","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional hydrogeological screening characteristics used for siting near-surface waste-disposal facilities in Oklahoma, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Oklahoma Geological Survey has developed several maps and reports for preliminary screening of the state of Oklahoma to identify areas that are generally acceptable or unacceptable for disposal of a wide variety of waste materials. These maps and reports focus on the geologic and hydrogeologic parameters that must be evaluated in the screening process. One map (and report) shows the outcrop distribution of 35 thick shale or clay units that are generally suitable for use as host rocks for surface disposal of wastes. A second map shows the distribution of unconsolidated alluvial and terrace-deposit aquifers, and a third map shows the distribution and hydrologic character of bedrock aquifers and their recharge areas. These latter two maps show the areas in the state where special attention must be exercised in permitting storage or disposal of waste materials that could degrade the quality of groundwater. State regulatory agencies and industry are using these maps and reports in preliminary screening of the state to identify potential disposal sites. These maps in no way replace the need for site-specific investigations to prove (or disprove) the adequacy of a site to safely contain waste materials. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01716069","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K., 1991, Regional hydrogeological screening characteristics used for siting near-surface waste-disposal facilities in Oklahoma, U.S.A.: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 17, no. 1, p. 3-7, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01716069.","startPage":"3","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205495,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01716069"},{"id":224510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a528e4b0e8fec6cdbd4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, K.S.","contributorId":24385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016936,"text":"70016936 - 1991 - Sources of dissolved and particulate organic material in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:43:43","indexId":"70016936","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of dissolved and particulate organic material in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"The sources of both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) to an alpine (Sky Pond) and a subalpine lake (The Loch) in Rocky Mountain National Park were explored for four years. The importance of both autochthonous and allochthonous sources of organic matter differ, not only between alpine and subalpine locations, but also seasonally. Overall, autochthonous sources dominate the organic carbon of the alpine lake, while allochthonous sources are a more significant source of organic carbon to the subalpine lake. In the alpine lake, Sky Pond, POC makes up greater than one third of the total organic matter content of the water column, and is related to phytoplankton abundance. Dissolved organic carbon is a product of within-lake activity in Sky Pond except during spring snowmelt and early summer (May–July), when stable carbon isotope ratios suggest a terrestrial source. In the subalpine lake, The Loch, DOC is a much more important constituent of water column organic material than POC, comprising greater than 90% of the spring snowmelt organic matter, and greater than 75% of the organic matter over the rest of the year. Stable carbon isotope ratios and a very strong relation of DOC with soluble Al(tot) indicate DOC concentrations are almost entirely related to flushing of soil water from the surrounding watershed during spring snowmelt. Stable carbon isotope ratios indicate that, for both lakes, phytoplankton is an important source of DOC in the winter, while terrestrial material of plant or microbial origin contributes DOC during snowmelt and summer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00003219","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., McKnight, D.M., and Denning, A.S., 1991, Sources of dissolved and particulate organic material in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA: Biogeochemistry, v. 15, no. 2, p. 89-110, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003219.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"110","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9372e4b08c986b31a4d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denning, A. Scott","contributorId":70710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denning","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016726,"text":"70016726 - 1991 - In situ measurement of methane oxidation in groundwater by using natural-gradient tracer tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T18:58:23.620693","indexId":"70016726","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ measurement of methane oxidation in groundwater by using natural-gradient tracer tests","docAbstract":"Methane oxidation was measured in an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer (Cape Cod, Mass.) by using in situ natural-gradient tracer tests at both a pristine, oxygenated site and an anoxic, sewage-contaminated site. The tracer sites were equipped with multilevel sampling devices to create target grids of sampling points; the injectate was prepared with groundwater from the tracer site to maintain the same geochemical conditions. Methane oxidation was calculated from breakthrough curves of methane relative to halide and inert gas (hexafluoroethane) tracers and was confirmed by the appearance of 13C-enriched carbon dioxide in experiments in which 13C-enriched methane was used as the tracer. A Vmax for methane oxidation could be calculated when the methane concentration was sufficiently high to result in zero-order kinetics throughout the entire transport interval. Methane breakthrough curves could be simulated by modifying a one-dimensional advection-dispersion transport model to include a Michaelis-Menten-based consumption term for methane oxidation. The Km values for methane oxidation that gave the best match for the breakthrough curve peaks were 6.0 and 9.0 μM for the uncontaminated and contaminated sites, respectively. Natural-gradient tracer tests are a promising approach for assessing microbial processes and for testing in situ bioremediation potential in groundwater systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.57.7.1997-2004.1991","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Howes, B., and Garabedian, S., 1991, In situ measurement of methane oxidation in groundwater by using natural-gradient tracer tests: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 57, no. 7, p. 1997-2004, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.7.1997-2004.1991.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1997","endPage":"2004","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.7.1997-2004.1991","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.62866796895098,\n 41.74060853654436\n ],\n [\n -70.66986890880726,\n 41.68422207473054\n ],\n [\n -70.66712217948366,\n 41.647287791325255\n ],\n [\n -70.65476189752637,\n 41.624706410763594\n ],\n [\n -70.65888199151213,\n 41.591846644013486\n ],\n [\n -70.65201516820277,\n 41.57746523339799\n ],\n [\n -70.66437545016005,\n 41.56308061969705\n ],\n [\n -70.66300208549791,\n 41.54766497936524\n ],\n [\n -70.69733620204478,\n 41.5281332237511\n ],\n [\n -70.65613526218853,\n 41.507567108850054\n ],\n [\n -70.6163076869937,\n 41.53532981997262\n ],\n [\n -70.53665253660543,\n 41.54149769378546\n ],\n [\n -70.4693576681731,\n 41.55280393465986\n ],\n [\n -70.43502355162622,\n 41.593900869756624\n ],\n [\n -70.3649819538703,\n 41.60725174358197\n ],\n [\n -70.34026138995702,\n 41.63086575371301\n ],\n [\n -70.31279409671954,\n 41.61649303815338\n ],\n [\n -70.28258007415772,\n 41.628812704779534\n ],\n [\n -70.2606062395681,\n 41.59903614810415\n ],\n [\n -70.23725904031636,\n 41.62573300878611\n ],\n [\n -70.1864445478264,\n 41.64318267423937\n ],\n [\n -70.14387024330864,\n 41.644208978031344\n ],\n [\n -70.06970855156696,\n 41.65549724083695\n ],\n [\n -70.00790714178252,\n 41.666783525589096\n ],\n [\n -69.98318657786864,\n 41.64626153657437\n ],\n [\n -69.95846601395542,\n 41.65139264685959\n ],\n [\n -69.93237208537937,\n 41.65960157325395\n ],\n [\n -69.92275853274636,\n 41.71703476074856\n ],\n [\n -69.92962535605574,\n 41.77441666953726\n ],\n [\n -69.9309987207179,\n 41.82253689815809\n ],\n [\n -69.96670620192627,\n 41.91866894124567\n ],\n [\n -70.00653377712105,\n 41.99220420425877\n ],\n [\n -70.05322817562457,\n 42.04424034236442\n ],\n [\n -70.10404266811385,\n 42.07177164679632\n ],\n [\n -70.1864445478264,\n 42.088080861395326\n ],\n [\n -70.22901885234484,\n 42.08706165828997\n ],\n [\n -70.25923287490596,\n 42.064635047313345\n ],\n [\n -70.23451231099207,\n 42.048319807275476\n ],\n [\n -70.20292492376943,\n 42.01363600604512\n ],\n [\n -70.17408426586981,\n 42.01363600604512\n ],\n [\n -70.15760388992743,\n 42.033020463174665\n ],\n [\n -70.17271090120767,\n 42.048319807275476\n ],\n [\n -70.13288332601351,\n 42.049339632572895\n ],\n [\n -70.09854920946663,\n 42.024859306805894\n ],\n [\n -70.08481556284784,\n 41.98710033030619\n ],\n [\n -70.08756229217148,\n 41.96463842352978\n ],\n [\n -70.07932210419995,\n 41.8900489829679\n ],\n [\n -70.0655884575812,\n 41.88902660433317\n ],\n [\n -70.04773471697733,\n 41.91764702079058\n ],\n [\n -70.03537443502007,\n 41.91764702079058\n ],\n [\n -70.01752069441555,\n 41.86653013473898\n ],\n [\n -70.01065387110616,\n 41.8071833040903\n ],\n [\n -70.06833518690549,\n 41.77851341480127\n ],\n [\n -70.13975014932291,\n 41.76827106098085\n ],\n [\n -70.18781791248855,\n 41.760076000363654\n ],\n [\n -70.22489875835907,\n 41.747781446914246\n ],\n [\n -70.2606062395681,\n 41.7252353160782\n ],\n [\n -70.28258007415772,\n 41.73958376964998\n ],\n [\n -70.40480952906508,\n 41.749830702695704\n ],\n [\n -70.4418903749356,\n 41.759051544190555\n ],\n [\n -70.49133150276339,\n 41.77953756022859\n ],\n [\n -70.51879879600091,\n 41.77339244233238\n ],\n [\n -70.55725300653359,\n 41.776465074880264\n ],\n [\n -70.5847202997711,\n 41.750855306055314\n ],\n [\n -70.62866796895098,\n 41.74060853654436\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39a4e4b0c8380cd619ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howes, B.L.","contributorId":41854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howes","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180736,"text":"70180736 - 1991 - Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T13:58:27","indexId":"70180736","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production","docAbstract":"Both artificial propagation and efforts to preserve or augment natural populations sometimes involve, wittingly or unwittingly, the mixing of different gene pools. The advantages of such mixing vis-à-vis the alleviation of inbreeding depression are well known. Acknowledged, but less well understood, are the complications posed by outbreeding depression. This paper derives a simple model of outbreeding depression and demonstrates that it is reasonably possible to predict the generation-to-generation fitness course of hybrids derived from parents from different origins. Genetic difference, or distance between parental types, is defined by the drop in fitness experienced by one type reared at the site to which the other is locally adapted. For situations where decisions involving stock mixing must be made in the absence of complete information, a sensitivity analysis-based conflict resolution method (the Good-Bad-Ugly model) is described.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-7836(91)90095-W","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J.M., 1991, Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production: Fisheries Research, v. 12, no. 3, p. 187-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(91)90095-W.","productDescription":"31 p. ","startPage":"187","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03784e4b099f50d3e050e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, John M.","contributorId":168812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180754,"text":"70180754 - 1991 - Recent advances in detection and control of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in aquaculture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T11:51:42","indexId":"70180754","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":810,"text":"Annual Review of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent advances in detection and control of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in aquaculture","docAbstract":"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is one of the most important viral diseases of salmon and trout reared in culture. The disease remains untreatable with avoidance being the only control measure. Much has been learned about the chemical, physical, and serological characteristics of the rhabdovirus causing IHN, but critical gaps exist in our understanding of the biology of the virus in nature. The tools of molecular biology have provided improved methods for detection of pathogens and new strategies for control of viral diseases. This paper reviews several recent improvements in methods for detecting infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus including the application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, development of monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes, and use of the polymerase chain reaction. New strategies for control of IHN through the use of better water treatment, more resistant fish, antiviral drugs or chemicals, and new generation vaccines are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(91)90024-E","usgsCitation":"Winton, J.R., 1991, Recent advances in detection and control of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in aquaculture: Annual Review of Fish Diseases, v. 1, p. 83-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(91)90024-E.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"83","endPage":"93","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334601,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945333e4b0fa1e59b867f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winton, James R. 0000-0002-3505-5509 jwinton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":1944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179623,"text":"70179623 - 1991 - Monitoring grasshopper and locust habitats in Sahelian Africa using GIS and remote sensing technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:13:04","indexId":"70179623","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2047,"text":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring grasshopper and locust habitats in Sahelian Africa using GIS and remote sensing technology","docAbstract":"Development programmes in Sahelian Africa are beginning to use geographic information system (GIS) technology. One of the GIS and remote sensing programmes introduced to the region in the late 1980s was the use of seasonal vegetation maps made from satellite data to support grasshopper and locust control. Following serious outbreaks of these pests in 1987, the programme addressed a critical need, by national and international crop protection organizations, to monitor site-specific dynamic vegetation conditions associated with grasshopper and locust breeding. The primary products used in assessing vegetation conditions were vegetation index (greenness) image maps derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite imagery. Vegetation index data were integrated in a GIS with digital cartographic data of individual Sahelian countries. These near-real-time image maps were used regularly in 10 countries for locating potential grasshopper and locust habitats. The programme to monitor vegetation conditions is currently being institutionalized in the Sahel.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02693799108927836","usgsCitation":"Tappan, G.G., Moore, D.G., and Knauseberger, W.I., 1991, Monitoring grasshopper and locust habitats in Sahelian Africa using GIS and remote sensing technology: International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, v. 5, no. 1, p. 123-135, https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799108927836.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"587768f7e4b0315b4c11ff5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tappan, G. Gray 0000-0002-2240-6963 tappan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6963","contributorId":3624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappan","given":"G.","email":"tappan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gray","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Donald G.","contributorId":41146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knauseberger, Walter I.","contributorId":178104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knauseberger","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178216,"text":"70178216 - 1991 - Contaminated sediments from tributaries of the Great Lakes: Chemical characterization and carcinogenic effects in medaka (Oryzias latipes)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T14:32:48","indexId":"70178216","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminated sediments from tributaries of the Great Lakes: Chemical characterization and carcinogenic effects in medaka (Oryzias latipes)","docAbstract":"Sediments from four inshore industrial sites and a reference site in the Great Lakes were extracted with organic solvents to produce a crude extract, which was separated on alumina into two fractions: predominantly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; and predominantly nitrogencontaining polycyclic aromatic compounds. Crude extracts were redissolved in acetone and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acetone-redissolved crude extracts from the four industrialized sites contained 5.6–313.3 μg total polycyclic aromatic compounds/g sediment and 3.0–36.4 μg other compounds/g sediment. In addition to the typical EPA priority pollutants, a substantial amount (228.7 μg/g sediment) of alkyl-polycyclic-aromatic compounds was detected in sediments from one of the industrialized sites. Extracts from the reference site contained 1.55 μg total polycyclic aromatic compounds/ g sediment. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to multiple pulse doses of acetone-redissolved extracts and fractions. Medaka were also exposed to a known carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate, to verify that chemicals produced tumors in the test fish. Acetone-redissolved extracts and fractions from contaminated sediments were toxic to medaka. Fin erosion and non-neoplastic liver abnormalities were more prevalent in medaka after exposure to acetoneredissolved extracts and fractions from contaminated sediments. Neoplasms previously associated with chemical exposure in wild fishes were induced in medaka exposed to acetone-redissolved extracts and fractions from two of the contaminated sites, but not from the reference site or controls. These findings further support the hypothesis that chemical contaminants in sediments are involved in epizootics of neoplasms in wild fishes at contaminated sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055552","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Schmitt, C.J., Harshbarger, J., Peterman, P.H., and Lebo, J.A., 1991, Contaminated sediments from tributaries of the Great Lakes: Chemical characterization and carcinogenic effects in medaka (Oryzias latipes): Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 17-34, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055552.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dfe4b02f1a881de98c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmitt, Christopher J. 0000-0001-6804-2360 cjschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Christopher","email":"cjschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harshbarger, John C.","contributorId":85928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harshbarger","given":"John C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterman, Paul H. ppeterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Paul","email":"ppeterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lebo, Jon A.","contributorId":176696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lebo","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70178593,"text":"70178593 - 1991 - Brood stock segregation of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in progeny ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T12:52:59","indexId":"70178593","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood stock segregation of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in progeny ","docAbstract":"A study of the effect of maternal Renibacterium salmoninarum infection levels on the prevalence and levels of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in progeny fish was conducted at a production salmon hatchery. A total of 302 mating pairs of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was screened in August 1988 for R. salmoninarum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On the basis of ELISA testing of kidney tissues from all fish and the testing of ovarian fluid samples from a subsample of the females by a direct membrane filtration fluorescent antibody technique (MF-FAT), selected egg lots were segregated into 2 groups of 30 egg lots or about 135 000 eggs each. One group contained egg lots from male and female parents that had low R. salmoninarum infection levels or tested negative for R. salmoninarum (low-BKD group), and the other group contained egg lots from female parents with relatively high R. salmoninarum infection levels and male parents with various infection levels (high-BKD group). The progeny groups were maintained in separate rearing units supplied with untreated river water, and were monitored for R. salmoninarum by the ELISA until they were released from the hatchery in April 1990. Total mortality of the juvenile fish was higher (p = 0.0001) in the high-BKD group (20%) than in the low-BKD group (10 %). Mortality in the high-BKD group was highest after the fish were moved from nursery tanks to raceways, and clinical BKD became evident in this group. During the 11 mo of raceway rearing, mortality in the high-BKD group was 17 % compared with 5 % for the low-BKD group. An ELISA analysis of smolts just before release showed an R. salmoninarum infection rate of 85 % in the high-BKD group and 62 % in the low-BKD group. Of the positive fish, 98 % in the low-BKD group and 55 % in the high-BKD group had low infection levels, whereas 36 % in the high-BKD group and only 1 % in the low-BKD group had high infection levels. The results of this research suggest that segregation of brood stock by the ELISA and the MF-FAT can be used to reduce the prevalence and levels of BKD in hatchery-reared spring chinook salmon, even in locations with open water supplies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao012025","usgsCitation":"Pascho, R.J., Elliott, D.G., and Streufert, J.M., 1991, Brood stock segregation of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in progeny : Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 12, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao012025.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao012025","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":331318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"583ff365e4b04fc80e437285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascho, Ronald J.","contributorId":177070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pascho","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Diane G. 0000-0002-4809-6692 dgelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-6692","contributorId":2947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Diane","email":"dgelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Streufert, Jonathan M.","contributorId":177071,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streufert","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003697,"text":"1003697 - 1991 - Isolation of poxvirus from debilitating cutaneous lesions on four immature grackles (Quiscalus sp.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T06:33:58","indexId":"1003697","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":948,"text":"Avian Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation of poxvirus from debilitating cutaneous lesions on four immature grackles (Quiscalus sp.)","docAbstract":"Poxvirus was isolated from nodules on four immature grackles (Quiscalus sp.) collected in two residential areas of Victoria, Texas. All of the birds were emaciated and had nodules on the eyelids, bill, legs, toes, and areas of the skin on the wings, neck, and ventral abdomen. These pox nodules were extensive and probably interfered with both sight and flight. The preliminary diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation, histopathology, and electron microscopy. Poxvirus was isolated on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated hen's eggs and in Muscovy duck embryo fibroblast cell culture. Phaenicia calliphoridae (blowfly) larvae were found in one of the pox nodules, raising the possibility of mechanical transmission of the virus by contaminated adult blowfiles.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists","doi":"10.2307/1591324","usgsCitation":"Docherty, D.E., Long, R., Flickinger, E.L., and Locke, L.N., 1991, Isolation of poxvirus from debilitating cutaneous lesions on four immature grackles (Quiscalus sp.): Avian Diseases, v. 35, no. 1, p. 244-247, https://doi.org/10.2307/1591324.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Victoria","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.09236145019531,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -96.95091247558592,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -96.95091247558592,\n 28.882558376289005\n ],\n [\n -97.09236145019531,\n 28.882558376289005\n ],\n [\n -97.09236145019531,\n 28.729130483430154\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a888d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, R.I.R.","contributorId":90690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"R.I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flickinger, Edward L.","contributorId":48907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flickinger","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016934,"text":"70016934 - 1991 - Wasatch fault zone, Utah - segmentation and history of Holocene earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016934","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wasatch fault zone, Utah - segmentation and history of Holocene earthquakes","docAbstract":"The Wasatch fault zone (WFZ) forms the eastern boundary of the Basin and Range province and is the longest continuous, active normal fault (343 km) in the United States. It underlies an urban corridor of 1.6 million people (80% of Utah's population) representing the largest earthquake risk in the interior of the western United States. The authors have used paleoseismological data to identify 10 discrete segments of the WFZ. Five are active, medial segments with Holocene slip rates of 1-2 mm a-1, recurrence intervals of 2000-4000 years and average lengths of about 50 km. Five are less active, distal segments with mostly pre-Holocene surface ruptures, late Quaternary slip rates of <0.5 mm a-1, recurrence intervals of ???10,000 years and average lengths of about 20 km. Surface-faulting events on each of the medial segments of the WFZ formed 2-4-m-high scarps repeatedly during the Holocene. Paleoseismological records for the past 6000 years indicate that a major surface-rupturing earthquake has occurred along one of the medial segments about every 395 ?? 60 years. However, between about 400 and 1500 years ago, the WFZ experienced six major surface-rupturing events, an average of one event every 220 years, or about twice as often as expected from the 6000-year record. Evidence has been found that surface-rupturing events occurred on the WFZ during the past 400 years, a time period which is twice the average intracluster recurrence interval and equal to the average Holocene recurrence interval.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Structural Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0191-8141(91)90063-O","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Machette, M., Personius, S.F., Nelson, A.R., Schwartz, D.P., and Lund, W., 1991, Wasatch fault zone, Utah - segmentation and history of Holocene earthquakes: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 13, no. 2, p. 151-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90063-O.","startPage":"151","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205582,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90063-O"},{"id":224994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3e3e4b08c986b32b3d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Personius, Stephen F. personius@usgs.gov","contributorId":1214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"Stephen","email":"personius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Alan R. 0000-0001-7117-7098 anelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Alan","email":"anelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lund, William R.","contributorId":48320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"William R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016932,"text":"70016932 - 1991 - Landscape analysis: Theoretical considerations and practical needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016932","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape analysis: Theoretical considerations and practical needs","docAbstract":"Numerous systems of land classification have been proposed. Most have led directly to or have been driven by an author's philosophy of earth-forming processes. However, the practical need of classifying land for planning and management purposes requires that a system lead to predictions of the results of management activities. We propose a landscape classification system composed of 11 units, from realm (a continental mass) to feature (a splash impression). The classification concerns physical aspects rather than economic or social factors; and aims to merge land inventory with dynamic processes. Landscape units are organized using a hierarchical system so that information may be assembled and communicated at different levels of scale and abstraction. Our classification uses a geomorphic systems approach that emphasizes the geologic-geomorphic attributes of the units. Realm, major division, province, and section are formulated by subdividing large units into smaller ones. For the larger units we have followed Fenneman's delineations, which are well established in the North American literature. Areas and districts are aggregated into regions and regions into sections. Units smaller than areas have, in practice, been subdivided into zones and smaller units if required. We developed the theoretical framework embodied in this classification from practical applications aimed at land use planning and land management in Maryland (eastern Piedmont Province near Baltimore) and Utah (eastern Uinta Mountains). ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01701570","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, A., and Cleaves, E., 1991, Landscape analysis: Theoretical considerations and practical needs: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 17, no. 2, p. 141-155, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01701570.","startPage":"141","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205577,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01701570"},{"id":224954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43f9e4b0c8380cd66745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godfrey, A.E.","contributorId":57245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleaves, E.T.","contributorId":41148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016670,"text":"70016670 - 1991 - The possible role of thiosulfate in the precipitation of 34S-rich barite in some Mississippi Valley-type deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016670","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The possible role of thiosulfate in the precipitation of 34S-rich barite in some Mississippi Valley-type deposits","docAbstract":"The precipitation of extremely 34S-rich barite in the late stage of mineralization in the Mississippi Valleytype deposits of the Illinois-Kentucky district (U.S.A.) may be explained by reactions involving thiosulfate (S2O3=). Inorganic processes are known to concentrate 34S in the sulfonate site of thiosulfate and 32S in the sulfate site. In the mineralizing solution, these inorganic processes may have fractionated sulfur between the two sites by about 40 per mil. At the low temperatures of the late barite stage of mineralization, bacteria are known to metabolize thiosulfate by various reactions. In one of these, dissimilatory reduction, hydrogen sulfide and sulfite are produced. Isotopically light sulfite is preferentially reduced to sulfide by bacteria to leave a residual sulfite enriched in 34S. Part of the residual sulfite may be oxidized to form isotopically heavy sulfate; part may recombine with hydrogen sulfide to form thiosulfate. The recombination also enriches the sulfonate site in 34S and the sulfane site in 32S. Recycling the newly formed thiosulfate through the above steps further enriches sulfite and sulfate from oxidation of sulfite in 34S. During genesis of the ores, the aggregate effect of these reactions may have been the precipitation of extremely 34S-rich barite. The sequence of reactions suggested above requires the presence of organic matter. Previously proposed reactions to account for the precipitation of sulfide minerals and fluorite and for the carbonate paragenesis also require the presence of organic matter. Thus, organic matter in the host rocks may cause the various ore-zone reactions and account for the localization of the ores. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00202366","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Spirakis, C., 1991, The possible role of thiosulfate in the precipitation of 34S-rich barite in some Mississippi Valley-type deposits: Mineralium Deposita, v. 26, no. 1, p. 60-65, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202366.","startPage":"60","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205574,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202366"},{"id":224937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baea6e4b08c986b324248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spirakis, C.S.","contributorId":46088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spirakis","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016514,"text":"70016514 - 1991 - Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:39:03","indexId":"70016514","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications","docAbstract":"Tholeiitic andesite was dredged from two sites on Valu Fa Ridge (VFR), a back-arc spreading center in Lau Basin. Valu Fa Ridge, at least 200 km long, is located 40-50 km west of the active Tofua Volcanic Arc (TVA) axis and lies about 150 km above the subducted oceanic plate. One or more magma chambers, traced discontinuously for about 100 km along the ridge axis, lie 3-4 km beneath the ridge. The mostly aphyric and glassy lavas had high volatile contents, as shown by the abundance and large sizes of vesicles. An extensive fractionation history is inferred from the high SiO2 contents and FeO* MgO ratios. Chemical data show that the VFR lavas have both volcanic arc and back-arc basin affinities. The volcanic arc characteristics are: (1) relatively high abundances of most alkali and alkaline earth elements; (2) low abundances of high field strength elements Nb and Ta; (3) high U/Th ratios; (4) similar radiogenic isotope ratios in VFR and TVA lavas, in particular the enrichment of 87Sr 86Sr relative to 206Pb 204Pb; (5) high 238U 230Th, 230Th 232Th, and 226Ra 230Th activity ratios; and (6) high ratios of Rb/Cs, Ba/Nb, and Ba/La. Other chemical characteristics suggest that the VFR lavas are related to MORB-type back-arc basin lavas. For example, VFR lavas have (1) lower 87Sr 86Sr ratios and higher 143Nd 144Nd ratios than most lavas from the TVA, except samples from Ata Island, and are similar to many Lau Basin lavas; (2) lower Sr/REE, Rb/Zr, and Ba/Zr ratios than in arc lavas; and (3) higher Ti, Fe, and V, and higher Ti/V ratios than arc lavas generally and TVA lavas specifically. Most characteristics of VFR lavas can be explained by mixing depleted mantle with either small amounts of sediment and fluids from the subducting slab and/or an older fragment of volcanic arc lithosphere. The eruption of subalkaline andesite with some arc affinities along a back-arc spreading ridge is not unique. Collision of the Louisville and Tonga ridges probably activated back-arc extension that ultimately led to the creation and growth of Valu Fa Ridge. Some ophiolitic fragments in circum-Pacific and circum-Tethyan allochthonous terranes, presently interpreted to have originated in volcanic arcs, may instead be fragments of lithosphere that formed during early stages of seafloor spreading in a back-arc basin. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T., Jenner, G., Frey, F., Gill, J., Davis, A.S., Volpe, A., Hawkins, J., Morris, J., Cawood, P.A., Morton, J.L., Scholl, D., Rautenschlein, M., White, W., Williams, R.W., Stevenson, A., and White, L.D., 1991, Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications: Chemical Geology, v. 91, no. 3, p. 227-256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9.","startPage":"227","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266078,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9"},{"id":223430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cfce4b08c986b31d58f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenner, G.A.","contributorId":58027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenner","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, J.B.","contributorId":61171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Volpe, A.M.","contributorId":86113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volpe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hawkins, J.W.","contributorId":88088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkins","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morris, J.D.","contributorId":25707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cawood, Peter A.","contributorId":75280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cawood","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morton, J. L.","contributorId":56196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rautenschlein, M.","contributorId":103799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rautenschlein","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"White, W.M.","contributorId":69715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Williams, Ross W.","contributorId":33062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Stevenson, A.J.","contributorId":27864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70016467,"text":"70016467 - 1991 - Seismicity and shear strain in the southern Great Basin of Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T11:23:13.784988","indexId":"70016467","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity and shear strain in the southern Great Basin of Nevada and California","docAbstract":"This study examines the relationship between the distribution of small earthquakes (ML≤4.3) and mechanisms of strain accumulation and relaxation in an area with long repeat times between large events, the Southern Great Basin Seismic Network (SGBSN) region. The Great Basin is a unique continental extensional province characterized by normal and strike-slip faulting, high heat flow, crust of thin to normal thickness, and high elevations. The SGBSN is operated to provide data to address suitability issues pertaining to Yucca Mountain, Nevada which is being evaluated as a potential site for a national mined geologic nuclear waste repository. Suitability issues include estimation of the probability of occurrence of future damaging earthquakes, the characterization of the mechanisms that drive hydrologic flow, and the identification of fractures (faults) that might act as flow conduits or barriers. This study attempts to explain the distribution of small earthquakes in terms of spatial variations in the shear strain field; where strain concentrates there should be a greater number of small earthquakes. Strain field models are constructed under the assumption that long term fault behavior perturbs an otherwise uniform strain field. These strain field models are then interpreted with regard to the regional tectonics and site suitability issues. Modeling results provide one possible explanation of why earthquake clusters cover regions much larger than the surface projections of any of mapped major faults; clusters in a wide band along and extending northeast of the northern half of the Furnace Creek fault may correspond to elevated shear strains along the fault and a broad cluster in the Pahranagat Shear Zone may be associated with shear strain arising from a distribution of smaller localized faults. The relatively large number of small earthquakes in the southern and eastern portions of the Nevada Test Site is consistent with the strain field models. A minimum in shear strain at Yucca Mountain is predicted by all models consistent with an almost total lack of earthquakes observed there. The region to the west of the Death Valley/Furnace Creek fault system, the portion of the study area with the most active deformation but few small earthquakes, is an area of low shear strain. A possible reason for this is that the fault configuration in the area is optimal for accommodating regional deformation via large earthquakes or creep. While there is also a relative lack of earthquakes at Yucca Mountain, this may be indicative of a lack of accumulating strain energy and thus, a lower potential for a large earthquake.
A review of existing geophysical information and new data presented in this special section indicate that major changes in crustal properties between the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau occur in, or directly adjacent to, the region defined as the Arizona Transition Zone. Although this region was designated on a physiographic basis, studies indicate that it is also the geophysical transition between adjoining provinces. The Transition Zone displays anomalous crustal and upper mantle seismic properties, shallow Curie isotherms, high heat flow, and steep down-to-the-plateau Bouguer gravity gradients. Seismic and gravity studies suggest that the change in crustal thickness, from thin crust in the Basin and Range to thick crust in the Colorado Plateau, may occur as a series of steps rather than a planar surface. Anomalous P wave velocities, high heat flow, shallow Curie isotherms, and results of gravity modeling suggest that the upper mantle is heterogeneous in this region. A relatively shallow asthenosphere beneath the Basin and Range and Transition Zone contrasted with a thick lithosphere beneath the Colorado Plateau would be one explanation that would satisfy these geophysical observations.
Rare dunite and 2-pyroxene gabbro xenoliths occur in banded trachyte at Puu Waawaa on Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii. Mineral compositions suggest that these xenoliths formed as cumulates of tholeiitic basalt at shallow depth in a subcaldera magma reservoir. Subsequently, the minerals in the xenoliths underwent subsolidus reequilibration that particularly affected chromite compositions by decreasing their Mg numbers. In addition, olivine lost CaO and plagioclase lost MgO and Fe2O3 during subsolidus reequilibration. The xenoliths also reacted with the host trachyte to form secondary mica, amphibole, and orthopyroxene, and to further modify the compositions of some olivine, clinopyroxene, and spinel grains. The reaction products indicate that the host trachyte melt was hydrous. Clinopyroxene in one dunite sample and olivine in most dunite samples have undergone partial melting, apparently in response to addition of water to the xenolith. These xenoliths do not contain CO2 fluid inclusions, so common in xenoliths from other localities on Hualalai, which suggests that CO2 was introduced from alkalic basalt magma between the time CO2-inclusion-free xenoliths erupted at 106??6 ka and the time CO2-inclusion-rich xenoliths erupted within the last 15 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00303448","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., and Bohrson, W.A., 1991, Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 108, no. 4, p. 439-452, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303448.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hualalai Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 19.528730138897643\n ],\n [\n -155.775146484375,\n 19.528730138897643\n ],\n [\n -155.775146484375,\n 20.076570104545173\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 20.076570104545173\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 19.528730138897643\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a710fe4b0c8380cd7641a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohrson, Wendy A.","contributorId":55024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohrson","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016384,"text":"70016384 - 1991 - Surface features of central North America: a synoptic view from computer graphics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T10:55:40","indexId":"70016384","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface features of central North America: a synoptic view from computer graphics","docAbstract":"A digital shaded-relief image of the 48 contiguous United States shows the details of large- and small-scale landforms, including several linear trends. The features faithfully reflect tectonism, continental glaciation, fluvial activity, volcanism, and other surface-shaping events and processes. The new map not only depicts topography accurately and in its true complexity, but does so in one synoptic view that provides a regional context for geologic analysis unobscured by clouds, culture, vegetation, or artistic constraints. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Today","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","issn":"10525173","usgsCitation":"Pike, R., 1991, Surface features of central North America: a synoptic view from computer graphics: GSA Today, v. 1, no. 11, p. 1-251.","startPage":"1","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268112,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/1/11/pdf/i1052-5173-1-11-sci.pdf"}],"volume":"1","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9faee4b08c986b31e794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, R.J.","contributorId":72814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015145,"text":"70015145 - 1991 - New evidence on the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera, California, from wells, fluid sampling, electrical geophysics, and age determinations of hot-spring deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015145","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New evidence on the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera, California, from wells, fluid sampling, electrical geophysics, and age determinations of hot-spring deposits","docAbstract":"Data collected since 1985 from test drilling, fluid sampling, and geologic and geophysical investigations provide a clearer definition of the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera than was previously available. This information confirms the existence of high-temperature (> 200??C) reservoirs within the volcanic fill in parts of the west moat. These reservoirs contain fluids which are chemically similar to thermal fluids encountered in the central and eastern parts of the caldera. The roots of the present-day hydrothermal system (the source reservoir, principal zones of upflow, and the magmatic heat source) most likely occur within metamorphic basement rocks beneath the western part of the caldera. Geothermometer-temperature estimates for the source reservoir range from 214 to 248??C. Zones of upflow of hot water could exist beneath the plateau of moat rhyolite located west of the resurgent dome or beneath Mammoth Mountain. Lateral flow of thermal water away from such upflow zones through reservoirs in the Bishop Tuff and early rhyolite accounts for temperature reversals encountered in most existing wells. Dating of hot-spring deposits from active and inactive thermal areas confirms previous interpretations of the evolution of hydrothermal activity that suggest two periods of extensive hot-spring discharge, one peaking about 300 ka and another extending from about 40 ka to the present. The onset of hydrothermal activity around 40 ka coincides with the initiation of rhyolitic volcanism along the Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic chain that extends beneath the caldera's west moat. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., Suemnicht, G., Sturchio, N., and Nordquist, G., 1991, New evidence on the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera, California, from wells, fluid sampling, electrical geophysics, and age determinations of hot-spring deposits: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 48, no. 3-4, p. 229-263.","startPage":"229","endPage":"263","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a657de4b0c8380cd72be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suemnicht, G.A.","contributorId":11339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suemnicht","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sturchio, N.C.","contributorId":16580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturchio","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nordquist, G.A.","contributorId":86493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordquist","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014988,"text":"70014988 - 1991 - Stress magnitudes in the crust: constraints from stress orientation and relative magnitude data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T10:40:41","indexId":"70014988","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress magnitudes in the crust: constraints from stress orientation and relative magnitude data","docAbstract":"The World Stress Map Project is a global cooperative effort to compile and interpret data on the orientation and relative magnitudes of the contemporary in situ tectonic stress field in the Earth's lithosphere. The intraplate stress field in both the oceans and continents is largely compressional with one or both of the horizontal stresses greater than the vertical stress. The regionally uniform horizontal intraplate stress orientations are generally consistent with either relative or absolute plate motions indicating that plate-boundary forces dominate the stress distribution within the plates. Current models of stresses due to whole mantle flow inferred from seismic topography models predict a general compressional stress state within continents but do not match the broad-scale horizontal stress orientations. The broad regionally uniform intraplate stress orientations are best correlated with compressional plate-boundary forces and the geometry of the plate boundaries. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of London","doi":"10.1098/rsta.1991.0115","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M., and Magee, M., 1991, Stress magnitudes in the crust: constraints from stress orientation and relative magnitude data: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 337, no. 1645, p. 181-194, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1991.0115.","startPage":"181","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268614,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1991.0115"}],"volume":"337","issue":"1645","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b5ee4b08c986b31ce28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magee, M.","contributorId":53095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magee","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014644,"text":"1014644 - 1991 - Influence of feeding rate on performance of Atlantic salmon fry in an ozonated water reuse system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:14:08.311286","indexId":"1014644","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of feeding rate on performance of Atlantic salmon fry in an ozonated water reuse system","docAbstract":"A 4‐week trial was conducted to determine the optimal feeding level in percent body weight of a commercially prepared, practical diet for early feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in an ozonated water reuse system at 17–18°C. Triplicate groups of swimup (0.19‐g) fry were fed one of seven levels of Biodiet starter diet calculated for hatchery constants of 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5. Feeding levels (percent body weight) were derived at the start of the study and again at 2 weeks by dividing mean body length, in inches, into the respective hatchery constant. Mean body weight and body fat content increased significantly with each increment in level of feeding through a hatchery constant of 6.5. after which there was no further increase. Body protein decreased as feeding increased through hatchery constant 6.5; ash content decreased through hatchery constant 5.5. Results indicated that young Atlantic salmon fed at low feeding rates (2.47–5.44% body weight) in the water reuse system were underfed, but fish fed at 5.46–8.41% body weight grew at a favorable rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0111:IOFROP%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Poston, H.A., and Williams, R., 1991, Influence of feeding rate on performance of Atlantic salmon fry in an ozonated water reuse system: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 53, no. 2, p. 111-113, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0111:IOFROP%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130978,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee6f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poston, H. A.","contributorId":21893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poston","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, R.C.","contributorId":103621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162570,"text":"70162570 - 1991 - Volcanic eruptions; energy and size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T15:47:57","indexId":"70162570","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic eruptions; energy and size","docAbstract":"The Earth is a dynamic planet. Many different processes are continuously developing, creating a delicate balance between the energy stored and generated in its interior and the heat lost into space. The heat in continuously transferred through complex self-regulating convection mechanisms on a planetary scale. The distribution of terrestrial heat flow reveals some of the fine structure of the energy transport mechanisms in the outer layers of the Earth. Of these mechanisms in the outer layers of the Earth. Of these mechanisms, volcanism is indeed the most remarkable, for it allows energy to be transported in rapid bursts to the surface. In order to maintain the subtle balance of the terrestrial heat machine, one may expect that some law or principle restricts the ways in which these volcanic bursts affect the overall energy transfer of the Earth. For instance, we know that the geothermal flux of the planet amounts to 1028 erg/year. On the other hand, a single large event like the Lava Creek Tuff eruption that formed Yellowstone caldera over half a million years ago may release the same amount of energy in a very small area, over a short period of time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"de la Cruz-Reyna, S., 1991, Volcanic eruptions; energy and size: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 140-141.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"141","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6d5e4b0b28f1184dc28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de la Cruz-Reyna, S.","contributorId":152593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de la Cruz-Reyna","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000603,"text":"1000603 - 1991 - Heavy metal contamination of sediments in the upper connecting channels of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:31:38","indexId":"1000603","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metal contamination of sediments in the upper connecting channels of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"In 1985, sampling at 250 stations throughout the St. Marys, St. Clair, and Detroit rivers and Lake St. Clair — the connecting channels of the upper Great Lakes — revealed widespread metal contamination of the sediments. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc each exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sediment pollution guidelines at one or more stations throughout the study area. Sediments were polluted more frequently by copper, nickel, zinc, and lead than by cadmium, chromium, or mercury. Sediments with the highest concentrations of metals were found (in descending order) in the Detroit River, the St. Marys River, the St. Clair River, and Lake St. Clair. Although metal contamination of sediments was most common and sediment concentrations of metals were generally highest near industrial areas, substantial contamination of sediments by metals was present in sediment deposition areas up to 60 km from any known source of pollution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00024763","usgsCitation":"Nichols, S.J., Manny, B.A., Schloesser, D.W., and Edsall, T.A., 1991, Heavy metal contamination of sediments in the upper connecting channels of the Great Lakes: Hydrobiologia, v. 219, no. 1, p. 307-315, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024763.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"315","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"219","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d6a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, S. Jerrine","contributorId":25887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jerrine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":308886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}