This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure WWINTH00300033 on Town Highway 30 crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont (Figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in east-central Vermont. The 24.9-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. Downstream of the bridge is forested.
In the study area, Mill Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 58 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulder with a median grain size (D50) of 65.7 mm (0.215 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 5, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 30 crossing of the Mill Brook is a 46-ft-long, one-lane covered bridge consisting of a 40-foot wood-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 23, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 36.3 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete capped laid-up stone abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
The only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank, the upstream right wingwall, the right abutment and the downstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was analyzed since it had the potential of being the worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 6.0 to 16.0 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98256","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (WWINTH00300033) on Town Highway 30, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-256, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98256.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98256.JPG"},{"id":280080,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0256/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"West Windsor","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b18e4b07f02db6a7316","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50229,"text":"ofr986 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (ADISTH00240020) on Town Highway 24, crossing East Branch Dead Creek, Addison, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr986","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-6","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (ADISTH00240020) on Town Highway 24, crossing East Branch Dead Creek, Addison, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr986","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Burns, R., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (ADISTH00240020) on Town Highway 24, crossing East Branch Dead Creek, Addison, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-6, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr986.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a819e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50220,"text":"ofr988 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2, (WHITTH00020002) on Town Highway 2, crossing the South Branch Deerfield River, Whitingham, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:39:17","indexId":"ofr988","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-8","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2, (WHITTH00020002) on Town Highway 2, crossing the South Branch Deerfield River, Whitingham, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr988","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2, (WHITTH00020002) on Town Highway 2, crossing the South Branch Deerfield River, Whitingham, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-8, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr988.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280035,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0008/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50219,"text":"ofr987 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 55, (WILMTH00230055) on Town Highway 23, crossing Beaver Brook, Wilmington, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:39:41","indexId":"ofr987","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-7","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 55, (WILMTH00230055) on Town Highway 23, crossing Beaver Brook, Wilmington, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr987","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 55, (WILMTH00230055) on Town Highway 23, crossing Beaver Brook, Wilmington, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-7, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr987.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280036,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0007/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5a97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23800,"text":"ofr0051 - 1998 - Land cover mapping of the National Park Service northwest Alaska management area using Landsat multispectral and thematic mapper satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T13:15:52","indexId":"ofr0051","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-51","title":"Land cover mapping of the National Park Service northwest Alaska management area using Landsat multispectral and thematic mapper satellite data","docAbstract":"A land cover map of the National Park Service northwest Alaska management area was produced using digitally processed Landsat data. These and other environmental data were incorporated into a geographic information system to provide baseline information about the nature and extent of resources present in this northwest Alaskan environment.
This report details the methodology, depicts vegetation profiles of the surrounding landscape, and describes the different vegetation types mapped. Portions of nine Landsat satellite (multispectral scanner and thematic mapper) scenes were used to produce a land cover map of the Cape Krusenstern National Monument and Noatak National Preserve and to update an existing land cover map of Kobuk Valley National Park Valley National Park. A Bayesian multivariate classifier was applied to the multispectral data sets, followed by the application of ancillary data (elevation, slope, aspect, soils, watersheds, and geology) to enhance the spectral separation of classes into more meaningful vegetation types. The resulting land cover map contains six major land cover categories (forest, shrub, herbaceous, sparse/barren, water, other) and 19 subclasses encompassing 7 million hectares. General narratives of the distribution of the subclasses throughout the project area are given along with vegetation profiles showing common relationships between topographic gradients and vegetation communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0051","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., and Wesser, S., 1998, Land cover mapping of the National Park Service northwest Alaska management area using Landsat multispectral and thematic mapper satellite data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-51, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0051.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b4187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, C. J.","contributorId":66729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wesser, Sara","contributorId":20357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesser","given":"Sara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50217,"text":"ofr9874 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (BRATTH00120007) on Town Highway 12, crossing Halladay Brook, Brattleboro, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:40:19","indexId":"ofr9874","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-74","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (BRATTH00120007) on Town Highway 12, crossing Halladay Brook, Brattleboro, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9874","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (BRATTH00120007) on Town Highway 12, crossing Halladay Brook, Brattleboro, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-74, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9874.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280038,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0074/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a572e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50216,"text":"ofr9879 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 23 (WNDSTH0070023) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mill Brook, Windsor, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:40:39","indexId":"ofr9879","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-79","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 23 (WNDSTH0070023) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mill Brook, Windsor, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9879","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 23 (WNDSTH0070023) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mill Brook, Windsor, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-79, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9879.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280039,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0079/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a64b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50215,"text":"ofr9853 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 18 (BRATTH00480018) on Town Highway 48, crossing Whetstone Brook, Brattleboro, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:41:12","indexId":"ofr9853","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-53","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 18 (BRATTH00480018) on Town Highway 48, crossing Whetstone Brook, Brattleboro, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9853","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 18 (BRATTH00480018) on Town Highway 48, crossing Whetstone Brook, Brattleboro, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-53, p. 50, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9853.","productDescription":"p. 50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280040,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0053/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50212,"text":"ofr98380 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BURKTH00580015) on Town Highway 58, crossing the West Branch Passumpsic River, Burke, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:42:18","indexId":"ofr98380","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-380","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BURKTH00580015) on Town Highway 58, crossing the West Branch Passumpsic River, Burke, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98380","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BURKTH00580015) on Town Highway 58, crossing the West Branch Passumpsic River, Burke, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-380, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98380.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280043,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0380/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50205,"text":"ofr98553 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (CORITH00020007) on Town Highway 2, crossing Cookville Brook, Corinth, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:44:53","indexId":"ofr98553","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-553","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (CORITH00020007) on Town Highway 2, crossing Cookville Brook, Corinth, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98553","usgsCitation":"Serra, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (CORITH00020007) on Town Highway 2, crossing Cookville Brook, Corinth, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-553, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98553.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280050,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0553/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Serra, M.M.","contributorId":81974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50189,"text":"ofr98424 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (FFIETH00470046) on Town Highway 47, crossing Black Creek, Fairfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:05:16","indexId":"ofr98424","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-424","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (FFIETH00470046) on Town Highway 47, crossing Black Creek, Fairfield, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure FFIETH00470046 on Town Highway 47 crossing Black Creek, Fairfield, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gathered from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in northwestern Vermont. The 37.8 mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream and downstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation.
In the study area, Black Creek has a meandering channel with a slope of approximately 0.0005 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 51 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to bedrock with a median grain size (D50) of 0.189 mm (0.00062 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 12, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 47 crossing of Black Creek is a 35-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of one 31-ft steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 8, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 28.0 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, laid-up stone abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately zero degrees to the opening and the opening-skew-toroadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 6.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed just downstream of the bridge during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the left abutment. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) extended along the upstream left and right banks, the upstream left and right wingwalls, the downstream left wingwall, and the downstream left bank. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 1.4 to 8.2 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge, which was less than the 100-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 5.8 to 15.6 ft. At the left abutment, the worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 100-year discharge, and at the right abutment the worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98424","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (FFIETH00470046) on Town Highway 47, crossing Black Creek, Fairfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-424, iv, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98424.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98424.JPG"},{"id":280064,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0424/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Fairfield","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a60de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50185,"text":"ofr98420 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (WRUTTH00170014) on Town Highway 17, crossing the Clarendon River, West Rutland, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:52:58","indexId":"ofr98420","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-420","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (WRUTTH00170014) on Town Highway 17, crossing the Clarendon River, West Rutland, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98420","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (WRUTTH00170014) on Town Highway 17, crossing the Clarendon River, West Rutland, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-420, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98420.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280067,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0420/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8318","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23950,"text":"ofr98276A - 1998 - Estimated water use in Puerto Rico, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr98276A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-276","chapter":"A","title":"Estimated water use in Puerto Rico, 1995","docAbstract":"Water-use data during calendar year 1995 was compiled for the 78 municipios of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Eight offstream water-use categories were considered during the study: public supply, wastewater treatment discharges, domestic, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power, livestock, and irrigation. Three instream water-use categories were considered: hydroelectric power, saline water used at thermoelectric power plants, and reservoir evaporation. Freshwater withdrawals for offstream use from surface- and ground-water sources in Puerto Rico were estimated to be 566 million gallons per day. The largest amount of freshwater withdrawn was 431 million gallons per day for public supply. Total discharge from public wastewater treatment facilities was reported as 185 million gallons per day. Fresh surface- and ground-water withdrawals for domestic and industrial self-supplied facilities were estimated to be about 19 million gallons per day. Mining activities, which in Puerto Rico are mostly limited to the production of sand and gravel, withdrew about 4.2 million gallons per day of freshwater. Livestock activities used 6.3 million gallons per day from surface- and ground-water sources to meet the water needs of the 12.1 million animals counted in the 1992 Census of Agriculture in Puerto Rico. Self-supplied ground-water withdrawals for thermoelectric facilities were estimated to be 2.2 million gallons per day. Freshwater withdrawals for irrigation purposes were estimated to be 103 million gallons per day, or approximately 18 percent of all offstream freshwater withdrawals. Instream freshwater withdrawals by hydroelectric facilities were 349 million gallons per day. Reservoir evaporation is considered to be a consumptive use associated with the storage of water. The evaporation from 15 reservoirs in Puerto Rico was estimated to average about 23,900 acre-feet from a total reservoir surface area of 6,900 acres. The largest amount of withdrawals was 2,260 million gallons per day of saline water (instream use) for thermoelectric power.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98276A","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Molina-Rivera, W.L., 1998, Estimated water use in Puerto Rico, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-276, v, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98276A.","productDescription":"v, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1652,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pr.water.usgs.gov/public/online_pubs/ofr98_276/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0276a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53149,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0276a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molina-Rivera, Wanda L. 0000-0001-5856-283X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5856-283X","contributorId":54190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molina-Rivera","given":"Wanda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50184,"text":"ofr98419 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (MAIDTH00050006) on Town Highway 5, crossing Cutler Mill Brook, Maidstone, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:53:27","indexId":"ofr98419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-419","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (MAIDTH00050006) on Town Highway 5, crossing Cutler Mill Brook, Maidstone, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98419","usgsCitation":"Striker, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (MAIDTH00050006) on Town Highway 5, crossing Cutler Mill Brook, Maidstone, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-419, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98419.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280068,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0419/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a59a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striker, L.K.","contributorId":55872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50248,"text":"ofr98403 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:26:54","indexId":"ofr98403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-403","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98403","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-403, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98403.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280011,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0403/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8384","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50182,"text":"ofr98417 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (ANDOVT00110037) on State Route 11, crossing the Middle Branch Williams River, Andover, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:22","indexId":"ofr98417","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-417","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (ANDOVT00110037) on State Route 11, crossing the Middle Branch Williams River, Andover, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98417","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Striker, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (ANDOVT00110037) on State Route 11, crossing the Middle Branch Williams River, Andover, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-417, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98417.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a63a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striker, L.K.","contributorId":55872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50176,"text":"ofr98262 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 53 (NEWBTH00750053) on Town Highway 75, crossing Harriman Brook, Newbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T10:01:42","indexId":"ofr98262","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-262","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 53 (NEWBTH00750053) on Town Highway 75, crossing Harriman Brook, Newbury, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98262","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 53 (NEWBTH00750053) on Town Highway 75, crossing Harriman Brook, Newbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-262, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98262.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280074,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0262/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5ac4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50175,"text":"ofr98261 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 59 (STRATH00030059) on Town Highway 3, crossing Abbott Brook, Strafford, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T10:02:03","indexId":"ofr98261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-261","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 59 (STRATH00030059) on Town Highway 3, crossing Abbott Brook, Strafford, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98261","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 59 (STRATH00030059) on Town Highway 3, crossing Abbott Brook, Strafford, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-261, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98261.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280075,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0261/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a59f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50174,"text":"ofr98260 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (SHERTH00380028) on Town Highway 38, crossing the Ottauquechee River, Sherburne, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T10:02:22","indexId":"ofr98260","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-260","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (SHERTH00380028) on Town Highway 38, crossing the Ottauquechee River, Sherburne, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98260","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (SHERTH00380028) on Town Highway 38, crossing the Ottauquechee River, Sherburne, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-260, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98260.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280076,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0260/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24770,"text":"ofr98281 - 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