This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure NEWHTH00050030 on Town Highway 5 crossing the New Haven River, New Haven, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (Federal Highway Administration, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Champlain section of the St. Lawrence Valley physiographic province in west-central Vermont. The 115-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture on the right bank upstream and downstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. The upstream left bank is also pasture. The downstream left bank is forested.
In the study area, the New Haven River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 127 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 20.4 mm (0.067 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 19, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. The stream bends through the bridge and impacts the left bank where there is a cut bank and scour hole.
The Town Highway 5 crossing of the New Haven River is a 181-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of four 45-ft concrete tee-beam spans (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, December 15, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 175.9 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with stone fill spill-through embankments and three concrete piers. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 10 degrees.
A scour hole 4.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the downstream left bank during the Level I assessment. Also observed was a scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth at the upstream end of the middle pier. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) in front of the left and right abutments creating spill through slopes. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 6.8 to 8.4 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 11.2 to 14.0 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Pier scour ranged from 12.9 to 19.3 ft. The worst-case pier scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9858","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30 (NEWHTH00050030) on Town Highway 5, crossing the New Haven River, New Haven, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-58, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9858.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9858.GIF"},{"id":279461,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0058/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"New Haven","otherGeospatial":"New Haven River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7ebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50271,"text":"ofr9815 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 17 (NEWHTH00200017) on Town Highway 20, crossing Little Otter Creek, New Haven, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T15:50:54","indexId":"ofr9815","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-15","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 17 (NEWHTH00200017) on Town Highway 20, crossing Little Otter Creek, New Haven, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure NEWHTH00200017 on Town Highway 20 crossing Little Otter Creek, New Haven, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Champlain section of the St. Lawrence Valley physiographic province in west-central Vermont. The 10.8-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and wetland basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is shrubland on the downstream right overbank. The surface cover of the downstream left overbank, the upstream right overbank and the upstream left overbank is wetland and pasture.
In the study area, Little Otter Creek has a meandering channel with a slope of approximately 0.0007 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 97 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt and clay to cobble. Medium sized silt and clay is the channel material upstream of the approach cross-section and downstream of the exit cross-section. The median grain size (D50) of the silt and clay channel bed material is 1.52 mm (0.005 ft), which was used for contraction and abutment scour computations. From the approach cross-section, under the bridge, and to the exit cross-section, stone fill is the channel bed material. The median grain size (D50) of the stone fill channel bed material is 95.7 mm (0.314 ft). The stone fill median grain size was used solely for armoring computations. The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 11, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 20 crossing of Little Otter Creek is a 32-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 28-ft steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, December 15, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 24.9 ft. The bridge is supported by almost vertical, concrete abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-toroadway is zero degrees.
The scour countermeasures at the site consisted of type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the left and right abutments, as well as along the upstream left and right banks. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) was present along the downstream right bank. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 9.7 to 13.8 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 6.9 to 7.9 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 10.5 to 11.8 ft. The worst-case left and right abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9815","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Burns, R.L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 17 (NEWHTH00200017) on Town Highway 20, crossing Little Otter Creek, New Haven, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-15, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9815.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279989,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0015/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"New Haven","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50268,"text":"ofr9823 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (LINCTH00060046) on Town Highway 6, crossing the New Haven River, Lincoln, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:59:57","indexId":"ofr9823","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-23","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (LINCTH00060046) on Town Highway 6, crossing the New Haven River, Lincoln, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure LINCTH00060046 on Town Highway 6 crossing the New Haven River, Lincoln, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in west-central Vermont. The 45.9-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly suburban and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream of the bridge. The downstream right overbank near the bridge is suburban with buildings, homes, lawns, and pavement (less than fifty percent). The downstream left overbank is brushland while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation.
In the study area, the New Haven River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 95 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to bedrock with a median grain size (D50) of 120.7 mm (0.396 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 13, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 34 crossing of the New Haven River is a 85-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of an 80-foot steel arch truss (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, December 14, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 69 feet. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 5 degrees.
A scour hole 2.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the downstream channel during the Level I assessment. Protection measures at the site include type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the upstream left wingwall, type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) at the downstream end of the downstream left wingwall, and type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) at the upstream right wingwall and the downstream end of the downstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995). Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 1.7 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 12.9 to 17.8 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 5.9 to 11.9 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9823","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (LINCTH00060046) on Town Highway 6, crossing the New Haven River, Lincoln, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-23, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9823.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9823.JPG"},{"id":279992,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0023/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Lincoln","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6077","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50264,"text":"ofr98157 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (LINCTH00010013) on Town Highway 1, crossing Cota Brook, Lincoln, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:40:36","indexId":"ofr98157","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-157","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (LINCTH00010013) on Town Highway 1, crossing Cota Brook, Lincoln, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure LINCTH00010013 on Town Highway 1 crossing Cota Brook, Lincoln, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in west-central Vermont. The 3.0-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest along the upstream right bank and brushland along the upstream left bank. Downstream of the bridge, the surface cover is pasture along the left and right banks.
In the study area, Cota Brook has an sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ ft, an average channel top width of 30 ft and an average bank height of 2 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 34.7 mm (0.114 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 10, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable due to cut-banks and wide, vegetated point bars upstream and downstream of the bridge.
The Town Highway 1 crossing of Cota Brook is a 38-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 36-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, December 14, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 34.4 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 2.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the upstream right bank during the Level I assessment. Along the right abutment, it is 0.25 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the left and right abutments and along the downstream left bank. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 1.7 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 9.1 to 11.3 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (LINCTH00010013) on Town Highway 1, crossing Cota Brook, Lincoln, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-157, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98157.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98157.JPG"},{"id":279996,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0157/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Lincoln","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8483","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54973,"text":"wdrSC971 - 1998 - Water resources data, South Carolina, water year 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-23T20:31:52.524294","indexId":"wdrSC971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"SC-97-1","title":"Water resources data, South Carolina, water year 1997","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrSC971","usgsCitation":"Cooney, T., Drewes, P., Jones, K., Gissendanner, J., and Church, B., 1998, Water resources data, South Carolina, water year 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report SC-97-1, xvi, 498 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrSC971.","productDescription":"xvi, 498 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379710,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/sc-97-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/sc-97-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooney, T.W.","contributorId":25194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooney","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drewes, P.A.","contributorId":31022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewes","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, K.H.","contributorId":93566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gissendanner, J.W.","contributorId":39856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gissendanner","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, B.W.","contributorId":106191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50265,"text":"ofr98156 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 27 (WSTOTH00070027) on Town Highway 7, crossing Jenny Coolidge Brook, Weston, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:46:05","indexId":"ofr98156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-156","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 27 (WSTOTH00070027) on Town Highway 7, crossing Jenny Coolidge Brook, Weston, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure WSTOTH00070027 on Town Highway 7 crossing Jenny Coolidge Brook, Weston, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in southwestern Vermont. The 2.9-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture downstream of the bridge while upstream of the bridge is forested.
In the study area, the Jenny Coolidge Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.04 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 51 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 122 mm (0.339 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August 20, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 7 crossing of the Jenny Coolidge Brook is a 52-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 50-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, April 7, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 49.2 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 5 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees.
The legs of the skeleton-type right abutment were exposed approximately 2 feet (vertically) and approximately 2 feet (horizontally) during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site include type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the downstream right wingwall, and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream banks, upstream left wingwall, left abutment, downstream left wingwall and downstream left bank. A stone wall levee extends along the downstream right bank. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. Abutment scour ranged from 3.0 to 4.1 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 100-year discharge. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particlesize distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98156","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 27 (WSTOTH00070027) on Town Highway 7, crossing Jenny Coolidge Brook, Weston, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-156, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98156.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98156.JPG"},{"id":279995,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0156/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Weston","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28761,"text":"wri984154 - 1998 - Water use in Alabama, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri984154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4154","title":"Water use in Alabama, 1995","docAbstract":"During 1995, the amount of water withdrawn from ground- and surface- water sources in Alabama was estimated to be about 7,100 million gallons per day. Of this amount, about 6,650 million gallons per day were from surface-water sources and about 445 million gallons per day were from ground-water sources.\r\nTotal withdrawals in Alabama in 1995 for nine withdrawal categories were as follows: thermoelectric power, 5,200 million gallons per day; public supply, 813 million gallons per day; self-supplied industry, 733 million gallons per day; irrigation, 139 million gallons per day; aquaculture, 93.9 million gallons per day; self-supplied domestic, 61.9 million gallons per day; livestock, 34.9 million gallons per day; mining, 20.0 million gallons per day; and self-supplied commercial, 4.88 million gallons per day.\r\nTotal withdrawals in Alabama decreased about 12 percent from 1990 to 1995, despite an increase of about 5 percent in the State's total population during the same period. Total withdrawals have increased about 135 percent since 1955, however, because of greater than normal usage for generation of thermoelectric power in 1975, withdrawals peaked in that year.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984154","usgsCitation":"Mooty, W.S., and Richardson, J.R., 1998, Water use in Alabama, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4154, iv, 92 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984154.","productDescription":"iv, 92 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95725,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4154/report.pdf","size":"10693","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4154/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0021","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooty, Will S. wsmooty@usgs.gov","contributorId":3878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooty","given":"Will","email":"wsmooty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, Joanne R.","contributorId":90345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Joanne","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50232,"text":"ofr9854 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 61 (MTHOTH00100061) on Town Highway 10, crossing Perry Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:35:33","indexId":"ofr9854","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-54","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 61 (MTHOTH00100061) on Town Highway 10, crossing Perry Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9854","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 61 (MTHOTH00100061) on Town Highway 10, crossing Perry Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-54, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9854.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280026,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0054/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a585e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54894,"text":"wdrOH971 - 1998 - Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1997, Volume 1. Ohio River Basin excluding project data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-21T20:55:45.348586","indexId":"wdrOH971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OH-97-1","displayTitle":"Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1997, Volume 1. Ohio River Basin excluding project data","title":"Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1997, Volume 1. Ohio River Basin excluding project data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrOH971","usgsCitation":"Shindel, H., Mangus, J., and Trimble, L., 1998, Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1997, Volume 1. Ohio River Basin excluding project data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OH-97-1, xx, 321 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOH971.","productDescription":"xx, 321 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":13272,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/oh-97-1/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"WDR 1997"},{"id":177444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/oh-97-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":377763,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/oh-97-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
64640 Busch Blvd, Suite 100
Columbus, OH 43229
This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure NEWFTH00350042 on Town Highway 35 crossing Stratton Hill Brook, Newfane, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in southeastern Vermont. The 1.16-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forested.
In the study area, Stratton Hill Brook has an incised, striaght channel with a slope of approximately 0.1 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 36 ft and an average bank height of 8 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 121 mm (0.396 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August 20, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 34 crossing of Stratton Hill Brook is a 34-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 32-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, April 6, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 30.8 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with upstream wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 20 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees.
During the Level I assessment, it was observed that the right abutment footing was exposed 1.5 feet. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the downstream left bank. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. Abutment scour ranged from 2.3 to 3.3 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98404","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 42 (NEWFTH00350042) on Town Highway 35, crossing Stratton Hill Brook, Newfane, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-404, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98404.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98404.JPG"},{"id":279987,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0404/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Newfane","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50314,"text":"ofr98571 - 1998 - Southeastern Pennsylvania ground water protected area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T14:41:51.656436","indexId":"ofr98571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-571","title":"Southeastern Pennsylvania ground water protected area","docAbstract":"Geographical Information System data sets were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). These data are related to groundwater resources for the DRBC's Southeastern Pennsylvania Groundwater Protected Area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98571","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Southeastern Pennsylvania ground water protected area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-571, 1 CD, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98571.","productDescription":"1 CD","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.state.nj.us/drbc/programs/project/gwpa-data.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e730b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50324,"text":"ofr98781 - 1998 - Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T13:31:41","indexId":"ofr98781","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-781","title":"Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California","docAbstract":"The Eel River basin of northern California is a upper Cenozoic depocenter containing more than 3,000 meters of sedimentary rock located near the Mendocino triple junction. Active tectonism has resulted in folding, faulting and rapid sedimentation. Both thermogenic and microbial hydrocarbons are known to be present in the sediments. In August 1997, we sampled two submarine gas seeps, one at a water depth of 520 m that supports a chemosynthetic-based ecosystem very near an area of previously recovered gas hydrate. Another vent site was sampled in sand covered with white bacterial mats at a water depth 41 m. We compared the hydrocarbon gas composition and methane isotopic composition of these seeps with land-based gas occurrences that include: 1) a gas seep and 2) gas from a 2360 m-deep gas well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98781","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., McLaughlin, R.J., Kvenvolden, K.A., Orange, D.L., Davisson, M.L., Brewer, P., and Martin, J., 1998, Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-781, 1 Sheet: 60.0 x 36.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98781.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 60.0 x 36.0 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98781.PNG"},{"id":308759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0781/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eel River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -123.8653564453125,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -123.8653564453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae30b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, T.D. tlorenson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"tlorenson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert J. 0000-0002-4390-2288 rjmcl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":1428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","email":"rjmcl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orange, Daniel L.","contributorId":23309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davisson, M. Lee","contributorId":106248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brewer, Peter G.","contributorId":121505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Peter G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Martin, J.B.","contributorId":32923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":50297,"text":"ofr9818 - 1998 - Bibliography of National Drilling Company--United States Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Abu Dhabi Emirate, 1987-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr9818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-18","title":"Bibliography of National Drilling Company--United States Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Abu Dhabi Emirate, 1987-1997","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9818","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, C.B., 1998, Bibliography of National Drilling Company--United States Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Abu Dhabi Emirate, 1987-1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-18, iv, 63 p. : ill., map ; 29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9818.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p. : ill., map ; 29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0018/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86310,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, C. B.","contributorId":94655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50274,"text":"ofr9812 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:29:26","indexId":"ofr9812","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-12","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure CHESTH00100052 on Town Highway 10 crossing the South Branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in southeastern Vermont. The 4.05-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream and downstream of the bridge.
In the study area, the South Branch Williams River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 35 ft and an average bank height of 4 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 82.1 mm (0.269 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August 21, 1996, indicated that the reach was unstable, as a result of the moderate bank erosion.
The Town Highway 10 crossing of the South Branch Williams River is a 32-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 29-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 31, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 27.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 20 degrees.
A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the downstream end of the right abutment during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream left and right banks, the upstream end of the upstream right wingwall and the entire base length of the upstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.8 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 5.2 to 10.8 ft. The worst-case abutment scour also occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9812","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-12, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9812.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9812.JPG"},{"id":279986,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0012/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Chester","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50300,"text":"ofr98108 - 1998 - Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-108","title":"Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98108","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Dietel, C., Chouet, B., Honma, K., Ohminato, T., and Okubo, P., 1998, Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-108, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98108.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64acb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietel, C.","contributorId":27916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietel","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Honma, K.","contributorId":72849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honma","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohminato, T.","contributorId":53021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohminato","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":50310,"text":"ofr98486 - 1998 - Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-486","title":"Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98486","usgsCitation":"Herring, J., Marsh, S., and McLemore, V., 1998, Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-486, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98486.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herring, J. R.","contributorId":43348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, S.P.","contributorId":32913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLemore, V. T.","contributorId":15225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLemore","given":"V. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30752,"text":"fs12595 - 1998 - U.S. Geological Survey Information Sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-15T17:28:14","indexId":"fs12595","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"125-95","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Information Sources","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12595","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, U.S. Geological Survey Information Sources (Retired Edition): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 125-95, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12595.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Retired Edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd79eae4b0b2908510d276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21675,"text":"ofr98274 - 1998 - Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T18:51:18","indexId":"ofr98274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-274","title":"Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97","docAbstract":"From July 1994 through May 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the \nDepartment of Energy, sampled 86 wells completed in the Snake River Plain aquifer at and \nnear the Idaho N ationa1 Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The wells were \nsampled for a variety of constituents including one- and two-carbon halocarbons. \nConcentrations of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and \ntrichlorotrifluororoethane (CFC-113) were determined. The samples for halocarbon analysis \nwere collected in 62-milliliter flame sealed borosilicate glass ampoules in the field. The data \nwill be used to evaluate the ages of ground waters at INEEL. The ages of the ground water will \nbe used to determine recharge rates, residence time, and travel time of water in the Snake River \nPlain aquifer in and near INEEL. The chromatograms of 139 ground waters are presented \nshowing a large number of halomethanes, haloethanes, and haloethenes present in the ground \nwaters underlying the INEEL. The chromatograms can be used to qualitatively evaluate a large \nnumber of contaminants at parts per trillion to parts per billion concentrations. The data can be \nused to study temporal and spatial distribution of contaminants in the Snake River Plain aquifer. \nRepresentative compressed chromatograms for all ground waters sampled in this study are \navailable on two 3.5-inch high density computer disks. The data and the program required to \ndecompress the data can be obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey office at Idaho Falls, \nIdaho. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentrations were measured in selected wells to determine \nthe feasibility of using this environmental tracer as an age dating tool of ground water. \nConcentrations of dissolved nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane were \nmeasured in 79 ground waters. Concentrations of dissolved permanent gases are tabulated and \nwill be used to evaluate the temperature of recharge of ground water in and near the INEEL.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Idaho Falls, ID","doi":"10.3133/ofr98274","issn":"0566-8174","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., Bartholomay, R.C., and Wayland, J.E., 1998, Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-274, v, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98274.","productDescription":"v, 72 p.","numberOfPages":"79","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277903,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0274/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.2492,43.2502 ], [ -114.2492,44.2491 ], [ -112.2501,44.2491 ], [ -112.2501,43.2502 ], [ -114.2492,43.2502 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e26c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wayland, Julian E. jwayland@usgs.gov","contributorId":4008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayland","given":"Julian","email":"jwayland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21653,"text":"ofr98182 - 1998 - Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T14:10:50","indexId":"ofr98182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-182","title":"Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975","docAbstract":"This report presents all analytical determinations for samples collected from Yellowstone\r\nNational Park and vicinity during 1974 and 1975. Water temperature, pH, Eh, and dissolved O2\r\nwere determined on-site. Total alkalinity and F were determined on the day of sample collection.\r\nFlame atomic-absorption spectrometry was used to determine concentrations of Li, Na, K, Ca, and\r\nMg. Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry was used to determine concentrations of Fe(II), Fe(III),\r\nAs(III), and As(V). Direct-current plasma-optical-emission spectrometry was used to determine the\r\nconcentrations of B, Ba, Cd, Cs, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn. Two samples collected from\r\nYellowstone Park in June 1974 were used as reference samples for testing the plasma analytical\r\nmethod. Results of these tests demonstrate acceptable precision for all detectable elements. Charge\r\nimbalance calculations revealed a small number of samples that may have been subject to\r\nmeasurement errors in pH or alkalinity. These data represent some of the most complete analyses\r\nof Yellowstone waters available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98182","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., Jenne, E.A., and Vivit, D., 1998, Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-182, iv, 45 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98182.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GWC_chemtherm/pubs/ofr%2098-182.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 44.11125397357155\n ],\n [\n -109.9456787109375,\n 44.11125397357155\n ],\n [\n -109.9456787109375,\n 45.158800738352106\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 45.158800738352106\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 44.11125397357155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e57a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenne, Everett A.","contributorId":85582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vivit, Davison V.","contributorId":79922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vivit","given":"Davison V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":42301,"text":"ofr98253 - 1998 - Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in Lansdale and vicinity, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, August 22-23, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T13:53:24","indexId":"ofr98253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-253","title":"Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in Lansdale and vicinity, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, August 22-23, 1996","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98253","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., Rowland, C.J., and Prieto, D.A., 1998, Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in Lansdale and vicinity, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, August 22-23, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-253, 1 map ;46 x 41 cm., on sheet 69 x 74 cm., folded in envelope to 25 x 18 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98253.","productDescription":"1 map ;46 x 41 cm., on sheet 69 x 74 cm., folded in envelope to 25 x 18 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":136628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":80071,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0253/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6872af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":226251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowland, Cynthia J.","contributorId":61789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prieto, David A.","contributorId":62876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prieto","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":42300,"text":"ofr9893 - 1998 - Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in Honey Brook and West Nantmeal Townships, and Honey Brook and Elverson Boroughs, Chester County, Pennsylvania, April through September 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T07:40:46","indexId":"ofr9893","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-93","title":"Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in Honey Brook and West Nantmeal Townships, and Honey Brook and Elverson Boroughs, Chester County, Pennsylvania, April through September 1997","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9893","usgsCitation":"Eden, K.S., 1998, Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in Honey Brook and West Nantmeal Townships, and Honey Brook and Elverson Boroughs, Chester County, Pennsylvania, April through September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-93, 1 map ;57 x 74 cm., on sheet 71 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9893.","productDescription":"1 map ;57 x 74 cm., on sheet 71 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":80070,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0093/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6872a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eden, Kenneth S.","contributorId":85154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eden","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21990,"text":"ofr97832 - 1998 - Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr97832","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-832","title":"Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97832","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lew, M., 1998, Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-832, 14 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97832.","productDescription":"14 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0832/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51460,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0832/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af0e4b07f02db691716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lew, Melvin","contributorId":91877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lew","given":"Melvin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55137,"text":"wdrWY972 - 1998 - Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1997: Volume 2. Ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T13:44:07.20624","indexId":"wdrWY972","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-97-2","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1997: Volume 2. Ground water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 2 of this report contains water levels records for 82 wells. Additional ground-water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous studies and programs. These data together with the data in Volume 1 represent part of the National Water Data System operated by theU.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.
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Surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-27T17:05:12.479949","indexId":"wdrWY971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-97-1","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1997: Volume 1. Surface water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 1 of this report contains discharge records for 168 gaging stations; stage and contents for 15 lakes and reservoirs; and water quality for 28 gaging stations and 23 ungaged stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data together with the data in Volume 2 represent part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.
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