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,{"id":55136,"text":"wdrWY971 - 1998 - Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1997: Volume 1. Surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-27T17:05:12.479949","indexId":"wdrWY971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-97-1","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1997: Volume 1. Surface water","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 1 of this report contains discharge records for 168 gaging stations; stage and contents for 15 lakes and reservoirs; and water quality for 28 gaging stations and 23 ungaged stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data together with the data in Volume 2 represent part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWY971","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Wyoming and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Smalley, M., Woodruff, R.E., Clark, M.L., and Sadler, W., 1998, Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1997: Volume 1. Surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WY-97-1, lxviii, 435 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWY971.","productDescription":"lxviii, 435 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/wy-97-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":494961,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/wy-97-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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E.","contributorId":102556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, M. L.","contributorId":19595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sadler, W.J.","contributorId":50544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadler","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":50275,"text":"ofr98159 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 63 (MTH0TH00120063) on Town Highway 12, crossing Russell Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:00:27","indexId":"ofr98159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-159","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 63 (MTH0TH00120063) on Town Highway 12, crossing Russell Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure MTHOTH00120063 on Town Highway 12 crossing Russell Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in south-central Vermont. The 3.6-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream and downstream of the bridge. </p><p>In the study area, Russell Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.0263 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 29 ft and an average bank height of 3 ft. The channel bed material ranges from cobbles to boulders with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 97.1 mm (0.318 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 4, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable. </p><p>The Town Highway 12 crossing of Russell Brook is a 29-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 26-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 21, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 23.5 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 40 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 35 degrees. </p><p>During the Level I assessment, it was observed that the upstream left wingwall footing was exposed 0.2 ft, in reference to the mean thalweg depth, and the upstream end of the left abutment was exposed 0.1 ft. The scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.</p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 100-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 4.4 to 5.7 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 11.3 to 12.2 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98159","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 63 (MTH0TH00120063) on Town Highway 12, crossing Russell Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-159, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98159.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279985,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0159/report.pdf"},{"id":162365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98159.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Mount Holly","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a593a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50276,"text":"ofr98401 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 67 (MTHOTH00120067) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:04:57","indexId":"ofr98401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-401","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 67 (MTHOTH00120067) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure MTHOTH00120067 on Town Highway 12 crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in south-central Vermont. The 11.4-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forested. </p><p>In the study area, Freeman Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 51 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulders with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 55.7 mm (0.183 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 5, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable. </p><p>The Town Highway 12 crossing of Freeman Brook is a 34-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 30-foot prestressed concrete-slab span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 15, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 29.5 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 50 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees. </p><p>Along the upstream right wingwall, the right abutment and the downstream right wingwall, a scour hole approximately 1.0 to 2.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the downstream end of the downstream right wingwall; type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream left wingwall, the left abutment, the downstream left wingwall and the upstream left and right banks; type- 3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) along the downstream left and right banks; and type-4 stone fill (less than 60 inches diameter) along the upstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E. </p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.6 to 3.9 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 7.9 to 10.0 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 12.7 to 15.2 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98401","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 67 (MTHOTH00120067) on Town Highway 12, crossing Freeman Brook, Mount Holly, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-401, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98401.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279984,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0401/report.pdf"},{"id":162366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98401.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Mount Holly","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a579d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50249,"text":"ofr9873 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (MENDTH00180022) on Town Highway 18, crossing the Cold River, Mendon, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:22","indexId":"ofr9873","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-73","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (MENDTH00180022) on Town Highway 18, crossing the Cold River, Mendon, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9873","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Song, D., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (MENDTH00180022) on Town Highway 18, crossing the Cold River, Mendon, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-73, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9873.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a817b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Song, D.L.","contributorId":34985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50243,"text":"ofr98405 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (WFAITH000300007) on Town Highway 3, crossing Algerine Brook, West Fairlee, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:28:54","indexId":"ofr98405","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-405","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (WFAITH000300007) on Town Highway 3, crossing Algerine Brook, West Fairlee, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98405","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 7 (WFAITH000300007) on Town Highway 3, crossing Algerine Brook, West Fairlee, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-405, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98405.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280015,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0405/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a56c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50254,"text":"ofr98552 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (GLOVTH00030006) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Barton River, Glover, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:24:51","indexId":"ofr98552","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-552","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (GLOVTH00030006) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Barton River, Glover, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98552","usgsCitation":"Olson, S., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 6 (GLOVTH00030006) on Town Highway 3, crossing the Barton River, Glover, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-552, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98552.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280006,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0552/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5990","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, S.A.","contributorId":58681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50230,"text":"ofr985 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (BURKTH00130033) on Town Highway 13, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:36:21","indexId":"ofr985","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-5","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (BURKTH00130033) on Town Highway 13, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr985","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (BURKTH00130033) on Town Highway 13, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-5, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr985.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280028,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0005/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50231,"text":"ofr9871 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (WRUTTH00050026) on Town Highway 5, crossing the Clarendon River, West Rutland, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:35:53","indexId":"ofr9871","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-71","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (WRUTTH00050026) on Town Highway 5, crossing the Clarendon River, West Rutland, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9871","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (WRUTTH00050026) on Town Highway 5, crossing the Clarendon River, West Rutland, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-71, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9871.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280027,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0071/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a7ff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50248,"text":"ofr98403 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:26:54","indexId":"ofr98403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-403","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98403","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-403, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98403.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280011,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0403/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8384","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5499,"text":"fs11898 - 1998 - Office of Biological Informatics and Outreach geospatial technology activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T09:35:21","indexId":"fs11898","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"118-98","title":"Office of Biological Informatics and Outreach geospatial technology activities","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Office of Biological \nInformatics and Outreach (OBIO) in Reston, Virginia, and its \nCenter for Biological Informatics (CBI) in Denver, Colorado, \nprovide leadership in the development and use of geospatial \ntechnologies to advance the Nation's biological science \nactivities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11898","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Office of Biological Informatics and Outreach geospatial technology activities: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 118-98, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11898.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0118-98/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286121,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0118-98/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50241,"text":"ofr9822 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (FERRTH00260029) on Town Highway 26, crossing Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:30:09","indexId":"ofr9822","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-22","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (FERRTH00260029) on Town Highway 26, crossing Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9822","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (FERRTH00260029) on Town Highway 26, crossing Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-22, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9822.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280017,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0022/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50256,"text":"ofr9882 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (VICTTH00020004) on Town Highway 2, crossing Moose River, Victory, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:23:46","indexId":"ofr9882","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-82","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (VICTTH00020004) on Town Highway 2, crossing Moose River, Victory, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9882","usgsCitation":"Serra, M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (VICTTH00020004) on Town Highway 2, crossing Moose River, Victory, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-82, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9882.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280004,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0082/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6085","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Serra, M.M.","contributorId":81974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50244,"text":"ofr98376 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (LUDLTH00460031) on Town Highway 46, crossing Jewell Brook, Ludlow, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:28:34","indexId":"ofr98376","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-376","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (LUDLTH00460031) on Town Highway 46, crossing Jewell Brook, Ludlow, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98376","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (LUDLTH00460031) on Town Highway 46, crossing Jewell Brook, Ludlow, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-376, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98376.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280014,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0376/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7d58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50229,"text":"ofr986 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (ADISTH00240020) on Town Highway 24, crossing East Branch Dead Creek, Addison, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr986","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-6","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (ADISTH00240020) on Town Highway 24, crossing East Branch Dead Creek, Addison, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr986","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Burns, R., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (ADISTH00240020) on Town Highway 24, crossing East Branch Dead Creek, Addison, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-6, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr986.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a819e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50278,"text":"ofr98155 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (MENDTH00130025) on Town Highway 13, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:11:41","indexId":"ofr98155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-155","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (MENDTH00130025) on Town Highway 13, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98155","usgsCitation":"Willoughby, S., and Ivanoff, M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (MENDTH00130025) on Town Highway 13, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-155, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98155.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279982,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0155/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willoughby, S.A.","contributorId":87187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willoughby","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50266,"text":"ofr98293 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (STRATH00020028) on Town Highway 2, crossing the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:51:18","indexId":"ofr98293","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-293","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (STRATH00020028) on Town Highway 2, crossing the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure STRATH00020028 on Town Highway 2 crossing the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gathered from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in central Vermont. The 25.4-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream and downstream of the bridge. </p><p>In the study area, the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.002 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 34 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt and clay to cobbles with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 20.4 mm (0.0669 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 24, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable, because of moderate fluvial erosion. </p><p>The Town Highway 2 crossing of the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River is a 31-ft-long, twolane bridge consisting of a 26-foot concrete tee-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, October 23, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 24.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 45 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees. </p><p>A scour hole 3.2 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed under the bridge along the right side of the channel during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank, the upstream right wingwall, the right abutment and the downstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E. </p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 3.2 to 4.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 4.4 to 7.5 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 7.2 to 10.1 ft.The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98293","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (STRATH00020028) on Town Highway 2, crossing the West Branch Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-293, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98293.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98293.JPG"},{"id":279994,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0293/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Strafford","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50239,"text":"ofr98377 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 48 (ENOSTH00020048) on Town Highway 2, crossing the Tyler Branch Missisquoi River, Enosburg, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:30:51","indexId":"ofr98377","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-377","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 48 (ENOSTH00020048) on Town Highway 2, crossing the Tyler Branch Missisquoi River, Enosburg, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98377","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 48 (ENOSTH00020048) on Town Highway 2, crossing the Tyler Branch Missisquoi River, Enosburg, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-377, 50 p., 8 figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98377.","productDescription":"50 p., 8 figures","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280019,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0377/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a604d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50267,"text":"ofr9813 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (TUNBTH00600032) on Town Highway 60, crossing First Branch White River, Tunbridge, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:55:42","indexId":"ofr9813","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-13","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (TUNBTH00600032) on Town Highway 60, crossing First Branch White River, Tunbridge, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure TUNBTH00600032 on Town Highway 60 crossing the First Branch White River, Tunbridge, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in central Vermont. The 92.9-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream and downstream of the bridge, while woody vegetation sparsely covers the immediate banks. </p><p>In the study area, the First Branch White River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.001 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 82 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to gravel with a median grain size (D50) of 24.4 mm (0.08 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 18, 1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable, as a result of block failure of moderately eroded banks. </p><p>The Town Highway 60 crossing of the First Branch White River is a 74-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 71-foot timber thru-truss span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, August 24, 1994). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 64 ft.The bridge is supported by vertical, laid-up stone abutments with upstream wingwalls. The channel is not skewed to the opening. The computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 5 degrees. </p><p>A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the upstream reach during the Level I assessment. Scour countermeasures at the site includes type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) is present along the upstream right wingwall, the left abutment and the right abutment. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E. </p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the maximum free-surface discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenarios. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.2 to 6.8 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 20.6 to 30.4 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 9.7 to 19.5 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9813","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (TUNBTH00600032) on Town Highway 60, crossing First Branch White River, Tunbridge, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-13, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9813.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9813.JPG"},{"id":279993,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0013/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Tunbridge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a777a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6838,"text":"fs09699 - 1998 - Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfate in Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T13:59:49","indexId":"fs09699","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"096-99","title":"Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfate in Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1998","docAbstract":"<p>The Devils Lake Basin is a 3,810-squaremile closed subbasin of the Red River of the North Basin (fig. 1). About 3,320 square miles of the total 3,810 square miles is tributary to Devils Lake. The Devils Lake Basin contributes to the Red River of the North Basin when the level of Devils Lake is greater than 1,459 feet above sea level.</p><p>Lake levels of Devils Lake were recorded sporadically from 1867 to 1890. In 1901, the U.S. Geological Survey established a gaging station on Devils Lake. From 1867 through 1998, the lake level has fluctuated between a minimum of 1,400.9 feet above sea level in 1940 and a maximum of 1,444.7 feet above sea level in 1998 (fig. 2). The maximum, which occurred on July 7, 1998, was 22.1 feet higher than the level recorded in February 1993.</p><p>The rapid rise in the lake level of Devils Lake since 1993 is in response to abovenormal precipitation and below-normal evaporation from the summer of 1993 through 1998. Because of the rising lake level, more than 50,000 acres of land and many roads around the lake have been flooded. In addition, the water quality of Devils Lake changed substantially in 1993 because of the summer flooding (Williams-Sether and others, 1996). In response to the flooding, the Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force, comprised of many State and Federal agencies, was formed in 1995 to find and propose intermediate (5 years or less) flood mitigation options. Current and accurate hydrologic and water-quality information is needed to assess the effectiveness of the flood mitigation options, which include managing and storing water in the Devils Lake Basin, continuing infrastructure protection, and providing an outlet to the Sheyenne River (Wiche, 1998). </p><p>As part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Devils Lake emergency outlet feasibility study, the U.S. Geological Survey is modeling lake levels and sulfate concentrations in Devils Lake to simulate operation of an emergency outlet. Accurate simulation of sulfate concentrations in Devils Lake is required to determine potential effects of the outlet on downstream water quality. Historical sulfate concentrations are used to calibrate and verify the model. Most of the Devils Lake water-quality data available before 1998 were obtained from samples collected from the water column about three to four times a year. The samples were collected at one location in each of the Devils Lake major bays (West Bay, Main Bay, East Bay, and East Devils Lake). However, sample collection from only one location in a bay may not give an adequate representation of the water quality of the bay because of factors such as wind, precipitation, temperature, surface- and ground-water inflow, and possible bed-sediment interactions. Thus, spatial variability (the variability within each bay) and temporal variability (the variability with time) of dissolved sulfate need to be determined to evaluate the accuracy of the estimates obtained from the model.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09699","usgsCitation":"Sether, B.A., Vecchia, A.V., and Berkas, W.R., 1998, Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfate in Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 096-99, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09699.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34167,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sether, Bradley A.","contributorId":54985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sether","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50237,"text":"ofr9814 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BAKETH00030011) on Town Highway 3, crossing \"The Branch\", Bakersfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:31:41","indexId":"ofr9814","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-14","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BAKETH00030011) on Town Highway 3, crossing \"The Branch\", Bakersfield, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9814","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BAKETH00030011) on Town Highway 3, crossing \"The Branch\", Bakersfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-14, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9814.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280021,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0014/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a843b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50277,"text":"ofr98160 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (ROCHTH00400025) on Town Highway 40, crossing Corporation Brook, Rochester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:10:16","indexId":"ofr98160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-160","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (ROCHTH00400025) on Town Highway 40, crossing Corporation Brook, Rochester, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure ROCHTH00400025 on Town Highway 40 crossing Corporation Brook, Rochester, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, from Vermont Agency of Transportation files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in central Vermont. The 4.97-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest on the upstream left and right overbanks, and the downstream left overbank. On the downstream right overbank, the surface cover is predominately brushland. </p><p>In the study area, Corporation Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.04 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 37 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 101 mm (0.332 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I site visit on April 12, 1995 and Level I and II site visit on July 8, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable. </p><p>The Town Highway 40 crossing of Corporation Brook is a 31-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 26-foot steel stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 22, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 24 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees. </p><p>A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the channel at the downstream bridge face during the Level I assessment. Additionally, it was observed that the left abutment footing was exposed 1.0 ft and the right abutment footing was exposed 2.0 ft. Scour countermeasures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream left and right banks and the downstream left bank. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) scour protection extended along the downstream right bank and the upstream and downstream ends of the abutments. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E. </p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 6.5 to 7.0 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 5.6 to 6.0 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (ROCHTH00400025) on Town Highway 40, crossing Corporation Brook, Rochester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-160, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98160.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98160.JPG"},{"id":279983,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0160/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Rochester","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8029","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50269,"text":"ofr9889 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (JERITH00590051) on Town Highway 59, crossing The Creek, Jericho, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T14:13:32","indexId":"ofr9889","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-89","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (JERITH00590051) on Town Highway 59, crossing The Creek, Jericho, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure JERITH00590051 on Town Highway 59 crossing The Creek, Jericho, Vermont (figures 1– 8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (Federal Highway Administration, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province and the Champlain section of the St. Lawrence physiographic province in northwestern Vermont. The 10.9-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture on the left and right overbanks, upstream and downstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. </p><p>In the study area, The Creek has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 45 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt to cobble with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 58.6 mm (0.192 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 3, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable. </p><p>The Town Highway 59 crossing of The Creek is a 33-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 28-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, December 11, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 26 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees.</p><p>A scour hole 3 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the right abutment during the Level I assessment. Scour countermeasures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the left and right upstream road embankments. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) was along the upstream right bank and along the upstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E. </p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. Left abutment scour ranged from 2.4 to 3.2 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 4.1 to 4.5 ft.The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9889","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (JERITH00590051) on Town Highway 59, crossing The Creek, Jericho, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-89, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9889.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9889.JPG"},{"id":279991,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0089/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Jericho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a588c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}