No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98423","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (STOCTH00050029) on Town Highway 5, crossing Lilliesville Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-423, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98423.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Stockbridge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50190,"text":"ofr98425 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BOLTTH00150015) on Town Highway 15, crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T12:49:51","indexId":"ofr98425","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-425","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BOLTTH00150015) on Town Highway 15, crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure BOLTTH00150015 on Town Highway 15 crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in north central Vermont. The 9.6-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture (lawn) downstream of the bridge and on the upstream right bank. The surface cover on the upstream left bank is shrub and brushland.
In the study area, Joiner Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 61 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 43.6 mm (0.143 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 27, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 15 crossing of Joiner Brook is a 39-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of one 36-foot concrete tee-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, November 3, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 34.6 ft. The bridge is supported by nearly vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the downstream end of the right abutment and along the downstream right wingwall during the Level I assessment. A second scour hole 1.2 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the upstream end of the left abutment and along the upstream left wingwall. The left abutment footing is exposed in the area of the scour hole. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall and at the downstream end of the downstream right wingwall and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the downstream left bank. There is also type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) along the upstream left and right banks. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.8 to 3.5 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 6.9 to 15.1 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98425","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BOLTTH00150015) on Town Highway 15, crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-425, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98425.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98425.JPG"},{"id":280063,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0425/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bolton","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50300,"text":"ofr98108 - 1998 - Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-108","title":"Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98108","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Dietel, C., Chouet, B., Honma, K., Ohminato, T., and Okubo, P., 1998, Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-108, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98108.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64acb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietel, C.","contributorId":27916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietel","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Honma, K.","contributorId":72849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honma","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohminato, T.","contributorId":53021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohminato","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":50191,"text":"ofr98526 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (WORCTH00200028) on Town Highway 20, crossing Minister Brook, Worcester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:51:21","indexId":"ofr98526","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-526","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (WORCTH00200028) on Town Highway 20, crossing Minister Brook, Worcester, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98526","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (WORCTH00200028) on Town Highway 20, crossing Minister Brook, Worcester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-526, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98526.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280062,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0526/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50310,"text":"ofr98486 - 1998 - Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-486","title":"Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98486","usgsCitation":"Herring, J., Marsh, S., and McLemore, V., 1998, Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-486, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98486.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herring, J. R.","contributorId":43348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, S.P.","contributorId":32913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLemore, V. T.","contributorId":15225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLemore","given":"V. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50226,"text":"ofr9887 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 35, (ANDOVT00110035) on State Route 11, crossing the Middle Branch Williams River, Andover, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T12:58:36","indexId":"ofr9887","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-87","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 35, (ANDOVT00110035) on State Route 11, crossing the Middle Branch Williams River, Andover, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure ANDOVT00110035 on State Route 11 crossing the Middle Branch Williams River, Andover, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (Federal Highway Administration, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in south-central Vermont. The 4.65-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest on the left bank and small trees and brush on the right bank upstream and downstream of the bridge.
In the study area, the Middle Branch Williams River has an incised, meandering channel with a slope of approximately 0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 57 ft and an average bank height of 4 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulder with a median grain size (D50) of 31.4 mm (0.103 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August 28, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. There are cut-banks upstream and downstream of the bridge and an island in the channel upstream.
The State Route 11 crossing of the Middle Branch Williams River is a 28-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of one 24-ft concrete tee-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 28, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 23.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 45 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 25 degrees.
A scour hole ranging from 1.5 to 1.75 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the upstream left wingwall, the left abutment, and the downstream left wingwall during the Level I assessment. The scour countermeasures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the right road approach upstream and downstream of the bridge and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) at the left road approach upstream and downstream of the bridge. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.0 to 4.3 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 14.4 to 16.5 ft at the left abutment and from 6.3 to 8.8 ft at the right abutment. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9887","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 35, (ANDOVT00110035) on State Route 11, crossing the Middle Branch Williams River, Andover, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-87, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9887.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9887.JPG"},{"id":280031,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0087/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Andover","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50192,"text":"ofr98527 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (MENDTH00070020) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:51:01","indexId":"ofr98527","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-527","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (MENDTH00070020) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98527","usgsCitation":"Willoughby, S., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (MENDTH00070020) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-527, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98527.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280061,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0527/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willoughby, S.A.","contributorId":87187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willoughby","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50324,"text":"ofr98781 - 1998 - Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T13:31:41","indexId":"ofr98781","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-781","title":"Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California","docAbstract":"The Eel River basin of northern California is a upper Cenozoic depocenter containing more than 3,000 meters of sedimentary rock located near the Mendocino triple junction. Active tectonism has resulted in folding, faulting and rapid sedimentation. Both thermogenic and microbial hydrocarbons are known to be present in the sediments. In August 1997, we sampled two submarine gas seeps, one at a water depth of 520 m that supports a chemosynthetic-based ecosystem very near an area of previously recovered gas hydrate. Another vent site was sampled in sand covered with white bacterial mats at a water depth 41 m. We compared the hydrocarbon gas composition and methane isotopic composition of these seeps with land-based gas occurrences that include: 1) a gas seep and 2) gas from a 2360 m-deep gas well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98781","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., McLaughlin, R.J., Kvenvolden, K.A., Orange, D.L., Davisson, M.L., Brewer, P., and Martin, J., 1998, Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-781, 1 Sheet: 60.0 x 36.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98781.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 60.0 x 36.0 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98781.PNG"},{"id":308759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0781/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eel River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -123.8653564453125,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -123.8653564453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae30b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, T.D. tlorenson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"tlorenson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert J. 0000-0002-4390-2288 rjmcl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":1428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","email":"rjmcl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orange, Daniel L.","contributorId":23309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davisson, M. Lee","contributorId":106248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brewer, Peter G.","contributorId":121505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Peter G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Martin, J.B.","contributorId":32923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":50193,"text":"ofr98528 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (SUTTTH00450004) on Town Highway 45, crossing Calendar Brook, Sutton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T12:34:20","indexId":"ofr98528","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-528","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (SUTTTH00450004) on Town Highway 45, crossing Calendar Brook, Sutton, Vermont","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98528","usgsCitation":"Serra, M., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (SUTTTH00450004) on Town Highway 45, crossing Calendar Brook, Sutton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-528, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98528.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280060,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0528/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Serra, M.M.","contributorId":81974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50274,"text":"ofr9812 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:29:26","indexId":"ofr9812","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-12","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure CHESTH00100052 on Town Highway 10 crossing the South Branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in southeastern Vermont. The 4.05-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream and downstream of the bridge.
In the study area, the South Branch Williams River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 35 ft and an average bank height of 4 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 82.1 mm (0.269 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August 21, 1996, indicated that the reach was unstable, as a result of the moderate bank erosion.
The Town Highway 10 crossing of the South Branch Williams River is a 32-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 29-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 31, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 27.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 20 degrees.
A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the downstream end of the right abutment during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream left and right banks, the upstream end of the upstream right wingwall and the entire base length of the upstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.8 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 5.2 to 10.8 ft. The worst-case abutment scour also occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9812","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-12, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9812.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9812.JPG"},{"id":279986,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0012/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Chester","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50197,"text":"ofr98538 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (GRAFTH00020010) on Town Highway 2 (FAS 126 and State Route 121), crossing the Saxtons River, Grafton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:47:30","indexId":"ofr98538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-538","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (GRAFTH00020010) on Town Highway 2 (FAS 126 and State Route 121), crossing the Saxtons River, Grafton, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98538","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Hammond, R., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (GRAFTH00020010) on Town Highway 2 (FAS 126 and State Route 121), crossing the Saxtons River, Grafton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-538, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98538.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280056,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0538/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8475","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, R.E.","contributorId":56292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50297,"text":"ofr9818 - 1998 - Bibliography of National Drilling Company--United States Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Abu Dhabi Emirate, 1987-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr9818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-18","title":"Bibliography of National Drilling Company--United States Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Abu Dhabi Emirate, 1987-1997","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9818","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, C.B., 1998, Bibliography of National Drilling Company--United States Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Abu Dhabi Emirate, 1987-1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-18, iv, 63 p. : ill., map ; 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B.","contributorId":94655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50247,"text":"ofr9855 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (PROCTH00060004) on Town Highway 6, crossing Otter Creek, Proctor, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:27:17","indexId":"ofr9855","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-55","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (PROCTH00060004) on Town Highway 6, crossing Otter Creek, Proctor, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9855","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (PROCTH00060004) on Town Highway 6, crossing Otter Creek, Proctor, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-55, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9855.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280012,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0055/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6205","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50246,"text":"ofr9891 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (RYEGTH00500025) on Town Highway 50, crossing the Wells River, Ryegate, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:22","indexId":"ofr9891","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-91","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (RYEGTH00500025) on Town Highway 50, crossing the Wells River, Ryegate, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9891","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Hammond, R., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (RYEGTH00500025) on Town Highway 50, crossing the Wells River, Ryegate, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-91, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9891.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, R.E.","contributorId":56292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50245,"text":"ofr9810 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 64 (MTHOTH00170064) on Town Highway 17, crossing an unnamed tributary of Mill River, Mount Holly, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:27:37","indexId":"ofr9810","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-10","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 64 (MTHOTH00170064) on Town Highway 17, crossing an unnamed tributary of Mill River, Mount Holly, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9810","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 64 (MTHOTH00170064) on Town Highway 17, crossing an unnamed tributary of Mill River, Mount Holly, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-10, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9810.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280013,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0010/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a57be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50202,"text":"ofr98543 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 40 (ROCKTH00140040) on Town Highway 14, crossing the Williams River, Rockingham, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:01:59","indexId":"ofr98543","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-543","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 40 (ROCKTH00140040) on Town Highway 14, crossing the Williams River, Rockingham, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure ROCKTH00140040 on Town Highway 14 crossing the Williams River, Rockingham, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in southeastern Vermont. The 99.2-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture downstream of the bridge. Upstream of the bridge, the left bank is forested and the right bank is suburban.
In the study area, the Williams River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.005 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 154 ft and an average bank height of 11 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt and clay to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 45.4 mm (0.149 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on September 4, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 14 crossing of the Williams River is a 106-ft-long, one-lane covered bridge consisting of two steel-beam spans with a maximum span length of 73 ft (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, April 6, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 94.5 ft. The bridge is supported by a vertical, concrete abutment with wingwalls on the left, a vertical, laid-up stone abutment on the right and a concrete pier. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 2.1 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed towards the left side of the channel under and just downstream of the bridge during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream left bank and the left abutment. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. Left abutment scour ranged from 13.9 to 19.2 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 7.0 to 11.7 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Pier scour ranged from 18.7 to 24.7 ft and the worst case occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particlesize distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98543","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 40 (ROCKTH00140040) on Town Highway 14, crossing the Williams River, Rockingham, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-543, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98543.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0543/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86308,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0543/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Rockingham","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50203,"text":"ofr98550 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (MNTPTH00CU0013) on Cummings Street, crossing the North Branch Winooski River, Montpelier, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:20","indexId":"ofr98550","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-550","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (MNTPTH00CU0013) on Cummings Street, crossing the North Branch Winooski River, Montpelier, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98550","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (MNTPTH00CU0013) on Cummings Street, crossing the North Branch Winooski River, Montpelier, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-550, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98550.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0550/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86309,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0550/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8343","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50206,"text":"ofr98554 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BURKTH00440032) on Town Highway 44, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:44:32","indexId":"ofr98554","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-554","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BURKTH00440032) on Town Highway 44, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98554","usgsCitation":"Serra, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BURKTH00440032) on Town Highway 44, crossing Roundy Brook, Burke, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-554, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98554.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280049,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0554/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7d5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Serra, M.M.","contributorId":81974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50207,"text":"ofr98555 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (BURKTH00560020) on Town Highway 56, crossing the East Branch Passumpsic River, Burke, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:44:14","indexId":"ofr98555","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-555","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (BURKTH00560020) on Town Highway 56, crossing the East Branch Passumpsic River, Burke, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98555","usgsCitation":"Serra, M., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (BURKTH00560020) on Town Highway 56, crossing the East Branch Passumpsic River, Burke, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-555, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98555.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280048,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0555/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Serra, M.M.","contributorId":81974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50240,"text":"ofr98278 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BELVTH00080011) on Town Highway 8, crossing the North Branch Lamoille River, Belvidere, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:30:30","indexId":"ofr98278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-278","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BELVTH00080011) on Town Highway 8, crossing the North Branch Lamoille River, Belvidere, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98278","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BELVTH00080011) on Town Highway 8, crossing the North Branch Lamoille River, Belvidere, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-278, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98278.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280018,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0278/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8405","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50208,"text":"ofr98556 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (PLYMTH00080037) on Town Highway 8, crossing Broad Brook, Plymouth, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:43:04","indexId":"ofr98556","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-556","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (PLYMTH00080037) on Town Highway 8, crossing Broad Brook, Plymouth, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure PLYMTH00080037 on Town Highway 8 crossing Broad Brook, Plymouth, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gathered from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in south-central Vermont. The 5.6-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream and downstream of the bridge.
In the study area, Broad Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 46 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 87.5 mm (0.287 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 3, 1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable due to cut-banks present on the upstream left bank and the downstream left and right banks.
The Town Highway 8 crossing of Broad Brook is a 31-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 28-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 22, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 27.0 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees.
During the Level I assessment, it was observed that the left abutment footing was exposed 1.25 ft at the downstream end, and the subfooting was exposed 1 ft. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream right wingwall, the right abutment and the downstream right wingwall. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) was along the upstream left wingwall, the upstream end of the left abutment and the downstream end of the downstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.5 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge, which was less than the 100-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 11.1 to 12.0 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 3.0 to 7.7 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Pier scour ranged from 6.2 to 7.1 ft. The worst-case pier scour also occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98556","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (PLYMTH00080037) on Town Highway 8, crossing Broad Brook, Plymouth, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-556, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98556.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98556.JPG"},{"id":280047,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0556/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Plymouth","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50209,"text":"ofr98557 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (PFRDTH00230033) on Town Highway 23, crossing Otter Creek, Pittsford, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:43:34","indexId":"ofr98557","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-557","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (PFRDTH00230033) on Town Highway 23, crossing Otter Creek, Pittsford, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98557","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Ivanoff, M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (PFRDTH00230033) on Town Highway 23, crossing Otter Creek, Pittsford, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-557, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98557.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280046,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0557/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7746","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50210,"text":"ofr9859 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (JAY-TH00230013) on Town Highway 23, crossing the Jay Branch of the Missisquoi River, Jay, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:43:01","indexId":"ofr9859","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-59","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (JAY-TH00230013) on Town Highway 23, crossing the Jay Branch of the Missisquoi River, Jay, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9859","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (JAY-TH00230013) on Town Highway 23, crossing the Jay Branch of the Missisquoi River, Jay, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-59, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9859.","productDescription":"46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280045,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0059/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a835e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50221,"text":"ofr98152 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (TOWNTH00290037) on Town Highway 29, crossing Mill Brook, Townshend, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-17T13:42:56","indexId":"ofr98152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-152","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (TOWNTH00290037) on Town Highway 29, crossing Mill Brook, Townshend, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nTOWNTH00290037 on Town Highway 29 crossing Mill Brook, Townshend, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour \ninvestigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation \nprovides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the \nbridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled \nprior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin southeastern Vermont. The 13.9-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and \nforested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream of the \nbridge. Downstream of the bridge the surface cover is pasture on the left bank and shrub and \nbrushland on the right bank.\nIn the study area, Mill Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 53 ft and an average bank height of 8 ft. The \nchannel bed material ranges from gravel to boulder with a median grain size (D50) of 70.0 \nmm (0.230 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit \non August 14, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. There are large cutbanks and point bars upstream and downstream of the bridge. There is also moderate \nfluvial erosion on the upstream left bank and downstream right bank.\nThe Town Highway 29 crossing of Mill Brook is a 33-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of \none 30-foot steel-girder span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, \nApril 7, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 24.8 ft. The \nbridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls, the downstream left \nwingwall, however, is “laid-up” stone. The channel is skewed approximately 45 degrees to \nthe opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 25 degrees. 2\nA scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the right \nabutment during the Level I assessment. This scour hole continues downstream along the \nright bank and deepens to 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg. The scour protection \nmeasures at the site included type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the \nupstream left and right banks and along the upstream right wingwall. Type-3 stone fill (less \nthan 48 inches diameter) was along the downstream right wingwall and downstream right \nbank and a short stone wall is on the downstream left bank. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 2.1 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 6.7 \nto 8.7 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge. Right abutment scour ranged from 7.8 to 9.5 ft. The worst-case right abutment \nscour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and \ndepths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed \nelevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A crosssection of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (TOWNTH00290037) on Town Highway 29, crossing Mill Brook, Townshend, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-152, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98152.","productDescription":"50 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98152.JPG"},{"id":279846,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0152/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6303","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, R.L.","contributorId":62651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}