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,{"id":50262,"text":"ofr9861 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (STOWTH00230052) on Town Highway 23, crossing West Branch Little River, Stowe, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:21:13","indexId":"ofr9861","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-61","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (STOWTH00230052) on Town Highway 23, crossing West Branch Little River, Stowe, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9861","usgsCitation":"Striker, L., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (STOWTH00230052) on Town Highway 23, crossing West Branch Little River, Stowe, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-61, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9861.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279998,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0061/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striker, L.K.","contributorId":55872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54347,"text":"wdrHI971 - 1998 - Water resources data, Hawaii, water year 1997: Volume 1. Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-24T16:50:01.422153","indexId":"wdrHI971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"HI-97-1","title":"Water resources data, Hawaii, water year 1997: Volume 1. Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Hawaii consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and springs; and water levels and quality of water wells. Water discharge for 80 gaging stations on streams, springs, and ditches. Discharge data for 107 crest-stage partial-record stations and 16 miscellaneous sites. 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,{"id":54379,"text":"wdrAL971 - 1998 - Water Resources Data, Alabama, Water Year 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:57","indexId":"wdrAL971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"AL-97-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Alabama, Water Year 1997","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrAL971","usgsCitation":"Pearman, J., Stricklin, V., and Psinakis, W.L., 1998, Water Resources Data, Alabama, Water Year 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report AL-97-1, 484 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrAL971.","productDescription":"484 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc5df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearman, J. L.","contributorId":76353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearman","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stricklin, V.E.","contributorId":106146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricklin","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Psinakis, W. L.","contributorId":104074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Psinakis","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50242,"text":"ofr98381 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (POULTH00040005) on Town Highway 4, crossing the Poultney River, Poultney, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:29:45","indexId":"ofr98381","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-381","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (POULTH00040005) on Town Highway 4, crossing the Poultney River, Poultney, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98381","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (POULTH00040005) on Town Highway 4, crossing the Poultney River, Poultney, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-381, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98381.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280016,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0381/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5d7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50263,"text":"ofr98406 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (LYNDTH00360047) on Town Highway 36, crossing the East Branch Passumpsic River, Lyndon, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:20:52","indexId":"ofr98406","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-406","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (LYNDTH00360047) on Town Highway 36, crossing the East Branch Passumpsic River, Lyndon, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98406","usgsCitation":"Striker, L., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (LYNDTH00360047) on Town Highway 36, crossing the East Branch Passumpsic River, Lyndon, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-406, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98406.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279997,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0406/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a60b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striker, L.K.","contributorId":55872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54292,"text":"wdrMDDE972 - 1998 - Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 1997, volume 2. ground-water data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"wdrMDDE972","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MD-DE-97-2","title":"Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 1997, volume 2. ground-water data","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Maryland and Delaware each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the U.S. Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled 'Water Resources Data - Maryland and Delaware.' \r\n\r\nThis series of annual reports for Maryland and Delaware began with the 1961 water year with a report that contained only data relating to the quantities of surface water. For the 1964 water year, a similar report was introduced that contained only data relating to water quality. Beginning with the l975 water year, the report format was changed to present, in one volume, data on quantities of surface water, quality of surface and ground water, and ground-water levels. In the 1989 water year, the report format was changed to two volumes. Both volumes contained data on quantities of surface water, quality of surface and ground water, and ground-water levels. Volume 1 contained data on the Atlantic Slope Basins (Delaware River thru Patuxent River) and Volume 2 contained data on the Monongahela and Potomac River basins. Beginning with the 1991 water year, Volume 1 contains all information on quantities of surface water and surface- water-quality data and Volume 2 contains ground-water levels and ground-water-quality data. \r\n\r\nThis report is Volume 2 in our 1998 series and includes records of water levels and water quality of ground-water wells and springs. It contains records for water levels at 397 observation wells, discharge data for 6 springs, and water quality at 107 wells. Location of ground-water level wells are shown on figures 3 and 4. The location for the ground-water-quality sites are shown on figures 5. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Maryland and Delaware. \r\n\r\nPrior to introduction of this series and for several water years concurrent with it, water resources data for Maryland and Delaware were published in U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers. Data on water levels for the 1935 through 1974 water years were published under the title 'Ground-Water Levels in the United States.' The above mentioned Water-Supply Papers may be consulted in the libraries of the principal cities of the United States and may be purchased from the Branch of Information Services, Federal Center, Bldg. 41, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225-0286. \r\n\r\nPublications similar to this report are published annually by the Geological Survey for all States. These official Survey reports have an identification number consisting of the two-letter State abbreviation, the last two digits of the water year, and the volume number. For example, this volume is identified as 'U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report MD-DE-98-2.' For archiving and general distribution, the reports for l971- 74 water years also are identified as water data reports. These water-data reports are for sale in paper copy or in microfiche by the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161. \r\n\r\nAdditional information, including current prices, for ordering specific reports may be obtained from the District Chief at the address given on the back of the title page or by telephone (410)238-4200.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMDDE972","isbn":"0364-4367","usgsCitation":"Smigaj, M.J., Saffer, R.W., Starsoneck, R.J., and Tegeler, J.L., 1998, Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 1997, volume 2. ground-water data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MD-DE-97-2, 573 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMDDE972.","productDescription":"573 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5406,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-md-de-dc-97-2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4826e4b07f02db4e48d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smigaj, Michael J.","contributorId":27917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smigaj","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saffer, Richard W.","contributorId":79951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Starsoneck, Roger J.","contributorId":12104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starsoneck","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tegeler, Judith L.","contributorId":65907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tegeler","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":54599,"text":"wdrID981 - 1998 - Water Resources Data, Idaho, Water Year 1998. Volume 1. Great Basin and Snake River Basin Above King Hill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:52","indexId":"wdrID981","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ID-98-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Idaho, Water Year 1998. Volume 1. Great Basin and Snake River Basin Above King Hill","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrID981","usgsCitation":"Brennan, T., Lehmann, A., O'Dell, I., and Tungate, A., 1998, Water Resources Data, Idaho, Water Year 1998. Volume 1. Great Basin and Snake River Basin Above King Hill: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ID-98-1, 402 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrID981.","productDescription":"402 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb9ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, T.S.","contributorId":56708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lehmann, A.K.","contributorId":8548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehmann","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Dell, I.","contributorId":80336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Dell","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tungate, A.M.","contributorId":38638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tungate","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":50272,"text":"ofr9890 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (NEWFTH00010008) on Town Highway 1, crossing Wardsboro Brook, Newfane, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T14:56:02","indexId":"ofr9890","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-90","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (NEWFTH00010008) on Town Highway 1, crossing Wardsboro Brook, Newfane, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure NEWFTH00010008 on Town Highway 1 crossing Wardsboro Brook, Newfane, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (Federal Highway Administration, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in southestern Vermont. The 6.91-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest on the upstream right overbank and downstream left and right overbanks. The surface cover on the upstream left overbank is pasture. </p><p>In the study area, Wardsboro Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 63 ft and an average bank height of 9 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 95.4 mm (0.313 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August 21, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable. </p><p>The Town Highway 1 crossing of the Wardsboro Brook is a 32-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 26-foot concrete tee-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, April 6, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 26.7 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 45 degrees to the computed opening while the openingskew-to-roadway is 45 degrees. </p><p>A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the right abutment during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank, and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream left bank and the upstream ends of the upstream left and right wingwalls. A stone wall extends along the downstream right bank from the end of the downstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E. </p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.1 to 3.9 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 11.1 to 12.9 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 4.3 to 4.8 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9890","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (NEWFTH00010008) on Town Highway 1, crossing Wardsboro Brook, Newfane, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-90, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9890.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9890.JPG"},{"id":279988,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0090/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Newfane","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, James","contributorId":20398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5133,"text":"fs16798 - 1998 - Computed discharges at five sites in lower Laguna Madre near Port Isabel, Texas, June 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T14:07:22","indexId":"fs16798","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"167-98","title":"Computed discharges at five sites in lower Laguna Madre near Port Isabel, Texas, June 1997","docAbstract":"<p>The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB), Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), and Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) are charged by the Texas Legislature with determining freshwater inflows required to maintain the ecological health of streams, bays, and estuaries in Texas. To determine required inflows, the three agencies collect data and conduct studies on the needs for freshwater inflows to estuaries. The TWDB uses estuarine hydrodynamic and conservativetransport computer models to predict the effects of altering freshwater inflows on estuarine circulation and salinity. To calibrate these models, a variety of water-quality and discharge data are needed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs16798","usgsCitation":"East, J.W., Solis, R., and Ockerman, D., 1998, Computed discharges at five sites in lower Laguna Madre near Port Isabel, Texas, June 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 167-98, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16798.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_167_98.bmp"},{"id":544,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-167-98/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327082,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-167-98/pdf/FS-167-98.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7b3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":64647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solis, R.S.","contributorId":73194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solis","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ockerman, D.J.","contributorId":38979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54538,"text":"wdrFL974 - 1998 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997. Volume 4: Northwest Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T21:43:32.015295","indexId":"wdrFL974","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-97-4","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997. Volume 4: Northwest Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1997 water year in Florida consists of records for continuous or daily discharge for 341 streams, periodic discharge for 20 streams, continuous or daily stage for 122 streams, periodic stage for 13 streams, peak stage and discharge for 20 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 35 lakes, and periodic elevations for 60 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 398 wells, and periodic ground-water levels for 1,247 wells; quality-of-water data for 165 surface-water sites and 298 wells.</p><p>The data for northwest Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 41 streams, periodic discharge for 1 stream, continuous or daily stage for 0 stream, periodic stage for 0 streams, peak stage and discharge for 1 stream; continuous or daily elevations for 1 lake, periodic elevations for 1 lake; continuous ground-water levels for 1 well, periodic ground-water levels for 0 wells; quality-of-water for 2 surface-water sites and 0 wells.</p><p>These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies in Florida.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL974","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Franklin, M., and Meadows, P., 1998, Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997. Volume 4: Northwest Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-97-4, xiii, 155 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL974.","productDescription":"xiii, 155 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/fl-97-4/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":430637,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/fl-97-4/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"northwest Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.71189343190298,\n              30.99354049400786\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.71189343190298,\n              29.154171197195154\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.78364191210237,\n              29.154171197195154\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.78364191210237,\n              30.99354049400786\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.71189343190298,\n              30.99354049400786\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbaea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franklin, M.A.","contributorId":13631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meadows, P.E.","contributorId":10841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meadows","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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,{"id":54808,"text":"wdrNJ971 - 1998 - Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1997. Volume 1. Surface-water data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-15T17:28:27.525524","indexId":"wdrNJ971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-97-1","title":"Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1997. Volume 1. Surface-water data","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ971","usgsCitation":"Reed, T., Centinaro, G., DeLuca, M., and Oden, J., 1998, Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1997. Volume 1. 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,{"id":44870,"text":"wri964123 - 1998 - Geostatistical Model for Estimating Precipitation and Recharge in the Yucca Mountain Region, Nevada - California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:56","indexId":"wri964123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4123","title":"Geostatistical Model for Estimating Precipitation and Recharge in the Yucca Mountain Region, Nevada - California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri964123","usgsCitation":"Hevesi, J., and Flint, A.L., 1998, Geostatistical Model for Estimating Precipitation and Recharge in the Yucca Mountain Region, Nevada - California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4123, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964123.","productDescription":"54 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b39a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hevesi, J.A. 0000-0003-2898-1800","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":43320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50170,"text":"ofr98256 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (WWINTH00300033) on Town Highway 30, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:01:20","indexId":"ofr98256","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-256","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (WWINTH00300033) on Town Highway 30, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure WWINTH00300033 on Town Highway 30 crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont (Figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in east-central Vermont. The 24.9-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. Downstream of the bridge is forested. </p><p>In the study area, Mill Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 58 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulder with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 65.7 mm (0.215 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 5, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable. </p><p>The Town Highway 30 crossing of the Mill Brook is a 46-ft-long, one-lane covered bridge consisting of a 40-foot wood-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 23, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 36.3 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete capped laid-up stone abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees. </p><p>The only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank, the upstream right wingwall, the right abutment and the downstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.</p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was analyzed since it had the potential of being the worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 6.0 to 16.0 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98256","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 33 (WWINTH00300033) on Town Highway 30, crossing Mill Brook, West Windsor, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-256, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98256.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98256.JPG"},{"id":280080,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0256/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"West Windsor","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b18e4b07f02db6a7316","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50248,"text":"ofr98403 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:26:54","indexId":"ofr98403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-403","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98403","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 13 (CHESTH00060013) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Williams River, Chester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-403, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98403.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280011,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0403/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8384","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5499,"text":"fs11898 - 1998 - Office of Biological Informatics and Outreach geospatial technology activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T09:35:21","indexId":"fs11898","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"118-98","title":"Office of Biological Informatics and Outreach geospatial technology activities","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Office of Biological \nInformatics and Outreach (OBIO) in Reston, Virginia, and its \nCenter for Biological Informatics (CBI) in Denver, Colorado, \nprovide leadership in the development and use of geospatial \ntechnologies to advance the Nation's biological science \nactivities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11898","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Office of Biological Informatics and Outreach geospatial technology activities: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 118-98, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11898.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0118-98/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286121,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0118-98/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50298,"text":"ofr9826 - 1998 - Seismic Hazard Evaluation of the Torrance 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr9826","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-26","title":"Seismic Hazard Evaluation of the Torrance 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9826","usgsCitation":", C., 1998, Seismic Hazard Evaluation of the Torrance 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-26, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9826.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4124,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://gmw.consrv.ca.gov/shmp/download/evalrpt/tor_eval.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb9b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":" California Department of Conservation","contributorId":79541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"given":"California Department of Conservation","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6838,"text":"fs09699 - 1998 - Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfate in Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T13:59:49","indexId":"fs09699","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"096-99","title":"Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfate in Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1998","docAbstract":"<p>The Devils Lake Basin is a 3,810-squaremile closed subbasin of the Red River of the North Basin (fig. 1). About 3,320 square miles of the total 3,810 square miles is tributary to Devils Lake. The Devils Lake Basin contributes to the Red River of the North Basin when the level of Devils Lake is greater than 1,459 feet above sea level.</p><p>Lake levels of Devils Lake were recorded sporadically from 1867 to 1890. In 1901, the U.S. Geological Survey established a gaging station on Devils Lake. From 1867 through 1998, the lake level has fluctuated between a minimum of 1,400.9 feet above sea level in 1940 and a maximum of 1,444.7 feet above sea level in 1998 (fig. 2). The maximum, which occurred on July 7, 1998, was 22.1 feet higher than the level recorded in February 1993.</p><p>The rapid rise in the lake level of Devils Lake since 1993 is in response to abovenormal precipitation and below-normal evaporation from the summer of 1993 through 1998. Because of the rising lake level, more than 50,000 acres of land and many roads around the lake have been flooded. In addition, the water quality of Devils Lake changed substantially in 1993 because of the summer flooding (Williams-Sether and others, 1996). In response to the flooding, the Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force, comprised of many State and Federal agencies, was formed in 1995 to find and propose intermediate (5 years or less) flood mitigation options. Current and accurate hydrologic and water-quality information is needed to assess the effectiveness of the flood mitigation options, which include managing and storing water in the Devils Lake Basin, continuing infrastructure protection, and providing an outlet to the Sheyenne River (Wiche, 1998). </p><p>As part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Devils Lake emergency outlet feasibility study, the U.S. Geological Survey is modeling lake levels and sulfate concentrations in Devils Lake to simulate operation of an emergency outlet. Accurate simulation of sulfate concentrations in Devils Lake is required to determine potential effects of the outlet on downstream water quality. Historical sulfate concentrations are used to calibrate and verify the model. Most of the Devils Lake water-quality data available before 1998 were obtained from samples collected from the water column about three to four times a year. The samples were collected at one location in each of the Devils Lake major bays (West Bay, Main Bay, East Bay, and East Devils Lake). However, sample collection from only one location in a bay may not give an adequate representation of the water quality of the bay because of factors such as wind, precipitation, temperature, surface- and ground-water inflow, and possible bed-sediment interactions. Thus, spatial variability (the variability within each bay) and temporal variability (the variability with time) of dissolved sulfate need to be determined to evaluate the accuracy of the estimates obtained from the model.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09699","usgsCitation":"Sether, B.A., Vecchia, A.V., and Berkas, W.R., 1998, Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfate in Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 096-99, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09699.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34167,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sether, Bradley A.","contributorId":54985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sether","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50304,"text":"ofr98284 - 1998 - A manual for a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for light stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98284","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-284","title":"A manual for a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for light stable isotopes","docAbstract":"The reliability and accuracy of isotopic data can be improved by utilizing database software to (i) store information about samples, (ii) store the results of mass spectrometric isotope-ratio analyses of samples, (iii) calculate analytical results using standardized algorithms stored in a database, (iv) normalize stable isotopic data to international scales using isotopic reference materials, and (v) generate multi-sheet paper templates for convenient sample loading of automated mass-spectrometer sample preparation manifolds. Such a database program is presented herein. Major benefits of this system include (i) an increase in laboratory efficiency, (ii) reduction in the use of paper, (iii) reduction in workload due to the elimination or reduction of retyping of data by laboratory personnel, and (iv) decreased errors in data reported to sample submitters. Such a database provides a complete record of when and how often laboratory reference materials have been analyzed and provides a record of what correction factors have been used through time. It provides an audit trail for stable isotope laboratories.\r\n\r\nSince the original publication of the manual for LIMS for Light Stable Isotopes, the isotopes 3 H, 3 He, and 14 C, and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113, have been added to this program.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98284","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., 1998, A manual for a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for light stable isotopes (Version 7.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-284, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98284.","productDescription":"124 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4126,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ofr/ofr97-812/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 7.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21990,"text":"ofr97832 - 1998 - Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr97832","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-832","title":"Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97832","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lew, M., 1998, Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-832, 14 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97832.","productDescription":"14 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0832/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51460,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0832/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af0e4b07f02db691716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lew, Melvin","contributorId":91877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lew","given":"Melvin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50166,"text":"ofr98196 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (PLYMTH00540047) on Town Highway 54, crossing Pinney Hollow Brook, Plymouth, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:21:04","indexId":"ofr98196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-196","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (PLYMTH00540047) on Town Highway 54, crossing Pinney Hollow Brook, Plymouth, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure PLYMTH00540047 on Town Highway 54 crossing Pinney Hollow Brook, Plymouth, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gathered from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in south-central Vermont. The 7.9-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream and downstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. </p><p>In the study area, Pinney Hollow Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 57 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to cobbles with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 45.7 mm (0.150 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on March 30, 1995 and Level II site visit on October 2, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable. </p><p>The Town Highway 54 crossing of Pinney Hollow Brook is a 30-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 27-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 22, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 25.7 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is not skewed to the opening and the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees. </p><p>Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream left wingwall, the upstream right wingwall and the downstream end of the downstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.</p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 2.0 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge, which was less than the 100-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 3.4 to 6.7 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 8.9 to 9.6 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 100-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98196","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (PLYMTH00540047) on Town Highway 54, crossing Pinney Hollow Brook, Plymouth, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-196, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98196.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98196.JPG"},{"id":280084,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0196/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Plymouth","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a60bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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