A plume of hydrocarbon gases, assumed to be of thermogenic origin based on chemical compositions, has been noted by others in the water column of Norton Sound about 40 km south of Nome, Alaska. We used detailed geophysical transects, side-scan sonar, underwater television, and chromatographic analyses of gases in near-surface sediments to define a probable source area of hydrocarbon gases at the southern apex of the water plume epicenter. Geophysical, geotechnical, and geochemical evidence together indicate that hydrocarbon gases of subsurface, thermogenic origin apparently migrate into the near surface sediments along a fault zone.
Subbottom reflector terminations on continuous seismic profiles outline a large zone of anomalous acoustic responses about 9 km in diameter and at 100-m depth that may be caused by a subsurface accumulation of gas. Gas migration from the accumulation to the surface sediment is indicated by smaller zones of reflector terminations observed in high-resolution profiles and by seafloor craters seen on underwater television at one station. The presence of gas-charged surface sediment also is suggested by low percent pore water saturation, greater penetration of the penetrometer, and more rapid penetration of the vibracorer in sediment at the station with near-surface acoustic anomalies and seafloor craters.
Analyses of hydrocarbon gases in sediments from a 1.6-m vibracore taken at this station showed unusually high concentrations of hydrocarbon gases heavier than methane; the ethane, propane, n-butane, and isobutane were 76, 4, 6, and 52 times greater than in other near-surface sediments in this region, and also significant quantities of gasoline-range hydrocarbons were present. The gas composition and presence in near-surface sediments above a thick underlying section with acoustic anomalies points to the possibility of petroleum at depth in this region. Our work indicates that surface and near-surface studies of the continental shelf may contribute significantly to petroleum-resource evaluations in addition to defining areas of potential hazard from gas-charged sediment.
Earlier workers have overlooked deep-sea bentonite beds when unraveling the Cenozoic volcanic history of an area. In the North Pacific, identification of Miocene and older volcanic episodes is possible only if both altered (bentonite) and unaltered ash beds are recognized. Our study, which includes bentonite beds, shows that volcanism on the Aleutian Ridge and Kamchatka Peninsula has been cyclic. Volcanic activity seems to have increased every 2.5 × 106 years for the past 10 × 106 years and every 5.0 × 106 years for the time span from 10 to 20 × 106 years ago. The middle and late Miocene and the Quaternary were times of greatly increased volcanic activity in the North Pacific and elsewhere around the Pacific Basin. The apparent absence of a volcanic record before the late Miocene at Deep Sea Drilling Project site 192 is the result not of plate motion, as suggested by Stewart and by Ninkovich and Donn, but rather of the diagenesis of ash layers.
Major, apparently global volcanic episodes occurred at least twice in the last 20 × 106 years. Yet, only one major glacial epoch (the Pleistocene) has occurred. Therefore, even though glaciation coincided with an increase in Quaternary volcanism, the increased volcanism itself may not have been the primary cause of global cooling.
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The spectral behavior of the magnetic field from this current was analyzed using data from standard geomagnetic observatories to establish the predictable patterns of temporal and spatial changes for field pulsation periods between 5 min and 4 hr. Such behavior is presented in a series of tables, graphs and formulae. Using 2- and 3-layer models of the conducting earth, the induced electric fields associated with the geomagnetic changes were established. From the direct relationship of the current to the geomagnetic field variation patterns one can infer counterpart temporal and spatial characteristics of the pipeline current. The relationship of the field amplitudes to geomagnetic activity indices, Ap, and the established occurrence of various levels of Ap over several solar cycles were employed to show that about half of the time the induced currents in the pipe would be under 1 A for the maximum response oscillatory periods near 1 hr. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78558A","usgsCitation":"Csejtey, B., Nelson, W.H., Jones, D.L., Silberling, N.J., Dean, R.M., Morris, M., Lanphere, M.A., Smith, J., and Silberman, M., 1978, Reconnaissance geologic map and geochronology, Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, northern part of Anchorage quadrangle, and southwest corner of Healy quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-558, Report: 60 p.; 1 Plate: 41.58 x 41.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78558A.","productDescription":"Report: 60 p.; 1 Plate: 41.58 x 41.06 inches","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415950,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14787.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":46803,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46802,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Anchorage quadrangle, Healy quadrangle, Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 63.25\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 61.608\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 61.608\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 63.25\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 63.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a73e4b07f02db6439b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Csejtey, Bela Jr.","contributorId":61008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Csejtey","given":"Bela","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, W. H.","contributorId":100336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silberling, Norman J.","contributorId":102438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberling","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dean, R. M.","contributorId":64507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morris, M.S.","contributorId":65715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":177083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Silberman, M.L.","contributorId":10013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":8567,"text":"ofr78757 - 1978 - Epigenetic mineralization and areas favorable for uranium exploration in Tertiary continental sedimentary rock in south-central Alaska: A preliminary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T21:28:31.396546","indexId":"ofr78757","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-757","title":"Epigenetic mineralization and areas favorable for uranium exploration in Tertiary continental sedimentary rock in south-central Alaska: A preliminary report","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1977 (Circular 772-B)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70180239","usgsCitation":"Silberman, M.L., Csejtey, B., Smith, J., Lanphere, M.A., and Wilson, F.H., 1978, New potassium-argon data on the age of mineralization and metamorphism in the Willow Creek mining district, southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 772-B, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180239.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"B-65","endPage":"B-69","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1978/0772b/report.pdf#page=72","text":"Start page in larger work"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna Mountains, Willow Creek mining district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.09619140625,\n 60.78598138475315\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 60.78598138475315\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 61.70549883819642\n ],\n [\n -146.09619140625,\n 61.70549883819642\n ],\n [\n -146.09619140625,\n 60.78598138475315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5889c7c7e4b0ba3b075e0658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silberman, Miles L.","contributorId":23947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"Miles","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Csejtey, Bela Jr.","contributorId":61008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Csejtey","given":"Bela","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":98712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":660859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70169257,"text":"70169257 - 1978 - Amplitude of foreshocks as a possible seismic precursor to earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T15:40:30","indexId":"70169257","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amplitude of foreshocks as a possible seismic precursor to earthquakes","docAbstract":"In recent years, we have made significant progress in being able to recognize the long-range pattern of events that precede large earthquakes. For example, in a recent issue of the Earthquake Information Bulletin, we saw how the pioneering work of S.A. Fedotov of the U.S.S.R in the Kamchatka-Kurile Islands region has been applied worldwide to forecast where large, shallow earthquakes might occur in the next decades. Indeed, such a \"seismic gap\" off the coast of Alaska was filled by the 1972 Sitka earthquake. Promising results are slowly accumulating from other techniques that suggest that intermediate-term precursors might also be seen: among these are tilt and geomagnetic anomalies and anomalous land uplift. But the crucial point remains that short-term precursors (days to hours) will be needed in many cases if there is to be a significant saving of lives.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Lindh, A., 1978, Amplitude of foreshocks as a possible seismic precursor to earthquakes: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 5, p. 162-164.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"164","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be2be4b0f59b85e02d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindh, A.G.","contributorId":24784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindh","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182450,"text":"70182450 - 1978 - Arsenic in streams, stream sediments, and ground water, Fairbanks area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T17:01:06","indexId":"70182450","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic in streams, stream sediments, and ground water, Fairbanks area, Alaska","docAbstract":"Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02380485","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., and Hawkins, D.B., 1978, Arsenic in streams, stream sediments, and ground water, Fairbanks area, Alaska: Environmental Geology, v. 2, no. 4, p. 195-202, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02380485.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.81280517578125,\n 64.86177466110345\n ],\n [\n -147.030029296875,\n 64.86177466110345\n ],\n [\n -147.030029296875,\n 65.23370465451454\n ],\n [\n -147.81280517578125,\n 65.23370465451454\n ],\n [\n -147.81280517578125,\n 64.86177466110345\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002dee4b01ccd54fb2839","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawkins, D. 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M.","contributorId":60157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckey","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulcahy, D.M.","contributorId":43302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003110,"text":"1003110 - 1978 - Seasonal trends in summer diet of the lapland longspur near Barrow Alaska USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T12:22:00.445513","indexId":"1003110","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal trends in summer diet of the lapland longspur near Barrow Alaska USA","docAbstract":"Contents of lapland longspur [Calcarius lapponicus] stomachs and esophagi were sampled near Barrow, Alaska [USA], from May-Aug. in 1969, 1971, 1972 and 1973. Data from stomach contents were corrected for differential digestion of prey items. Longspurs shifted seasonally from larval to adult arthropods and back to larvae, responding to changes in the abundance of these prey items. Seeds were a vital supplementary food in late May and Aug., when arthropods were scarce or inaccessible. One species of crane fly was the major dietary component for longspurs during June and July. Its high abundance and substantial dry weight per individual may contribute to the success of longspurs at Barrow. The diets of longspurs and 4 common shorebirds (Calidris spp.) at Barrow were similar in the range of prey items taken except for seeds and tenthredinid larvae. Their diets overlapped closely when feeding sites were restricted because of snow and surface water (chiefly at the beginning of the season) and when prey was abundant in early to mid-July. Competition is possible early in the season but unlikely in July when surface insects are very abundant. Habitat separation and the advantages of fringillid form apparently contribute to the success of longspors in a tundra community of insectivores dominated by shorebirds.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368039","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., and Pitelka, F., 1978, Seasonal trends in summer diet of the lapland longspur near Barrow Alaska USA: The Condor, v. 80, no. 3, p. 295-301, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368039.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503054,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol80/iss3/6","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133933,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc2ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. 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For instance, in 1835, the British naturalist Charles Darwin observed that sea level dropped by 2.7 meters during the large earthquake in Concepcion, CHile. From this piece of evidence and the terraces along the beach that he saw, Darwin concluded that the Andes had grown to their present height through earthquakes. Much more recently, George Plafker and James C. Savage of the U.S Geological Survey have shown, from barnacle lines, that the great 1960 Chile and the 1964 Alaska earthquakes caused several meters of vertical displacement of the shoreline.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Wyss, M., 1978, Sea-level changes before large earthquakes: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 5, p. 165-168.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"168","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314813,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75569e4b0b28f1184d879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyss, M.","contributorId":68880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyss","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}