{"pageNumber":"355","pageRowStart":"8850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":1014644,"text":"1014644 - 1991 - Influence of feeding rate on performance of Atlantic salmon fry in an ozonated water reuse system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:14:08.311286","indexId":"1014644","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of feeding rate on performance of Atlantic salmon fry in an ozonated water reuse system","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 4‐week trial was conducted to determine the optimal feeding level in percent body weight of a commercially prepared, practical diet for early feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (</span><i>Salmo salar</i><span>) in an ozonated water reuse system at 17–18°C. Triplicate groups of swimup (0.19‐g) fry were fed one of seven levels of Biodiet starter diet calculated for hatchery constants of 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5. Feeding levels (percent body weight) were derived at the start of the study and again at 2 weeks by dividing mean body length, in inches, into the respective hatchery constant. Mean body weight and body fat content increased significantly with each increment in level of feeding through a hatchery constant of 6.5. after which there was no further increase. Body protein decreased as feeding increased through hatchery constant 6.5; ash content decreased through hatchery constant 5.5. Results indicated that young Atlantic salmon fed at low feeding rates (2.47–5.44% body weight) in the water reuse system were underfed, but fish fed at 5.46–8.41% body weight grew at a favorable rate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0111:IOFROP%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Poston, H.A., and Williams, R., 1991, Influence of feeding rate on performance of Atlantic salmon fry in an ozonated water reuse system: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 53, no. 2, p. 111-113, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0111:IOFROP%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130978,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee6f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poston, H. A.","contributorId":21893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poston","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, R.C.","contributorId":103621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016353,"text":"70016353 - 1991 - The use of mineralogic techniques as relative age indicators for weathering profiles on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T19:59:46.373431","indexId":"70016353","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of mineralogic techniques as relative age indicators for weathering profiles on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Textural, geochemical, and mineralogic study of soils and weathering profiles has led to the practice of applying varioys weathering parameters as relative age indicators. In our studies examined the entire thickness of weathered sediment (i.e., the weathering profile) for evidence of weathering-induced changes in both sand- and clay-sized mineralogy, and used two techniques for relative age determinations. These techniques were developed as tools to support geologic mapping.</p><p>One of our techniques for determining relative ages is based on the depth of weathering as recorded by progressive loss of denrital sand-sized minerals upward in the weathering profile. This is our preferred tool, especially in areas where weathering profiles have been truncated. We have found a gradual trend of increasing loss of labile sand-sized minerals (e.g., hornblendes, feldspars) and increasing depth of weathering with increasing age of the deposit. Of significance to many research programs, this technique does not require expensive instruments such as an X-ray diffractometer.</p><p>Our other technique depends on accumulation of stable, secondary clay-sized minerals in the upper part of the weathering profile. In our study area on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States, the stable assemblage consists of vermiculite, kaolinite, gibbsite, and iron oxides and hydroxides. This technique can be effective for relative age determinations where profiles have not been truncated, and can provide useful information on depositional and erosional history. However, in areas of widespread erosion and profile truncation, such as the Carolinas, the utility of this technique for relative age determinations is limited. There, soils were partially or completely removed in many localities in relatively recent times.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(91)90068-5","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., and Owens, J.P., 1991, The use of mineralogic techniques as relative age indicators for weathering profiles on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA: Geoderma, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 111-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90068-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"131","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        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R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, J. P.","contributorId":50946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016932,"text":"70016932 - 1991 - Landscape analysis: Theoretical considerations and practical needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016932","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape analysis: Theoretical considerations and practical needs","docAbstract":"Numerous systems of land classification have been proposed. Most have led directly to or have been driven by an author's philosophy of earth-forming processes. However, the practical need of classifying land for planning and management purposes requires that a system lead to predictions of the results of management activities. We propose a landscape classification system composed of 11 units, from realm (a continental mass) to feature (a splash impression). The classification concerns physical aspects rather than economic or social factors; and aims to merge land inventory with dynamic processes. Landscape units are organized using a hierarchical system so that information may be assembled and communicated at different levels of scale and abstraction. Our classification uses a geomorphic systems approach that emphasizes the geologic-geomorphic attributes of the units. Realm, major division, province, and section are formulated by subdividing large units into smaller ones. For the larger units we have followed Fenneman's delineations, which are well established in the North American literature. Areas and districts are aggregated into regions and regions into sections. Units smaller than areas have, in practice, been subdivided into zones and smaller units if required. We developed the theoretical framework embodied in this classification from practical applications aimed at land use planning and land management in Maryland (eastern Piedmont Province near Baltimore) and Utah (eastern Uinta Mountains). ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01701570","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, A., and Cleaves, E., 1991, Landscape analysis: Theoretical considerations and practical needs: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 17, no. 2, p. 141-155, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01701570.","startPage":"141","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205577,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01701570"},{"id":224954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43f9e4b0c8380cd66745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godfrey, A.E.","contributorId":57245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleaves, E.T.","contributorId":41148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016345,"text":"70016345 - 1991 - Implications of low-temperature cooling history on a transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, west central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T23:35:56.78487","indexId":"70016345","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of low-temperature cooling history on a transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, west central Arizona","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Fission track ages of apatite and zircon from metamorphic, plutonic, and sedimentary rocks along a 80-km transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary in west central Arizona show differences in the low-temperature cooling histories between the provinces. The transect extends from Cypress Mountain in the Colorado Plateau transition zone to the eastern Buckskin Mountains in the Basin and Range. Along the northeast margin of the Basin and Range province, metamorphic rocks exposed in the footwall of a major detachment fault system yield zircon and apatite fission track ages of 16–10 Ma. These ages are similar to K-Ar fusion ages of biotite and age minima of K-feldspar on<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age spectra and collectively indicate rapid cooling. One K-feldspar age spectrum has an age maximum of about 22.8 Ma, an age minimum of 11.8 Ma, and a spectrum whose shape is suggestive of reheating, possibly in middle Miocene time. The heating event was probably related to hydrothermal activity during emplacement of Cu and Mn deposits in and above the detachment fault zone. Effects of this heating are only locally detected in rocks above the detachment fault. In the Poachie Range fission track ages of apatite and zircon are 60–50 and 80–70 Ma, respectively. The disparity between the apatite and zircon ages indicates that the rocks cooled slowly in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time, probably due to gradual uplift and erosion. Total uplift and denudation in the area of the Poachie Range since Cretaceous time is 6 km or more. To the northeast of the range, fission track ages of apatite and zircon increase and diverge, indicating that apparent uplift decreased in that direction. The apatite ages from the Poachie Range are concordant with early Tertiary hornblende ages determined in other studies of lower plate rocks near the southwest end of the transect. The ages represent cooling of crystalline rocks after Cretaceous regional metamorphism and magmatism. Near Bagdad, 20 km northeast of the Poachie Range, 2 km or less of erosion has occurred since intrusion of high-level plutons and dikes and caldera formation in Late Cretaceous time. Remnants of an erosion surface that developed in middle Tertiary time are preserved in the transition zone. Volcanic and sedimentary rocks at least as old as early Miocene were deposited on the erosion surface and filled valleys cut into it. Dissection of these deposits began about 8 Ma. We interpret these data combined with those from other studies to indicate that in Cretaceous time southward thrusting and later extensive magmatism in the middle crust led to thickening and heating of the crust. The Cretaceous igneous rocks at Bagdad are high-level manifestations of this magmatism. Uplift and slow cooling occurred in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time. In late Oligocene and early Miocene time during northeast-southwest extension, middle crustal rocks moved southwest put from beneath the southwest margin of the transition zone. Tectonic denudation rapidly exposed the crust that had been brought up from a depth of 10 km or more and rapidly cooled in the eastern Buckskin and Harcuvar mountains. Middle Miocene reheating occurred locally in the lower plate, along the detachment, and in nearby parts of the upper plate.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90JB02027","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bryant, B., Naeser, C.W., and Fryxell, J., 1991, Implications of low-temperature cooling history on a transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, west central Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B7, p. 12375-12388, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02027.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"12375","endPage":"12388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223109,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3927e4b0c8380cd6180b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryant, B.","contributorId":79240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fryxell, J.E.","contributorId":65229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryxell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008155,"text":"1008155 - 1991 - Scale, variable density, and conservation planning for mammalian carnivores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T12:08:55.28816","indexId":"1008155","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scale, variable density, and conservation planning for mammalian carnivores","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many mammalian carnivores are in local or global decline. To slow this process, continued planning to protect these species is warranted, Still, the data bases that we have at our disposal do not adequately document population requirements for space at scales appropriate for conservation planning. To illustrate this problem, we have collected published data for 214 population censuses of carnivores. We tested for a relationship between the number of individuals censused and the size of study site for our entire data set. We conducted the same test for each family, for which we obtained sufficient and qualifying census data With areas ranging from less than 10 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;to over 40,000 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>, we obtained a significant regression (p &lt; .001; r</span><sup>2</sup><span>= 76%) for the sample as a whole. We examined the distribution of densities with increasing area and found that the relationship was not constant but decreased We noticed that numbers per census-area size increased with a slope (m &lt; 1). We also noticed that the sizes of study areas were unevenly distributed Only 7% of the studies in our sample censused regions larger than 10,000 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>. It remains unclear to what extent and how the density decreases with increasing scale We expect that extrapolations from small scales to larger ones are likely to underestimate space requirements for carnivores.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00356.x","usgsCitation":"Schonewald-Cox, C., Azari, R., and Blume, S., 1991, Scale, variable density, and conservation planning for mammalian carnivores: Conservation Biology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 491-495, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00356.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"495","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a042","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schonewald-Cox, C.","contributorId":91433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schonewald-Cox","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Azari, R.","contributorId":36091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Azari","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blume, S.","contributorId":25902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blume","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016853,"text":"70016853 - 1991 - Segmentation and the coseismic behavior of basin and range normal faults. Examples from east-central Idaho and southwestern Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016853","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Segmentation and the coseismic behavior of basin and range normal faults. Examples from east-central Idaho and southwestern Montana, USA","docAbstract":"The range-front normal faults of the Lost River and Lemhi Ranges, and the Beaverhead and Tendoy Mountains in east-central Idaho and southwestern Montana have well-preserved fault scarps on Quaternary deposits along much of their lengths. Fault-scarp morphology, the age of deposits displaced by the faults, and the morphology of the range fronts provide a basis for dividing the faults into segments that are typically 20-25 km long. Four characteristics are recognized that help to identify segment boundaries: (1) major en echelon offsets or pronounced gaps in the continuity of fault scarps; (2) distinct, persistent, along-strike changes in fault-scarp morphology that indicate different ages of faulting; (3) major salients in the range front; and (4) transverse bedrock ridges where the cumulative throw is low compared to other places along the fault zone. Only features whose size is measured on the scale of kilometers are regarded as significant enough to represent a segment boundary that could inhibit or halt a propagating rupture. The ability to identify segments of faults that are likely to behave as independent structural entities will improve seismic-hazard assessment. However, one should not assume that the barriers at segment boundaries will completely stop all propagating ruptures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Structural Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0191-8141(91)90064-P","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Crone, A.J., and Haller, K., 1991, Segmentation and the coseismic behavior of basin and range normal faults. Examples from east-central Idaho and southwestern Montana, USA: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 13, no. 2, p. 165-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90064-P.","startPage":"165","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205506,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90064-P"},{"id":224562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8adce4b08c986b317415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crone, Anthony J. 0000-0002-3006-406X crone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-406X","contributorId":790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","email":"crone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haller, Kathleen M. haller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"Kathleen M.","email":"haller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016701,"text":"70016701 - 1991 - Capture zones for simple aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T22:33:11.851893","indexId":"70016701","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Capture zones for simple aquifers","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p><strong>Abstract.<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>The protection and cleanup of aquifers is a matter of high priority for all states and the federal government. One concept that is receiving increased attention is that of wellhead protection. Capture zones showing the area influenced by a well within a certain time are useful for both aquifer protection and cleanup. If hydrodynamic dispersion is neglected, a deterministic curve defines the capture zone. Analytical expressions for the capture zones can be derived for simple aquifers. However, the capture zone equations are transcendental and cannot be explicitly solved for the coordinates of the capture zone boundary. Fortunately, an iterative scheme allows the solution to proceed quickly and efficiently even on a modest personal computer. Three forms of the analytical solution must be used in an iterative scheme to cover the entire region of interest, after the extreme values of the x coordinate are determined by an iterative solution. The resulting solution is a discrete one, and usually 100-1000 intervals along the x-axis are necessary for a smooth definition of the capture zone. The presented program is written in FORTRAN and has been used in a variety of computing environments. No graphics capability is included with the program; it is assumed the user has access to a commercial package. The superposition of capture zones for multiple wells is expected to be satisfactory if the spacing is not too close. Because this program deals with simple aquifers, the results rarely will be the final word in a real application. However, the program is useful as a first phase in developing wellhead protection or aquifer cleanup schemes.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00551.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"McElwee, C.D., 1991, Capture zones for simple aquifers: Ground Water, v. 29, no. 4, p. 587-590, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00551.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f352e4b0c8380cd4b717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McElwee, Carl D.","contributorId":107863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014851,"text":"1014851 - 1991 - S-layer positive motile aeromonads isolated from channel catfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-10T22:37:41.630943","indexId":"1014851","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"S-layer positive motile aeromonads isolated from channel catfish","docAbstract":"<div id=\"9839026\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Motile aeromonads are ubiquitous aquatic bacteria that can cause motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS), a disease which affects channel catfish and can produce significant economic loss. Motile aeromonads isolated from commercially-raised channel catfish were screened for production of S-layer protein in order to evaluate its potential role in natural epizootics. The S-layer protein was produced by 14 of 24 (58%).isolates from epizootics evaluated in this study. Concomitant infections with other internal pathogens were detected in 10 of the 24 cases used in this study, and only one of those 10 isolates (10%) produced the S-layer protein. When<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Aeromonas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>sp. was the only internal pathogen diagnosed, 13 of 14 (93%) isolates produced the S-layer protein.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.557","usgsCitation":"Ford, L., 1991, S-layer positive motile aeromonads isolated from channel catfish: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 27, no. 4, p. 557-561, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.557.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"561","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe199","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, L.A.","contributorId":25510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016846,"text":"70016846 - 1991 - Fossil and active fumaroles in the 1912 eruptive deposits, Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016846","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fossil and active fumaroles in the 1912 eruptive deposits, Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska","docAbstract":"Fumaroles in the ash-flow sheet emplaced during the 1912 eruption of Novarupta were intensely active throughout the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) when first studied in 1917. Fumarole temperatures recorded in 1919 were as hot as 645??C. Influx of surface waters into the hot ash-flow sheet provided the fluid flow to sustain the fumaroles but also enhanced cooling so that by the mid-1930's vigorous activity survived only in the vent region. Configuration and distribution of high-temperature fissure fumaroles tens of meters long, that are prevalent in the middle and upper VTTS, were controlled largely by sintering and degree of welding, which in turn controlled fracturing and permeability of the ash-flow tuff. One fracture type developed parallel to the enclosing valley walls during compaction of the ash-flow sheet. Another type extends across the VTTS nearly perpendicular to the flow direction. A third type of randomly oriented fractures developed as cooling contraction cracks during vapor-phase devitrification. In distal parts of the ash-flow sheet where the tuff is nonwelded, prominent fumaroles have irregular funnel-shaped morphologies. Fumarole distribution in the nonwelded part of the ash-flow sheet is concentrated above pre-emplacement river channels. The hottest, longest-lived fumaroles occurred in the upper VTTS near the 1912 vent where the ash-flow sheet is thicker, more indurated, and on average more mafic (richer in dacite and andesite) in contrast to the thinner, nonwelded rhyolitic tuff in the distal part of the sheet. Fumarolic activity was less intense in the distal part of the tuff because of lower emplacement temperatures, more diffuse fumarole conduits in the nonwelded tuff, and the thinness of the ash-flow sheet. Chemical leaching of ash-flow tuff by hot rising fluids took place adjacent to fumarolic conduits in deep parts of the fumaroles. Deposition of incrustation minerals, the components of which were carried upward by fumarolic gases, took place in the upper part of the ejecta, mostly in the fallout layers. The permeability difference between the ash-flow tuff and the overlying coarse dacite fallout was a critical factor in promoting the abrupt gradients in temperature, pressure, and fO2 that resulted in deposition of minerals from the fumarolic gases. The permeability difference between nonwelded ash-flow tuff and overlying fine-grained fall layers in the lower VTTS is less pronounced. The total mass of fumarolically deposited minerals appears large at first glance owing to the conspicuous coloration by Fe minerals; the mass is appreciably less than is apparent, however, because most incrustations are composed largely of ejecta coated or cemented by fine-grained fumarolic minerals. A large mass of unstable incrustation minerals, mainly chlorides and sulfates, reported during the 1917-1919 studies have since been removed by dissolution and weathering. In the vent region, argillic alteration that followed high-temperature degassing is localized along arcuate subsidence fractures in fallback ejecta. At widely scattered residual orifices, fumarolic gases presently are near-neutral steam, and temperatures are as hot as 90??C. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., 1991, Fossil and active fumaroles in the 1912 eruptive deposits, Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 45, no. 3-4, p. 227-254.","startPage":"227","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1383e4b0c8380cd5469a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, T. E. C.","contributorId":11681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016891,"text":"70016891 - 1991 - Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T11:53:22","indexId":"70016891","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing","docAbstract":"Batch-mixing experiments were used to help identify lithologic and mineralogic sources of increased concentrations of dissolved solids in water affected by surface coal mining in northwestern Colorado. Ten overburden core samples were analyzed for mineral composition and mixed with distilled water for 90 days until mineral-water equilibrium was reached. Between one day and 90 days after initial contact, specific conductance in the sample mixtures had a median increase of 306 percent. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 200 to 8,700 mg/L in water samples extracted from the mixtures after 90 days. Mass-balance simulations were conducted using the geochemical models BALANCE and WATEQF to quantify mineral-water interactions occurring in five selected sample mixtures and in water collected from a spring at a reclaimed mine site. The spring water is affected by mineral-water interactions occurring in all of the lithologic units comprising the overburden. Results of the simulations indicate that oxidation of pyrite, dissolution of dolomite, gypsum, and epsomite, and cation-exchange reactions are the primary mineral-water interactions occurring in the overburden. Three lithologic units in the overburden (a coal, a sandstone, and a shale) probably contribute most of the dissolved solids to the spring water. Water sample extracts from mixtures using core from these three units accounted for 85 percent of the total dissolved solids in the 10 sample extracts. Other lithologic units in the over-burden probably contribute smaller quantities of dissolved solids to the spring water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., and Williams, R.S., 1991, Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 27, no. 1, p. 93-100, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x.","startPage":"93","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267708,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3826e4b0c8380cd61470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Gregory M. gmclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Gregory","email":"gmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert S. Jr.","contributorId":95207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016435,"text":"70016435 - 1991 - Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-26T20:52:22.017441","indexId":"70016435","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>Rare dunite and 2-pyroxene gabbro xenoliths occur in banded trachyte at Puu Waawaa on Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii. Mineral compositions suggest that these xenoliths formed as cumulates of tholeiitic basalt at shallow depth in a subcaldera magma reservoir. Subsequently, the minerals in the xenoliths underwent subsolidus reequilibration that particularly affected chromite compositions by decreasing their Mg numbers. In addition, olivine lost CaO and plagioclase lost MgO and Fe2O3 during subsolidus reequilibration. The xenoliths also reacted with the host trachyte to form secondary mica, amphibole, and orthopyroxene, and to further modify the compositions of some olivine, clinopyroxene, and spinel grains. The reaction products indicate that the host trachyte melt was hydrous. Clinopyroxene in one dunite sample and olivine in most dunite samples have undergone partial melting, apparently in response to addition of water to the xenolith. These xenoliths do not contain CO2 fluid inclusions, so common in xenoliths from other localities on Hualalai, which suggests that CO2 was introduced from alkalic basalt magma between the time CO2-inclusion-free xenoliths erupted at 106??6 ka and the time CO2-inclusion-rich xenoliths erupted within the last 15 ka.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00303448","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., and Bohrson, W.A., 1991, Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 108, no. 4, p. 439-452, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303448.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hualalai Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.258544921875,\n              19.528730138897643\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.775146484375,\n              19.528730138897643\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.775146484375,\n              20.076570104545173\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.258544921875,\n              20.076570104545173\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.258544921875,\n              19.528730138897643\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a710fe4b0c8380cd7641a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohrson, Wendy A.","contributorId":55024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohrson","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016427,"text":"70016427 - 1991 - Statistical analyses of soil properties on a quaternary terrace sequence in the upper sava river valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T19:16:42.075705","indexId":"70016427","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical analyses of soil properties on a quaternary terrace sequence in the upper sava river valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia","docAbstract":"<p>Alpine glaciations, climatic changes and tectonic movements have created a Quaternary sequence of gravely carbonate sediments in the upper Sava River Valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. The names for terraces, assigned in this model, Günz, Mindel, Riss and Würm in order of decreasing age, are used as morphostratigraphic terms. Soil chronosequence on the terraces was examined to evaluate which soil properties are time dependent and can be used to help constrain the ages of glaciofluvial sedimentation. Soil thickness, thickness of Bt horizons, amount and continuity of clay coatings and amount of Fe and Me concretions increase with soil age. The main source of variability consists of solutions of carbonate, leaching of basic cations and acidification of soils, which are time dependent and increase with the age of soils. The second source of variability is the content of organic matter, which is less time dependent, but varies more within soil profiles. Textural changes are significant, presented by solution of carbonate pebbles and sand, and formation is silt loam matrix, which with age becomes finer, with clay loam or clayey texture. The oldest, Günz, terrace shows slight deviation from general progressive trends of changes of soil properties with time.</p><p>The hypothesis of single versus multiple depositional periods of deposition was tested with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on a staggered, nested hierarchical sampling design on a terrace of largest extent and greatest gravel volume, the Würm terrace. The variability of soil properties is generally higher within subareas than between areas of the terrace, except for the soil thickness. Observed differences in soil thickness between the areas of the terrace could be due to multiple periods of gravel deposition, or to the initial differences of texture of the deposits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(91)90071-Z","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Vidic, N., Pavich, M., and Lobnik, F., 1991, Statistical analyses of soil properties on a quaternary terrace sequence in the upper sava river valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia: Geoderma, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 189-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90071-Z.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Slovenia","otherGeospatial":"Sava River, Yugoslavia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              13.70786951280175,\n              46.517913560844136\n            ],\n            [\n              13.70786951280175,\n              45.708389264161866\n            ],\n            [\n              15.177657882087345,\n              45.708389264161866\n            ],\n            [\n              15.177657882087345,\n              46.517913560844136\n            ],\n            [\n              13.70786951280175,\n              46.517913560844136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b970be4b08c986b31b852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vidic, N.","contributorId":105054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidic","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavich, M.","contributorId":58399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lobnik, F.","contributorId":24096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobnik","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016409,"text":"70016409 - 1991 - Comparison of Vibroseis and explosive source methods for deep crustal seismic reflection profiling in the Basin and Range province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T23:20:37.888973","indexId":"70016409","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Vibroseis and explosive source methods for deep crustal seismic reflection profiling in the Basin and Range province","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Direct comparison of low-fold, high-energy explosive and high-fold, lower-energy Vibroseis methods for acquiring deep crustal seismic reflection data in the Basin and Range Province suggests that the high-fold common midpoint (CMP) method there does not provide the best possible image of lower crustal structure. During the recent acquisition of a Vibroseis profile in the Basin and Range Province we fired single deep shot holes to obtain a coincident single-fold explosive section. Within the upper crust (upper 3 s) the explosive source and Vibroseis records are nearly equivalent. For record times below 3 s, however, comparison of the explosive source gathers and the coincident final 60-fold Vibroseis section demonstrates that low-fold explosive profiling provides a higher-quality image of the midcrust to lower crust (3–10 s). The higher record quality of the explosive sources results primarily from the larger seismic energy levels produced by the explosives, making them less sensitive to common noise sources. Whereas deeper than 4–5 s the Vibroseis energy levels on individual source efforts fall to that of ambient noise levels, the explosions provide signal-generated energy exceeding ambient noise levels down to 18–19 s. Although individual reflections can be correlated on explosion and Vibroseis shot gathers, reflection events on the 60-fold Vibroseis stack do not correlate to those on the single-fold explosion profile, suggesting that the high-fold CMP method in our study did not maintain the integrity of the weak lower crustal reflected arrivals. Reasons why the high-fold CMP method apparently failed include complex, even time-varying, statics, nonhyperbolic moveout at long offsets, and the difficulty in resolving stacking velocities with data having low signal-to-noise ratios. Reflections on the explosion section are longer and imply a greater degree of layering than one would infer from the lower-energy Vibroseis section.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01656","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., and Hart, P., 1991, Comparison of Vibroseis and explosive source methods for deep crustal seismic reflection profiling in the Basin and Range province: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B11, p. 18197-18213, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01656.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"18197","endPage":"18213","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479784,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/91jb01656","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f84ae4b0c8380cd4cfca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, P. E.","contributorId":10773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016403,"text":"70016403 - 1991 - Coprecipitation mechanisms and products in manganese oxidation in the presence of cadmium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T08:52:33","indexId":"70016403","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coprecipitation mechanisms and products in manganese oxidation in the presence of cadmium","docAbstract":"<p>Manganese oxidation products were precipitated in an aerated open-aqueous system where a continuous influx of mixed Mn<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and Cd<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>solution was supplied and pH was maintained with an automated pH-stat adding dilute NaOH. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction identified the solids produced as mixtures of Cd<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub><sup>4+</sup>O<sub>8</sub>, Mn<sup>2+</sup><sub>2</sub>Mn<sup>4+</sup><sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, MnO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(ramsdellite), and CdCO<sub>3</sub>. Mean oxidation numbers of the total precipitated Mn as great as 3.6 were reached during titrations. During subsequent aging in solution, oxidation numbers between 3.8 and 3.9 were reached in some precipitates in less than 40 days. Conditional oxidation rate constants calculated from a crystal-growth equation applied to titration data showed the overall precipitation rate, without considering manganese oxidation state in the precipitate, was increased by a factor of ~4 to ~7 when the mole ratio (Cd/Mn + Cd) of cadmium in the feed solution was 0.40 compared with rate constants for hausmannite (Mn<sup>2+</sup>Mn<sub>2</sub><sup>3+</sup>O<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>precipitation under similar conditions but without accessory metals. Kinetic experiments were made to test effects of various Cd/Mn + Cd mole ratios and rates of addition of the feed solution, different temperatures from 5.0 to 35°C, and pH from 8.0 to 9.0. Oxidation rates were slower when the Cd mole ratio was less than 0.40. The rate increased by a factor of ~10 when pH was raised one-half unit. The effect of temperature on the rate constants was also substantial, but the meaning of this is uncertain because the rate of formation of Mn<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>oxide in the absence of Cd or other accessory metals was too slow to be measurable in titration experiments.</p><p>The increased rate of Mn<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>oxide formation in the presence of Cd<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>can be ascribed to the formation of a labile adsorbed intermediate, CdMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4 Int</sub>, an analog of hausmannite, formed on precipitate surfaces at the beginning of the oxidation process. The increased lability of this structure, resulting from coordination-chemical behavior of Cd<sub>2+</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>during the titration, causes a rapid second-stage rearrangement and facilitates disproportionation of the Mn<sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ions. The Mn<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ions thus released provide a positive feedback mechanism that couples the two steps of the conversion of Mn<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to Mn<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>more closely than is possible when other metal ions besides manganese are not present. During aging of precipitates in contact with solutions, proportions of Cd<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and MnO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>increased at the expense of other precipitate components.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90364-B","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., and Lind, C.J., 1991, Coprecipitation mechanisms and products in manganese oxidation in the presence of cadmium: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 9, p. 2435-2451, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90364-B.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2435","endPage":"2451","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc04e4b0c8380cd4e09f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lind, Carol J.","contributorId":36110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016402,"text":"70016402 - 1991 - Large-scale variation in lithospheric structure along and across the Kenya rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T13:33:05.428546","indexId":"70016402","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale variation in lithospheric structure along and across the Kenya rift","docAbstract":"The Kenya rift is one of the classic examples of a continental rift zone: models for its evolution range from extension of the lithosphere by pure shear1, through extension by simple shear2, to diapiric upwelling of an asthenolith3. Following a pilot study in 19854, the present work involved the shooting of three seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection profiles along the axis, across the margins, and on the northeastern flank of the rift (Fig. 1). These lines were intended to reconcile the different crustal thickness estimates for the northern and southern parts of the rift4-6 and to reveal the structure across the rift, including that beneath the flanks. The data, presented here, reveal significant lateral variations in structure both along and across the rift. The crust thins along the rift axis from 35 km in the south to 20 km in the north; there are abrupt changes in Mono depth and uppermost-mantle seismic velocity across the rift margins, and crustal thickening across the boundary between the Archaean craton and PanAfrican orogenic belt immediately west of the rift. These results suggest that thickened crust may have controlled the rift's location, that there is a decrease in extension from north to south, and that the upper mantle immediately beneath the rift may contain reservoirs of magma generated at greater depth.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/354223a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Prodehl, C., Mechie, J., Kaminski, W., Fuchs, K., Grosse, C., Hoffmann, H., Stangl, R., Stellrecht, R., Khan, M., Maguire, P.K., Kirk, W., Keller, G.R., Githui, A., Baker, M., Mooney, W.D., Criley, E., Luetgert, J., Jacob, B., Thybo, H., Demartin, M., Scarascia, S., Hirn, A., Bowman, J.R., Nyambok, I., Gaciri, S., Patel, J., Dindi, E., Griffiths, D., King, R., Mussett, A.E., Braile, L., Thompson, G., Olsen, K., Harder, S., Vees, R., Gajewski, D., Schulte, A., Obel, J., Mwango, F., Mukinya, J., and Riaroh, D., 1991, Large-scale variation in lithospheric structure along and across the Kenya rift: Nature, v. 354, no. 6350, p. 223-227, https://doi.org/10.1038/354223a0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[37.7669,-3.67712],[37.69869,-3.09699],[34.07262,-1.05982],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"354","issue":"6350","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44a0e4b0c8380cd66c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prodehl, C.","contributorId":100376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodehl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mechie, J.","contributorId":37902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mechie","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaminski, W.","contributorId":19708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminski","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuchs, K.","contributorId":89666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuchs","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grosse, C.","contributorId":9773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hoffmann, H.","contributorId":51464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stangl, R.","contributorId":65609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stangl","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stellrecht, R.","contributorId":88493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stellrecht","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Khan, M.A.","contributorId":81916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Maguire, Peter K.H.","contributorId":15766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maguire","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kirk, W.","contributorId":82852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Githui, A.","contributorId":53092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Githui","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Baker, M.","contributorId":41141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Criley, E.","contributorId":51916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Luetgert, J.","contributorId":92807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Jacob, B.","contributorId":27197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacob","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Thybo, H.","contributorId":57599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thybo","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Demartin, M.","contributorId":41598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demartin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Scarascia, S.","contributorId":60776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scarascia","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Hirn, A.","contributorId":40345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirn","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Bowman, J. R.","contributorId":29496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Nyambok, I.","contributorId":68882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyambok","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Gaciri, S.","contributorId":65231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaciri","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Patel, J.","contributorId":6590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patel","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Dindi, E.","contributorId":33457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dindi","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Griffiths, D.H.","contributorId":61964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"King, R.F.","contributorId":91245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Mussett, A. E.","contributorId":6193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mussett","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Braile, L.W.","contributorId":85332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braile","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Thompson, G.","contributorId":55958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Olsen, K.","contributorId":61570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33},{"text":"Harder, S.","contributorId":22912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harder","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":34},{"text":"Vees, R.","contributorId":16164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vees","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":35},{"text":"Gajewski, D.","contributorId":24097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gajewski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":36},{"text":"Schulte, A.","contributorId":51917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":37},{"text":"Obel, J.","contributorId":66420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obel","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":38},{"text":"Mwango, F.","contributorId":39129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mwango","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":39},{"text":"Mukinya, J.","contributorId":82062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukinya","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":40},{"text":"Riaroh, D.","contributorId":64392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riaroh","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":41}]}}
,{"id":1016334,"text":"1016334 - 1991 - Flight performance energetics and water turnovers of Tippler Pigeons with a harness and doorsal load","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-26T15:39:43.405785","indexId":"1016334","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flight performance energetics and water turnovers of Tippler Pigeons with a harness and doorsal load","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">We measured carbon dioxide production and water efflux of 12 tippler pigeons (<i>Columba spp.</i>) during seven experimental flights using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Prior to the experiment birds were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group flew as controls (no load or harness) on all seven flights. The other group wore a harness on two flights, a dorsal load/harness package (weighing about 5% of a bird's mass) on two flights, and they were without a load in three flights.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Flight duration of pigeons with only a harness and with a dorsal load/harness package was 21 and 26% less, respectively, than the controls. Pigeons wearing a harness, or wearing a dorsal load/harness package lost water 50-90%, and 57-100% faster, respectively, than control pigeons.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The mean CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>production of pigeons wearing a harness or a load/harness package was not significantly different than pigeons without a harness or load. The small sample sizes and large variability in DLW measurements precluded a good test of the energetic cost of flying with a harness and dorsal load.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368186","usgsCitation":"Gessaman, J.A., Workman, G.W., and Fuller, M.R., 1991, Flight performance energetics and water turnovers of Tippler Pigeons with a harness and doorsal load: The Condor, v. 93, no. 3, p. 546-554, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368186.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133202,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gessaman, James A.","contributorId":100335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gessaman","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Workman, Gar W.","contributorId":17956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Workman","given":"Gar","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, Mark R. 0000-0001-7459-1729 mark_fuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-1729","contributorId":2296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"mark_fuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016884,"text":"70016884 - 1991 - An exact solution of solute transport by one-dimensional random velocity fields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016884","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3479,"text":"Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An exact solution of solute transport by one-dimensional random velocity fields","docAbstract":"The problem of one-dimensional transport of passive solute by a random steady velocity field is investigated. This problem is representative of solute movement in porous media, for example, in vertical flow through a horizontally stratified formation of variable porosity with a constant flux at the soil surface. Relating moments of particle travel time and displacement, exact expressions for the advection and dispersion coefficients in the Focker-Planck equation are compared with the perturbation results for large distances. The first- and second-order approximations for the dispersion coefficient are robust for a lognormal velocity field. The mean Lagrangian velocity is the harmonic mean of the Eulerian velocity for large distances. This is an artifact of one-dimensional flow where the continuity equation provides for a divergence free fluid flux, rather than a divergence free fluid velocity. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01544177","issn":"09311955","usgsCitation":"Cvetkovic, V., Dagan, G., and Shapiro, A., 1991, An exact solution of solute transport by one-dimensional random velocity fields: Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics, v. 5, no. 1, p. 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01544177.","startPage":"45","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205576,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544177"},{"id":224952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea5ee4b0c8380cd487f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cvetkovic, V.D.","contributorId":52335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cvetkovic","given":"V.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dagan, G.","contributorId":61174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dagan","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":374758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016384,"text":"70016384 - 1991 - Surface features of central North America: a synoptic view from computer graphics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T10:55:40","indexId":"70016384","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface features of central North America: a synoptic view from computer graphics","docAbstract":"A digital shaded-relief image of the 48 contiguous United States shows the details of large- and small-scale landforms, including several linear trends. The features faithfully reflect tectonism, continental glaciation, fluvial activity, volcanism, and other surface-shaping events and processes. The new map not only depicts topography accurately and in its true complexity, but does so in one synoptic view that provides a regional context for geologic analysis unobscured by clouds, culture, vegetation, or artistic constraints. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Today","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","issn":"10525173","usgsCitation":"Pike, R., 1991, Surface features of central North America: a synoptic view from computer graphics: GSA Today, v. 1, no. 11, p. 1-251.","startPage":"1","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268112,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/1/11/pdf/i1052-5173-1-11-sci.pdf"}],"volume":"1","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9faee4b08c986b31e794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, R.J.","contributorId":72814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016548,"text":"70016548 - 1991 - Imaging the Juan de Fuca plate beneath southern Oregon using teleseismic P wave residuals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T11:28:29.920107","indexId":"70016548","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the Juan de Fuca plate beneath southern Oregon using teleseismic P wave residuals","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The Juan de Fuca plate subducts under the western margin of the North American plate in southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Benioff zone seismicity delineates shallow parts of the plate in Washington and northern California, whereas in Oregon there is a lack of seismicity. This study images the Juan de Fuca plate in southern Oregon using seismic tomography. We inverted<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>wave travel time residuals from a 366-km-long seismic array operated in southern Oregon in 1982. The southeast striking array extended from the Coast ranges to the Modoc Plateau and crossed the High Cascades at Crater Lake, Oregon. We imaged three features under the array: one high-velocity zone and two low-velocity zones. The high-velocity zone is 3–4% faster than the surrounding upper mantle. It dips steeply at 65° to the east beneath the Cascade Range and extends down to at least 200 km. We propose that this high-velocity feature is subducted Juan de Fuca plate. We also imaged two low-velocity zones, both of which are 3–4% slower than the surrounding earth structure. The southeastern low-velocity zone may be caused by partially molten crust underlying the Crater Lake volcano region.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB02046","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., Iyer, H.M., and Dawson, P., 1991, Imaging the Juan de Fuca plate beneath southern Oregon using teleseismic P wave residuals: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B12, p. 19879-19889, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB02046.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"19879","endPage":"19889","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222809,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3886e4b0c8380cd615d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016349,"text":"70016349 - 1991 - Anatomy of a metamorphic core complex: seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling in southeastern California and western Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T23:28:30.002641","indexId":"70016349","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatomy of a metamorphic core complex: seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling in southeastern California and western Arizona","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The metamorphic core complex belt in southeastern California and western Arizona is a NW-SE trending zone of unusually large Tertiary extension and uplift. Midcrustal rocks exposed in this belt raise questions about the crustal thickness, crustal structure, and the tectonic evolution of the region. Three seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles, acquired and analyzed as a part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment, were collected to address these issues. The results presented here, which focus on the Whipple and Buckskin-Rawhide mountains, yield a consistent three-dimensional image of this part of the metamorphic core complex belt. The seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection data are of excellent quality and are characterized by six principal phases that can be observed on all three profiles. These phases include refractions from the near-surface and crystalline basement, reflections from boundaries in the middle and lower crust, and reflections and refractions from the upper mantle. The final model consists of a thin veneer (&lt;2 km) of upper plate and fractured lower plate rocks (1.5–5.5 km<sup>s−1</sup>) overlying a fairly homogeneous basement (∼6.0 km s<sup>−1</sup>) and a localized high-velocity (6.4 km s<sup>−1</sup>) body situated beneath the western Whipple Mountains. A prominent midcrustal reflection is identified beneath the Whipple and Buckskin-Rawhide mountains between 10 and 20 km depth. This reflector has an arch-like shape and is centered beneath, or just west of, the metamorphic core complex belt. This event is underlain by a weaker, approximately subhorizontal reflection at 24 km depth. Together, these two discontinuities define a lens-shaped midcrustal layer with a velocity of 6.35–6.5 km s<sup>−1</sup>. The apex of this midcrustal layer corresponds roughly to a region of major tectonic denudation and uplift (∼10 km) defined by surface geologic mapping and petrologic barometry studies. The layer thins to the northeast and is absent in the Transition Zone. The 6.35–6.5 km s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>velocities are compatible with a diorite composition or a mixture of mafic and silicic rocks. This midcrustal layer is underlain by a higher-velocity lower crustal layer that is modeled as only 3–6 km thick beneath the metamorphic core complex belt and regions to the southwest. To the northeast, however, this layer thickens to 8–10 km as the midcrustal layer pinches out above it. The velocity of the lower crust is constrained by traveltime modeling and is 6.6±0.15 kms<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>beneath the western Transition Zone and the metamorphic core complex belt; higher velocities may be present farther to the southwest where the layer is thin. The velocity of the lower crust is too low to accommodate significant amount of mafic underplating at the base of the crust. Instead, we interpret the velocities to indicate that the lower crust is passively thinned beneath these regions without significant addition of mafic mantle-derived intrusions. The crust-mantle boundary does not dome up beneath the core complexes but remains approximately subhorizontal at a depth of 26–28 km or, in the case of the Whipple Mountains, actually deepens; a 3-km crustal root is modeled. This lack of upward doming of the Moho, together with the vertical alignment of the metamorphic core complex belt over what are believed to be extension-related structures in the middle and lower crust, suggest that there is no lateral offset of upper crustal deformation from deeper zones of extension, as one would expect if extension occurred along crust-penetrating shear zones (Wernicke, 1981; Wernicke et al., 1985). Instead, domed and inflated middle crust and thinned lower crust directly underlie the region of greatest thinning of the upper crust.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01004","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, J., Larkin, S., Fuis, G., Simpson, R., and Howard, K.A., 1991, Anatomy of a metamorphic core complex: seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling in southeastern California and western Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B7, p. 12259-12291, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01004.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"12259","endPage":"12291","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf0e4b0c8380cd48fa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larkin, S.P.","contributorId":33129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larkin","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70007044,"text":"70007044 - 1990 - Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified Wisconsin lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:16:14","indexId":"70007044","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:28:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified Wisconsin lake","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied the partitioning of mercury (Hg) among air, water, sediments and fish at Little Rock Lake, a clear water seepage lake in north-central Wisconsin. The lake was divided with a sea curtain into two basins, one acidified with sulfuric acid to pH 5.6 for two years and the other an untreated reference site (mean pH 6.1), to document the effects of acidification. Trace-metal-free protocols were used to measure Hg at the picomolar level in air and water. Total gaseous Hg in air samples averaged 2.0 ng/m</span><sup>3</sup><span>. Total Hg in unfiltered water samples collected in 1986 after the fall overturn averaged about 1 ng/L in the acidified and reference basins. Mercury in surficial sediments was strongly correlated with volatile matter content and ranged from 10 to about 170 ng/g (dry weight) in both basins. Total Hg concentrations in whole, calendar age-1 yellow perch (</span><i>Perca flavescens</i><span>), sampled after one year of residence in the lake, averaged 114 ng/g (fresh weight) in the reference basin and 135 ng/g in the acidified basin – a highly significant (</span><i>p</i><span> &lt; 0.01) difference. The mean whole-body burden (quantity) of Hg in age-1 perch did not differ between basins after the first year, but was significantly greater in the treatment basin than in the reference basin after the second year of acidification. Differences between the two basins in the bioaccumulation of Hg were attributed to internal (within-lake) processes that influence the bioavailability of the metal. An initial Hg budget for the treatment basin of Little Rock Lake showed that atmospheric deposition and sedimentary remobilization of Hg are potentially important processes influencing its biogeochemical cycling and uptake by fish.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","publisherLocation":"Brussels, Belgium","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620090709","usgsCitation":"Wiener, J.G., Fitzgerald, W., Watras, C.J., and Rada, R.G., 1990, Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified Wisconsin lake: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 9, no. 7, p. 909-918, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090709.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"909","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258268,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090709","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","volume":"9","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a753ce4b0c8380cd77a6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiener, James G.","contributorId":93853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiener","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17913,"text":"River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":355726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzgerald, William F.","contributorId":77408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"William F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watras, Carl J.","contributorId":88870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watras","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rada, Ronald G.","contributorId":14786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5222706,"text":"5222706 - 1990 - Annual variation in foraging ecology of prothonotary warblers during the breeding season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T16:08:49","indexId":"5222706","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:10","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual variation in foraging ecology of prothonotary warblers during the breeding season","docAbstract":"<p>We studied foraging ecology of Prothonotary Warblers (<i>Protonotaria citrea</i>) along the Tennessee River in west-central Tennessee during the breeding seasons of 1984-1987. We analyzed seven foraging variables to determine if this population exhibited annual variation in foraging behavior. Based on nearly 3,000 foraging maneuvers, most variables showed significant interyear variation during the four prenestling and three nestling periods we studied. This interyear variation probably was due -to proximate, environmental cues--such as distribution and abundance of arthropods - which, in turn, were influenced by local weather conditions. Researchers should consider the consequences of combining foraging behavior data collected in different years, because resolution of ecological trends may be sacrificed by considering only general patterns of foraging ecology and not the dynamics of those activities. In addition, because of annual variability, foraging data collected in only one year, regardless of the number of observations gathered, may not provide an accurate concept of the foraging ecology in insectivorous birds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Petit, L.J., Petit, D.R., Petit, K., and Fleming, W.J., 1990, Annual variation in foraging ecology of prothonotary warblers during the breeding season: The Auk, v. 107, no. 1, p. 146-152.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"146","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4087812"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bab6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petit, L. J.","contributorId":22053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petit, D. R.","contributorId":97865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petit, K.E.","contributorId":40298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petit","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5221161,"text":"5221161 - 1990 - Lead hazards within the range of the California condor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T13:49:53.855025","indexId":"5221161","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:10","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead hazards within the range of the California condor","docAbstract":"<p>The prevalence of lead in Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) occurring within the recent historical range of the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) was determined by analyzing blood samples from 162 Golden Eagles captured between June 1985 and December 1986 at three sites. We found no significant differences between sex and age classes in blood lead levels nor were there differences between residents and migrants. Significant differences were found between months with the highest blood lead levels occurring during the fall/winter period. Approximately one-third (35.8%) of the Golden Eagle population sampled had elevated blood lead levels, values similar to those reported for free-flying California Condors. Given this rate of exposure, if the proposed releases of California Condors back to the wild are to succeed, whether in their former range or elsewhere, any potential for lead poisoning must be reduced. It is essential that we identify the sources of the lead, the seasonal and geographic distribution of these sources, and develop management strategies to reduce or eliminate the hazard.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368729","usgsCitation":"Pattee, O.H., Bloom, P., Scott, J.M., and Smith, M.R., 1990, Lead hazards within the range of the California condor: Condor, v. 92, no. 4, p. 931-937, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368729.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"937","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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O. H.","contributorId":46459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bloom, P.H.","contributorId":23515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloom","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M. R.","contributorId":40551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5222398,"text":"5222398 - 1990 - Renesting by American woodcocks (<i>Scolopax minor</i>) in Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T16:27:06","indexId":"5222398","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:08","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Renesting by American woodcocks (<i>Scolopax minor</i>) in Maine","docAbstract":"<p> The American Woodcock (<i>Scolopax minor</i>) is one of the earliest ground-nesting birds in the northeastern United States. In Maine, nesting begins in early April when temperatures can drop below freezing and significant snowfall can accumulate. Nests are usually in open woods, where eggs are laid on the ground in a shallow depression (Pettingill 1936, Mendall and Aldous 1943, Sheldon 1967). Peak hatching occurs in early May (Dwyer et al. 1982), when temperatures are cool and precipitation is common. Woodcock chicks are dependent on the female for most of their food for at least seven days after hatching (Gregg 1984). During cool, wet weather, chicks require constant brooding by females; prolonged periods of inclement weather may lead to substantial mortality of chicks (Dwyer et al. 1988).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4087628","usgsCitation":"McAuley, D., Longcore, J.R., and Sepik, G., 1990, Renesting by American woodcocks (<i>Scolopax minor</i>) in Maine: The Auk, v. 107, no. 2, p. 407-410, https://doi.org/10.2307/4087628.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"410","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4087628","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":201719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db6340aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sepik, G.F.","contributorId":101348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepik","given":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222491,"text":"5222491 - 1990 - Comparison of breaking strength and shell thickness as evaluators of white-faced ibis eggshell quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T17:03:51.702215","indexId":"5222491","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:07","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of breaking strength and shell thickness as evaluators of white-faced ibis eggshell quality","docAbstract":"<p><span>Data from a 1986 field study of white-faced ibis (</span><i>Plegadis chihi</i><span>) nesting at Carson Lake, Nevada, were used to compare the utility of eggshell strength measurement and eggshell thickness as indicators of eggshell quality. The ibis population had a history of reproductive failure correlated with elevated egg concentrations of&nbsp;</span><i>p, p</i><span>'-DDE, hereafter referred to as DDE. Eggs from 80 nests (one egg/nest) were tested for shell strength and thickness. Egg contents were analyzed for organochlorines, mercury and selenium; productivity at each nest (minus one egg) was monitored in the field. DDE-DDT concentrations in the eggs ranged from none detected (&lt;0.1) to 29 ppm (wet weight). Shell thickness and shell strength were both negatively correlated with DDE (−0.60, −0.61, respectively), but shell strength deteriorated at a faster rate than shell thickness. Scanning electron micrographs indicated the deterioration in strength was related to changes in ultrastructure as well as to decreased thickness. Fourteen eggs with &lt;0.40 ppm DDE were used to exemplify normal “control” eggs. Of the eggs with higher concentrations of DDE (i.e., ≥0.40 ppm), 11 of 66 were thinner (&gt;2&nbsp;</span><span class=\"smallCaps\">SD</span><span>&nbsp;below “control” mean) than normal, 11 of 59 were weaker than normal and 7 eggs were cracked so their strength could not be tested, although thickness was measured. Therefore, 17% of the eggs with ≥0.40 ppm DDE were thinner than normal and 27% were either weaker than normal or cracked. Further, six eggs (four with ≥15 ppm DDE) did not have abnormally thin shells, but did have abnormally weak shells. Nests with abnormal test eggs (thinner, weaker or cracked) produced fewer young than nests with normal eggs. Use of the shell strength parameter provides additional information for better evaluations of reproductive problems. The potential utility of monitoring eggshell quality goes beyond evaluating effects of organochlorines since recent work indicates that other environmental hazards can affect shell quality.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620090614","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., and Bennett, J., 1990, Comparison of breaking strength and shell thickness as evaluators of white-faced ibis eggshell quality: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 9, no. 6, p. 797-805, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090614.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"797","endPage":"805","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, J.K.","contributorId":53496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}