This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure ROCKTH00140040 on Town Highway 14 crossing the Williams River, Rockingham, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in southeastern Vermont. The 99.2-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture downstream of the bridge. Upstream of the bridge, the left bank is forested and the right bank is suburban.
In the study area, the Williams River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.005 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 154 ft and an average bank height of 11 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt and clay to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 45.4 mm (0.149 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on September 4, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 14 crossing of the Williams River is a 106-ft-long, one-lane covered bridge consisting of two steel-beam spans with a maximum span length of 73 ft (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, April 6, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 94.5 ft. The bridge is supported by a vertical, concrete abutment with wingwalls on the left, a vertical, laid-up stone abutment on the right and a concrete pier. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 2.1 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed towards the left side of the channel under and just downstream of the bridge during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream left bank and the left abutment. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. Left abutment scour ranged from 13.9 to 19.2 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 7.0 to 11.7 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Pier scour ranged from 18.7 to 24.7 ft and the worst case occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particlesize distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98543","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 40 (ROCKTH00140040) on Town Highway 14, crossing the Williams River, Rockingham, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-543, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98543.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0543/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86308,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0543/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Rockingham","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50197,"text":"ofr98538 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (GRAFTH00020010) on Town Highway 2 (FAS 126 and State Route 121), crossing the Saxtons River, Grafton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:47:30","indexId":"ofr98538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-538","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (GRAFTH00020010) on Town Highway 2 (FAS 126 and State Route 121), crossing the Saxtons River, Grafton, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98538","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Hammond, R., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (GRAFTH00020010) on Town Highway 2 (FAS 126 and State Route 121), crossing the Saxtons River, Grafton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-538, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98538.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280056,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0538/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8475","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, R.E.","contributorId":56292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50188,"text":"ofr98423 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (STOCTH00050029) on Town Highway 5, crossing Lilliesville Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:16:55","indexId":"ofr98423","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-423","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (STOCTH00050029) on Town Highway 5, crossing Lilliesville Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98423","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (STOCTH00050029) on Town Highway 5, crossing Lilliesville Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-423, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98423.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Stockbridge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50193,"text":"ofr98528 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (SUTTTH00450004) on Town Highway 45, crossing Calendar Brook, Sutton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T12:34:20","indexId":"ofr98528","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-528","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (SUTTTH00450004) on Town Highway 45, crossing Calendar Brook, Sutton, Vermont","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98528","usgsCitation":"Serra, M., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (SUTTTH00450004) on Town Highway 45, crossing Calendar Brook, Sutton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-528, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98528.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280060,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0528/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Serra, M.M.","contributorId":81974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50192,"text":"ofr98527 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (MENDTH00070020) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:51:01","indexId":"ofr98527","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-527","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (MENDTH00070020) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98527","usgsCitation":"Willoughby, S., and Severance, T., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (MENDTH00070020) on Town Highway 7, crossing Mendon Brook, Mendon, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-527, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98527.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280061,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0527/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willoughby, S.A.","contributorId":87187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willoughby","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50190,"text":"ofr98425 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BOLTTH00150015) on Town Highway 15, crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T12:49:51","indexId":"ofr98425","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-425","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BOLTTH00150015) on Town Highway 15, crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure BOLTTH00150015 on Town Highway 15 crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in north central Vermont. The 9.6-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture (lawn) downstream of the bridge and on the upstream right bank. The surface cover on the upstream left bank is shrub and brushland.
In the study area, Joiner Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 61 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 43.6 mm (0.143 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 27, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 15 crossing of Joiner Brook is a 39-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of one 36-foot concrete tee-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, November 3, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 34.6 ft. The bridge is supported by nearly vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the downstream end of the right abutment and along the downstream right wingwall during the Level I assessment. A second scour hole 1.2 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the upstream end of the left abutment and along the upstream left wingwall. The left abutment footing is exposed in the area of the scour hole. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall and at the downstream end of the downstream right wingwall and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the downstream left bank. There is also type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) along the upstream left and right banks. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.8 to 3.5 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 6.9 to 15.1 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98425","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (BOLTTH00150015) on Town Highway 15, crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-425, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98425.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98425.JPG"},{"id":280063,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0425/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bolton","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54809,"text":"wdrNJ972 - 1998 - Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1997. Volume 2. Ground-water data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-15T17:05:45.668561","indexId":"wdrNJ972","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-97-2","title":"Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1997. Volume 2. Ground-water data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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the land use history of North America: A context for understanding our changing environment","docAbstract":"Ecological change is constant and profound, yet it often occurs at temporal and spatial scales that are difficult to measure and interpret. This publication demonstrates how diverse data bases, archived in different formats and at numerous locations, can be brought together to provide an integrated perspective on the relationship between land use and landcover change. The authors provide the historical context for interpreting recent landcover change in several regions of North America and articulate the value of a comprehensive continental land-use history for guiding environmental policy and management decisions during the coming century and beyond.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1998, Perspectives on the land use history of North America: A context for understanding our changing environment: Biological Science Report 1998-0003, vi, 104 p.","productDescription":"vi, 104 p.","numberOfPages":"110","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6883f0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sisk, Thomas D.","contributorId":68157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisk","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504040,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54641,"text":"wdrLA971 - 1998 - Water resources data, Louisiana, water year 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:04:52.989495","indexId":"wdrLA971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"LA-97-1","title":"Water resources data, Louisiana, water year 1997","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1997 water year for Louisiana consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains records for water discharge at 67 gaging stations; stage only for 45 gaging stations and 6 lakes; water quality for 37 surface-water stations (including 22 gaging stations) and 95 wells; and water levels for 243 observation wells. Also included are data for 113 crest-stage and flood-profile partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not included in the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Louisiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrLA971","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development and with other State and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Garrison, C., Goree, B., Lovelace, W., Montgomery, P., and Resweber, J., 1998, Water resources data, Louisiana, water year 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report LA-97-1, xviii, 495 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrLA971.","productDescription":"xviii, 495 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492630,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/la-97-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/la-97-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Volume 3B: Southwest Florida - ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T17:34:22.638175","indexId":"wdrFL973B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-97-3B","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997. Volume 3B: Southwest Florida - ground water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1997 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharges for 341 streams, periodic discharge for 20 streams, continuous daily stage for 122 streams, periodic stage for 13 streams, peak stage and discharge for 20 streams, continuous or daily elevations for 35 lakes, periodic elevations for 60 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 398 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 1,247 wells, and quality-of-water data for 166 surface-water sites and 298 wells.
The data for Southwest Florida include records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, water quality of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 3B contains records for continuous ground-water elevations for 150 wells; periodic ground-water elevations at 50 wells; miscellaneous ground-water elevations at 416 wells; and water quality at 115 ground-water sites.
These data represent the national Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state, and federal agencies in Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL973B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Coffin, J., and Fletcher, W., 1998, Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997. Volume 3B: Southwest Florida - ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-97-3B, viii, 279 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL973B.","productDescription":"viii, 279 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/fl-97-3-b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":430283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/fl-97-3-b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"southwest Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.02735636732191,\n 29.02149004267018\n ],\n [\n -83.02735636732191,\n 26.94071918980687\n ],\n [\n -81.47181163048276,\n 26.94071918980687\n ],\n [\n -81.47181163048276,\n 29.02149004267018\n ],\n [\n -83.02735636732191,\n 29.02149004267018\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbb60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coffin, J.E.","contributorId":75913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffin","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, W.L.","contributorId":97977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54535,"text":"wdrFL972B - 1998 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997. Volume 2B: South Florida - ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T17:40:27.422379","indexId":"wdrFL972B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-97-2B","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997. Volume 2B: South Florida - ground water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for 1997 water year in Florida consists of continuous or daily discharge for 341 streams, periodic discharge for 20 streams, continuous or daily stage for 122 streams, periodic stage for 13 streams, peak discharge for 20 streams, and peak stage for 20 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 35 lakes, periodic elevations for 60 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 398 wells, periodic groundwater levels for 1247 wells; quality of water data for 166 surface-water sites and 298 wells.
The data for South Florida included continuous or daily discharge for 74 streams, continuous or daily stage for 123 streams, no peak stage discharge for streams, continuous elevation for 1 lake; continuous groundwater levels for 211 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 361 wells; quality-of-water for 27 surface-water sites and 125 wells.
The data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperation with local, state, and federal agencies in Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL972B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Prinos, S., Richards, T., and Krulikas, R., 1998, Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997. Volume 2B: South Florida - ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-97-2B, viii, 548 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL972B.","productDescription":"viii, 548 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430285,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/fl-97-2-b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1997/fl-97-2-b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"south Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.10494290360967,\n 26.784629336817986\n ],\n [\n -82.10494290360967,\n 24.38985917948297\n ],\n [\n -79.77408266602345,\n 24.38985917948297\n ],\n [\n -79.77408266602345,\n 26.784629336817986\n ],\n [\n -82.10494290360967,\n 26.784629336817986\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbb53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prinos, S.","contributorId":61089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, T.","contributorId":22851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krulikas, R.","contributorId":63473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krulikas","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54534,"text":"wdrFL972A - 1998 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997; Volume 2A. South Florida surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T20:08:04.476614","indexId":"wdrFL972A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-97-2A","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997; Volume 2A. South Florida surface water","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, County, and other Federal agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Florida each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data - Florida, Volume 2A: South Florida Surface Water and Volume 2B: South Florida Ground Water.\"
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S.M.","contributorId":79162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54532,"text":"wdrFL971A - 1998 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997; Volume 1A. Northeast Florida surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T21:29:26.612261","indexId":"wdrFL971A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-97-1A","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1997; Volume 1A. Northeast Florida surface water","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Florida each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data - Florida.\"
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd205","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68688,"text":"ha731 - 1998 - Geology, ground-water flow, and dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water along hydrogeologic sections through Wisconsin aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:20:03","indexId":"ha731","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"731","title":"Geology, ground-water flow, and dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water along hydrogeologic sections through Wisconsin aquifers","docAbstract":"A cooperative project between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was begun with the objectives of describing water quality and its relation to the hydrology of Wisconsin's principal aquifers and summarizing instances of ground-water contamination and quality problems from information available in DNR files. The first objective was met by a hydrologic investigation done by the USGS, and the second, by preparation of a report by the DNR, for their internal use, that describes the State's water resources and known ground-water quality and contamination problems and makes policy recommendations for ground-water management.
The USGS investigation was divided into two phases. The first phase consisted of compiling available water-quality and hydrogeologic data and collecting new data to describe general regional water-quality and hydrogeologic relations within and between Wisconsin aquifers. The second phase began concurrently with the later part of the first phase and consisted of an areal description of water quality and flow in the State's shallow aquifer system (Kammerer, 1995). The overall purpose of this investigation was to provide a regional framework that could serve as a basis for intensive local and site specific ground-water investigations by State and local government agencies.
This report presents the results of the first phase of the USGS investigation. Regional hydrogeologic and water-quality relations within and between aquifers are shown along 15 hydrogeologic sections that traverse the State. Maps are used to show surficial geology of bedrock and unconsolidated deposits and horizontal direction of ground-water flow. Interpretations on the maps and hydrogeologic sections are based on data from a variety of sources and provide the basis for the areal appraisal of water quality in the State's shallow aquifer system in the second phase of the investigation.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Gelogical Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98761","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bankey, V., Grauch, V.J., and Kucks, R., 1998, Utah aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data (on-line version): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-761, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98761.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_98_761.jpg"},{"id":1467,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0761/utah.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":400311,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23002.htm"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602df4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bankey, Viki viki@usgs.gov","contributorId":1238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bankey","given":"Viki","email":"viki@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":188175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kucks, R.P.","contributorId":53758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"R.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22439,"text":"ofr98168 - 1998 - Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Regional monitoring program results, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T19:06:00","indexId":"ofr98168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-168","title":"Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Regional monitoring program results, 1997","docAbstract":"As part of a regional monitoring program, water samples were collected in the San Francisco Bay estuary during 20 cruises from January through November 1997. Conductivity, temperature, light attenuation, turbidity, oxygen, and in-vivo chlorophyll fluorescence were measured longitudinally and vertically in the main channel of the estuary from south of the Dumbarton Bridge in the southern part of the Bay to Rio Vista on the Sacramento River. Discrete water samples were analyzed for chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, suspended participate matter, and dissolved oxygen. Water density was calculated from salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth), and is included in the data summaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98168","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Baylosis, J.I., Cole, B.E., and Cloern, J.E., 1998, Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Regional monitoring program results, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-168, iv, 194 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98168.","productDescription":"iv, 194 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51974,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0168/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 37.41925395973696\n ],\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 38.15831665744203\n ],\n [\n -121.44012451171874,\n 38.15831665744203\n ],\n [\n -121.44012451171874,\n 37.41925395973696\n ],\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 37.41925395973696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baylosis, Jelriza I.","contributorId":72820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baylosis","given":"Jelriza","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25100,"text":"fs16698 - 1998 - Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-16T17:16:06","indexId":"fs16698","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"166-98","title":"Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs16698","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information (Superseded by FS-045-00 & FS-003-01): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 166-98, 1 sheet : col. ill. ; 28 x 21 cm. col. ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16698.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill. ; 28 x 21 cm. col. ill.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Superseded by FS-045-00 & FS-003-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e69be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50164,"text":"ofr98194 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (MAIDTH00040005) on Town Highway 4, crossing Cutler Mill Brook, Maidstone, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T10:06:07","indexId":"ofr98194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-194","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (MAIDTH00040005) on Town Highway 4, crossing Cutler Mill Brook, Maidstone, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98194","usgsCitation":"Striker, L., and Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (MAIDTH00040005) on Town Highway 4, crossing Cutler Mill Brook, Maidstone, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-194, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98194.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280086,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0194/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5fa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striker, L.K.","contributorId":55872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50225,"text":"ofr9858 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30 (NEWHTH00050030) on Town Highway 5, crossing the New Haven River, New Haven, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T12:52:56","indexId":"ofr9858","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-58","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30 (NEWHTH00050030) on Town Highway 5, crossing the New Haven River, New Haven, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure NEWHTH00050030 on Town Highway 5 crossing the New Haven River, New Haven, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (Federal Highway Administration, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Champlain section of the St. Lawrence Valley physiographic province in west-central Vermont. The 115-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture on the right bank upstream and downstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. The upstream left bank is also pasture. The downstream left bank is forested.
In the study area, the New Haven River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 127 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 20.4 mm (0.067 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 19, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. The stream bends through the bridge and impacts the left bank where there is a cut bank and scour hole.
The Town Highway 5 crossing of the New Haven River is a 181-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of four 45-ft concrete tee-beam spans (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, December 15, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 175.9 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with stone fill spill-through embankments and three concrete piers. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 10 degrees.
A scour hole 4.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the downstream left bank during the Level I assessment. Also observed was a scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth at the upstream end of the middle pier. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) in front of the left and right abutments creating spill through slopes. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 6.8 to 8.4 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 11.2 to 14.0 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Pier scour ranged from 12.9 to 19.3 ft. The worst-case pier scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9858","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Wild, E.C., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30 (NEWHTH00050030) on Town Highway 5, crossing the New Haven River, New Haven, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-58, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9858.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9858.GIF"},{"id":279461,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0058/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"New Haven","otherGeospatial":"New Haven River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7ebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54973,"text":"wdrSC971 - 1998 - Water resources data, South Carolina, water year 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-23T20:31:52.524294","indexId":"wdrSC971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"SC-97-1","title":"Water resources data, South Carolina, water year 1997","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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