Larval blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, were collected from white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, on Prudence Island (where Microtus pennsylavanicus were not captured) and from meadow voles, M. pennsylvanicus, on Patience Island (where P. leucopus was absent) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island from June to October 1992. Ixodes scapularis larvae were also collected by flagging in the vicinity of host captures. On both islands, the relative density of larvae changed from July to September in samples from hosts, but not in flagging samples. Consequently, different sampling techniques can give different assessments of tick populations. Larvae were highly aggregated on both of the host species throughout the sampling period. As the mean relative density of larvae increased in the environment (based on flagging samples), larvae on the hosts became more dense and more crowded. Increased densities of larvae in the environment were not correlated with increased patchiness in the distribution of larvae among host animals on either island. Changes in the spatial distribution of larval I. scapularis on each host species had similar trends as larval densities and distributions within the environment. These results suggest that M. pennsylvanicus can serve as an alternative host for immature I. scapularis in a P. leucopus-free environment and have similar distributional characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/3284440","usgsCitation":"Markowski, D., Hyland, K., Ginsberg, H., and Hu, R., 1997, Spatial distribution of larval Ixodes scapularis (Acari:Ixodidae) on Peromyscus leucopus and Microtus pennsylvanicus at two island sites: Journal of Parasitology, v. 83, no. 2, p. 207-211, https://doi.org/10.2307/3284440.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487543,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/178","text":"External Repository"},{"id":198384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbfa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markowski, D.","contributorId":83227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markowski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hyland, K.E.","contributorId":79984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyland","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ginsberg, H. S. 0000-0002-4933-2466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":27576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hu, Renjie","contributorId":177252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hu","given":"Renjie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223310,"text":"5223310 - 1997 - Estimation of population trajectories from count data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-06T12:06:22.691721","indexId":"5223310","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:41","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of population trajectories from count data","docAbstract":"Monitoring of changes in animal population size is rarely possible through complete censuses; frequently, the only feasible means of monitoring changes in population size is to use counts of animals obtained by skilled observers as indices to abundance. Analysis of changes in population size can be severely biased if factors related to the acquisition of data are not adequately controlled for. In particular we identify two types of observer effects: these correspond to baseline differences in observer competence, and to changes through time in the ability of individual observers. We present a family of models for count data in which the first of these observer effects is treated as a nuisance parameter. Conditioning on totals of negative binomial counts yields a Dirichlet compound multinomial vector for each observer. Quasi-likelihood is used to estimate parameters related to population trajectory and other parameters of interest; model selection is carried out on the basis of Akaike's information criterion. An example is presented using data on Wood thrush from the North American Breeding Bird Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/2533952","usgsCitation":"Link, W., and Sauer, J., 1997, Estimation of population trajectories from count data: Biometrics, v. 53, no. 2, p. 488-497, https://doi.org/10.2307/2533952.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"497","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb237","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223309,"text":"5223309 - 1997 - Efficacy of eastern encephalitis immunization in whooping cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-03T11:21:57.151481","indexId":"5223309","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:41","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficacy of eastern encephalitis immunization in whooping cranes","docAbstract":"An epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC), Laurel, Maryland (USA), in 1989 provided an opportunity to determine if EEE immunization protected whooping cranes (Grus americana). Based on seroconversion of 31% of sympatric hatch-year sandhill cranes, Grus canadensis, and a previous 35% case fatality rate in whooping cranes, 17 (37%) of the 46 susceptible whooping cranes should have been exposed to virus and six should have died. As there were no deaths in these birds, the EEE vaccination program appeared to be efficacious in this whooping crane population.
We investigated the dynamics of a wintering population of Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus) using data from a long-term capture-recapture study. Goodness-of-fit and likelihood-ratio tests indicated that the standard Jolly-Seber model was inadequate for the data, so we explored different parameterizations of a model in which survival probability for new captures differed from that of previously marked birds. One possible explanation for the lower local survival rate of new captures is that some of the birds were transients that had no chance of being recaptured. Average survival probability over the entire period was 0.62, and the estimated fraction of transients among unmarked birds was 0.27. We found evidence that chickadee survival rates were lower in years immediately following establishment of the Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) as a territorial species (after 1967) than during years immediately preceding this event. We found no evidence that chickadee survival rates were lower in the years immediately following establishment of territorial raptors (after 1984) than during preceding years. Evidence suggested a long-term decline in survival probability from 1959 to 1991.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089244","usgsCitation":"Loery, G., Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 1997, Capture-recapture analysis of a wintering black-capped chickadee population in Connecticut, 1958-1993: The Auk, v. 114, no. 3, p. 431-442, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089244.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"442","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6de3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loery, G.","contributorId":46182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loery","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019984,"text":"70019984 - 1997 - Biogenic sedimentation beneath the California Current system for the past 30 kyr and its paleoceanographic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-18T13:12:23.544581","indexId":"70019984","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5790,"text":"Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogenic sedimentation beneath the California Current system for the past 30 kyr and its paleoceanographic significance","docAbstract":"A north-south transect of 17 cores was constructed along the eastern boundary of the California Current system from 33° to 42°N to investigate the changes in biogenic sedimentation over the past 30 kyr. Percentages and mass accumulation rates of CaCO3, Corg, and biogenic opal were assembled at 500 to 1000 years/sample to provide relatively high resolution. Time-space maps reveal a complex pattern of changes that do not follow a simple glacial-interglacial two-mode model. Biogenic sedimentation shows responses that are sometimes time-transgressive and sometimes coeval, and most of the responses show more consistency within a limited geographic area than any temporal consistency. Reconstructed conditions during late oxygen isotope stage 3 were more like early Holocene conditions than any other time during the last 30 kyr. Coastal upwelling and productivity during oxygen isotope stage 3 were relatively strong along the central California margin but were weak along the northern California margin. Precipitation increased during the last glacial interval in the central California region, and the waters of the southern California margin had relatively low productivity. Productivity on the southern Oregon margin was relatively low at the beginning of the last glacial interval, but by about 20 ka, productivity in this area significantly increased. This change suggests that the center of the divergence of the West Wind Drift shifted south at this time. The end of the last glacial interval was characterized by increased productivity in the southern California margin and increased upwelling along the central California margin but upwelling remained weak along the northern California margin. A sudden (<300 years) decrease in CaCO3, Corg, and biogenic opal occurred at 13 ka. The changes suggest a major reorientation of the atmospheric circulation in the North Pacific and western North America and the establishment of a strong seasonality in the central California region. A carbonate preservation event occurred at 10 ka that appears to reflect the uptake of CO2 by the terrestrial biosphere as the northern latitudes were reforested following retreat of the glaciers. The Holocene has been a period of relatively high productivity in the southern California margin, relatively strong coastal upwelling along the central California margin, relatively weak upwelling along the northern California margin, and the northward migration of the divergence zone of the West Wind Drift.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96PA03567","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J., Dean, W., and Dartnell, P., 1997, Biogenic sedimentation beneath the California Current system for the past 30 kyr and its paleoceanographic significance: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 207-225, https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA03567.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"225","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491014,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96pa03567","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228069,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f14ee4b0c8380cd4ab98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dartnell, P.","contributorId":60797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020033,"text":"70020033 - 1997 - Numerical modeling of late Glacial Laurentide advance of ice across Hudson Strait: Insights into terrestrial and marine geology, mass balance, and calving flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T15:25:37.372679","indexId":"70020033","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5790,"text":"Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical modeling of late Glacial Laurentide advance of ice across Hudson Strait: Insights into terrestrial and marine geology, mass balance, and calving flux","docAbstract":"A time-dependent finite element model was used to reconstruct the advance of ice from a late Glacial dome on northern Quebec/Labrador across Hudson Strait to Meta Incognita Peninsula (Baffin Island) and subsequently to the 9.9–9.6 ka 14C Gold Cove position on Hall Peninsula. Terrestrial geological and geophysical information from Quebec and Labrador was used to constrain initial and boundary conditions, and the model results are compared with terrestrial geological information from Baffin Island and considered in the context of the marine event DC-0 and the Younger Dryas cooling. We conclude that advance across Hudson Strait from Ungava Bay to Baffin Island is possible using realistic glacier physics under a variety of reasonable boundary conditions. Production of ice flux from a dome centered on northeastern Quebec and Labrador sufficient to deliver geologically inferred ice thickness at Gold Cove (Hall Peninsula) appears to require extensive penetration of sliding south from Ungava Bay. The discharge of ice into the ocean associated with advance and retreat across Hudson Strait does not peak at a time coincident with the start of the Younger Dryas and is less than minimum values proposed to influence North Atlantic thermohaline circulation; nevertheless, a significant fraction of freshwater input to the North Atlantic may have been provided abruptly and at a critical time by this event.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96PA03065","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Pfeffer, W., Dyurgerov, M., Kaplan, M., Dwyer, J., Sassolas, C., Jennings, A., Raup, B., and Manley, W., 1997, Numerical modeling of late Glacial Laurentide advance of ice across Hudson Strait: Insights into terrestrial and marine geology, mass balance, and calving flux: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 97-110, https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA03065.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"110","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96pa03065","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228226,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Hudson Strait","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.10732529483771,\n 65.12268666575966\n ],\n [\n -82.29452085088387,\n 64.0182565476916\n ],\n [\n -77.40330949066404,\n 62.83012025284815\n ],\n [\n -71.30954906345251,\n 61.31125664849764\n ],\n [\n -69.74332291742542,\n 60.87821356211869\n ],\n [\n -69.92494195568116,\n 59.45864195142954\n ],\n [\n -67.88288950551578,\n 58.23990861220199\n ],\n [\n -64.58556490805589,\n 59.36053170587536\n ],\n [\n -64.78435664623422,\n 61.52397686855085\n ],\n [\n -69.29434251266804,\n 62.890176507134385\n ],\n [\n -79.27521716064346,\n 65.68570270924388\n ],\n [\n -81.64646758994365,\n 65.75973048984149\n ],\n [\n -83.10732529483771,\n 65.12268666575966\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68f8e4b0c8380cd73ac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pfeffer, W.T.","contributorId":14632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfeffer","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyurgerov, M.","contributorId":30407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyurgerov","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaplan, M.","contributorId":24640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dwyer, J.","contributorId":74105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sassolas, C.","contributorId":78990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sassolas","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jennings, A.","contributorId":50414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Raup, B.","contributorId":31589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raup","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Manley, W.","contributorId":107569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manley","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70019596,"text":"70019596 - 1997 - Spectral characteristics of iron-bearing phyllosilicates: Comparison to Orgueil (CI1), Murchison and Murray (CM2)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T16:15:35.561618","indexId":"70019596","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral characteristics of iron-bearing phyllosilicates: Comparison to Orgueil (CI1), Murchison and Murray (CM2)","docAbstract":"Phyllosilicate alteration minerals are commonly found in low petrologic types of carbonaceous chondrites. Previous spectral studies have examined Mg-bearing phyllosilicates with limited success in matching the spectral properties of CM and CI chondrites. Transmission electron microscope and other analytical techniques suggest that Fe-bearing clays are more abundant in CI and CM chondrites than magnesian varieties. Here, we present the results of an examination of the reflectance spectra of Fe-phyllosilicates, including serpentines and berthierines, of which the latter were formerly known as septechlorites. We have measured the diffuse reflectance spectra of powdered samples from 0.3 to 25 ??m. We find that these minerals provide a better spectral match to many of the features seen in CI and CM chondrites, and simple linear combinations of the spectra of both Fe- and Mg-phyllosilicates closely approximate the spectra of CM and CI chondrites.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01554.x","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., and King, T.V., 1997, Spectral characteristics of iron-bearing phyllosilicates: Comparison to Orgueil (CI1), Murchison and Murray (CM2): Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 32, no. 5, p. 693-701, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01554.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"693","endPage":"701","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b953ae4b08c986b31adf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, T. V. V.","contributorId":6192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019915,"text":"70019915 - 1997 - Fragmentation and hydration of tektites and microtektites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T16:19:51.091093","indexId":"70019915","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fragmentation and hydration of tektites and microtektites","docAbstract":"An examination of data collected over the last 30 years indicates that the percent of glass fragments vs. whole splash forms in the Cenozoic microtektite strewn fields increases towards the source crater (or source region). We propose that this is due to thermal stress produced when tektites and larger microtektites fall into water near the source crater while still relatively hot (>1150 °C). We also find evidence (low major oxide totals, frothing when melted) for hydration of most of the North American tektite fragments and microtektites found in marine sediments. High-temperature mass spectrometry indicates that these tektite fragments and microtektites contain up to 3.8 wt% H2O. The H2O-release behavior during the high-temperature mass-spectrometric analysis, plus high CI abundances (0.05 wt%), indicate that the North American tektite fragments and microtektites were hydrated in the marine environment (i.e., the H2O was not trapped solely on quenching from a melt). The younger Ivory Coast and Australasian microtektites do not exhibit much evidence of hydration (at least not in excess of 0.5 wt% H2O); this suggests that the degree of hydration increases with age. In addition, we find that some glass spherules (with <65 wt% SiO2) from the upper Eocene clinopyroxene-bearing spherule layer in the Indian Ocean have palagonitized rims. These spherules appear to have been altered in a similar fashion to the splash form K/T boundary spherules. Thus, our data indicate that tektites and microtektites that generally contain >65 wt% SiO2 can undergo simple hydration in the marine environment, while impact glasses (with <65 wt% SiO2) can also undergo palagonitization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01276.x","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Glass, B., Muenow, D., Bohor, B., and Meeker, G., 1997, Fragmentation and hydration of tektites and microtektites: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 32, no. 3, p. 333-341, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01276.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"341","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13b9e4b0c8380cd54766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, B.P.","contributorId":74513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"B.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muenow, D.W.","contributorId":75711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muenow","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159583,"text":"70159583 - 1997 - Strategic plan for the National Mapping Divison of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T13:35:09","indexId":"70159583","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Strategic plan for the National Mapping Divison of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The National Mapping Division (NMD) has developed this comprehensive strategic plan to chart its course over the next decade. To meet the challenge of the future, the NMD is changing its program emphasis, methods of responding to customer need and business practices. The NMD Strategic Plan identifies the new direction for the Division through a series of goals and actions for managers to use in formulating plans, establishing program emphasis, and determining resource needs and allocations into the next century.
\nThe Plan refines the NMD mission on the basis of several key issues that are expected to face the Division in the next decade. Th first of these is the continuing advances in technology and telecommunications. Related to this is the growth in the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and the demand for data to use in GIS's. Also, a trend exists toward decreasing cost of both the data and the systems, leading to even more demand for and use of data and technology by more users. Another is a changing customer base and increasing demand for NMD products and services. Finally, the financial resource available to the NMD are anticipated to remain relatively static.
\nThe Plan assumes that a much greater reliance on partnerships with other government agencies and the private sector for production activities will be permanent. It calls for significantly greater emphasis on the inherently governmental information management responsibilities and on geographic research to support the Division's mission. Multipartner consortia and shared funding agreements will constitute the basis for meeting most mapping needs in the future, with the NMD appropriation focused on map revision in areas of importance to the Federal Government. Mapping Centers will be encouraged to increase partnership agreements to meet mission requirements. The Division will continue to constrain employment, targeting new hiring to specific skills needed to support the revised mission in areas such as quality assurance, data standards development and maintenance, contract management, and information management. Retraining opportunities for current employees will be a high priority.
\nThe Bureau Strategic Plan was reviewed carefully to assure that the NMD Strategic Plan would be consistent with it. The Division planning team built on the conclusion of the Bureau Plan regarding the political, economic, societal, and global force that will affect our program in the future. The NMD Strategic Plan also embraces all of the core competencies and business activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70159583","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey National Mapping Division, 1997, Strategic plan for the National Mapping Divison of the U.S. Geological Survey, ix, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159583.","productDescription":"ix, 29 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159583.jpg"},{"id":313211,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159583/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"tableOfContents":"