No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97744","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wentworth, C.M., 1997, General distribution of geologic materials in the San Francisco Bay region, California: A digital map database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-744, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97744.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1840,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-744/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":108384,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13164.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13164"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.533,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -121.208,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -121.208,\n 38.875\n ],\n [\n -123.533,\n 38.875\n ],\n [\n -123.533,\n 36.875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0fcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentworth, C. M.","contributorId":55453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29908,"text":"wri974119 - 1997 - Potentiometric surface and specific conductance of the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern Arkansas, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri974119","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4119","title":"Potentiometric surface and specific conductance of the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern Arkansas, 1995","docAbstract":"The Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern and south-central Arkansas are a major source of water for industrial, public supply, and agricultural uses. An estimated 240 million gallons per day was withdrawn from the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in 1995, an increase of about 17 million gallons per day from 1990. During the spring and early summer of 1995, the water level in the Sparta and Memphis aquifers was measured in 145 wells, the specific conductance of 101 ground-water samples collected from those aquifers was measured. Maps of areal distribution of potentiometric surface and specific conductance generated from these data reveal spatial trends in these parameters across the eastern and south-central Arkansas study area. The altitude of the potentiometric surface ranged from about 206 feet below sea level in Union County to about 307 feet above sea level in Saline County.\r\nThe potentiometric surface of the Sparta and Memphis aquifers contains cones of depression descending below sea level in the central and southern portions of the study area, and a potentiometric high along the western study area boundary. Major recharge areas exhibit potentiometric highs greater than 200 feet above sea level and specific conductance values less than 200 microsiemens per centimeter, and generally are located in the outcrop/subcrop areas on the southern one-third of the western boundary and the northern portion of the study area. The regional direction of ground-water flow is from the north and west to the south and east, away from the outcrop and subcrop and northern regions, except near areas affected by intense ground-water withdrawals; such areas are manifested by large cones of depression centered in Columbia, Jefferson, and Union Counties. The cones of depression in adjoining Columbia and Union Counties are coalescing at or near sea level. The lowest water level measured was about 206 feet below sea level in Union County. Increased specific conductance values were measured in the areas of the cones of depression in Columbia and Union Counties.\r\nThe cones of depression centered in Jefferson County coincides with an elongate area where ground water in the aquifer has low specific conductance. This area extends eastward from the outcrop/subcrop region of recharge. This extension of ground water with low specific conductance possibly indicates increased ground-water movement to the east-southeast from the outcrop/subcrop area induced by ground- water withdrawals in Jefferson County. Specific conductance increases markedly to the northeast and gradually to the south of this area.\r\nLong-term hydrographs of eight wells in the study areas, during the period 1970-1995, reveal water-level declines ranging from less than 0.5 foot per year in Phillips County to more than 2.0 feet per year in Union County. Water-level declines of greater than 1.5 feet per year generally are associated with the cones of depression centered in Columbia, Jefferson, and Union Counties.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974119","usgsCitation":"Stanton, G.P., 1997, Potentiometric surface and specific conductance of the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern Arkansas, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4119, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974119.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58725,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4119/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58726,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4119/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58727,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a4b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Gregory P. 0000-0001-8622-0933 gstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-0933","contributorId":1583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Gregory","email":"gstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28237,"text":"wri974132 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Nutrients and pesticides in the watersheds of Richland and Chambers Creeks, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:25:18.758611","indexId":"wri974132","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4132","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Nutrients and pesticides in the watersheds of Richland and Chambers Creeks, 1993-95","docAbstract":"A study of nutrients and pesticides was conducted during February-August 1995 in the west-central part of the Trinity River Basin, where land commonly is used for growing crops. Water and bed-sediment samples were collected at 8 small reservoir sites in the headwaters (known as Natural Resources Conservation Service reservoirs), at 5 stream sites, and at 3 Richland-Chambers Reservoir sites. The analysis included data from the Chambers Creek near Rice site (08064100), which was sampled repeatedly during March 1993-September 1995.\r\n\r\nTotal nitrogen concentrations in the Natural Resources Conservation Service reservoirs were less than 1.0 milligram per liter, as nitrogen, except in 2 of the 8 reservoirs. For the five stream sites, total nitrogen concentrations at the beginning of the study ranged from 0.5 to 1.8 milligrams per liter. Peaks were noted in all stream sites during either March or April; the greatest peak concentration was 4.8 milligrams per liter, as nitrogen. By the end of the study, concentrations decreased to less than 1.2 milligrams per liter, as nitrogen. In the Richland-Chambers Reservoir, the February-March and June sampling showed total nitrogen concentrations of about 0.6 milligram per liter, as nitrogen.\r\n\r\nAt the beginning of the study, all five of the stream sites had total phosphorus concentrations less than 0.04 milligram per liter, as phosphorus. Peak concentrations in the streams occurred in the May sampling except at one site. Two sites had concentrations greater than 0.2 milligram per liter, as phosphorus. By the end of the study, concentrations decreased to less than 0.04 milligram per liter, as phosphorus, except at one site where the concentrations were about 0.08 milligram per liter. Concentrations in the Richland-Chambers Reservoir were less than 0.04 milligram per liter, as phosphorus.\r\n\r\nTotal nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations generally increased with streamflow and with the percentage of cropland in the drainage area upstream from the sampling site.\r\n\r\nHerbicides were detected in the streams much more often than insecticides were. Nineteen herbicides and 9 insecticides were detected at the 08064100 Chambers Creek near Rice site. Atrazine and metolachlor, the most commonly detected herbicides, occurred in all samples at this site. Other herbicides detected in 25 percent or more of the samples were alachlor, fluometuron, prometon, simazine, trifluralin, and 2,4-D.\r\n\r\nAt the beginning of the study, the number of herbicides detected in the five stream sites was 4 or 5. The greatest number of herbicides detected in the streams occurred in May samples, ranging from 7 to 10. The number of herbicides detected in the Richland-Chambers Reservoir ranged from 6 to 8. Generally, more herbicides were detected in high-streamflow samples than in low-streamflow samples. However, a consistent relation between the number of herbicides in samples and the percentage of cropland in a drainage area was not evident.\r\n\r\nAt the beginning of the study, atrazine concentrations at the stream sites were less than 0.4 microgram per liter, except at one site. In the streams, concentrations peaked in March and April; the greatest peak concentration was 20 micrograms per liter. By the end of the study, atrazine concentrations decreased to less than 0.4 microgram per liter at all the stream sites. In the Richland-Chambers Reservoir, the concentrations were about 1 microgram per liter during February-March and about 3 micrograms per liter in June. Atrazine concentrations tended to increase with increasing streamflow. A consistent relation between atrazine concentrations and the percentage of cropland in a drainage area was not evident.\r\n\r\nThe greatest number of insecticides detected in water samples was two. Diazinon, the most frequently detected insecticide, had slightly greater concentrations in May and June - between 0.01 and 0.02 microgram per liter.\r\n\r\nThe only organochlorine insecticides detected in bed-sedime","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974132","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas — Nutrients and pesticides in the watersheds of Richland and Chambers Creeks, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4132, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974132.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393014,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44860.htm"},{"id":57064,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4132/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.1667,\n 31.9\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 31.9\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 32.3917\n ],\n [\n -97.1667,\n 32.3917\n ],\n [\n -97.1667,\n 31.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcacb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, L. F.","contributorId":17253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28572,"text":"wri974080 - 1997 - Organochlorine compounds in fish tissue and bed sediment in the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T14:01:57","indexId":"wri974080","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4080","title":"Organochlorine compounds in fish tissue and bed sediment in the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1992-94","docAbstract":"Fish-tissue and bed-sediment samples were \ncollected from 20 sites in the upper Snake River \nBasin in Idaho and western Wyoming as part of the \nNational Water-Quality Assessment Program to \ndetermine the occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds. During 1992-94, 41 samples were analyzed for 28 different organochlorine \ncompounds in whole-fish tissue and 32 compounds \nin bed sediment. Sites sampled were third- through \nseventh-order streams that represented three environmental settings: reference conditions, agricultural land use, and mixed (agricultural and urban) \nland use. Fourteen organochlorine compounds \nwere detected in fish tissue and nine in bed sediment. All compounds detected in bed sediment also \nwere detected in fish tissue. Fish-tissue and bed-\nsediment samples from agricultural and mixed \nland-use sites contained one or more organochlorine compounds. The most frequently detected \ncompound at all sites was p,p'DDE, which was \npresent in 80 percent of the fish-tissue and 30 percent of the bed-sediment samples. A maximum of \nthree compounds were detected, all in fish-tissue \nsamples from reference (forest and rangeland) \nsites. The highest number of compounds was \ndetected in fish-tissue (nine) and bed-sediment \n(eight) samples from mixed land-use sites. No clear \nrelation was apparent between the occurrence of \nexternal anomalies and fish-tissue contaminant \nconcentrations or land use.
\nThe distribution of organochlorine compounds in the basin was related to land use. Total \nDDT was detected at sites in all land uses; total \nPCB was detected at only agricultural and mixed \nland-use sites. Total chlordane was detected in fish- \ntissue samples from primarily mixed land-use sites; \nsamples from six of the eight sites contained \ndetectable concentrations. Median concentrations \nof p,p'DDE in fish-tissue samples from mixed land- \nuse sites were significantly higher (p<0.05) than \nfrom reference and agricultural sites. Significant \npositive relations between percent agricultural land \nand concentrations of total DDT (r2 = 0.41) and \nlipid-normalized total DDT (r2 =0.48) were \nobserved.
\nConcentrations of p,p'DDE, total PCB, total \nDDT, and toxaphene in fish-tissue samples from \nthree mixed land-use sites equaled or exceeded \nnational guidelines established for protection of \nfish-eating wildlife: Portneuf River at Pocatello, \ntotal PCB; Rock Creek at Twin Falls, p,p'DDE, \ntotal DDT, and toxaphene; and Snake River near \nBuhl, p,p'DDE and total DDT. Concentrations of \ntotal DDT and p,p'DDE in 32 and 34 percent of \nfish-tissue samples, respectively, analyzed during \nthis study exceeded the 1980-81 U.S. Fish and \nWildlife Service/National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (USFWS/NCBP) geometric mean \nconcentrations. Concentrations of total PCB in \nsamples from the Portneuf River at Pocatello \nand concentrations of toxaphene in samples from \nRock Creek at Twin Falls also exceeded the \nUSFWS/NCBP geometric mean concentrations.\nComparisons of 1970-84 USFWS/NCBP concentrations of total DDT and total PCB in fish-tissue \nsamples from the Snake River near Hagerman with \nconcentrations measured during this study indicated a decreasing trend. Concentrations of \np,p'DDE in all sediment samples from Rock Creek \nat Twin Falls exceeded the Canadian Probable \nEffect Level guideline. Total PCB was detected in \nsediment from only one site, Portneuf River at Pocatello, which was also the only site where concentrations of total PCB in fish tissue were elevated. \nBecause organochlorine compounds are lipophilic \nand tend to bioaccumulate in tissue, fish are a better \nindicator of organochlorine contaminant occurrence and distribution than are bed sediment or \nwater in the upper Snake River Basin.
\nSome of the highest concentrations of organochlorine contaminants in tissue and sediment in \nthe basin were detected at sites receiving irrigation-\nreturn flows. Results of this study support the \nimportance of controlling sediment erosion on irrigated land to reduce the quantity of contaminants \nentering streams that receive irrigation-return \nflows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","doi":"10.3133/wri974080","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., and Ott, D.S., 1997, Organochlorine compounds in fish tissue and bed sediment in the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4080, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974080.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4080/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57399,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4080/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Portneuf River;Rock Creek;Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.25,41.5003 ], [ -115.25,44.7623 ], [ -109.7496,44.7623 ], [ -109.7496,41.5003 ], [ -115.25,41.5003 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68aa77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ott, Douglas S. dott@usgs.gov","contributorId":3552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ott","given":"Douglas","email":"dott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28570,"text":"wri974087 - 1997 - Characteristics of fish assemblages and related environmental variables for streams of the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T14:24:50","indexId":"wri974087","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4087","title":"Characteristics of fish assemblages and related environmental variables for streams of the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1993-95","docAbstract":"
Fish assemblages and environmental variables \nwere evaluated for 30 first- through seventh-order \nstreams in the upper Snake River Basin, \nIdaho and western Wyoming. Data were collected \nas part of the National Water-Quality Assessment \nProgram to characterize aquatic biota and associated \nhabitats in surface water. Sampling sites represented \nmajor stream types in the basin large \nriver, agricultural, and least-disturbed reference \nstreams and springs in forested and (or) rangeland \nwatersheds.
\nTwenty-four environmental variables representing \nvarious spatial scales, from watershed \ncharacteristics to instream habitat and physicochemical \nmeasures, were used to examine relations \nwith fish assemblages. Twenty-six fish species in \nthe families Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, Cottidae, \nCyprinidae, Ictaluridae, Percidae, and Salmonidae \nwere collected. Detrended correspondence \nanalysis and canonical correspondence analysis \ndifferentiated fish assemblages on the basis of site \ntype and showed that fish assemblages were most \nstrongly correlated with percent agricultural and \nforest land uses, stream width, watershed size, and \nelevation. Fish assemblages did not correspond to \nthe four major ecoregions in the basin. Comparisons \nbetween multiple-year and multiple-reach \ncollections using Jaccard's coefficient of community \nsimilarity index generally indicated little difference \nin fish assemblages. Percent substrate fines, \npercent embeddedness, and specific conductance \ntypically were higher for streams influenced by \nagricultural land use than for reference streams in \nforested and (or) rangeland watersheds. The number \nof native species, percent introduced species, \npercent omnivores, percent common carp, percent \nsalmonids, and percent coldwater-adapted species \nvaried according to site type. Percent omnivores \nand percent common carp were higher for large \nriver and agricultural sites than for reference \nstream and spring sites. The introduction of intolerant \nsalmonid species throughout the basin confounds \nthe use of introduced species as a measure \nof environmental disturbance.
\nAnalysis offish metrics identified some large \nriver and agricultural sites in the lower part of the \nbasin that did not support viable coldwater fish \nassemblages. These sites characteristically were \ndominated by tolerant, warmwater-adapted species. \nThe findings of this study support the waterquality-\nlimited designation for the middle reach of \nthe Snake River between Milner Dam and King \nHill and provide a framework for developing indices \nof biotic integrity by using fish assemblages to \nevaluate water quality of streams in the upper \nSnake River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","doi":"10.3133/wri974087","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., 1997, Characteristics of fish assemblages and related environmental variables for streams of the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4087, vii, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974087.","productDescription":"vii, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57398,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"King Hill;Milner Dam;Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.25,41.5003 ], [ -115.25,44.7623 ], [ -109.7496,44.7623 ], [ -109.7496,41.5003 ], [ -115.25,41.5003 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e501c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24039,"text":"ofr97443 - 1997 - What is the Alaska Volcano Observatory?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"ofr97443","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-443","title":"What is the Alaska Volcano Observatory?","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97443","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Neal, C., 1997, What is the Alaska Volcano Observatory?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-443, 1 sheet :col. ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97443.","productDescription":"1 sheet :col. ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0443/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0443/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e494d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25411,"text":"wri964126 - 1997 - Characterization of fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T11:00:52","indexId":"wri964126","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4126","title":"Characterization of fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","docAbstract":"In October 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, began a study of the fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois. Fill in this area is a mixture of steel-industry wastes, other industrial waste, municipal solid waste, dredging spoil, construction debris, ash, cinders, natural materials, and biological sludge. Fill deposits are concentrated along Lake Michigan; from the Lake Calumet area to the east of the Indiana Harbor Canal; along the Calumet, Little Calumet, and Grand Calumet Rivers; and along the Calumet Sag Channel. Industrial wastes and municipal solid wastes are used as fill near Lake Calumet. Steel-industry wastes, primarily slag, are used as fill along Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake, Lake George, parts of Lake Calumet, and parts of the Calumet and Little Calumet Rivers. Dredging spoil is located along the rivers, and in abandoned river channels, landfills, and tailing ponds. Cinders, ash, construction debris, and natural materials are scattered throughout the area.
Currently (1996), fill covers about 60.2 square miles of the study area. A total volume of about 2.1 x 1010 cubic feet of fill was calculated to be present in the Calumet region. Most of this fill is steel-industry waste.
Fill deposition in the study area has been essentially continuous from about 1870 to the present (1996). Fill deposited before 1964 was used as foundation for streets and railroad tracks, to create land for industrial expansion, and to dispose of waste material. Much of the fill deposited after 1964 was disposed of in landfills designed to minimize environmental effects.
Industrial wastes, municipal solid wastes, steel-industry wastes, and, perhaps, dredging spoil can be associated with increased concentrations of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, pesticides, cyanide, metals, or major ions in ground water in this area. Construction debris, ash, cinders, and natural fill may be associated with increased concentrations of major ions in ground water.
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The Hueco bolson is the principal aquifer in the El Paso area. Starting in the early 1900s and continuing to the 1950s, most of the municipal and industrial water supply in El Paso was pumped from the Hueco bolson aquifer from wells in and near the Rio Grande Valley and the international border. The Rio Grande is the principal surface-water feature in the El Paso area, and a major source of recharge to the shallow aquifer (Rio Grande alluvium) within the study area is leakage of flow from the Rio Grande.
\nThe shallow aquifer and the underlying Hueco bolson aquifer are in general hydrologic connection, but wells that penetrate these aquifers have different water levels and water quality. The configuration (slope) of the predevelopment (pre- 1903) water table indicates that ground water in the Hueco bolson flowed south from the Texas-New Mexico State line toward the El Paso Valley and the Rio Grande. There the water moved upward from the Hueco bolson fill through the alluvium and discharged as seepage at the land surface or through evapotranspiration on the river flood plain. Subsequent (post-January 1903) development of the Hueco bolson has caused water levels to decline in both the bolson aquifer and the shallow aquifer, and these declines have reversed the original vertical hydraulic gradient and now cause vertical leak- 1 Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey. 2 Geologist, El Paso Water Utilities-Public Service Board. age downward. Water-level declines in the shallow aquifer have in turn induced increasing amounts of leakage from the Rio Grande and from irrigation canals.
\nThe reversal from upward to downward in vertical hydraulic gradient between the Rio Grande alluvium and the underlying Hueco bolson aquifer has induced shallow water in the alluvium to move downward into the deeper aquifer. The introduction of water from the alluvium probably has led to a gradual water-quality deterioration of ground water in the Hueco bolson aquifer. The extent of any deterioration is a major concern because the dissolved solids concentration in water from some wells is approaching 1,000 milligrams per liter and already has exceeded this limit in other wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri974263","collaboration":"In cooperation with the El Paso Water Utilities-Public Service Board","usgsCitation":"White, D., Baker, E.T., and Sperka, R., 1997, Hydrology of the shallow aquifer and uppermost semiconfined aquifer near El Paso, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4263, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974263.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4263/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59254,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, D. E.","contributorId":20729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":203307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, E. T. Jr.","contributorId":88366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sperka, Roger","contributorId":59080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sperka","given":"Roger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020014,"text":"70020014 - 1997 - Identification of internal flow dynamics in two experimental catchments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:15:46.843669","indexId":"70020014","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2704,"text":"Mathematics and Computers in Simulation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of internal flow dynamics in two experimental catchments","docAbstract":"Identification of the internal flow dynamics in catchments is difficult because of the lack of information in precipitation -stream discharge time series alone. Two experimental catchments, Hydrohill and Nandadish, near Nanjing in China, have been set up to monitor internal flows reaching the catchment stream at various depths, from the surface runoff to the bedrock. With analysis of the precipitation against these internal discharges, it is possible to quantify the time constants and volumes associated with various flowpaths in both catchments.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0378-4754(97)00021-9","issn":"03784754","usgsCitation":"Hansen, D., Jakeman, A., Kendall, C., and Weizu, G., 1997, Identification of internal flow dynamics in two experimental catchments: Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, v. 43, no. 3-6, p. 367-375, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4754(97)00021-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"375","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","city":"Nanjing","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 118.27126629687325,\n 32.324544841300096\n ],\n [\n 118.27126629687325,\n 31.789612661662844\n ],\n [\n 119.2452757467712,\n 31.789612661662844\n ],\n [\n 119.2452757467712,\n 32.324544841300096\n ],\n [\n 118.27126629687325,\n 32.324544841300096\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"3-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a382de4b0c8380cd61489","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, D.P.","contributorId":17780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jakeman, A.J.","contributorId":12639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakeman","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weizu, G.","contributorId":24940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weizu","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24877,"text":"ofr97535 - 1997 - Locatable mineral reports for Colorado, South Dakota, and Wyoming provided to the U.S. Forest Service in fiscal years 1996 and 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr97535","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-535","title":"Locatable mineral reports for Colorado, South Dakota, and Wyoming provided to the U.S. Forest Service in fiscal years 1996 and 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97535","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wilson, A., 1997, Locatable mineral reports for Colorado, South Dakota, and Wyoming provided to the U.S. Forest Service in fiscal years 1996 and 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-535, ii, 108 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97535.","productDescription":"ii, 108 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0535/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53868,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0535/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b4b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, A.B. 0000-0002-9737-2614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2614","contributorId":63818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"A.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23646,"text":"ofr97630 - 1997 - Documentation of R-UNSAT, a computer model for the simulation of reactive, multispecies transport in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T09:36:55","indexId":"ofr97630","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-630","title":"Documentation of R-UNSAT, a computer model for the simulation of reactive, multispecies transport in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97630","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1997, Documentation of R-UNSAT, a computer model for the simulation of reactive, multispecies transport in the unsaturated zone: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-630, vii, 104 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97630.","productDescription":"vii, 104 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0630/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52915,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0630/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b4f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28032,"text":"wri974157 - 1997 - Guide to the revised heat and solute transport simulator; HST3D, Version 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T09:32:22","indexId":"wri974157","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4157","title":"Guide to the revised heat and solute transport simulator; HST3D, Version 2","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974157","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K., 1997, Guide to the revised heat and solute transport simulator; HST3D, Version 2: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4157, v, 149 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974157.","productDescription":"v, 149 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4157/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56871,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4157/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64eb34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, K.L. Jr.","contributorId":31024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"K.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24232,"text":"ofr97538 - 1997 - A record of the inarticulate brachiopod Glottidia? from the ancestral Gulf of California, Miocene to Pliocene Imperial Formation, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr97538","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-538","title":"A record of the inarticulate brachiopod Glottidia? from the ancestral Gulf of California, Miocene to Pliocene Imperial Formation, southern California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97538","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Powell, C., 1997, A record of the inarticulate brachiopod Glottidia? from the ancestral Gulf of California, Miocene to Pliocene Imperial Formation, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-538, 5 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97538.","productDescription":"5 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0538/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53366,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0538/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a855a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, C.L.","contributorId":11642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32116,"text":"ofr97697 - 1997 - Geologic map of the Mine Mountain area, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-29T20:53:17.514287","indexId":"ofr97697","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-697","title":"Geologic map of the Mine Mountain area, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97697","usgsCitation":"Cole, J.C., and Cashman, P.H., 1997, Geologic map of the Mine Mountain area, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-697, Report: 8 p.; 1 Plate: 38.96 × 28.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97697.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p.; 1 Plate: 38.96 × 28.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0697/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60240,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0697/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397807,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18829.htm"},{"id":60239,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0697/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mine Mountain area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.1670,\n 36.95\n ],\n [\n -116.092,\n 36.95\n ],\n [\n -116.092,\n 37.033\n ],\n [\n -116.1670,\n 37.033\n ],\n [\n -116.1670,\n 36.95\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69695c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":51292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, P. H.","contributorId":51810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32111,"text":"ofr97678 - 1997 - Sub-crop geologic map of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T21:54:13.215318","indexId":"ofr97678","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-678","title":"Sub-crop geologic map of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"This map displays interpreted structural and stratigraphic relations among the Paleozoic and older rocks of the Nevada Test Site region beneath the Miocene volcanic rocks and younger alluvium in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat basins. These interpretations are based on a comprehensive examination and review of data for more than 77 drillholes that penetrated part of the pre-Tertiary basement beneath these post-middle Miocene structural basins. Biostratigraphic data from conodont fossils were newly obtained for 31 of these holes, and a thorough review of all prior microfossil paleontologic data is incorporated in the analysis. Subsurface relationships are interpreted in light of a revised regional geologic framework synthesized from detailed geologic mapping in the ranges surrounding Yucca Flat, from comprehensive stratigraphic studies in the region, and from additional detailed field studies on and around the Nevada Test Site.
All available data indicate the subsurface geology of Yucca Flat is considerably more complicated than previous interpretations have suggested. The western part of the basin, in particular, is underlain by relics of the eastward-vergent Belted Range thrust system that are folded back toward the west and thrust by local, west-vergent contractional structures of the CP thrust system. Field evidence from the ranges surrounding the north end of Yucca Flat indicate that two significant strike-slip faults track southward beneath the post-middle Miocene basin fill, but their subsurface traces cannot be closely defined from the available evidence. In contrast, the eastern part of the Yucca Flat basin is interpreted to be underlain by a fairly simple north-trending, broad syncline in the pre-Tertiary units. Far fewer data are available for the northern Frenchman Flat basin, but regional analysis indicates the pre- Tertiary structure there should also be relatively simple and not affected by thrusting.
This new interpretation has implications for ground water flow through pre-Tertiary rocks beneath the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, and has consequences for ground water modeling and model validation. Our data indicate that the Mississippian Chainman Shale is not a laterally extensive confining unit in the western part of the basin because it is folded back onto itself by the convergent structures of the Belted Range and CP thrust systems. Early and Middle Paleozoic limestone and dolomite are present beneath most of both basins and, regardless of structural complications, are interpreted to form a laterally continuous and extensive carbonate aquifer. Structural culmination that marks the French Peak accommodation zone along the topographic divide between the two basins provides a lateral pathway through highly fractured rock between the volcanic aquifers of Yucca Flat and the regional carbonate aquifer. This pathway may accelerate the migration of ground-water contaminants introduced by underground nuclear testing toward discharge areas beyond the Nevada Test Site boundaries. Predictive three-dimensional models of hydrostratigraphic units and ground-water flow in the pre-Tertiary rocks of subsurface Yucca Flat are likely to be unrealistic due to the extreme structural complexities. The interpretation of hydrologic and geochemical data obtained from monitoring wells will be difficult to extrapolate through the flow system until more is known about the continuity of hydrostratigraphic units.
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