Reduction of selenium oxyanions by microorganisms is an important process in the biogeochemical cycling of selenium. Numerous bacteria can reduce Se oxyanions, which are used as electron acceptors during the oxidation of organic matter in anoxic environments. In this study, we used a double spike (82Se and 74Se) thermal ionization mass spectrometry technique to quantify the isotopic fractionation achieved by three different species of anaerobic bacteria capable of accomplishing growth by respiratory reduction of selenate [SeO42− or Se(VI)] or selenite [SeO32− or Se(IV)] to Se(IV) or elemental selenium [Se(0)] coupled with the oxidation of lactate. Isotopic discrimination in these closed system experiments was evaluated by Rayleigh fractionation equations and numerical models. Growing cultures of Bacillus selenitireducens, a haloalkaliphile capable of growth using Se(IV) as an electron acceptor, induced a 80Se/76Se fractionation of −8.0 ± 0.4‰ (instantaneous ϵ value) during reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0). With Bacillus arsenicoselenatis, a haloalkaliphile capable of growth using Se(VI) as an electron acceptor, fractionations of −5.0 ± 0.5‰ and −6.0 ± 1.0‰ were observed for reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) and reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0), respectively. In growing cultures of Sulfurospirillum barnesii, a freshwater species capable of growth using Se(VI), fractionation was small initially, but near the end of the log growth phase, it increased to −4.0 ± 1.0‰ and −8.4 ± 0.4‰ for reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) and reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0), respectively. Washed cell suspensions of S. barnesii induced fractionations of −1.1 ± 0.4‰ during Se(VI) reduction, and −9.1 ± 0.5% for Se(IV) reduction, with some evidence for smaller values (e.g., −1.7‰) in the earliest-formed Se(0) results. These results demonstrate that dissimilatory reduction of selenate or selenite induces significant isotopic fractionation, and suggest that significant Se isotope ratio variation will be found in nature.
As part of the effort to restore the ∼10 000-km2 Everglades drainage in southern Florida, USA, we developed spatially explicit species index (SESI) models of a number of species and species groups. In this paper we describe the methodology and results of three such models: those for the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow and the Snail Kite, and the species group model of long-legged wading birds. SESI models are designed to produce relative comparisons of one management alternative to a base scenario or to another alternative. The model outputs do not provide an exact quantitative prediction of future biotic group responses, but rather, when applying the same input data and different hydrologic plans, the models provide the best available means to compare the relative response of the biotic groups. We compared four alternative hydrologic management scenarios to a base scenario (i.e., predicted conditions assuming that current water management practices continue). We ranked the results of the comparisons for each set of models. No one scenario was beneficial to all species; however, they provide a uniform assessment, based on the best available observational information, of relative species responses to alternative water-management plans. As such, these models were used extensively in the restoration planning.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1849:LBSESI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Curnutt, J.L., Comiskey, J., Nott, M., and Gross, L., 2000, Landscape-based spatially explicit species index models for everglades restoration: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 6, p. 1849-1860, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1849:LBSESI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1849","endPage":"1860","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Cypress National Preserve, Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.38534545898438,\n 26.257704515406648\n ],\n [\n -81.38259887695312,\n 26.236765673594668\n ],\n [\n -81.43341064453125,\n 26.237997474610452\n ],\n [\n -81.43203735351562,\n 26.2145910237943\n ],\n [\n -81.55288696289062,\n 26.204734267107604\n ],\n [\n -81.61056518554688,\n 26.199805575765804\n ],\n [\n -81.72317504882812,\n 26.168996529230178\n ],\n [\n -81.72317504882812,\n 25.888878582127084\n ],\n [\n -81.67373657226562,\n 25.830797170738858\n ],\n [\n -81.64764404296875,\n 25.88393659458397\n ],\n [\n -81.48422241210938,\n 25.80112757645447\n ],\n [\n -81.3702392578125,\n 25.697225529877763\n ],\n [\n -81.27273559570311,\n 25.62914524992192\n ],\n [\n -81.221923828125,\n 25.507742380531404\n ],\n [\n -81.15600585937499,\n 25.37256835379414\n ],\n [\n -81.18621826171875,\n 25.224820176765036\n ],\n [\n -81.15188598632812,\n 25.152743274854956\n ],\n [\n -81.09695434570312,\n 25.10798445491342\n ],\n [\n -80.71792602539062,\n 25.111714982906328\n ],\n [\n -80.48721313476562,\n 25.191272441616\n ],\n [\n -80.43777465820312,\n 25.25960064916269\n ],\n [\n -80.44464111328125,\n 25.29437116258816\n ],\n [\n -80.57098388671874,\n 25.2918878849706\n ],\n [\n -80.56549072265625,\n 25.41722976060518\n ],\n [\n -80.54489135742188,\n 25.575891798572776\n ],\n [\n -80.4803466796875,\n 25.667522551344298\n ],\n [\n -80.48446655273438,\n 25.890114046690094\n ],\n [\n -80.43090820312499,\n 25.94816628853973\n ],\n [\n -80.43365478515625,\n 26.10612083235552\n ],\n [\n -80.44326782226562,\n 26.145576207592274\n ],\n [\n -80.34576416015625,\n 26.12091815959972\n ],\n [\n -80.34439086914062,\n 26.144343428856374\n ],\n [\n -80.29220581054688,\n 26.1899475672235\n ],\n [\n -80.28945922851562,\n 26.351267272877074\n ],\n [\n -80.24139404296875,\n 26.341422119377988\n ],\n [\n -80.20156860351562,\n 26.48532391504829\n ],\n [\n -80.20706176757812,\n 26.518506504902675\n ],\n [\n -80.23040771484375,\n 26.583614813585854\n ],\n [\n -80.29632568359375,\n 26.686729520004036\n ],\n [\n -80.44876098632812,\n 26.681821407205977\n ],\n [\n -80.46798706054688,\n 26.517277690994334\n ],\n [\n -80.49819946289062,\n 26.39925039312297\n ],\n [\n -80.58609008789062,\n 26.395560091430248\n ],\n [\n -80.65750122070312,\n 26.493927728762568\n ],\n [\n -80.80581665039062,\n 26.496385842983383\n ],\n [\n -80.8538818359375,\n 26.480407161007275\n ],\n [\n -80.958251953125,\n 26.466885003671486\n ],\n [\n -80.98434448242186,\n 26.436146919246013\n ],\n [\n -80.9857177734375,\n 26.261399213411483\n ],\n [\n -81.38534545898438,\n 26.257704515406648\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a441fe4b0c8380cd6689d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curnutt, J. L.","contributorId":97845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curnutt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comiskey, J.","contributorId":54758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comiskey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nott, M.P.","contributorId":78677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nott","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gross, L.J.","contributorId":65030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022192,"text":"70022192 - 2000 - Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T19:03:02.20853","indexId":"70022192","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals","docAbstract":"Stable isotope studies of sulfate minerals are especially useful for unraveling the geochemical history of geological systems. All sulfate minerals can yield sulfur and oxygen isotope data. Hydrous sulfate minerals, such as gypsum, also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for the water of hydration, and more complex sulfate minerals, such as alunite and jarosite also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data from hydroxyl sites. Applications of stable isotope data can be divided into two broad categories: geothermometry and tracer studies. The equilibrium partitioning of stable isotopes between two substances, such as the isotopes of sulfur between barite and pyrite, is a function of temperature. Studies can also use stable isotopes as a tracer to fingerprint various sources of hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and to identify physical and chemical processes such as evaporation of water, mixing of waters, and reduction of sulfate to sulfide.
Studies of sulfate minerals range from low-temperature surficial processes associated with the evaporation of seawater to form evaporite deposits to high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with the formation of base-and precious-metal deposits. Studies have been conducted on scales from submicroscopic chemical processes associated with the weathering of pyrite to global processes affecting the sulfur budget of the oceans. Sulfate isotope studies provide important information to investigations of energy and mineral resources, environmental geochemistry, paleoclimates, oceanography (past and present), sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes, Earth systems, geomicrobiology, and hydrology.
One of the most important aspects of understanding and interpreting the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals is the complex interplay between equilibrium and kinetic chemical and isotopic processes. With few exceptions, sulfate minerals are precipitated from water or have extensively interacted with water at some time in their history. Because of this nearly ubiquitous association with water, the kinetics of isotopic exchange reactions among dissolved species and solids are fundamental in dictating the isotopic composition of sulfate minerals. In general, the heavier isotope of sulfur is enriched in the higher oxidation state, such that under equilibrium conditions, sulfate minerals (e.g. barite, anhydrite) are expected to be enriched in the heavy isotope relative to disulfide minerals (e.g. pyrite, marcasite), which in turn are expected to be enriched relative to monosulfide minerals (e.g. pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena) (Sakai 1968, Bachinski 1969). The kinetics of isotopic exchange among minerals with sulfur at the same oxidation state, such as sphalerite, and galena, are such that equilibrium is commonly observed. In contrast, isotopic equilibrium for exchange reactions between minerals of different oxidation states depends on factors such as the pH, time and temperature of reaction, the direction of reaction, fluid composition, and the presence or absence of catalysts (Ohmoto and Lasaga 1982). The kinetics of oxygen isotope exchange between dissolved sulfate and water are extremely sluggish. Extrapolation of the high-temperature (100 to 300°C) isotopic exchange kinetic data of Chiba and Sakai (1985) to ambient temperatures suggests that it would take several billions of years for dissolved sulfate and seawater to reach oxygen isotopic equilibrium. In contrast, the residence time of sulfate in the oceans is only 7.9 million years (Holland 1978). However, at higher temperatures (>200°C), oxygen isotopic exchange is sufficiently rapid to permit application of sulfate isotope geothermometry to geothermal systems and hydrothermal mineral deposits. In general, equilibrium prevails at low pH and high temperatures, whereas kinetic factors preclude equilibrium at low temperatures even at low pH. Thus, the sluggish kinetics of sulfur and oxygen isotope exchange reaction at low temperatures impair the use of these isotopes to understand the conditions of formation of sulfate minerals in these environments. However, because of these slow kinetics, the oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfate minerals may preserve a record of the sources and processes that initially produced the dissolved sulfate, because the isotope ratios may not re-equilibrate during fluid transport and mineral precipitation.
The first part of this chapter is designed to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the principles that form the foundations of stable isotope geochemistry. Next, an overview of analytical methods used to determine the stable isotope composition of sulfate minerals is presented. This overview is followed by a discussion of geochemical processes that determine the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals and related compounds. The chapter then concludes with an examination of the stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals in a variety of geochemical environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12","issn":"15296466","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., Alpers, C.N., and Rye, R.O., 2000, Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, no. 1, p. 541-602, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"602","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b967fe4b08c986b31b54d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":149066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R. ","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022209,"text":"70022209 - 2000 - Strontium isotope geochemistry of groundwaters and streams affected by agriculture, Locust Grove, MD","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:34:59","indexId":"70022209","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium isotope geochemistry of groundwaters and streams affected by agriculture, Locust Grove, MD","docAbstract":"The effects of agriculture on the isotope geochemistry of Sr were investigated in two small watersheds in the Atlantic coastal plain of Maryland. Stratified shallow oxic groundwaters in both watersheds contained a retrievable record of increasing recharge rates of chemicals including NO3−, Cl, Mg, Ca and Sr that were correlated with increasing fertilizer use between about 1940 and 1990. The component of Sr associated with recent agricultural recharge was relatively radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr=0.715) and it was overwhelming with respect to Sr acquired naturally by water–rock interactions in the oxidized, non-calcareous portion of the saturated zone. Agricultural groundwaters that penetrated relatively unoxidized calcareous glauconitic sediments at depth acquired an additional component of Sr from dissolution of early Tertiary marine CaCO3(87Sr/86Sr=0.708) while undergoing O2 reduction and denitrification. Ground-water discharge contained mixtures of waters of various ages and redox states. Two streams draining the area are considered to have higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios and NO3− concentrations than they would in the absence of agriculture; however, the streams have consistently different 87Sr/86Sr ratios and NO3− concentrations because the average depth to calcareous reducing (denitrifying) sediments in the local groundwater flow system was different in the two watersheds. The results of this study indicate that agriculture can alter significantly the isotope geochemistry of Sr in aquifers and streams and that the effects could vary depending on the types, sources and amounts of fertilizers added, the history of fertilizer use and groundwater residence times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00075-X","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., and Horan, M., 2000, Strontium isotope geochemistry of groundwaters and streams affected by agriculture, Locust Grove, MD: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 5, p. 599-609, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00075-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"599","endPage":"609","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206674,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00075-X"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Locust Grove","volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bade4b08c986b31d01a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horan, M.","contributorId":103821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022240,"text":"70022240 - 2000 - Geochemical modeling of iron, sulfur, oxygen and carbon in a coastal plain aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022240","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical modeling of iron, sulfur, oxygen and carbon in a coastal plain aquifer","docAbstract":"Fe(III) reduction in the Magothy aquifer of Long Island, NY, results in high dissolved-iron concentrations that degrade water quality. Geochemical modeling was used to constrain iron-related geochemical processes and redox zonation along a flow path. The observed increase in dissolved inorganic carbon is consistent with the oxidation of sedimentary organic matter coupled to the reduction of O2 and SO4/2- in the aerobic zone, and to the reduction of SO4/2- in the anaerobic zone; estimated rates of CO2 production through reduction of Fe(III) were relatively minor by comparison. The rates of CO2 production calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon mass transfer (2.55 x 10-4 to 48.6 x 10-4 mmol 1-1 yr-1) generally were comparable to the calculated rates of CO2 production by the combined reduction of O2, Fe(III) and SO4/2- (1.31 x 10-4 to 15 x 10-4 mmol 1-1 yr-1). The overall increase in SO4/2- concentrations along the flow path, together with the results of mass-balance calculations, and variations in ??34S values along the flow path indicate that SO4/2- loss through microbial reduction is exceeded by SO4/2- gain through diffusion from sediments and through the oxidation of FeS2. Geochemichal and microbial data on cores indicate that Fe(III) oxyhydroxide coatings on sediment grains in local, organic carbon- and SO4/2- -rich zones have localized SO4/2- -reducing zones in which the formation of iron disulfides been depleted by microbial reduction and resulted in decreases dissolved iron concentrations. These localized zones of SO4/2- reduction, which are important for assessing zones of low dissolved iron for water-supply development, could be overlooked by aquifer studies that rely only on groundwater data from well-water samples for geochemical modeling. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.Fe(III) reduction in the Magothy aquifer of Long Island, NY, results in high dissolved-iron concentrations that degrade water quality. Geochemical modeling was used to constrain iron-related geochemical processes and redox zonation along a flow path. The observed increase in dissolved inorganic carbon is consistent with the oxidation of sedimentary organic matter coupled to the reduction of O2 and SO42- in the aerobic zone, and to the reduction of SO42- in the anaerobic zone; estimated rates of CO2 production through reduction of Fe(III) were relatively minor by comparison. The rates of CO2 production calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon mass transfer (2.55??10-4 to 48.6??10-4mmol l-1yr-1) generally were comparable to the calculated rates of CO2 production by the combined reduction of O2, Fe(III) and SO42- (1.31??10-4 to 15??10-4mmol l-1yr-1). The overall increase in SO42- concentrations along the flow path, together with the results of mass-balance calculations, and variations in ??34S values along the flow path indicate that SO42- loss through microbial reduction is exceeded by SO42- gain through diffusion from sediments and through the oxidation of FeS2. Geochemical and microbial data on cores indicate that Fe(III) oxyhydroxide coatings on sediment grains in local, organic carbon- and SO42--rich zones have been depleted by microbial reduction and resulted in localized SO42--reducing zones in which the formation of iron disulfides decreases dissolved iron concentrations. These localized zones of SO42- reduction, which are important for assessing zones of low dissolved iron for water-supply development, could be overlooked by aquifer studies that rely only on groundwater data from well-water samples for geochemical modeling.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00296-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.J., Schoonen, M., and Candela, J., 2000, Geochemical modeling of iron, sulfur, oxygen and carbon in a coastal plain aquifer: Journal of Hydrology, v. 237, no. 3-4, p. 147-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00296-1.","startPage":"147","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00296-1"},{"id":230368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1688e4b0c8380cd551a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C. J.","contributorId":90342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoonen, M.A.A.","contributorId":82479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoonen","given":"M.A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Candela, J.L.","contributorId":6884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Candela","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022257,"text":"70022257 - 2000 - Empirical assessment of fish introductions in a subtropical wetland: An evaluation of contrasting views","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022257","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Empirical assessment of fish introductions in a subtropical wetland: An evaluation of contrasting views","docAbstract":"We summarized data from eight quantitative fish surveys conducted in southern Florida to evaluate the distribution and relative abundance of introduced fishes across a variety of habitats. These surveys encompassed marsh and canal habitats throughout most of the Everglades region, including the mangrove fringe of Florida Bay. Two studies provided systematically collected density information over a 20-year period, and documented the first local appearance of four introduced fishes based on their repeated absence in prior surveys. Those species displayed a pattern of rapid population growth followed by decline, then persistence at lower densities. Estuarine areas in the southern Everglades, characterized by natural tidal creeks surrounded by mangrove-dominated marshes, and canals held the largest introduced-fish populations. Introduced fishes were also common, at times exceeding 50% of the fish community, in solution holes that serve as dry-season refuges in short-hydroperiod rockland habitats of the eastern Everglades. Wet prairies and alligator ponds distant from canals generally held few individuals of introduced fishes. These patterns suggest that the introduced fishes in southern Florida at present may not be well-adapted to persist in freshwater marshes of the Everglades, possibly because of an interaction of periodic cold-temperature stress and hydrologic fluctuation. Our analyses indicated low densities of these fishes in central or northern Everglades wet-prairie communities, and, in the absence of experimental data, little evidence of biotic effects in this spatially extensive habitat. There is no guarantee that this condition will be maintained, especially under the cumulative effects of future invasions or environmental change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Invasions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1011488118444","issn":"13873547","usgsCitation":"Trexler, J., Loftus, W., Jordan, F., Lorenz, J., Chick, J., and Kobza, R.M., 2000, Empirical assessment of fish introductions in a subtropical wetland: An evaluation of contrasting views: Biological Invasions, v. 2, no. 4, p. 265-277, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011488118444.","startPage":"265","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206736,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011488118444"},{"id":230669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0904e4b0c8380cd51d74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftus, W.F.","contributorId":29363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftus","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jordan, F.","contributorId":80622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lorenz, J.J.","contributorId":67058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chick, J.H.","contributorId":93004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chick","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kobza, Robert M.","contributorId":103822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kobza","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7036,"text":"South Florida Water Management District","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022258,"text":"70022258 - 2000 - Drainage-basis-scale geomorphic analysis to determine refernce conditions for ecologic restoration-Kissimmee River, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T15:01:46.5241","indexId":"70022258","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drainage-basis-scale geomorphic analysis to determine refernce conditions for ecologic restoration-Kissimmee River, Florida","docAbstract":"Major controls on the retention, distribution, and discharge of surface water in the historic (precanal) Kissimmee drainage basin and river were investigated to determine reference conditions for ecosystem restoration. Precanal Kissimmee drainage-basin hydrology was largely controlled by landforms derived from relict, coastal ridge, lagoon, and shallow-shelf features; widespread carbonate solution depressions; and a poorly developed fluvial drainage network. Prior to channelization for flood control, the Kissimmee River was a very low gradient, moderately meandering river that flowed from Lake Kissimmee to Lake Okeechobee through the lower drainage basin.
We infer that during normal wet seasons, river discharge rapidly exceeded Lake Okeechobee outflow capacity, and excess surface water backed up into the low-gradient Kissimmee River. This backwater effect induced bankfull and peak discharge early in the flood cycle and transformed the flood plain into a shallow aquatic system with both lacustrine and riverine characteristics. The large volumes of surface water retained in the lakes and wetlands of the upper basin maintained overbank flow conditions for several months after peak discharge. Analysis indicates that most of the geomorphic work on the channel and flood plain occurred during the frequently recurring extended periods of overbank discharge and that discharge volume may have been significant in determining channel dimensions.
Comparison of hydrogeomorphic relationships with other river systems identified links between geomorphology and hydrology of the precanal Kissimmee River. However, drainage-basin and hydraulic geometry models derived solely from general populations of river systems may produce spurious reference conditions for restoration design criteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<884:DGATDR>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Warne, A., Toth, L., and White, W., 2000, Drainage-basis-scale geomorphic analysis to determine refernce conditions for ecologic restoration-Kissimmee River, Florida: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 6, p. 884-899, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<884:DGATDR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"884","endPage":"899","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Kissimmee River, Lake Kissimmee, Lake Okeechobee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.18690490722655,\n 27.800817328100297\n ],\n [\n -81.19102478027344,\n 27.870644599673355\n ],\n [\n -81.20201110839844,\n 27.877321374551116\n ],\n [\n -81.21986389160156,\n 27.93254072134666\n ],\n [\n -81.22055053710938,\n 27.955591004642553\n ],\n [\n -81.29539489746094,\n 28.002283068261377\n ],\n [\n -81.32011413574219,\n 27.99803917062052\n ],\n [\n -81.30569458007812,\n 27.977423576428517\n ],\n [\n -81.34620666503906,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n -81.36886596679688,\n 27.97984914504167\n ],\n [\n -81.36817932128906,\n 27.971359416256693\n ],\n [\n -81.34963989257812,\n 27.934967298584915\n ],\n [\n -81.31599426269531,\n 27.921013735392084\n ],\n [\n -81.32148742675781,\n 27.90159708626247\n ],\n [\n -81.31050109863281,\n 27.883390812774888\n ],\n [\n -81.309814453125,\n 27.867609565973098\n ],\n [\n -81.30775451660156,\n 27.859111019382624\n ],\n [\n -81.24938964843749,\n 27.840897604499386\n ],\n [\n -81.24114990234374,\n 27.8421119273228\n ],\n [\n -81.2164306640625,\n 27.81782288866404\n ],\n [\n -81.221923828125,\n 27.79352841586229\n ],\n [\n -81.16561889648438,\n 27.685352198428955\n ],\n [\n -81.17385864257812,\n 27.67379895781762\n ],\n [\n -81.17935180664061,\n 27.581937684694736\n ],\n [\n -81.22673034667969,\n 27.54480631775389\n ],\n [\n -81.21780395507811,\n 27.492435852729894\n ],\n [\n -81.18690490722655,\n 27.421147650741265\n ],\n [\n -81.12648010253906,\n 27.38030375235113\n ],\n [\n -81.05575561523438,\n 27.34554408168226\n ],\n [\n -81.05026245117188,\n 27.31565424126349\n ],\n [\n -81.02210998535156,\n 27.290027966206214\n ],\n [\n -80.98297119140625,\n 27.21433494529935\n ],\n [\n -80.96992492675781,\n 27.178301644674047\n ],\n [\n -80.8978271484375,\n 27.15447663185513\n ],\n [\n -81.02485656738281,\n 27.039556602163195\n ],\n [\n -81.11686706542967,\n 26.974097380304208\n ],\n [\n -81.09832763671875,\n 26.93492599433896\n ],\n [\n -81.03103637695311,\n 26.866343323987433\n ],\n [\n -80.97267150878906,\n 26.882268012500234\n ],\n [\n -80.93971252441406,\n 26.759712731468568\n ],\n [\n -80.82778930664062,\n 26.69163742147271\n ],\n [\n -80.73165893554688,\n 26.676913083105454\n ],\n [\n -80.67741394042969,\n 26.748063090366852\n ],\n [\n -80.6890869140625,\n 26.800170623841804\n ],\n [\n -80.64788818359375,\n 26.83203637945121\n ],\n [\n -80.60531616210938,\n 26.895740996697807\n ],\n [\n -80.60462951660156,\n 26.974097380304208\n ],\n [\n -80.65132141113281,\n 27.088473156555896\n ],\n [\n -80.65475463867188,\n 27.112923428713707\n ],\n [\n -80.73234558105469,\n 27.18685297304107\n ],\n [\n -80.7879638671875,\n 27.216777459372924\n ],\n [\n -80.83946228027344,\n 27.202732272259045\n ],\n [\n -80.96786499023438,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -80.98640441894531,\n 27.37908429955532\n ],\n [\n -81.06124877929688,\n 27.423585614918853\n ],\n [\n -81.10176086425781,\n 27.53993569880378\n ],\n [\n -81.09695434570312,\n 27.647039394312074\n ],\n [\n -81.18690490722655,\n 27.800817328100297\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03d3e4b0c8380cd50680","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warne, A.G.","contributorId":97669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warne","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toth, L.A.","contributorId":55174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toth","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022295,"text":"70022295 - 2000 - Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. I. Analytical step-response functions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022295","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. I. Analytical step-response functions","docAbstract":"Laplace transform step-response functions are presented for various homogeneous confined and leaky aquifer types and for anisotropic, homogeneous unconfined aquifers interacting with perennial streams. Flow is one-dimensional, perpendicular to the stream in the confined and leaky aquifers, and two-dimensional in a plane perpendicular to the stream in the water-table aquifers. The stream is assumed to penetrate the full thickness of the aquifer. The aquifers may be semi-infinite or finite in width and may or may not be bounded at the stream by a semipervious streambank. The solutions are presented in a unified manner so that mathematical relations among the various aquifer configurations are clearly demonstrated. The Laplace transform solutions are inverted numerically to obtain the real-time step-response functions for use in the convolution (or superposition) integral. To maintain linearity in the case of unconfined aquifers, fluctuations in the elevation of the water table are assumed to be small relative to the saturated thickness, and vertical flow into or out of the zone above the water table is assumed to occur instantaneously. Effects of hysteresis in the moisture distribution above the water table are therefore neglected. Graphical comparisons of the new solutions are made with known closed-form solutions.Laplace transform step-response functions are presented for various homogeneous confined and leaky aquifer types and for anisotropic, homogeneous unconfined aquifers interacting with perennial streams. Flow is one-dimensional, perpendicular to the stream in the confined and leaky aquifers, and two-dimensional in a plane perpendicular to the stream in the water-table aquifers. The stream is assumed to penetrate the full thickness of the aquifer. The aquifers may be semi-infinite or finite in width and may or may not be bounded at the stream by a semipervious streambank. The solutions are presented in a unified manner so that mathematical relations among the various aquifer configurations are clearly demonstrated. The Laplace transform solutions are inverted numerically to obtain the real-time step-response functions for use in the convolution (or superposition) integral. To maintain linearity in the case of unconfined aquifers, fluctuations in the elevation of the water table are assumed to be small relative to the saturated thickness, and vertical flow into or out of the zone above the water table is assumed to occur instantaneously. Effects of hysteresis in the moisture distribution above the water table are therefore neglected. Graphical comparisons of the new solutions are made with known closed-form solutions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00175-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Moench, A., and Barlow, P.M., 2000, Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. I. Analytical step-response functions: Journal of Hydrology, v. 230, no. 3-4, p. 192-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00175-X.","startPage":"192","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206724,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00175-X"},{"id":230638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"230","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd4963e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022307,"text":"70022307 - 2000 - Metal-sulfate salts from sulfide mineral oxidation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:40:23","indexId":"70022307","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal-sulfate salts from sulfide mineral oxidation","docAbstract":"The observation of “efflorescences,” or the flowering of salts, associated with periods of dryness in soils, in closed-basin lakes, in rock outcrops, and in mines and mine wastes has been noted since early antiquity. The formation of metal-sulfate salts, in connection with the mining of metals, was a phenomenon well known to the early Greek and Roman civilizations. Alum, most commonly potash alum KAl(SO4)2·12H2O, which is from the Latin alumen, was extensively mined and used by goldsmiths, dyers, paper manufacturers, and physicians in ancient civilizations. It forms from the oxidation of pyrite in shales and slates and from oxidation of sulfurous gases in geothermal areas. The Greeks and the Romans described stalactites of atramentum(soluble metal-sulfate salts) that formed within mines and along rock faces (Agricola 1546, 1556). Furthermore, the toxic effects of these salts on animals were also noted. For example, in De Natura Fossilium, Agricola (1546) stated “….I mention the congealed acid juice which usually produces cadmia. It is white, hard, and so acrid that it can eat away walls, grills and even destroy all living matter.” Cadmia is thought to be derived from the oxidation of zinc, cobalt, and arsenic sulfides, such as cobaltite. He goes on to say that “Pyrite, unless it contains sulphates, is either a golden or silver color, rarely any other, while cadmia is black, yellow brown, or gray. The former will cure gatherings while the latter is a deadly poison and will destroy any living substance. It is used to kill grasshoppers, mice and flies.” These descriptions suggest the presence of arsenic compounds. The range of colors from white to black commonly is caused by different amounts of admixed pyrite with sulfate minerals. From the days of the Greek philosopher Theophrastus (ca 325 BCE) and the Greek physician Dioscorides (first century CE), the efflorescent salts atramentum sutorium virida or melanterite (also called melanteria) and atramentum sutorium caeruleum or chalcanthite were well known to form from the corrosion of pyrite and chalcopyrite by moisture (Agricola 1546, footnotes on p. 47–51). By the time of Pliny the Second (Caius Plinius Secundus, 23–79 CE), the names “green vitriol” for melanterite and “blue vitriol” for chalcanthite were in common use and continued to be used from the Middle Ages to the 20th century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2000.40.6","issn":"15296466","usgsCitation":"Jambor, J., Nordstrom, D.K., and Alpers, C.N., 2000, Metal-sulfate salts from sulfide mineral oxidation: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, p. 302-350, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.6.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"350","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5486e4b0c8380cd6cfd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jambor, J.L.","contributorId":107460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jambor","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022309,"text":"70022309 - 2000 - Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:09:26","indexId":"70022309","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem","docAbstract":"Geologists may feel that geological data are not amenable to statistical analysis, or at best require specialized approaches such as nonparametric statistics and geostatistics. However, there are many circumstances, particularly in systematic studies conducted for environmental or regulatory purposes, where traditional parametric statistical procedures can be beneficial. An example is the application of analysis of variance to data collected in an annual program of measuring groundwater levels in Kansas. Influences such as well conditions, operator effects, and use of the water can be assessed and wells that yield less reliable measurements can be identified. Such statistical studies have resulted in yearly improvements in the quality and reliability of the collected hydrologic data. Similar benefits may be achieved in other geological studies by the appropriate use of classical statistical tools.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Compass","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0894802X","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 2000, Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 75, no. 2-3, p. 116-121.","startPage":"116","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede4e4b0c8380cd49aa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022311,"text":"70022311 - 2000 - Legacy of the California Gold Rush: Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode Gold District","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T18:39:34.2342","indexId":"70022311","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Legacy of the California Gold Rush: Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode Gold District","docAbstract":"Gold mining activity in the Sierra Nevada foothills, both recently and during the California Gold Rush, has exposed arsenic-rich pyritic rocks to weathering and erosion. This study describes arsenic concentration and speciation in three hydrogeologic settings in the southern Mother Lode Gold District: mineralized outcrops and mine waste rock (overburden); mill tailings submerged in a water reservoir; and lake waters in this monomictic reservoir and in a monomictic lake developing within a recent open-pit mine. These environments are characterized by distinct modes of rock-water interaction that influence the local transport and fate of arsenic. Arsenic in outcrops and waste rock occurs in arsenian pyrite containing an average of 2 wt% arsenic. Arsenic is concentrated up to 1300 ppm in fine-grained, friable, iron-rich weathering products of the arsenian pyrite (goethite, jarosite, copiapite), which develop as efflorescences and crusts on weathering outcrops. Arsenic is sorbed as a bidentate complex on goethite, and substitutes for sulfate in jarosite.
Submerged mill tailings obtained by gravity core at Don Pedro Reservoir contain arsenic up to 300 ppm in coarse sand layers. Overlying surface muds have less arsenic in the solid fraction but higher concentrations in porewaters (up to 500 μg/L) than the sands. Fine quartz tailings also contain up to 3.5 ppm mercury related to the ore processing. The pH values in sediment porewaters range from 3.7 in buried gypsum-bearing sands and tailings to 7 in the overlying lake sediments. Reservoir waters immediately above the cores contain up to 3.5 μg/L arsenic; lake waters away from the submerged tailings typically contain less than 1 μg/L arsenic.
Dewatering during excavation of the Harvard open-pit mine produced a hydrologic cone of depression that has been recovering toward the pre-mining groundwater configuration since mining ended in 1994. Aqueous arsenic concentrations in the 80 m deep pit lake are up to 1000 μg/L. Redistribution of the arsenic occurs during summer stratification, with highest concentrations at middle depths. The total mass of arsenic in the pit lake increases coinciding with early winter rains that erode, partially dissolve, and transport arsenic-bearing salts into the pit lake.
Arsenic concentration, speciation, and distribution in the Sierra Nevada foothills depend on many factors, including the lithologic sources of arsenic, climatic influences on weathering of host minerals, and geochemical characteristics of waters with which source and secondary minerals react. Oxidation of arsenian pyrite to goethite, jarosite, and copiapite causes temporary attenuation of arsenic during summer, when these secondary minerals accumulate; subsequent rapid dissemination of arsenic into the aqueous environment is caused by annual winter storms. As the population of the Mother Lode area grows, it is increasingly important to consider these effects during planning and development of land and groundwater resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206810009465089","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Savage, K.S., Bird, D., and Ashley, R.P., 2000, Legacy of the California Gold Rush: Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode Gold District: International Geology Review, v. 42, no. 5, p. 385-415, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810009465089.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"415","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada foothills, Melones fault zone, Mother Lode Gold District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.45101165771483,\n 37.803273851858656\n ],\n [\n -120.3164291381836,\n 37.803273851858656\n ],\n [\n -120.3164291381836,\n 37.955297320238\n ],\n [\n -120.45101165771483,\n 37.955297320238\n ],\n [\n -120.45101165771483,\n 37.803273851858656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a463de4b0c8380cd675dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, K. S.","contributorId":6903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, D.K.","contributorId":24934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, R. P.","contributorId":50513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022383,"text":"70022383 - 2000 - Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70022383","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada","docAbstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the annual regime of channel scour and fill by monitoring bed-elevation changes in a reach of Squamish River in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Sonar surveys of 13 river cross-sections in a sandy gravel-bed single-channel study reach were repeated biweekly over a full hydrologic year (1995/6). The survey results show that bedload movement occurs as waves or pulses forming bedwaves that appear to maintain an overall coherence with movement downstream. These bedwaves propagate downstream by a mode here termed pulse scour and pulse fill, a process distinguished from the conventional mode of scour and fill commonly associated with flood events (here termed local scour and local fill). Bedwave celerity was estimated to be about 15.5 m d-1 corresponding to a bedwave residence time in the study reach of almost one hydrologic year. The total amount of local bed-elevation change ranged between 0.22 m and 2.41 m during the period of study. Analysis of the bed-elevation and flow data reveals that, because of the bedware phenomenon, there is no simple relation between the mean bed-elevation and discharge nor any strong linear correlation among cross-sectional behaviour. The bed-elevation data also suggest that complex changes to the bed within a cross-section are masked when the bed is viewed in one dimension, although no definitive trends in bed behaviour were found in the two-dimensional analysis. Although a weak seasonal effect is evident in this study, the bed-elevation regime is dominated by sediment supply-driven fluctuations in bedload transport occurring at timescales shorter than the seasonal fluctuation in discharge. The study also indicates that bed-elevation monitoring on Squamish River, and others like it, for purposes of detecting and measuring aggradation/degradation must take into account very considerable and normal channel-bed variability operating at timescales from hours to months. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Stanford, S., Seidl, M., and Ashley, G., 2000, Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 9, p. 991-1009, https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W.","startPage":"991","endPage":"1009","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206583,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"id":230300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec1ee4b0c8380cd490b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanford, S.D.","contributorId":79932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seidl, M.A.","contributorId":84532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seidl","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, G.M.","contributorId":99313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022384,"text":"70022384 - 2000 - Characterization of U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes on hematite: EXAFS and electrophoretic mobility measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T10:22:14","indexId":"70022384","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes on hematite: EXAFS and electrophoretic mobility measurements","docAbstract":"We have measured U(VI) adsorption on hematite using EXAFS spectroscopy and electrophoresis under conditions relevant to surface waters and aquifers (0.01 to 10 μM dissolved uranium concentrations, in equilibrium with air, pH 4.5 to 8.5). Both techniques suggest the existence of anionic U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes. Fits to EXAFS spectra indicate that U(VI) is simultaneously coordinated to surface FeO6 octahedra and carbonate (or bicarbonate) ligands in bidentate fashions, leading to the conclusion that the ternary complexes have an inner-sphere metal bridging (hematite-U(VI)-carbonato) structure. Greater than or equal to 50% of adsorbed U(VI) was comprised of monomeric hematite-U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes, even at pH 4.5. Multimeric U(VI) species were observed at pH ≥ 6.5 and aqueous U(VI) concentrations approximately an order of magnitude more dilute than the solubility of crystalline β-UO2(OH)2. Based on structural constraints, these complexes were interpreted as dimeric hematite-U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes. These results suggest that Fe-oxide-U(VI)-carbonato complexes are likely to be important transport-limiting species in oxic aquifers throughout a wide range of pH values.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00398-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bargar, J.R., Reitmeyer, R., Lenhart, J.J., and Davis, J., 2000, Characterization of U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes on hematite: EXAFS and electrophoretic mobility measurements: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, no. 16, p. 2737-2749, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00398-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2737","endPage":"2749","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206584,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00398-7"}],"volume":"64","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4bee4b0c8380cd4bea9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, John R.","contributorId":14970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reitmeyer, Rebecca","contributorId":68917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reitmeyer","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenhart, John J.","contributorId":20494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenhart","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022399,"text":"70022399 - 2000 - Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022399","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests","docAbstract":"Forest structure of mangrove restoration sites (6 and 14 years old) at two locations (Henderson Creek [HC] and Windstar [WS]) in southwest Florida differed from that of mixed-basin forests (>50 years old) with which they were once contiguous. However, the younger site (HC) was typical of natural, developing forests, whereas the older site (WS) was less well developed with low structural complexity. More stressful physicochemical conditions resulting from incomplete tidal flushing (elevated salinity) and variable topography (waterlogging) apparently affected plant survival and growth at the WS restoration site. Lower leaf fall and root production rates at the WS restoration site, compared with that at HC were partly attributable to differences in hydroedaphic conditions and structural development. However, leaf and root inputs at each restoration site were not significantly different from that in reference forests within the same physiographic setting. Macrofaunal consumption of tethered leaves also did not differ with site history, but was dramatically higher at HC compared with WS, reflecting local variation in leaf litter processing rates, primarily by snails (Melampus coffeus). Degradation of leaves and roots in mesh bags was slow overall at restoration sites, however, particularly at WS where aerobic decomposition may have been more limited. These findings indicate that local or regional factors such as salinity regime act together with site history to control primary production and turnover rates of organic matter in restoration sites. Species differences in senescent leaf nitrogen content and degradation rates further suggest that restoration sites dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle should exhibit slower recycling of nutrients compared with natural basin forests where Avicennia germinans is more abundant. Structural development and biogeochemical functioning of restored mangrove forests thus depend on a number of factors, but site-specific as well as regional or local differences in hydrology and concomitant factors such as salinity and soil waterlogging will have a strong influence over the outcome of restoration projects.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x","issn":"10612971","usgsCitation":"McKee, K., and Faulkner, P., 2000, Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 247-259, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x.","startPage":"247","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206710,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x"},{"id":230609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaac6e4b0c8380cd8650c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faulkner, P.L.","contributorId":89688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022435,"text":"70022435 - 2000 - Estimating formation properties from early-time oscillatory water levels in a pumped well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:23:10","indexId":"70022435","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating formation properties from early-time oscillatory water levels in a pumped well","docAbstract":"Hydrologists often attempt to estimate formation properties from aquifer tests for which only the hydraulic responses in a pumped well are available. Borehole storage, turbulent head losses, and borehole skin, however, can mask the hydraulic behavior of the formation inferred from the water level in the pumped well. Also, in highly permeable formations or in formations at significant depth below land surface, where there is a long column of water in the well casing, oscillatory water levels may arise during the onset of pumping to further mask formation responses in the pumped well. Usually borehole phenomena are confined to the early stages of pumping or recovery, and late-time hydraulic data can be used to estimate formation properties. In many instances, however, early-time hydraulic data provide valuable information about the formation, especially if there are interferences in the late-time data. A mathematical model and its Laplace transform solution that account for inertial influences and turbulent head losses during pumping is developed for the coupled response between the pumped borehole and the formation. The formation is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, of infinite areal extent, and uniform thickness, with leakage from an overlying aquifer, and the screened or open interval of the pumped well is assumed to fully penetrate the pumped aquifer. Other mathematical models of aquifer flow can also be coupled with the equations describing turbulent head losses and the inertial effects on the water column in the pumped well. The mathematical model developed in this paper is sufficiently general to consider both underdamped conditions for which oscillations arise, and overdamped conditions for which there are no oscillations. Through numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution, type curves from the mathematical model are developed to estimate formation properties through comparison with the measured hydraulic response in the pumped well. The mathematical model is applied to estimate formation properties from a singlewell test conducted near Waialua, Oahu, Hawaii. At this site, both the drawdown and recovery showed oscillatory water levels in the pumped well, and a step-drawdown test showed that approximately 86% of the drawdown is attributed to turbulent head losses. Analyses at this site using late-time drawdown data were confounded by the noise present in the measured water levels due primarily to nearby irrigation wells and ocean tides. By analyzing the early-time oscillatory recovery data at the Waialua site, upper and lower bounds were placed on the transmissivity, T, storage coefficient, S, and the leakance of the confining unit, K′/B′. The upper and lower bounds on T differ by a factor of 2. Upper and lower bounds on S and K′/B′ are much larger, because drawdown stabilized relatively quickly after the onset of pumping.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00283-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, A., and Oki, D., 2000, Estimating formation properties from early-time oscillatory water levels in a pumped well: Journal of Hydrology, v. 236, no. 1-2, p. 91-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00283-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206666,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00283-3"},{"id":230499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"236","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b1de4b0c8380cd52599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oki, D.S.","contributorId":75184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022459,"text":"70022459 - 2000 - Iron and aluminum hydroxysulfates from acid sulfate waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:44:31","indexId":"70022459","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iron and aluminum hydroxysulfates from acid sulfate waters","docAbstract":"Acid sulfate waters are produced mostly by the oxidation of common sulfide minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and marcasite in rocks, soils, sediments, and industrial wastes. This spontaneous process of mineral weathering plays a fundamental role in the supergene alteration of ore deposits, the formation of acid sulfate soils, and the mobilization and release of acidity and metals to surface and ground waters. The purely natural process of “acid rock drainage” is often intensified by human activities related to mining, mineral processing, construction, soil drainage, and dredging. Geochemical reaction rates are accelerated because physical disturbance gives greater exposure of mineral surfaces to air and water, and to microbes that catalyze the reaction process. Large quantities of reactive sulfides are also concentrated and exposed to air as a result of mining and mineral processing. Acid sulfate waters produce a number of fairly insoluble hydroxysulfate and oxyhydroxide minerals that precipitate during oxidation, hydrolysis, and neutralization. The objective of this chapter is to describe the formation, properties, fate, and environmental implications of the nano- to microphase hydroxy-sulfates of Fe and Al that are precipitated from acid sulfate waters. These minerals are commonly of poor crystallinity and difficult to characterize. Much remains to be learned about their occurrence, formation, and properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2000.40.7","issn":"15296466","usgsCitation":"Bigham, J., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, Iron and aluminum hydroxysulfates from acid sulfate waters: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, p. 351-403, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.7.","productDescription":"53 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"403","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ee0e4b0c8380cd640ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bigham, J.M.","contributorId":28403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigham","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022466,"text":"70022466 - 2000 - Development and application of a comprehensive simulation model to evaluate impacts of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater: The case of Wet Walnut Creek Watershed, Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022466","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and application of a comprehensive simulation model to evaluate impacts of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater: The case of Wet Walnut Creek Watershed, Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents the results of a comprehensive modeling study of surface and groundwater systems, including stream-aquifer interactions, for the Wet Walnut Creek Watershed in west-central Kansas. The main objective of this study was to assess the impacts of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater levels, which in turn affect availability of water for the Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Refuge Management area. The surface-water flow model, POTYLDR, and the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, were combined into an integrated, watershed-scale, continuous simulation model. Major revisions and enhancements were made to the POTYLDR and MODFLOW models for simulating the detailed hydrologic budget for the Wet Walnut Creek Watershed. The computer simulation model was calibrated and verified using historical streamflow records (at Albert and Nekoma gaging stations), reported irrigation water use, observed water-level elevations in watershed structure pools, and groundwater levels in the alluvial aquifer system. To assess the impact of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater levels, a number of hypothetical management scenarios were simulated under various operational criteria for watershed structures and different annual limits on water use for irrigation. A standard 'base case' was defined to allow comparative analysis of the results of different scenarios. The simulated streamflows showed that watershed structures decrease both streamflows and groundwater levels in the watershed. The amount of water used for irrigation has a substantial effect on the total simulated streamflow and groundwater levels, indicating that irrigation is a major budget item for managing water resources in the watershed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.This paper presents the results of a comprehensive modeling study of surface and groundwater systems, including stream-aquifer interactions, for the Wet Walnut Creek Watershed in west-central Kansas. The main objective of this study was to assess the impacts of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater levels, which in turn affect availability of water for the Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Refuge Management area. The surface-water flow model, POTYLDR, and the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, were combined into an integrated, watershed-scale, continuous simulation model. Major revisions and enhancements were made to the POTYLDR and MODFLOW models for simulating the detailed hydrologic budget for the Wet Walnut Creek Watershed. The computer simulation model was calibrated and verified using historical streamflow records (at Albert and Nekoma gaging stations), reported irrigation water use, observed water-level elevations in watershed structure pools, and groundwater levels in the alluvial aquifer system. To assess the impact of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater levels, a number of hypothetical management scenarios were simulated under various operational criteria for watershed structures and different annual limits on water use for irrigation. A standard `base case' was defined to allow comparative analysis of the results of different scenarios. The simulated streamflows showed that watershed structures decrease both streamflows and groundwater levels in the watershed. The amount of water used for irrigation has a substantial effect on the total simulated streamflow and groundwater levels, indicating that irrigation is a major budget item for managing water resources in the watershed.A comprehensive simulation model that combines the surface water flow model POTYLDR and the groundwater flow model MODFLOW was used to study the impacts of watershed structures (e.g., dams) and irrigation water use (including stream-aquifer interactions) on streamflow and groundwater. The model was revised, enhanced, calibrated, and verified, then applied to evaluate the hydrologic budget for Wet Wal","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00295-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Ramireddygari, S., Sophocleous, M., Koelliker, J., Perkins, S., and Govindaraju, R., 2000, Development and application of a comprehensive simulation model to evaluate impacts of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater: The case of Wet Walnut Creek Watershed, Kansas, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 236, no. 3-4, p. 223-246, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00295-X.","startPage":"223","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206636,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00295-X"},{"id":230427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"236","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0016e4b0c8380cd4f5a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramireddygari, S.R.","contributorId":63191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramireddygari","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sophocleous, M.A.","contributorId":18032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koelliker, J.K.","contributorId":49940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koelliker","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Govindaraju, R.S.","contributorId":15365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Govindaraju","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022467,"text":"70022467 - 2000 - Temporal variations in parameters reflecting terminal-electron-accepting processes in an aquifer contaminated with waste fuel and chlorinated solvents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T10:27:13","indexId":"70022467","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variations in parameters reflecting terminal-electron-accepting processes in an aquifer contaminated with waste fuel and chlorinated solvents","docAbstract":"A fundamental issue in aquifer biogeochemistry is the means by which solute transport, geochemical processes, and microbiological activity combine to produce spatial and temporal variations in redox zonation. In this paper, we describe the temporal variability of TEAP conditions in shallow groundwater contaminated with both waste fuel and chlorinated solvents. TEAP parameters (including methane, dissolved iron, and dissolved hydrogen) were measured to characterize the contaminant plume over a 3-year period. We observed that concentrations of TEAP parameters changed on different time scales and appear to be related, in part, to recharge events. Changes in all TEAP parameters were observed on short time scales (months), and over a longer 3-year period.
\nThe results indicate that (1) interpretations of TEAP conditions in aquifers contaminated with a variety of organic chemicals, such as those with petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents, must consider additional hydrogen-consuming reactions (e.g., dehalogenation); (2) interpretations must consider the roles of both in situ (at the sampling point) biogeochemical and solute transport processes; and (3) determinations of microbial communities are often necessary to confirm the interpretations made from geochemical and hydrogeological measurements on these processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00223-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"McGuire, J., Smith, E.W., Long, D.T., Hyndman, D.W., Haack, S.K., Klug, M.J., and Velbel, M.A., 2000, Temporal variations in parameters reflecting terminal-electron-accepting processes in an aquifer contaminated with waste fuel and chlorinated solvents: Chemical Geology, v. 169, no. 3-4, p. 471-485, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00223-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"485","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206637,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00223-0"},{"id":230428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan ","otherGeospatial":"Wurtsmith Air Force Base ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.47171783447264,\n 44.34644018791789\n ],\n [\n -83.31722259521484,\n 44.34644018791789\n ],\n [\n -83.31722259521484,\n 44.50899337263551\n ],\n [\n -83.47171783447264,\n 44.50899337263551\n ],\n [\n -83.47171783447264,\n 44.34644018791789\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"169","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba52ce4b08c986b320878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, Jennifer T.","contributorId":53979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jennifer T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Erik W.","contributorId":104659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, David T.","contributorId":20364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hyndman, David W.","contributorId":7868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haack, Sheridan K. skhaack@usgs.gov","contributorId":1982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"Sheridan","email":"skhaack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klug, Michael J.","contributorId":20930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klug","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Velbel, Michael A.","contributorId":88520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velbel","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022474,"text":"70022474 - 2000 - Redox conditions and the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation: Field studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022474","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Redox conditions and the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation: Field studies","docAbstract":"The effect of redox conditions on the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation was investigated at two field sites. One site (NAS Cecil Field, FL) is characterized by predominantly Fe(III)-reducing conditions in the contaminant source area, grading to predominantly sulfate- reducing conditions downgradient. This sequence of redox conditions led to relatively inefficient biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes, with high concentrations of trichloroethene extending more than 400 meters downgradient of the source area. In contrast, a second site (NBS Kings Bay, GA) characterized by predominantly sulfate-reducing conditions in the source area followed by Fe(III)-reducing conditions downgradient. In this system perchloroethene (PCE) and TCE were rapidly biodegraded and extended less than 100 meters downgradient. Rates of ground- water transport are similar at the two sites (???0.2 m/d) indicating that the succession of redox processes, rather than other hydrologic factors, is the principal control on biodegradation. In particular, redox conditions that favor the initial reduction of highly chlorinated ethenes (methanogenic or sulfate-reducing conditions) followed by more oxidizing conditions (Fe(III)- reducing or oxic conditions) favors efficient biodegradation. Thus, documenting the succession of redox processes is an important step in understanding the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation in ground-water systems.","largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","language":"English","issn":"00933066","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., and Bradley, P., 2000, Redox conditions and the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation: Field studies, in ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints, v. 40, no. 2, p. 343-345.","startPage":"343","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3bde4b0e8fec6cdb959","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022508,"text":"70022508 - 2000 - Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T18:58:41.512577","indexId":"70022508","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"The Colorado River is one of the most highly regulated and extensively utilized rivers in the world. Total reservoir storage is approximately four times the mean annual runoff of −17 × 109 m3 year−1. Reservoir storage and regulation have decreased annual peak discharges and hydroelectric power generation has increased daily flow variability. In recent years, the incidental impacts of this development have become apparent especially along the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park downstream from Glen Canyon Dam and caused widespread concern. Since the completion of Glen Canyon Dam, the number and size of sand bars, which are used by recreational river runners and form the habitat for native fishes, have decreased substantially. Following an extensive hydrological and geomorphic investigation, an experimental flood release from the Glen Canyon Dam was proposed to determine whether sand bars would be rebuilt by a relatively brief period of flow substantially greater than the normal operating regime. This proposed release, however, was constrained by the Law of the River, the body of law developed over 70 years to control and distribute Colorado River water, the needs of hydropower users and those dependent upon hydropower revenues, and the physical constraints of the dam itself. A compromise was reached following often difficult negotiations and an experimental flood to rebuild sand bars was released in 1996. This flood, and the process by which it came about, gives hope to resolving the difficult and pervasive problem of allocation of water resources among competing interests.
","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/02626660009492361","issn":"02626667","usgsCitation":"Andrews, E., and Pizzi, L., 2000, Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 45, no. 4, p. 607-627, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492361.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"627","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487081,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492361","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.67852783203125,\n 36.28634929429456\n ],\n [\n -112.43408203124999,\n 36.109033596783135\n ],\n [\n -111.81060791015624,\n 35.96689214303232\n ],\n [\n -111.70074462890625,\n 36.18665862660454\n ],\n [\n -111.78314208984375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -112.53570556640624,\n 36.45000844447082\n ],\n [\n -112.67852783203125,\n 36.28634929429456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70fae4b0c8380cd76398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pizzi, L.A.","contributorId":6217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzi","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022544,"text":"70022544 - 2000 - Acetogenic microbial degradation of vinyl chloride","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T09:44:03","indexId":"70022544","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acetogenic microbial degradation of vinyl chloride","docAbstract":"Under methanogenic conditions, microbial degradation of [1,2-14C]vinyl chloride (VC) resulted in significant (14 ± 3% maximum recovery) but transient recovery of radioactivity as 14C-acetate. Subsequently, 14C-acetate was degraded to 14CH4 and 14CO2 (18 ± 2% and 54 ± 3% final recoveries, respectively). In contrast, under 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES) amended conditions, 14C-acetate recovery remained high (27 ± 1% maximum recovery) throughout the study, no 14CH4 was produced, and the final recovery of 14CO2 was only 35 ± 4%. These results demonstrate that oxidative acetogenesis may be an important mechanism for anaerobic VC biodegradation. Moreover, these results (1) demonstrate that microbial degradation of VC to CH4and CO2 may involve oxidative acetogenesis followed by acetotrophic methanogenesis and (2) suggest that oxidative acetogenesis may be the initial step in the net oxidation of VC to CO2reported previously under Fe(III)-reducing, SO4-reducing, and humic acids-reducing conditions.