We collected samples monthly, from April to August 1998, to measure the abundance of autotrophic picoplankton in San Francisco Bay. Samples taken along a 160-km transect showed that picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus sp.) was a persistent component of the San Francisco Bay phytoplankton in all the estuarine habitats, from freshwater to seawater and during all months of the spring-summer transition. Abundance ranged from 4.6 X 106 to 5.2 X 108 cells L-1, with peak abundance during the spring bloom (April and May) and during July with a persistent spatial pattern of smallest abundance near the coastal ocean and highest abundance in the landward domains of the estuary. The picocyanobacterial component (as estimated percentage of chlorophyll a concentration) was, on average, 15% of total phytoplankton biomass during the summer-autumn nonbloom periods and only 2% of chlorophyll biomass during the spring bloom. This result is consistent with the emerging concept of a gradient of increasing importance of picocyanobacteria along the gradient of decreasing nutrient concentrations from estuaries to the open ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0695","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Ning, X., Cloern, J., and Cole, B., 2000, Spatial and temporal variability of picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. in San Francisco Bay: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 45, no. 3, p. 695-702, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0695.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"702","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9452e4b08c986b31a9e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ning, X.","contributorId":88116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ning","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022184,"text":"70022184 - 2000 - Habitat conservation and creation: Invoking the flood-pulse concept to enhance fisheries in the lower Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022184","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Habitat conservation and creation: Invoking the flood-pulse concept to enhance fisheries in the lower Mississippi River","docAbstract":"Analysis of four years of growth data failed to identify a single temperature or hydrologic variable that consistently accounted for variation in annual growth of catfishes (Ictaluridae). Instead, a composite variable that measured duration of floodplain inundation when water temperature exceeded minima for active feeding was directly related to growth. Results indicated that floodplain inundation have provided little direct energetic benefit to fishes when water temperatures were sub-optimal for active feeding, but floodplain resources were exploited when thermal conditions were sufficient for active feeding and growth. Thus, the flood-pulse concept applies to the lower Mississippi River (LMR) when modified to consider temperature. Managing the existing leveed floodplain to prolong inundation, increase water temperatures during spring flooding, and maintain connectivity of floodplain habitats with the main river channel should benefit fish production in the LMR.","largerWorkTitle":"Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii","language":"English","issn":"00323764","usgsCitation":"Schramm, H., Eggleton, M., and Mayo, R., 2000, Habitat conservation and creation: Invoking the flood-pulse concept to enhance fisheries in the lower Mississippi River, in Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii, v. 47, no. 1, p. 45-62.","startPage":"45","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f05e4b0c8380cd5ca0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schramm, H.L. Jr.","contributorId":103823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schramm","given":"H.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eggleton, M.A.","contributorId":40370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleton","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayo, R.M.","contributorId":14972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022179,"text":"70022179 - 2000 - Methyl-mercury degradation pathways: A comparison among three mercury impacted ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:59:14","indexId":"70022179","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methyl-mercury degradation pathways: A comparison among three mercury impacted ecosystems","docAbstract":"We examined microbial methylmercury (MeHg) degradation in sediment of the Florida Everglades, Carson River (NV), and San Carlos Creek (CA), three freshwater environments that differ in the extent and type of mercury contamination and sediment biogeochemistry. Degradation rate constant (kdeg) values increased with total mercury (Hgt) contamination both among and within ecosystems. The highest kdeg's (2.8−5.8 d-1) were observed in San Carlos Creek, at acid mine drainage impacted sites immediately downstream of the former New Idria mercury mine, where Hgt ranged from 4.5 to 21.3 ppm (dry wt). A reductive degradation pathway (presumably mer-detoxification) dominated degradation at these sites, as indicated by the nearly exclusive production of 14CH4 from 14C-MeHg, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. At the upstream control site, and in the less contaminated ecosystems (e.g. the Everglades), kdeg's were low (≤0.2 d-1) and oxidative demethylation (OD) dominated degradation, as evident from 14CO2production. kdeg increased with microbial CH4 production, organic content, and reduced sulfur in the Carson River system and increased with decreasing pH in San Carlos Creek. OD associated CO2 production increased with pore-water SO42- in Everglades samples but was not attributable to anaerobic methane oxidation, as has been previously proposed. This ecosystem comparison indicates that severely contaminated sediments tend to have microbial populations that actively degrade MeHg via mer-detoxification, whereas OD occurs in heavily contaminated sediments as well but dominates in those less contaminated.
Land disposal of sewage effluent resulted in contamination of a sand and gravel aquifer (Cape Cod, Massachusetts) with zinc (Zn). The distribution of Zn was controlled by pH‐dependent adsorption; the Zn extended 15 m into the 30‐m‐thick sewage plume within approximately 100 m of the source but only 2–4 m into the plume between 100 and 400 m downgradient. A two‐dimensional vertical cross section model coupling groundwater flow with solute transport and equilibrium adsorption is used to simulate the influence of pH on Zn transport. Adsorption is described using semiempirical surface complexation models (SCM) by writing chemical reactions between dissolved Zn and mineral surface sites. SCM parameters were determined in independent laboratory experiments. A 59‐year simulation with a one‐site SCM describes the influence of pH on Zn transport well, with greater mobility at the low pH values near the upper sewage plume boundary than at the higher pH values deeper in the sewage‐contaminated zone. Simulation with a two‐site SCM describes both the sharpness and approximate location of the leading edge of the Zn‐contaminated region. Temporal variations in pH of incoming groundwater can result in large increases in Zn concentration and mobility. The influence of spatial and temporal variability in pH on adsorption and transport of Zn was accomplished much more easily with the semiempirical SCM approach than could be achieved with distribution coefficients or adsorption isotherms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900244","usgsCitation":"Kent, D., Abrams, R., Davis, J., Coston, J., and LeBlanc, D., 2000, Modeling the influence of variable pH on the transport of zinc in a contaminated aquifer using semiempirical surface complexation models: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 12, p. 3411-3425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900244.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3411","endPage":"3425","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488758,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c49e4b0c8380cd6fb83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, R.H.","contributorId":48325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coston, J.A.","contributorId":59572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022058,"text":"70022058 - 2000 - Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T15:37:25.188589","indexId":"70022058","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3713,"text":"Water International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","title":"Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","docAbstract":"The quality of freshwater at any point on the landscape reflects the combined effects of many processes along water pathways. Human activities on all spatial scales affect both water quality and quantity. Alteration of the landscape and associated vegetation has not only changed the water balance, but typically has altered processes that control water quality. Effects of human activities on a small scale are relevant to an entire drainage basin. Furthermore, local, regional, and global differences in climate and water flow are considerable, causing varying effects of human activities on land and water quality and quantity, depending on location within a watershed, geology, biology, physiographic characteristics, and climate. These natural characteristics also greatly control human activities, which will, in turn, modify (or affect) the natural composition of water. One of the most important issues for effective resource management is recognition of cyclical and cascading effects of human activities on the water quality and quantity along hydrologic pathways. The degradation of water quality in one part of a watershed can have negative effects on users downstream. Everyone lives downstream of the effects of some human activity. An extremely important factor is that substances added to the atmosphere, land, and water generally have relatively long time scales for removal or clean up. The nature of the substance, including its affinity for adhering to soil and its ability to be transformed, affects the mobility and the time scale for removal of the substance. Policy alone will not solve many of the degradation issues, but a combination of policy, education, scientific knowledge, planning, and enforcement of applicable laws can provide mechanisms for slowing the rate of degradation and provide human and environmental protection. Such an integrated approach is needed to effectively manage land and water resources.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02508060008686817","issn":"02508060","usgsCitation":"Peters, N.E., and Meybeck, M., 2000, Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities: Water International, v. 25, no. 2, p. 185-193, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686817.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"193","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc893e4b08c986b32c9d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meybeck, Michel","contributorId":43521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meybeck","given":"Michel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022230,"text":"70022230 - 2000 - Modeling regional salinization of the Ogallala aquifer, Southern High Plains, TX, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022230","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling regional salinization of the Ogallala aquifer, Southern High Plains, TX, USA","docAbstract":"Two extensive plumes (combined area > 1000 km2) have been delineated within the Ogallala aquifer in the Southern High Plains, TX, USA. Salinity varies within the plumes spatially and increases with depth; Cl ranges from 50 to >500 mg 1-1. Variable-density flow modeling using SUTRA has identified three broad regions of upward cross-formational flow from the underlying evaporite units. The upward discharge within the modeled plume area is in the range of 10-4-10-5 m3 day-1, and the TDS concentrations are typically >3000 mg 1-1. Regions of increased salinity, identified within the Whitehorse Group (evaporite unit) underlying the Ogallala aquifer, are controlled by the structure and thickness variations relative to the recharge areas. Distinct flow paths, on the order of tens of km to >100 km in length, and varying flow velocities indicate that the salinization of the Ogallala aquifer has been a slow, ongoing process and may represent circulation of waters recharged during Pleistocene or earlier times. On-going pumping has had negligible impact on the salinity distribution in the Ogallala aquifer, although simulations indicate that the velocity distribution in the underlying units may have been affected to depths of 150 m after 30 years of pumping. Because the distribution of saline ground water in this region of the Ogallala aquifer is heterogeneous, careful areal and vertical characterization is warranted prior to any well-field development. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.Two extensive plumes (combined area >1000 km2) have been delineated within the Ogallala aquifer in the Southern High Plains, TX, USA. Salinity varies within the plumes spatially and increases with depth; Cl ranges from 50 to >500 mg l-1. Variable-density flow modeling using SUTRA has identified three broad regions of upward cross-formational flow from the underlying evaporite units. The upward discharge within the modeled plume area is in the range of 10-4-10-5 m3 day-1, and the TDS concentrations are typically >3000 mg l-1. Regions of increased salinity, identified within the Whitehorse Group (evaporite unit) underlying the Ogallala aquifer, are controlled by the structure and thickness variations relative to the recharge areas. Distinct flow paths, on the order of tens of km to >100 km in length, and varying flow velocities indicate that the salinization of the Ogallala aquifer has been a slow, ongoing process and may represent circulation of waters recharged during Pleistocene or earlier times. On-going pumping has had negligible impact on the salinity distribution in the Ogallala aquifer, although simulations indicate that the velocity distribution in the underlying units may have been affected to depths of 150 m after 30 years of pumping. Because the distribution of saline ground water in this region of the Ogallala aquifer is heterogeneous, careful areal and vertical characterization is warranted prior to any well-field development.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00314-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Mehta, S., Fryar, A., Brady, R., and Morin, R.H., 2000, Modeling regional salinization of the Ogallala aquifer, Southern High Plains, TX, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 238, no. 1-2, p. 44-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00314-0.","startPage":"44","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206802,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00314-0"},{"id":230822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"238","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c22e4b0c8380cd6fa71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehta, S.","contributorId":74902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehta","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fryar, A.E.","contributorId":59928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryar","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brady, R.M.","contributorId":70558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022040,"text":"70022040 - 2000 - Bioavailability of particle-associated Se to the bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:46:00","indexId":"70022040","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioavailability of particle-associated Se to the bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis","docAbstract":"Elemental selenium, Se(0), is a prevalent chemical form in sediments, but little is known about its bioavailability. We evaluated the bioavailability of two forms of Se(0) by generating radioisotopic 75Se(0) through bacterial dissimilatory reduction of 75SeO32- by pure bacterial cultures (SES) and by an anaerobic sediment microbial consortium (SED). A third form was generated by reducing 75SeO32- with ascorbic acid (AA). Speciation determinations showed that AA and SES were >90% Se(0), but SED showed a mixture of Se(0), selenoanions, and a residual fraction. Pulse-chase techniques were used to measure assimilation efficiencies (AE) of these particulate Se forms by the bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis. Mean AE values were 3 ± 2% for AA, 7 ± 1% for SES, and 28 ± 15% for SED, showing that the bioavailability of reduced, particle-associated Se is dependent upon its origin. To determine if oxidative microbial processes increased Se transfer, SES 75Se(0) was incubated with an aerobic sediment microbial consortium. After 113 d of incubation, 36% of SES Se(0) was oxidized to SeO32-. Assimilation of total particulate Se was unaffected however (mean AE = 5.5%). The mean AE from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was 58 ± 8%, verifying the importance of Se associated with biogenic particles. Speciation and AE results from SED suggest that selenoanion reduction in wetlands and estuaries produces biologically available reduced selenium.
In many snowmelt-dominated catchments, stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels typically increase rapidly as spring melt commences, peak before maximum discharge, and decrease quickly as melting continues. We present data from Deer Creek (Summit County, CO) that shows this distinctive flushing response of DOC during snowmelt runoff, with DOC stored in landscape soils flushed to the stream in response to infiltrating melt waters. Our prior studies show that asynchronous melting of the snowpack across the landscape causes the spring DOC flush to be initiated at different times throughout the catchment. In this study we quantify characteristics of the asynchronous melt and its effect on DOC flushing. We investigated whether a simple mixing model can be used to capture the essentials of the asynchronous melting of a seasonal snowpack and its controls on DOC transport. We divided the catchment into zones of aspect and elevation, which largely determine spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of snow. TOPMODEL was used to simulate the hydrology in each zone, and the simulated flow paths were routed through a simple DOC mixing model to predict contributions of DOC to the stream. The zonal responses were aggregated to give a predicted response of hydrology and DOC fluxes for the entire catchment. Our results indicate that asynchronous melting-which determines the timing of contributions of discharge and DOC to streamflow from different areas of the landscape-can be quantified using a simple modeling approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/1099-1085(20001230)14:18<3291::AID-HYP202>3.0.CO;2-2","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Boyer, E., Hornberger, G., Bencala, K., and McKnight, D.M., 2000, Effects of asynchronous snowmelt on flushing of dissolved organic carbon: A mixing model approach: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 18, p. 3291-3308, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(20001230)14:18<3291::AID-HYP202>3.0.CO;2-2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"3291","endPage":"3308","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(20001230)14:18<3291::AID-HYP202>3.0.CO;2-2"}],"volume":"14","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0692e4b0c8380cd512f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyer, E.W.","contributorId":56358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6738,"text":"The Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022140,"text":"70022140 - 2000 - Water movement through a thick unsaturated zone underlying an intermittent stream in the western Mojave Desert, southern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T08:48:29","indexId":"70022140","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water movement through a thick unsaturated zone underlying an intermittent stream in the western Mojave Desert, southern California, USA","docAbstract":"Previous studies indicated that small amounts of recharge occur as infiltration of intermittent streamflow in washes in the upper Mojave River basin, in the western Mojave Desert, near Victorville, California. These washes flow only a few days each year after large storms. To reach the water table, water must pass through an unsaturated zone that is more than 130 m thick. Results of this study, done in 1994–1998, show that infiltration to depths below the root zone did not occur at control sites away from the wash. At these sites, volumetric water contents were as low as 0.01 and water potentials (measured as the combination of solute and matric potentials using a water activity meter) were as negative as −14,000 kPa. Water-vapor movement was controlled by highly negative solute potentials associated with the accumulation of soluble salts in the unsaturated zone. Highly negative matric potentials above and below the zone of maximum solute accumulation result from movement of water vapor toward the highly negative solute potentials at that depth. The δ18O and δD (delta oxygen-18 and delta deuterium) isotopic composition of water in coarse-grained deposits plots along a Rayleigh distillation line consistent with removal of water in coarse-grained layers by vapor transport. Beneath Oro Grande Wash, water moved to depths below the root zone and, presumably, to the water table about 130 m below land surface. Underneath Oro Grande Wash, volumetric water contents were as high as 0.27 and water potentials (measured as matric potential using tensiometers) were between −1.8 and −50 kPa. On the basis of tritium data, water requires at least 180–260 years to infiltrate to the water table. Clay layers impede the downward movement of water. Seasonal changes in water vapor composition underneath the wash are consistent with the rapid infiltration of a small quantity of water to great depths and subsequent equilibration of vapor with water in the surrounding material. It may be possible to supplement natural recharge from the wash with imported water. Recharge to the wash may be advantageous because the unsaturated zone is not as dry as most areas in the desert and concentrations of soluble salts are generally lower underneath the wash.
Ictalurid populations, including those of the Neosho madtom Noturus placidus, have been monitored in the Neosho River basin since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Neosho madtom as threatened in 1991. The Neosho madtom presently occurs only in the Neosho River basin, whose hydrologic regime, physical habitat, and water quality have been altered by the construction and operation of reservoirs. Our objective was to assess changes in ictalurid densities, habitat, water quality, and hydrology in relation to the presence of a main-stem reservoir in the Neosho River basin. Study sites were characterized using habitat quality as measured by substrate size, water quality as measured by standard physicochemical measures, and indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) as calculated from stream gauge information from the U.S. Geological Survey. Site estimates of ictalurid densities were collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service annually from 1991 to 1998, with the exception of 1993. Water quality and habitat measurements documented reduced turbidity and altered substrate composition in the Neosho River basin below John Redmond Dam. The effects of the dam on flow were indicated by changes in the short- and long-term minimum and maximum flows. Positive correlations between observed Neosho madtom densities and increases in minimum flow suggest that increased minimum flows could be used to enhance Neosho madtom populations. Positive correlations between Neosho madtom densities and increased flows in the winter and spring months as well as the date of the 1-d annual minimum flow indicate the potential importance of the timing of increased flows to Neosho madtoms. Because of the positive relationships that we found between the densities of Neosho madtoms and those of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, stonecats Noturus flavus, and other catfishes, alterations in flow that benefit Neosho madtom populations will probably benefit other members of the benthic fish community of the Neosho River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1264:IPIRTT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Wildhaber, M., Tabor, V., Whitaker, J., Allert, A., Mulhern, D., Lamberson, P.J., and Powell, K., 2000, Ictalurid populations in relation to the presence of a main-stem reservoir in a midwestern warmwater stream with emphasis on the threatened Neosho madtom: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 6, p. 1264-1280, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1264:IPIRTT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1264","endPage":"1280","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood River, Neosho River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -94.74609375,\n 35.89795019335754\n ],\n [\n -97.547607421875,\n 37.06394430056685\n ],\n [\n -98.887939453125,\n 39.08743603215884\n ],\n [\n -95.64697265625,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 36.491973470593685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3805e4b0c8380cd613a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tabor, V.M.","contributorId":89300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"V.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitaker, J.E.","contributorId":14596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitaker","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allert, A.L.","contributorId":55987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allert","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mulhern, D.W.","contributorId":59979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulhern","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lamberson, Peter J.","contributorId":20932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamberson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Powell, K.L.","contributorId":107873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022192,"text":"70022192 - 2000 - Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T19:03:02.20853","indexId":"70022192","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals","docAbstract":"Stable isotope studies of sulfate minerals are especially useful for unraveling the geochemical history of geological systems. All sulfate minerals can yield sulfur and oxygen isotope data. Hydrous sulfate minerals, such as gypsum, also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for the water of hydration, and more complex sulfate minerals, such as alunite and jarosite also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data from hydroxyl sites. Applications of stable isotope data can be divided into two broad categories: geothermometry and tracer studies. The equilibrium partitioning of stable isotopes between two substances, such as the isotopes of sulfur between barite and pyrite, is a function of temperature. Studies can also use stable isotopes as a tracer to fingerprint various sources of hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and to identify physical and chemical processes such as evaporation of water, mixing of waters, and reduction of sulfate to sulfide.
Studies of sulfate minerals range from low-temperature surficial processes associated with the evaporation of seawater to form evaporite deposits to high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with the formation of base-and precious-metal deposits. Studies have been conducted on scales from submicroscopic chemical processes associated with the weathering of pyrite to global processes affecting the sulfur budget of the oceans. Sulfate isotope studies provide important information to investigations of energy and mineral resources, environmental geochemistry, paleoclimates, oceanography (past and present), sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes, Earth systems, geomicrobiology, and hydrology.
One of the most important aspects of understanding and interpreting the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals is the complex interplay between equilibrium and kinetic chemical and isotopic processes. With few exceptions, sulfate minerals are precipitated from water or have extensively interacted with water at some time in their history. Because of this nearly ubiquitous association with water, the kinetics of isotopic exchange reactions among dissolved species and solids are fundamental in dictating the isotopic composition of sulfate minerals. In general, the heavier isotope of sulfur is enriched in the higher oxidation state, such that under equilibrium conditions, sulfate minerals (e.g. barite, anhydrite) are expected to be enriched in the heavy isotope relative to disulfide minerals (e.g. pyrite, marcasite), which in turn are expected to be enriched relative to monosulfide minerals (e.g. pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena) (Sakai 1968, Bachinski 1969). The kinetics of isotopic exchange among minerals with sulfur at the same oxidation state, such as sphalerite, and galena, are such that equilibrium is commonly observed. In contrast, isotopic equilibrium for exchange reactions between minerals of different oxidation states depends on factors such as the pH, time and temperature of reaction, the direction of reaction, fluid composition, and the presence or absence of catalysts (Ohmoto and Lasaga 1982). The kinetics of oxygen isotope exchange between dissolved sulfate and water are extremely sluggish. Extrapolation of the high-temperature (100 to 300°C) isotopic exchange kinetic data of Chiba and Sakai (1985) to ambient temperatures suggests that it would take several billions of years for dissolved sulfate and seawater to reach oxygen isotopic equilibrium. In contrast, the residence time of sulfate in the oceans is only 7.9 million years (Holland 1978). However, at higher temperatures (>200°C), oxygen isotopic exchange is sufficiently rapid to permit application of sulfate isotope geothermometry to geothermal systems and hydrothermal mineral deposits. In general, equilibrium prevails at low pH and high temperatures, whereas kinetic factors preclude equilibrium at low temperatures even at low pH. Thus, the sluggish kinetics of sulfur and oxygen isotope exchange reaction at low temperatures impair the use of these isotopes to understand the conditions of formation of sulfate minerals in these environments. However, because of these slow kinetics, the oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfate minerals may preserve a record of the sources and processes that initially produced the dissolved sulfate, because the isotope ratios may not re-equilibrate during fluid transport and mineral precipitation.
The first part of this chapter is designed to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the principles that form the foundations of stable isotope geochemistry. Next, an overview of analytical methods used to determine the stable isotope composition of sulfate minerals is presented. This overview is followed by a discussion of geochemical processes that determine the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals and related compounds. The chapter then concludes with an examination of the stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals in a variety of geochemical environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12","issn":"15296466","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., Alpers, C.N., and Rye, R.O., 2000, Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, no. 1, p. 541-602, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"602","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b967fe4b08c986b31b54d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":149066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R. ","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022202,"text":"70022202 - 2000 - Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022202","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data","docAbstract":"Topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data are compared for 50 locations representing varied terrain in the conterminous USA. The topographic characteristics are three parameters used extensively in hydrological research and modelling - slope (S), specific catchment area (A(s)) and a wetness index computed as the logarithm of the specific catchment area divided by slope [ln(A(s)/S)]. Slope values computed from 1000-m DEMs are smaller than those computed from 100-m DEMs; specific catchment area and the wetness index are larger for the 1000-m DEMs compared with the 100-m DEMs. Most of the differences between the 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs can be attributed to terrain-discretization effects in the computation of the topographic characteristics and are not the result of smoothing or loss of terrain detail in the coarse data. In general, the terrain-discretization effects are greatest on flat terrain with long length-scale features, and the smoothing effects are greatest on steep terrain with short length-scale features. For the most part, the differences in the average values of the topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs are predictable; that is, biases in the mean values for the characteristics computed from a 1000-m DEM can be corrected with simple linear equations. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.Topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data are compared for 50 locations representing varied terrain in the conterminous USA. The topographic characteristics are three parameters used extensively in hydrological research and modelling - slope (S), specific catchment area (As) and a wetness index computed as the logarithm of the specific catchment area divided by slope [In(As/S)]. Slope values computed from 1000-m DEMs are smaller than those computed from 100-m DEMs; specific catchment area and the wetness index are larger for the 1000-m DEMs compared with the 100-m DEMs. Most of the differences between the 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs can be attributed to terrain-discretization effects in the computation of the topographic characteristics and are not the result of smoothing or loss of terrain detail in the coarse data. In general, the terrain-discretization effects are greatest on flat terrain with long length-scale features, and the smoothing effects are greatest on steep terrain with short length-scale features. For the most part, the differences in the average values of the topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs are predictable; that is, biases in the mean values for the characteristics computed from a 1000-m DEM can be corrected with simple linear equations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., and McCabe, G., 2000, Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 6, p. 987-1002, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A.","startPage":"987","endPage":"1002","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479339,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::aid-hyp980>3.0.co;2-a","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206642,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"id":230446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00f2e4b0c8380cd4f9e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022257,"text":"70022257 - 2000 - Empirical assessment of fish introductions in a subtropical wetland: An evaluation of contrasting views","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022257","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Empirical assessment of fish introductions in a subtropical wetland: An evaluation of contrasting views","docAbstract":"We summarized data from eight quantitative fish surveys conducted in southern Florida to evaluate the distribution and relative abundance of introduced fishes across a variety of habitats. These surveys encompassed marsh and canal habitats throughout most of the Everglades region, including the mangrove fringe of Florida Bay. Two studies provided systematically collected density information over a 20-year period, and documented the first local appearance of four introduced fishes based on their repeated absence in prior surveys. Those species displayed a pattern of rapid population growth followed by decline, then persistence at lower densities. Estuarine areas in the southern Everglades, characterized by natural tidal creeks surrounded by mangrove-dominated marshes, and canals held the largest introduced-fish populations. Introduced fishes were also common, at times exceeding 50% of the fish community, in solution holes that serve as dry-season refuges in short-hydroperiod rockland habitats of the eastern Everglades. Wet prairies and alligator ponds distant from canals generally held few individuals of introduced fishes. These patterns suggest that the introduced fishes in southern Florida at present may not be well-adapted to persist in freshwater marshes of the Everglades, possibly because of an interaction of periodic cold-temperature stress and hydrologic fluctuation. Our analyses indicated low densities of these fishes in central or northern Everglades wet-prairie communities, and, in the absence of experimental data, little evidence of biotic effects in this spatially extensive habitat. There is no guarantee that this condition will be maintained, especially under the cumulative effects of future invasions or environmental change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Invasions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1011488118444","issn":"13873547","usgsCitation":"Trexler, J., Loftus, W., Jordan, F., Lorenz, J., Chick, J., and Kobza, R.M., 2000, Empirical assessment of fish introductions in a subtropical wetland: An evaluation of contrasting views: Biological Invasions, v. 2, no. 4, p. 265-277, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011488118444.","startPage":"265","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206736,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011488118444"},{"id":230669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0904e4b0c8380cd51d74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftus, W.F.","contributorId":29363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftus","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jordan, F.","contributorId":80622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lorenz, J.J.","contributorId":67058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chick, J.H.","contributorId":93004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chick","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kobza, Robert M.","contributorId":103822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kobza","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7036,"text":"South Florida Water Management District","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022258,"text":"70022258 - 2000 - Drainage-basis-scale geomorphic analysis to determine refernce conditions for ecologic restoration-Kissimmee River, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T15:01:46.5241","indexId":"70022258","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drainage-basis-scale geomorphic analysis to determine refernce conditions for ecologic restoration-Kissimmee River, Florida","docAbstract":"Major controls on the retention, distribution, and discharge of surface water in the historic (precanal) Kissimmee drainage basin and river were investigated to determine reference conditions for ecosystem restoration. Precanal Kissimmee drainage-basin hydrology was largely controlled by landforms derived from relict, coastal ridge, lagoon, and shallow-shelf features; widespread carbonate solution depressions; and a poorly developed fluvial drainage network. Prior to channelization for flood control, the Kissimmee River was a very low gradient, moderately meandering river that flowed from Lake Kissimmee to Lake Okeechobee through the lower drainage basin.
We infer that during normal wet seasons, river discharge rapidly exceeded Lake Okeechobee outflow capacity, and excess surface water backed up into the low-gradient Kissimmee River. This backwater effect induced bankfull and peak discharge early in the flood cycle and transformed the flood plain into a shallow aquatic system with both lacustrine and riverine characteristics. The large volumes of surface water retained in the lakes and wetlands of the upper basin maintained overbank flow conditions for several months after peak discharge. Analysis indicates that most of the geomorphic work on the channel and flood plain occurred during the frequently recurring extended periods of overbank discharge and that discharge volume may have been significant in determining channel dimensions.
Comparison of hydrogeomorphic relationships with other river systems identified links between geomorphology and hydrology of the precanal Kissimmee River. However, drainage-basin and hydraulic geometry models derived solely from general populations of river systems may produce spurious reference conditions for restoration design criteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<884:DGATDR>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Warne, A., Toth, L., and White, W., 2000, Drainage-basis-scale geomorphic analysis to determine refernce conditions for ecologic restoration-Kissimmee River, Florida: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 6, p. 884-899, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<884:DGATDR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"884","endPage":"899","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Kissimmee River, Lake Kissimmee, Lake Okeechobee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.18690490722655,\n 27.800817328100297\n ],\n [\n -81.19102478027344,\n 27.870644599673355\n ],\n [\n -81.20201110839844,\n 27.877321374551116\n ],\n [\n -81.21986389160156,\n 27.93254072134666\n ],\n [\n -81.22055053710938,\n 27.955591004642553\n ],\n [\n -81.29539489746094,\n 28.002283068261377\n ],\n [\n -81.32011413574219,\n 27.99803917062052\n ],\n [\n -81.30569458007812,\n 27.977423576428517\n ],\n [\n -81.34620666503906,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n -81.36886596679688,\n 27.97984914504167\n ],\n [\n -81.36817932128906,\n 27.971359416256693\n ],\n [\n -81.34963989257812,\n 27.934967298584915\n ],\n [\n -81.31599426269531,\n 27.921013735392084\n ],\n [\n -81.32148742675781,\n 27.90159708626247\n ],\n [\n -81.31050109863281,\n 27.883390812774888\n ],\n [\n -81.309814453125,\n 27.867609565973098\n ],\n [\n -81.30775451660156,\n 27.859111019382624\n ],\n [\n -81.24938964843749,\n 27.840897604499386\n ],\n [\n -81.24114990234374,\n 27.8421119273228\n ],\n [\n -81.2164306640625,\n 27.81782288866404\n ],\n [\n -81.221923828125,\n 27.79352841586229\n ],\n [\n -81.16561889648438,\n 27.685352198428955\n ],\n [\n -81.17385864257812,\n 27.67379895781762\n ],\n [\n -81.17935180664061,\n 27.581937684694736\n ],\n [\n -81.22673034667969,\n 27.54480631775389\n ],\n [\n -81.21780395507811,\n 27.492435852729894\n ],\n [\n -81.18690490722655,\n 27.421147650741265\n ],\n [\n -81.12648010253906,\n 27.38030375235113\n ],\n [\n -81.05575561523438,\n 27.34554408168226\n ],\n [\n -81.05026245117188,\n 27.31565424126349\n ],\n [\n -81.02210998535156,\n 27.290027966206214\n ],\n [\n -80.98297119140625,\n 27.21433494529935\n ],\n [\n -80.96992492675781,\n 27.178301644674047\n ],\n [\n -80.8978271484375,\n 27.15447663185513\n ],\n [\n -81.02485656738281,\n 27.039556602163195\n ],\n [\n -81.11686706542967,\n 26.974097380304208\n ],\n [\n -81.09832763671875,\n 26.93492599433896\n ],\n [\n -81.03103637695311,\n 26.866343323987433\n ],\n [\n -80.97267150878906,\n 26.882268012500234\n ],\n [\n -80.93971252441406,\n 26.759712731468568\n ],\n [\n -80.82778930664062,\n 26.69163742147271\n ],\n [\n -80.73165893554688,\n 26.676913083105454\n ],\n [\n -80.67741394042969,\n 26.748063090366852\n ],\n [\n -80.6890869140625,\n 26.800170623841804\n ],\n [\n -80.64788818359375,\n 26.83203637945121\n ],\n [\n -80.60531616210938,\n 26.895740996697807\n ],\n [\n -80.60462951660156,\n 26.974097380304208\n ],\n [\n -80.65132141113281,\n 27.088473156555896\n ],\n [\n -80.65475463867188,\n 27.112923428713707\n ],\n [\n -80.73234558105469,\n 27.18685297304107\n ],\n [\n -80.7879638671875,\n 27.216777459372924\n ],\n [\n -80.83946228027344,\n 27.202732272259045\n ],\n [\n -80.96786499023438,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -80.98640441894531,\n 27.37908429955532\n ],\n [\n -81.06124877929688,\n 27.423585614918853\n ],\n [\n -81.10176086425781,\n 27.53993569880378\n ],\n [\n -81.09695434570312,\n 27.647039394312074\n ],\n [\n -81.18690490722655,\n 27.800817328100297\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03d3e4b0c8380cd50680","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warne, A.G.","contributorId":97669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warne","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toth, L.A.","contributorId":55174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toth","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022302,"text":"70022302 - 2000 - Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022302","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications","docAbstract":"In this second of two papers, analytical step-response functions, developed in the companion paper for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to streamstage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems in the northeastern and central United States. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank hydraulic properties, recharge rates, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage. Analysis of the water-table aquifer adjacent to the Blackstone River in Massachusetts suggests that the very shallow depth of water table and associated thin unsaturated zone at the site cause the aquifer to behave like a confined aquifer (negligible specific yield). This finding is consistent with previous studies that have shown that the effective specific yield of an unconfined aquifer approaches zero when the capillary fringe, where sediment pores are saturated by tension, extends to land surface. Under this condition, the aquifer's response is determined by elastic storage only. Estimates of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, specific storage, and recharge for a water-table aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River in eastern Iowa, determined by the use of analytical methods, are in close agreement with those estimated by use of a more complex, multilayer numerical model of the aquifer. Streambank leakance of the semipervious streambank materials also was estimated for the site. The streambank-leakance parameter may be considered to be a general (or lumped) parameter that accounts not only for the resistance of flow at the river-aquifer boundary, but also for the effects of partial penetration of the river and other near-stream flow phenomena not included in the theoretical development of the step-response functions.Analytical step-response functions, developed for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to stream-stage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank seepage rates and bank storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., DeSimone, L., and Moench, A., 2000, Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 230, no. 3-4, p. 211-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1.","startPage":"211","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206790,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1"},{"id":230789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"230","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd49641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeSimone, L.A.","contributorId":79132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022332,"text":"70022332 - 2000 - Geochemical and microbiological methods for evaluating anaerobic processes in an aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T08:22:49","indexId":"70022332","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and microbiological methods for evaluating anaerobic processes in an aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate","docAbstract":"In the past decade, there has been a growing interest of dam safety officials to incorporate a risk‐based analysis for design‐flood hydrology. Extreme or rare floods, with probabilities in the range of about 10−3 to 10−7 chance of occurrence per year, are of continuing interest to the hydrologic and engineering communities for purposes of planning and design of structures such as dams [National Research Council, 1988]. The National Research Council stresses that as much information as possible about floods needs to be used for evaluation of the risk and consequences of any decision. A regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach was developed to assist dam safety officials and floodplain managers in their assessments of the risk of large floods. The interdisciplinary components included documenting maximum paleofloods and a regional analyses of contemporary extreme rainfall and flood data to complement a site‐specific probable maximum precipitation study [Tomlinson and Solak, 1997]. The cost‐effective approach, which can be used in many other hydrometeorologic settings, was applied to Elkhead Reservoir in Elkhead Creek (531 km2) in northwestern Colorado; the regional study area was 10,900 km2. Paleoflood data using bouldery flood deposits and noninundation surfaces for 88 streams were used to document maximum flood discharges that have occurred during the Holocene. Several relative dating methods were used to determine the age of paleoflood deposits and noninundation surfaces. No evidence of substantial flooding was found in the study area. The maximum paleoflood of 135 m3 s−1 for Elkhead Creek is about 13% of the site‐specific probable maximum flood of 1020 m3 s−1. Flood‐frequency relations using the expected moments algorithm, which better incorporates paleoflood data, were developed to assess the risk of extreme floods. Envelope curves encompassing maximum rainfall (181 sites) and floods (218 sites) were developed for northwestern Colorado to help define maximum contemporary and Holocene flooding in Elkhead Creek and in a regional frequency context. Study results for Elkhead Reservoir were accepted by the Colorado State Engineer for dam safety certification.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900098","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, R.D., and Tomlinson, E.M., 2000, Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 10, p. 2957-2984, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900098.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"2957","endPage":"2984","ipdsId":"IP-027734","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900098","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a532e4b0e8fec6cdbd74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomlinson, Edward M.","contributorId":195306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022342,"text":"70022342 - 2000 - Testing a full‐range soil‐water retention function in modeling water potential and temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:28:40","indexId":"70022342","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing a full‐range soil‐water retention function in modeling water potential and temperature","docAbstract":"Recent work has emphasized development of full‐range water‐retention functions that are applicable under both wet and dry soil conditions, but evaluation of such functions in numerical modeling has been limited. Here we show that simulations using the Rossi‐Nimmo (RN) full‐range function compared favorably with those using the common Brooks‐Corey function and that the RN function can improve prediction of water potentials in near‐surface soil, particularly under dry conditions. Simulations using the RN function also improved prediction of temperatures throughout the soil profile. Such improvements could be important for calculations of liquid and vapor flow in near‐surface soils and in deep unsaturated zones of arid and semiarid regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900193","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., and Jacobson, E.A., 2000, Testing a full‐range soil‐water retention function in modeling water potential and temperature: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 10, p. 3081-3089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900193.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3081","endPage":"3089","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479206,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900193","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5b7e4b08c986b320c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":45480,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022387,"text":"70022387 - 2000 - Influence of acid volatile sulfide and metal concentrations on metal bioavailability to marine invertebrates in contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:30:55","indexId":"70022387","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of acid volatile sulfide and metal concentrations on metal bioavailability to marine invertebrates in contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"An 18-day microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and metal additions on bioaccumulation from sediments of Cd, Ni, and Zn in two clams (Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis) and three marine polychaetes (Neanthes arenaceodentata, Heteromastus filiformis, and Spiophanes missionensis). Manipulation of AVS by oxidation of naturally anoxic sediments allowed use of metal concentrations typical of nature and evaluation of processes important to chronic metal exposure. A vertical sediment column similar to that often found in nature was used to facilitate realistic biological behavior. Results showed that AVS or porewater (PW) metals controlled bioaccumulation in only 2 of 15 metal-animal combinations. Bioaccumulation of all three metals by the bivalves was related significantly to metal concentrations extracted from sediments (SEM) but not to [SEM − AVS] or PW metals. SEM predominantly influenced bioaccumulation of Ni and Zn in N. arenaceodentata, but Cd bioaccumulation followed PW Cd concentrations. SEM controlled tissue concentrations of all three metals in H. filiformis and S. missionensis, with minor influences from metal-sulfide chemistry. Significant bioaccumulation occurred when SEM was only a small fraction of AVS in several treatments. Three factors appeared to contribute to the differences between these bioaccumulation results and the results from toxicity tests reported previously: differences in experimental design, dietary uptake, and biological attributes of the species, including mode and depth of feeding.