{"pageNumber":"3592","pageRowStart":"89775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":31682,"text":"ofr97156K - 1997 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Petersburg C-5 quadrangle, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T21:29:54.775887","indexId":"ofr97156K","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-156","chapter":"K","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Petersburg C-5 quadrangle, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97156K","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., 1997, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Petersburg C-5 quadrangle, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-156, Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 23.86 × 24.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97156K.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 23.86 × 24.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397756,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19187.htm"},{"id":59915,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0156k/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59914,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0156k/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0156k/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"63000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Petersburg C-5 quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -133.667,\n              56.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.333,\n              56.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.333,\n              56.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.667,\n              56.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.667,\n              56.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db6415d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31681,"text":"ofr97156J - 1997 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Petersburg C-4 quadrangle, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T21:26:26.695698","indexId":"ofr97156J","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-156","chapter":"J","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Petersburg C-4 quadrangle, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97156J","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., 1997, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Petersburg C-4 quadrangle, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-156, Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 31.28 × 23.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97156J.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 31.28 × 23.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397755,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19186.htm"},{"id":59913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0156j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59912,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0156j/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0156j/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"63000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Petersburg C-4 quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -133,\n              56.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.333,\n              56.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.333,\n              56.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -133,\n              56.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -133,\n              56.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641736","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4491,"text":"cir1120K - 1997 - Effects of the 1993 flood on the determination of flood magnitude and frequency in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T10:13:30","indexId":"cir1120K","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"K","title":"Effects of the 1993 flood on the determination of flood magnitude and frequency in Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>To evaluate the effects of the 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River Basin on the determination of flood magnitude and frequency, discharges that had recurrence intervals of 10, 25, 50, and 100 years computed from data through the 1992 water year were compared with those computed from data through the 1993 water year for 62 selected streamflow-gaging stations in Iowa. On the basis of the flood-frequency analysis computed from data through the 1993 water year, a flood that was greater than or equal to a 10-year recurrence interval discharge occurred during 1993 at all 62 gaging stations, and a flood greater than or equal to a 100-year recurrence-interval discharge occurred at 11 of the gaging stations.</p><p>Results of the comparison indicated that inclusion of the 1993 flood in the data base resulted in an increase in the magnitude of dis charges for all selected recurrence intervals at the 62 streamflow-gaging stations in Iowa. A larger percentage increase in the magnitude of discharge was computed for the larger recurrence intervals than for the smaller recurrence intervals for most of the selected gaging stations . As a result of including the 1993 peak discharge in the flood-frequency analysis, three gaging stations had an increase in the 100-year recurrence-interval discharge that was greater than 30 percent.</p><p>Several factors, which included recurrence intervals for the 1993 peak discharges and the effective record lengths for 1993, were investigated for the 62 selected streamflow-gaging stations to evaluate their possible effect on the computed flood-frequency discharges. The combined effect of these two factors on the computed 100-year recurrence-interval discharges was significant. Gaging stations were grouped into four discrete categories on the basis of recurrence intervals for the 1993 peak discharges and the effective record lengths for 1993 . Of the 28 gaging stations that had small flood magnitudes in 1993 and long record lengths, the difference between the 1992 and the 1993 flood-frequency analyses for 100- year recurrence-interval discharges at 22 gaging stations was less than 5 percent. Of the 10 gaging stations that had large flood magnitudes in 1993 and short record lengths, the increase in 100-year recurrence-interval discharges at 9 gaging stations was greater than 15 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1120K","isbn":"0607887001","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., 1997, Effects of the 1993 flood on the determination of flood magnitude and frequency in Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120K.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_K.bmp"},{"id":536,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":26810,"text":"wri974126 - 1997 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water-development alternatives in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir, southern Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T19:35:18.052475","indexId":"wri974126","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4126","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water-development alternatives in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir, southern Rhode Island","docAbstract":"<p>The Usquepaug-Queen River Basin study describes the hydrogeology, water quality, and simulation of pumping from wells for selected ground-water-development alternatives in the ground-water reservoir under average (1975-90) and drought (1963-66) conditions. In general, ground-water quality is suitable for most purposes. The study provides an evaluation of the effects of simulated pumping of 4 to 11 million gallons per day of ground water on the stream-wetland-aquifer system.</p><p>Three principal geologic units underlie the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin glacial stratified deposits (stratified drift), glacial till, and crystalline bedrock. Thick and extensive deposits of saturated coarse-grained stratified deposits form the major and most productive aquifer in the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin. The 36.1-square mile Usquepaug-Queen River Basin is in the Pawcatuck River Basin in southern Rhode Island. Stratified deposits cover about 42 percent of the basin and reach a maximum known thickness of 122 feet. The stratified deposits are subdivided into coarse-grained units (dominantly fine to very coarse sand and gravel) and fine-grained units (dominantly very fine sand, silt, and clay). Transmissivity is highest in coarse-grained stratified materials, which have the capability of yielding relatively high volumes of water to wells. Transmissivity is lowest in fine-grained stratified materials, which consist predominantly of lakebottom deposits. Transmissivity of the stratified&nbsp;drift aquifer ranges from 1,900 to 27,800 feet squared per day, and horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 25 to 470 feet per day. The stratified-drift aquifer is the only aquifer in the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin capable of producing yields of 0.5 million gallons per day or more from individual wells. Pumping from ground-water and surface-water sources in the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin averaged 0.28 million gallons per day during 1989 and 0.48 million gallons per day during 1990.</p><p>Ground water and surface water (which is primarily ground-water runoff) in the UsquepaugQueen River Basin are suitable for most purposes on the basis of a comparison of physical properties and chemical constituents to drinking-water standards. Ground water in the basin is somewhat corrosive because of its low hydrogen-ion concentration. Specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved chloride and dissolved sodium are high in ground water in parts of the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin, which indicates the effects of highway de-icing salts on groundwater quality. Nitrogen (nitrite plus nitrate) concentrations in some localized areas exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter for drinking water.</p><p>The effects of selected ground-waterdevelopment alternatives on ground-water levels, wetland-water levels, and streamflow in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir were evaluated by means of a three-layer ground-waterflow model. Development alternatives were&nbsp;simulated for average annual (1975-90) and drought (1963-66) conditions. In general, higher simulated pumping rates produced greater drawdowns than lower pumping rates. Drawdowns generally can be reduced by distributing the total pumping over many wells; however, drawdowns were minimal (less than 1.3 feet) in well SNW 906, which was near a major stream (recharge boundary); and drawdowns were substantial (at least 12 feet) in well EXW 33, which was near the edge of the model aquifer boundary (barrier boundary). Total gains in flow from ground-water discharge for all streams in the model area were not affected by the location of wells; however, the amount of ground-water pumpage derived from induced infiltration of streamflow varies significantly. Water levels in the wetlands tend to be constant even during simulated pumping. In general, pumping during simulated drought conditions increased drawdowns fractionally and greatly reduced overall streamflow gains.</p><p>Pumping from the Usquepaug-Queen stratified-drift aquifer causes infiltration of streamflow along stream segments simulated in the ground-water-flow model. Results of simulations for average conditions show that from 56 to 75 percent of the total water pumped is derived from intercepted ground-water runoff and that the amount of well water derived from induced recharge of streamflow ranged from 20 to 39 percent. The areal extent of contributing areas for selected simulated pumping wells suggest that large areas of stratified drift may need to be protected from land-use practices that are incompatible with the development of potable ground water in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Dickerman, D.C., Kliever, J.D., and Stone, J.R., 1997, Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water-development alternatives in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir, southern Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4126, Report: vi, 48 p.; 1 Plate: 32.00 x 43.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974126.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 48 p.; 1 Plate: 32.00 x 43.83 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55698,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397733,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48747.htm"},{"id":365704,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4126/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Usquepaug-Queen River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.65,\n              41.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5,\n              41.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5,\n              41.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.65,\n              41.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.65,\n              41.45\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6148f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerman, David C.","contributorId":41047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kliever, John D.","contributorId":46976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kliever","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":66545,"text":"i2548 - 1997 - Geologic map of the Harrison 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Missouri and Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:21","indexId":"i2548","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2548","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of the Harrison 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Missouri and Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2548","isbn":"0607885505","usgsCitation":"Middendorf, M., Thomson, K.C., Robertson, C., Whitfield, J., Glick, E., Bush, W.V., Haley, B., and McFarland, J.D., 1997, Geologic map of the Harrison 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Missouri and Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2548, 1 map :col. ;45 x 72 cm., on sheet 82 x 107 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2548.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;45 x 72 cm., on sheet 82 x 107 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108317,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13038.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13038"},{"id":187896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,36 ], [ -94,37 ], [ -92,37 ], [ -92,36 ], [ -94,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698126","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middendorf, M.A.","contributorId":49455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middendorf","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomson, Kenneth C.","contributorId":55478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomson","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, C.E.","contributorId":99955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitfield, J.W.","contributorId":105740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitfield","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Glick, E.E.","contributorId":12060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glick","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bush, W. V.","contributorId":40233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haley, B.R.","contributorId":41444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haley","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McFarland, J. D. III","contributorId":29899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":4955,"text":"fs23695 - 1997 - Introduction to Potential Fields: Magnetics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"fs23695","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"236-95","title":"Introduction to Potential Fields: Magnetics","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs23695","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Introduction to Potential Fields: Magnetics: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 236-95, 1 sheet ;  28 x 18 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs23695.","productDescription":"1 sheet ;  28 x 18 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_236_95.bmp"},{"id":123,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0236-95/fs-236-95.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c1e4b07f02db5d2fad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29816,"text":"wri974059 - 1997 - Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:42:37","indexId":"wri974059","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4059","title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Upper Klamath Lake and the connecting Agency Lake constitute a large, shallow lake in south-central Oregon that the historical record indicates has likely been eutrophic since its discovery by non-Native Americans. In recent decades, however, the lake has had annual occurrences of near-monoculture blooms of the blue-green alga <i>Aphanizomenon flos-aquae</i> that are thought to be a result of accelerated eutrophication. In 1988, two sucker species endemic to the lake, the Lost River sucker (<i>Deltistes luxatus</i>) and the shortnose sucker (<i>Chasmistes brevirostris</i>), were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it has been proposed that their decline is due to the poor water quality associated with extremely long and productive algal blooms. It has also been proposed that the effluent drained from wetlands has contributed to accelerated eutrophication.</p>\n<p>Since the turn of century, most of the wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath Lake have been drained for agriculture--cultivation of crops and grazing of cattle. Wetland areas were reclaimed from the lake by building dikes to isolate them from the lake, constructing a series of drainage ditches, and installing pumps to drain the water and maintain a lowered water table. A consequence of lowering the water table is the increased ability of air and oxygenated water to move through the subsurface and facilitate the rapid aerobic decomposition of the peat soils. Nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, are then liberated, leach into adjacent ditches, and are subsequently pumped to the lake or its tributaries. The rate of peat decomposition may be related to the time since drainage and the type of agricultural land use. On lands cultivated for crops, farming practices, such as disking and furrowing, could enhance the movement of air and oxygenated water, resulting in a rapid rate of decomposition. In contrast, on grazed lands, the compaction of soils by cattle probably inhibits the movement of air and oxygenated water and results in a slower rate of decomposition relative to drained wetlands used for the cultivation of crops.</p>\n<p>This report presents the results of a cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Reclamation whose overall objective was to determine the nutrient loading to Upper Klamath Lake from adjacent drained wetlands. Nutrient loading from drained wetlands was estimated using two independent techniques. The first method involved the measurement of the quantity and quality of water discharged by pumps draining the wetlands. The second method was used to estimate the initial (before drainage) and present-day nutrient mass of the organic soils within the drained wetlands and to calculate the change (or loss) in nutrient mass.</p>\n<p>In an effort to estimate the nutrient contributions from the water pumped off selected drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath Lake, annual loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were estimated from concentration data and the volume of water pumped during the water year. In general, there was little variation among sites or among years in the annual total nitrogen (median load of about 18 tons per year and median yield of about 8 pounds per acre per year) or the annual total phosphorus (median load of about 3 tons per year and median yield of about 2 pounds per acre per year) contributions. The sum of the annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus calculated for each of the pumping stations in 1995 was 80 tons per year and 15 tons per year, respectively.</p>\n<p>In 1995, soil-coring activities were undertaken to ascertain the nature and extent of the organic soils in the drained and undrained wetlands. The present-day nutrient mass was calculated for each drained wetland using the nutrient content (concentration) and the present-day peat mass. The initial nutrient mass prior to drainage was estimated for each drained wetland by using the initial nutrient content (assumed to be equal to the nutrient content of the undrained wetlands) and the initial peat mass as determined using the amount of accumulated decomposition residue. The cumulative loss of nutrient mass since drainage was calculated as the change between initial and present-day nutrient mass for each drained area.</p>\n<p>The cumulative yield of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loss from the organic soils of individual wetlands since drainage ranged from 3,000 to 70,000 pounds per acre and from 0 to 1,300 pounds per acre, respectively. For all the drained wetlands sampled, the cumulative nitrogen and phosphorus loss since drainage totaled 250,000 tons and 4,300 tons, respectively. This represents about 30 percent and 22 percent of the mass of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, that initially existed in the organic soils. The loss of nutrients from the drained wetlands is considered to be a maximum estimate of the possible contribution of nutrients to Upper Klamath Lake from the peat soils of the drained wetlands sampled. However, not all the nutrients released by the soils are discharged to the lake. Nutrients lost from the peat soils of the drained wetlands may have been taken up by crops and harvested or consumed by grazing cattle. In addition, nitrogen can be lost to the atmosphere by denitrification and the volatilization of ammonia; phosphorus may be bound to adjacent soil layers by adsorption.</p>\n<p>The annual nutrient loss for the period 1994&ndash;95 was calculated using a first-order rate law to describe nutrient loss since drainage began. For individual drained wetlands, the yield of nitrogen and phosphorus lost from the organic soils for the period 1994&ndash;95 ranged from 27 to 540 pounds per acre per year and from 0 to 15 pounds per acre per year, respectively. The total mass of nitrogen and phosphorus loss during this period was 3,000 tons per year and 60 tons per year, respectively, for all drained wetlands that were sampled. The yield and mass of nutrient loss determined in this fashion reflect what might be expected on the basis of time-averaged or longterm contributions of nutrients to the lake and do not reflect the specific conditions existing during the period 1994&ndash;95.</p>\n<p>The results of this&nbsp;study could be useful in helping to prioritize which drained wetlands may provide the greatest benefits with regard to reducing nutrient loads to the lake if restoration or land-use modifications are instituted. Recent acquisition and planned restoration of drained wetland areas at the Wood River and Williamson River North properties may produce significant reduction in the quantity of nutrients released by the decomposition of peat soils of these areas. If the water table rises to predrainage levels, the peats soils may become inundated most of the year, resulting in the continued long-term storage of nutrients within the peat soils by reducing aerobic decomposition. The maximum benefit, in terms of decreasing potential nutrient loss due to peat decomposition, could be the reduction of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loss to about one-half that of the 1994&ndash;95 annual loss estimated for all the drained wetlands sampled for this study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri974059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D.T., and Morace, J.L., 1997, Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4059, Report: ix, 67 p.; 2 Plates: 36.00 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974059.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 67 p.; 2 Plates: 36.00 x 25.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58617,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate-1"},{"id":58619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":58618,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"2.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate-2"},{"id":119751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Agency Lake, Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.42614746093749,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.42614746093749,\n              43.257205668363206\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.89904785156251,\n              43.257205668363206\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.89904785156251,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.42614746093749,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c01a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morace, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-8132-4044 jlmorace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-4044","contributorId":945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morace","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlmorace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44849,"text":"wri974167 - 1997 - Water-table conditions and stream-aquifer interaction in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt Aquifer, central Rhode Island, October 7-9, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri974167","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4167","title":"Water-table conditions and stream-aquifer interaction in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt Aquifer, central Rhode Island, October 7-9, 1996","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri974167","usgsCitation":"Dickerman, D.C., and Barlow, P.M., 1997, Water-table conditions and stream-aquifer interaction in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt Aquifer, central Rhode Island, October 7-9, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4167, 1 map ; 74 x 75 cm., on sheet 89 x 123 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974167.","productDescription":"1 map ; 74 x 75 cm., on sheet 89 x 123 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82208,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4167/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9ace","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerman, David C.","contributorId":41047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22093,"text":"ofr97463 - 1997 - Ranking of the world's oil and gas provinces by known petroleum volumes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr97463","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-463","title":"Ranking of the world's oil and gas provinces by known petroleum volumes","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97463","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Klett, T., Ahlbrandt, T., Schmoker, J., and Dolton, G., 1997, Ranking of the world's oil and gas provinces by known petroleum volumes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-463, 1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97463.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1426,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-463/97463.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klett, T. R. 0000-0001-9779-1168","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-1168","contributorId":83067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dolton, G.L.","contributorId":51722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolton","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":6650,"text":"fs09897 - 1997 - Trace elements and organic compounds associated with riverbed sediments in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin, Mexico and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T13:58:15","indexId":"fs09897","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"098-97","title":"Trace elements and organic compounds associated with riverbed sediments in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin, Mexico and Texas","docAbstract":"<p>In 1991, the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) was mandated by the Texas Clean Rivers Act (Senate Bill 818) to assess water quality of rivers in Texas. Recent efforts to collect information for the assessment of water quality in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin have involved Federal agencies on both sides of the 1,248-mile U.S.-Mexico border?U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Secretaria de Desarollo Social (Secretary for Social Development, Mexico), National Water Commission of Mexico, and International Boundary and Water Commission?as well as State and local agencies in a spirit of international cooperation. Substantial efforts have been made to gather data needed to determine the quality of water and ecological status of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo, especially at sites along the border (fig. 1). The purpose of this report is to assess selected historical data of trace elements and organic compounds in riverbed sediments of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo, and of the Pecos River and the Arroyo Colorado in Texas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09897","usgsCitation":"Lee, R.W., and Wilson, J., 1997, Trace elements and organic compounds associated with riverbed sediments in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin, Mexico and Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 098-97, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09897.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_098_97.bmp"},{"id":697,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs-098-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627f1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6586,"text":"fs17697 - 1997 - Debris-flow hazards in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-06T15:18:02.417951","indexId":"fs17697","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"176-97","title":"Debris-flow hazards in the United States","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs17697","usgsCitation":"Highland, L., Ellen, S.D., Christian, S.B., and Brown, W.M., 1997, Debris-flow hazards in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 176-97, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs17697.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":428,"text":"National Landslide 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Highland, Lynn","contributorId":42210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Highland","given":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellen, Stephenson D.","contributorId":54195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellen","given":"Stephenson","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christian, Sarah B.","contributorId":20739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, William M. III","contributorId":72365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"William","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5525,"text":"fs07697 - 1997 - Mineral-resource data bases","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5525,"text":"fs07697 - 1997 - Mineral-resource data bases","indexId":"fs07697","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral-resource data bases"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5527,"text":"fs12200 - 2000 - Mineral-Resource Databases","indexId":"fs12200","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral-Resource Databases"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5527,"text":"fs12200 - 2000 - Mineral-Resource Databases","indexId":"fs12200","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral-Resource Databases"},"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:53:33","indexId":"fs07697","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"076-97","title":"Mineral-resource data bases","docAbstract":"Data bases are essential for modern \nscientific research. The new and exciting \nwork being done in the Mineral Resource \nProgram in the U.S. Geological Survey \n(USGS) usually begins with the question, \n\"Where are the known deposits?\" A \nmineral-resource data base containing \nthis type of information and more can be \nuseful not just to USGS scientists, but to \nanyone who needs such data. Users of the \ndata bases from outside the USGS \ninclude mining and exploration \ncompanies, environmental groups, \nacademia, other Federal Agencies, and \nthe general public. \nAt present, the USGS has two large \nmineral-resource data bases, MRDS \n(Mineral Resource Data System) and \nMAS (Minerals Availability System). \nMRDS was built and is mamtained by the \nUSGS, and MAS was built and \nmaintained by the Bureau of Mines. In \n1996, after the Bureau was abolished, \nMAS was transferred to the USGS. \nThe two data bases were compiled for \ndifferent purposes and contain very \ndifferent mformation. For instance, MAS \ncontains information on costs, details of \nmining methods, and feasibility studies. \nMRDS has mineralogical and geologic \ndata that are not contained in MAS. Because they are both mineral-resource \ndata bases, however, they contain some information in common, such as location, \nname(s) of sites, and commodities \npresent. \nBoth data bases are international in \nscope, and both are quite large. MRDS \ncontains over 110,000 records, while \nMAS has over 220,000. One reason that \nMAS has more records is that it contains \ninformation on smelters, mill sites, and \nfossil fuel sites, as well as mineral- resource sites. The USGS is working to \ncombine the information in both data \nbases. This is a large undertaking that \nwill require some years to complete. In \nthe interim, information from both data \nbases will still be available","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs07697","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Mineral-resource data bases: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 076-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs07697.","productDescription":"2 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs07697.jpg"},{"id":285371,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0076-97/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1281,"text":"wsp2468 - 1997 - Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T21:13:10.775705","indexId":"wsp2468","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2468","title":"Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992","docAbstract":"<p>Available pesticide data (1966-92) for surface and ground water were analyzed for the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California, one of 60 large hydrologic systems being studied as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Most of the pesticide data were for the San Joaquin Valley, one of the most intensively farmed and irrigated areas of the United States. Data were obtained from the Storage and Retrieval data base of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the water-quality data base of the U.S. Geological Survey, and from data files of State agencies.</p><p>Pesticides detected in surface water include organochlorine pesticides, organophosphate pesticides, carbamate pesticides, and triazine herbicides. Pesticides detected in ground water include triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides and soil fumi gants. Surface-water data indicate seasonal patterns for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, which are attributed to their use on almond orchards and alfafa fields. Organochlorine pesticides were detected primarily in river-bed sediments. Concentrations detected in bed sediments of the San Joaquin River near Vernalis are among the highest of any major river system in the United States. Patterns and timing of pesticide use indicate that pesticides might be present in surface-water systems during most months of a year.</p><p>The most commonly detected pesticide in ground water is the soil fumigant, dibromochloropropane. Dibromochloropropane, used primarily on vineyards and orchards, was detected in ground water near the city of Fresno. Triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides were detected near vineyards and orchards in the same general locations as the detections of dibromochloropropane. Pesticides were detected in ground water of the east side of the valley floor, where the soils are sandy or coarsegrained, and water-soluble pesticides with long environmental half-lives were used. In contrast, fewer pesticides were detected in ground water of the west side of the valley, where soils generally are finer grained.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2468","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., 1997, Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2468, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2468.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wsp_2468.bmp"},{"id":414262,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25566.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14632,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2468/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin-Tulare basins","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.4,\n              34.825\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              34.825\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              38.783\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4,\n              38.783\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4,\n              34.825\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6815,"text":"fs14897rev - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38162,"text":"fs14897 - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","indexId":"fs14897","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6815,"text":"fs14897rev - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","indexId":"fs14897rev","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T12:41:29","indexId":"fs14897rev","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"148-97","title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>As part of the Clean Water Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), all States are required to establish water-quality standards for every river basin in the State. During 1994, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment proposed to the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission (CWQCC) an aquatic-life standard of 225 µg/L (micrograms per liter) for the dissolved-zinc concentration in the Animas River downstream from Silverton (fig.1). The CWQCC delayed implementation of this water-quality standard until further information was collected and a plan for the cleanup of abandoned mines was developed. Dissolved-zinc concentrations in this section of the river ranged from about 270 µg/L during high flow, when rainfall and snowmelt runoff dilute the dissolved minerals in the river (U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, p. 431), to 960 µg/L (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, written commun., 1996) during low flow (such as late summer and middle winter when natural springs and drainage from mines are the main sources for the streams).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Mining sites in the basin were developed between about 1872 and the 1940's, with only a few mines operated until the early 1990's. For local governments, mining sites represent part of the Nation's heritage, tourists are attracted to the historic mining sites, and governments are obligated to protect the historic mining sites according to the National Historic Preservation Act (Public Law 89-665).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the context of this fact sheet, the term \"natural sources of dissolved minerals\" refers to springs and streams where no effect from mining were determined. \"Mining-related sources of dissolved minerals\" are assumed to be: (1 ) Water draining from mines , and (2) water seeping from mine-waste dump pile where the waste piles were saturated by water draining from mines. Although rainfall and snowmelt runoff from mine-waste piles might affect water quality in streams, work described in this fact sheet was done during low-flow conditions when springs and drainage from mine were the main sources of dissolved minerals affecting the streams. Data are being collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to determine the magnitude and sources of dissolved minerals during rainfall- and snowmelt-runoff periods.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This fact sheet presents results of studies done by the USGS in collaboration with the Animas River Stakeholders Group and was prepared in cooperation with the Southwestern Colorado Water Conservation District. The studies were done at selected sites in the Upper Animas River Basin to determine natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals and are continuing in the basin with the Animas River Stakeholders Group and as part of the Department of the Interior Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative. The results of these studies will provide useful information for determining water-quality standards in the basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14897rev","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwestern Colorado Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., 1997, Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado (Revised Edition, October 1997): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 148-97, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14897rev.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0148/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.819996,37.748458 ], [ -107.819996,37.979928 ], [ -107.498474,37.979928 ], [ -107.498474,37.748458 ], [ -107.819996,37.748458 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised Edition, October 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48afe4b07f02db52f2ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6723,"text":"fs11497 - 1997 - Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:42","indexId":"fs11497","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"114-97","title":"Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines","docAbstract":"On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines exploded in the second largest volcanic eruption on Earth this century. This eruption deposited more than 1 cubic mile (5 cubic kilometers) of volcanic ash and rock fragments on the volcano's slopes. Within hours, heavy rains began to wash this material down into the surrounding lowlands in giant, fast-moving mudflows called lahars. In the next four rainy seasons, lahars carried about half of the deposits off the volcano, causing even more destruction in the lowlands than the eruption itself.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs11497","usgsCitation":"Newhall, C.G., Stauffer, P.H., and Hendley, J.W., 1997, Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 114-97, 1 sheet [2 p.]: ill., map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11497.","productDescription":"1 sheet [2 p.]: ill., map ; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_114_97.bmp"},{"id":8441,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs114-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newhall, Christopher G.","contributorId":25557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hendley, James W. II jhendley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendley","given":"James","suffix":"II","email":"jhendley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":6699,"text":"fs18896 - 1997 - Ground-water use of the principal aquifers in Puerto Rico during calendar year 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:46","indexId":"fs18896","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"188-96","title":"Ground-water use of the principal aquifers in Puerto Rico during calendar year 1990","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs18896","usgsCitation":"Molina-Rivera, W.L., 1997, Ground-water use of the principal aquifers in Puerto Rico during calendar year 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 188-96, 1 folded sheet (4 p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18896.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet (4 p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":752,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pr.water.usgs.gov/public/online_pubs/fs_188_96/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34097,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a250","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molina-Rivera, Wanda L. 0000-0001-5856-283X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5856-283X","contributorId":54190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molina-Rivera","given":"Wanda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30032,"text":"wri974074 - 1997 - Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri974074","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4074","title":"Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96","docAbstract":"The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey was initiated in 1978 and was completed in 1995. The purpose of this program was to define the regional geohydrology and establish a framework of background information on geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of the Nation's important aquifer systems. This information is critically needed to develop an understanding of the Nation's major ground-water flow systems and to support better management of ground-water resources.  Twenty-five of the Nation's major aquifer systems were studied under this program. Starting in 1988, the program devoted part of its resources to compilation of a National Ground Water Atlas that presets a comprehensive summary of the Nation's major ground-water resources. The atlas, which is designed in a graphical format supported by descriptive text, serves as a basic reference for the location, geography, geology, and hydrologic characteristics of the major aquifers in the Nation. This bibliography lists 1,105 reports that result from various studies of the program. The list of reports for each study follows a brief description of that study.  ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri974074","usgsCitation":"Sun, R.J., Weeks, J., and Grubb, H.F., 1997, Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4074, iv, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974074.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2463,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974074","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4074/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58834,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, Ren Jen","contributorId":68721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Ren","email":"","middleInitial":"Jen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weeks, John B.","contributorId":36123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grubb, Hayes F.","contributorId":91079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"Hayes","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25749,"text":"wri954136 - 1997 - Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:36:20.328575","indexId":"wri954136","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4136","title":"Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p>The distribution of radioactivity in ground water in the Newark Basin is controlled by the lithology of the aquifer and the degree of contact between the water that flows through the fractured strata and the radioactive lithologic units. The primary water-bearing lithologic units of the Newark Basin that contain elevated levels of radioactivity are the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation and the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Lithologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of these rock aquifers that affect the spatial distribution of radionuclides in the water include the concentration of radioactive minerals in the strata; the continuity of radioactive strata; the orientation, depth, interconnectedness, and continuity of regional and local fracture patterns; and the geochemical environment, which affects radionuclide solubility.</p><p>The stratigraphic zones of uranium enrichment and the continuity of the radioactive strata differ between the Stockton Formation and the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Uranium enrichment in both formations, however, is identified in permeable sections of strata that have sharp contacts with, or that are enclosed by, less permeable zones. In the Stockton Formation, basal conglomerates overlying fine-grained mudstones are the most radioactive lithology. In interbedded red and black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation, the uranium-rich zones are the black and white carbonate-rich siltstone and mudstone laminae overlying massive fine-grained mudstones. Most samples of the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation tended to be slightly enriched in uranium relative to thorium, whereas all samples of the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation were heavily enriched in uranium with respect to thorium, with a maximum concentration of uranium of 6,200 parts per million (ppm).</p><p>Spatial orientation of radioactive zones is controlled by the depositional environment of the host lithology. Radioactive strata in the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation, which is deltaic or fluvial/deltaic in origin, arc stratigraphically discontinuous and nonplanar. In contrast, the radioactive lacustrine black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation are laterally continuous and planar.</p><p>Geophysical logs of boreholes indicate that the number and depths of probable waterbearing fractures are greater in the arkoses of the Stockton Formation and red mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation than in the interbedded red and black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation, despite the fact that fracture-density counts in cores indicate that black mudstones are more highly fractured than the other rock types. The total number of fractures is greater and bedding-plane fractures are generally more common in the lower part of the Passaic Formation than in the Stockton Formation. Fractures in the Stockton Formation form a well-connected network consisting of both bedding-plane and several sets of high-angle fractures present on a regional scale. The large-scale continuity of interconnected bedding-plane fractures&nbsp;and high-angle regional fractures may be partly responsible for the higher yields observed for wells in the Stockton Formation than for wells in the Passaic Formation and may facilitate migration of dissolved radionuclides far from their source. The well-connected fracture network may increase the likelihood that circulating water comes in contact with radioactive strata. Water in the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation may also contain high levels of radioactivity, primarily as a result of the high frequency of radioactive strata and of fracturing, rather than the presence of a well-connected regional fracture system.</p><p>Ground-water chemistry is dominated by the calcium cation and the bicarbonate anion, both derived from abundant secondary calcite in the fractures. The concentrations of uranium and radium in water that comes into contact with radioactive rock are controlled by the water chemistry. Uranium is the dominant alpha emitter in the oxidizing waters in the red mudstones of the Passaic Formation, whereas radium-226 (226Ra) is the dominant alpha emitter in the suboxic (reducing) water in the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Because the lithology of the Stockton Formation and, in places, the lower part of the Passaic Formation varies greatly, wells can intercept multiple fracture zones that can contain oxic or suboxic waters, thereby resulting in the presence of both uranium and radium in detectable quantities in the same water sample. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., Taylor, T.A., Payne, D.F., and Ivahnenko, T., 1997, Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4136, Report: vii, 134 p.; 6 Plates: 33.50 x 50.30 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954136.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 134 p.; 6 Plates: 33.50 x 50.30 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic 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,{"id":26818,"text":"wri974038 - 1997 - Estimates of recharge from runoff at the Hanford Site, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri974038","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4038","title":"Estimates of recharge from runoff at the Hanford Site, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wri974038","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., 1997, Estimates of recharge from runoff at the Hanford Site, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4038, v, 172 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974038.","productDescription":"v, 172 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55701,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fca95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, R.S.","contributorId":64290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5098,"text":"fs08097 - 1997 - Irrigation and Surface-Water Quality in the Quincy and Pasco Basins, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:46","indexId":"fs08097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"080-97","title":"Irrigation and Surface-Water Quality in the Quincy and Pasco Basins, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs08097","usgsCitation":"Kim, M.H., and Ebbert, J.C., 1997, Irrigation and Surface-Water Quality in the Quincy and Pasco Basins, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 080-97, 1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08097.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":468,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wa.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs080-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0080/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31890,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0080/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667266","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, Moon H. 0000-0002-4328-8409 mkim@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-8409","contributorId":3211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Moon","email":"mkim@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebbert, James C.","contributorId":73990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebbert","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30405,"text":"wri974128 - 1997 - Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Deep River in the Cape Fear River basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-18T10:03:14","indexId":"wri974128","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4128","title":"Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Deep River in the Cape Fear River basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>An understanding of the magnitude and frequency of low-flow discharges is an important part of protecting surface-water resources and planning for municipal and industrial economic expansion. Low-flow characteristics are summarized for 7 continuous-record gaging stations and 23 partial-record measuring sites in the Deep River Basin in North Carolina. Records of discharge collected through the 1995 water year are used. Flow characteristics included in the summary are (1) average annual unit flow; (2) 7Q10 low-flow discharge, the minimum average discharge for a 7-consecutive-day period occurring, on average, once in 10 years; (3) 30Q2 low-flow discharge; (4) W7Q10 low-flow discharge, similar to 7Q10 discharge except only flow during the months of November through March is considered; and (5) 7Q2 low-flow discharge. The potential for sustained base flows in the upper half of the basin is higher than that for streams in the lower half of the basin. Much of the decrease in base-flow potential in the lower part of the basin is attributed to the underlying rock types of the Triassic basin. Soils in the lower part of the basin consist of clays which limit the infiltration of water into surficial aquifers for later release to streams during drought conditions. Correspondingly, many streams in the lower part of the basin have minimal (defined as less than 0.1 cubic foot per second) or zero 7Q10 discharges.</p>\n<p>Drainage area and low-flow discharge profiles are presented for the Deep River. The drainage-area profile shows downstream increases in basin size. At the mouth, the drainage area for the Deep River is 1,441 square miles. Low-flow discharge profiles for the Deep River include 7Q10, 30Q2, W7Q10, and 7Q2 discharges in a continuous profile with contributions from major tributaries included.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Water Quality and Division of Water Resources of the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.C., 1997, Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Deep River in the Cape Fear River basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4128, Report: iv, 31 p.; 1 Plate: 15.65 x 13.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974128.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 31 p.; 1 Plate: 15.65 x 13.93 inches","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260347,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4128/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":59174,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4128/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Alamance County, Chatham County, Forsyth County, Guilford County, Lee County, Montgomery County, Moore County, Randolph County","otherGeospatial":"Cape Fear River, Deep 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J. Curtis 0000-0001-7068-5445 jcweaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-5445","contributorId":2229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.","email":"jcweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Curtis","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":203194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5160,"text":"fs14697 - 1997 - Monitoring earthquakes across the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:47","indexId":"fs14697","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"146-97","title":"Monitoring earthquakes across the United States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center,","doi":"10.3133/fs14697","usgsCitation":"Buland, R.P., Benz, H.M., and Brown, W., 1997, Monitoring earthquakes across the United States (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 146-97, 1 sheet : col. ill., col. maps ; 43 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14697.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill., col. maps ; 43 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_146_97.jpg"},{"id":580,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0146-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69916a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buland, Ray P.","contributorId":70375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buland","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, Harley Mitchell","contributorId":76298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"Mitchell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, William M.","contributorId":83104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"William M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5183,"text":"fs15097 - 1997 - Metal Concentrations in Sediments of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay Document Environmental Change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T12:02:41","indexId":"fs15097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"150-97","title":"Metal Concentrations in Sediments of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay Document Environmental Change","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs15097","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., 1997, Metal Concentrations in Sediments of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay Document Environmental Change: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 150-97, 1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15097.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31928,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":627,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/fs150-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0150/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6255ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5519,"text":"fs06097 - 1997 - New England coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"fs06097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"060-97","title":"New England coastal basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs06097","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Robinson, K.W., 1997, New England coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 060-97, 4 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06097.","productDescription":"4 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0060/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, J. D.","contributorId":96667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Keith W. kwrobins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Keith","email":"kwrobins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":151119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29574,"text":"wri964223 - 1997 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin– Results of investigations through April 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T22:17:03.508414","indexId":"wri964223","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4223","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin– Results of investigations through April 1992","docAbstract":"A water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin (10,949 square miles) was conducted during water years 1987-91. This assessment involved interpretation of available data; 4 years of intensive data collection, including monthly sample collection at eight fixed-monitoring stations in the basin; and synoptic studies of selected water-quality constituents at many sites.\r\n\r\nThe number of exceedances of water-quality criteria for chromium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc in water was essentially the same at similar stations between 1978-86 and 1987-90. For water and sediment, a large signature for many trace inorganic constituents was observed from the Chicago metropolitan area, mainly from the Des Plaines River Basin and continuing down the Illinois River. Loads of trace inorganic constituents in water were 2-13 times greater from the Chicago metropolitan area than from rural areas in the upper Illinois River Basin.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of cadmium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc appeared to be relatively enriched in biota in the upper Illinois River Basin compared to other river basins. Biota from some urban sites were enriched with respect to several elements. For example, relatively large concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and nickel were observed in biota from sites in the Chicago River in the metropolitan area and the Calumet River.\r\n\r\nResults of pesticide sampling in 1988 and 1989 identified the pesticides bromacil, diazinon, malathion, prometon, and simazine as urban related and alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and metribuzin as agricultural related.\r\n\r\nPhenol concentrations never exceeded general-use and secondary-contact water-quality standards of 100 and 300 micrograms per liter, respectively. Pentachlorophenol concentrations observed at the Illinois River at Marseilles, Ill., between 1981 and 1992 decreased beginning in 1987.\r\n\r\nA breakdown product of the organochlorine pesticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), p,p'-DDE was the most commonly detected organic compound in biota in both 1989 and 1990. In the nine fish-fillet samples collected in 1989, exceedances of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) fish tissue concentrations were noted for p,p'-DDE in all nine fillets and for dieldrin in five of the nine fillets.\r\n\r\nNutrient concentrations in water in the study area generally were larger than concentrations typically found in natural waters. The Des Plaines River Basin contributed approximately 41 percent of the total nitrogen load to the upper Illinois River Basin, whereas the Kankakee River and Iroquois River Basins contributed about 34 and 14 percent of the total load, respectively.\r\n\r\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations measured during a 1988 synoptic sampling exceeded State water-quality standards at 76 percent of the sampled sites. Bacteria densities greater than water-quality standards were observed at all of the fixed-monitoring stations, but densities greater than water-quality criteria and standards were observed more often at stations in the Des Plaines River Basin.\r\n\r\nResults from the analysis of changes in water quality following changes in wastewater-treatment practices indicated that current monitoring programs, although sufficient for their intended purposes, are not suitable for this type of retrospective assessment in large-scale water-quality assessments. Changes were not indicated in fish-community structure and population following changes in wastewater-treatment practices.\r\n\r\nA strong relation between the quality of the fish community and overall water-quality conditions was observed, although USEPA acute criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life were rarely exceeded. Analyses of fish-community data clearly showed that water quality in the urbanized parts of the study area were degraded relative to those in agricultural areas. Total chromium in streambed sediments and total recoverable sodium in water were highly correlated","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964223","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, A.R., and Blanchard, S.F., 1997, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin– Results of investigations through April 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4223, vi, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964223.","productDescription":"vi, 63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58402,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":2391,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/nawqa/uirb/pubs/reports/WRIR_96-4223/body.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392707,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48557.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"upper Illinois River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89,\n              40.4667\n            ],\n            [\n              -86,\n              40.4667\n            ],\n            [\n              -86,\n              43.1167\n            ],\n            [\n              -89,\n              43.1167\n            ],\n            [\n              -89,\n              40.4667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbb51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Arthur R.","contributorId":105709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanchard, Stephen F.","contributorId":54966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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