Confined glacial and bedrock aquifers are present within Quaternary and Cretaceous deposits that fill buried valleys incised in the Sioux Quartzite surface in Rock County, in southwestern Minnesota and Minnehaha County, South Dakota. This report describes the areal extent, thickness, water-bearing characteristics, water-supply potential, and water-quality characteristics of confined aquifers within buriedvalley deposits in Rock County.
\nHydrogeologic units present within buried-valley deposits in Rock County include unconfined and confined drift aquifers, undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifers, the Split Rock Creek aquifer, and interbedded confining units. The undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifers consist of sandstone layers within interbedded claystone and siltstone overlying the Split Rock Creek Formation or Sioux Quartzite. The Split Rock Creek Formation consisting of sand units (comprising the Split Rock Creek aquifer) and interbedded layers of siltstone and claystone, is present in buried valleys incised in the Sioux Quartzite surface in southern and possibly northeastern Rock County, Minnesota.
\nConfined drift aquifers with thicknesses greater than 5 feet were penetrated in 6 of 10 test holes. Thicknesses of the confined drift aquifers in Rock County range from at least 2 to greater than 32 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity for a confined drift aquifer derived from specific-capacity information from one domestic well log was 73 feet per day.
\nNo major (thickness greater than 5 feet) undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifers were penetrated in 10 test holes. Thicknesses of the undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifers compiled from the geologic logs for four domestic wells ranged from at least 7 feet to greater than 46 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity for an undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifer derived from specific-capacity information from one domestic well log was 55 feet per day.
\nCumulative sand thicknesses for the Split Rock Creek aquifer in 10 test holes ranged from zero to 128.5 feet in 2 to 6 layers. The largest cumulative sand thicknesses were penetrated near the southern margin of the Sioux Quartzite high in northern Rock County and in an east-west trending buried valley (Brandon Embayment) entering Rock County from Minnehaha County, South Dakota. These comparatively large cumulative sand thicknesses are probably due to a high-energy depositional environment.
\nEstimated horizontal hydraulic conductivities for the Split Rock Creek aquifer in Rock County derived from analysis of three slug tests were 0.1, 0.2, and 1 foot per day. The corresponding aquifer transmissivities, calculated as the horizontal hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the cumulative sand thickness, were 3, 16, and 130 feet squared per day. The greatest horizontal hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity estimates were for a site near the southern margin of the Sioux Quartzite high. The watersupply potential of the Split Rock Creek aquifer in Rock County is generally limited by the low transmissivity of the aquifer due to the fineness of the aquifer material (generally very fine- to fine-grained sand).
\nRecharge to the Split Rock Creek aquifer is thought to be derived primarily from hydraulic connection to the Sioux Quartzite aquifer as infiltration of precipitation moves through the fractures and joints of the Sioux Quartzite to the Split Rock Creek aquifer. The regional directions of flow in the aquifer are to the south away from the Sioux Quartzite high and to the west in the Brandon Embayment in Minnehaha County and its east-west trending extension into Rock County.
\nThe predominant ions in water from two wells screened in confined drift aquifers in Rock County were calcium and bicarbonate and in water from a third well were calcium and sulfate. The predominant ions in water from one well screened in an undifferentiated Cretaceous aquifer in Rock County were calcium and bicarbonate and in water from a second well were calcium and sulfate. The predominant ions in water from two wells screened in the Split Rock Creek aquifer in Rock County were calcium and bicarbonate and in water from a third well were calcium and sulfate.
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W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dolton, G.L.","contributorId":51722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolton","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5473,"text":"fs15597 - 1997 - Placer gold mining in Alaska - cooperative studies on the effect of suction dredge operations on the Fortymile River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:47","indexId":"fs15597","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"155-97","title":"Placer gold mining in Alaska - cooperative studies on the effect of suction dredge operations on the Fortymile River","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs15597","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Placer gold mining in Alaska - cooperative studies on the effect of suction dredge operations on the Fortymile River: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 155-97, 4 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15597.","productDescription":"4 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_155_97.bmp"},{"id":636,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0155-97/fs-0155-97.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68570e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4490,"text":"cir1120J - 1997 - Geomorphic changes on the Mississippi River flood plain at Miller City, Illinois, as a result of the flood of 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T21:59:35.311624","indexId":"cir1120J","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"J","title":"Geomorphic changes on the Mississippi River flood plain at Miller City, Illinois, as a result of the flood of 1993","docAbstract":"During the 1993 floods on the upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers, the most dramatic changes to floodplains occurred at levee-break complexes where large discharges were concentrated through narrow breaks in levees. Scour and deposition associated with levee breaks adversely affected large areas of formerly productive bottomland. This case study of the levee-break complex at Miller City, Illinois, documents the geomorphic effects of a typical levee-break complex.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1120J","isbn":"060787600X","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., and Oberg, K.A., 1997, Geomorphic changes on the Mississippi River flood plain at Miller City, Illinois, as a result of the flood of 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, vi, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120J.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_J.bmp"},{"id":400603,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24075.htm"},{"id":535,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-j","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Miller City","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River flood plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.396,\n 37.083\n ],\n [\n -89.35,\n 37.083\n ],\n [\n -89.35,\n 37.108\n ],\n [\n -89.396,\n 37.108\n ],\n [\n -89.396,\n 37.083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oberg, Kevin A. kaoberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberg","given":"Kevin","email":"kaoberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25749,"text":"wri954136 - 1997 - Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:36:20.328575","indexId":"wri954136","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4136","title":"Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The distribution of radioactivity in ground water in the Newark Basin is controlled by the lithology of the aquifer and the degree of contact between the water that flows through the fractured strata and the radioactive lithologic units. The primary water-bearing lithologic units of the Newark Basin that contain elevated levels of radioactivity are the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation and the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Lithologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of these rock aquifers that affect the spatial distribution of radionuclides in the water include the concentration of radioactive minerals in the strata; the continuity of radioactive strata; the orientation, depth, interconnectedness, and continuity of regional and local fracture patterns; and the geochemical environment, which affects radionuclide solubility.
The stratigraphic zones of uranium enrichment and the continuity of the radioactive strata differ between the Stockton Formation and the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Uranium enrichment in both formations, however, is identified in permeable sections of strata that have sharp contacts with, or that are enclosed by, less permeable zones. In the Stockton Formation, basal conglomerates overlying fine-grained mudstones are the most radioactive lithology. In interbedded red and black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation, the uranium-rich zones are the black and white carbonate-rich siltstone and mudstone laminae overlying massive fine-grained mudstones. Most samples of the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation tended to be slightly enriched in uranium relative to thorium, whereas all samples of the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation were heavily enriched in uranium with respect to thorium, with a maximum concentration of uranium of 6,200 parts per million (ppm).
Spatial orientation of radioactive zones is controlled by the depositional environment of the host lithology. Radioactive strata in the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation, which is deltaic or fluvial/deltaic in origin, arc stratigraphically discontinuous and nonplanar. In contrast, the radioactive lacustrine black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation are laterally continuous and planar.
Geophysical logs of boreholes indicate that the number and depths of probable waterbearing fractures are greater in the arkoses of the Stockton Formation and red mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation than in the interbedded red and black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation, despite the fact that fracture-density counts in cores indicate that black mudstones are more highly fractured than the other rock types. The total number of fractures is greater and bedding-plane fractures are generally more common in the lower part of the Passaic Formation than in the Stockton Formation. Fractures in the Stockton Formation form a well-connected network consisting of both bedding-plane and several sets of high-angle fractures present on a regional scale. The large-scale continuity of interconnected bedding-plane fractures and high-angle regional fractures may be partly responsible for the higher yields observed for wells in the Stockton Formation than for wells in the Passaic Formation and may facilitate migration of dissolved radionuclides far from their source. The well-connected fracture network may increase the likelihood that circulating water comes in contact with radioactive strata. Water in the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation may also contain high levels of radioactivity, primarily as a result of the high frequency of radioactive strata and of fracturing, rather than the presence of a well-connected regional fracture system.
Ground-water chemistry is dominated by the calcium cation and the bicarbonate anion, both derived from abundant secondary calcite in the fractures. The concentrations of uranium and radium in water that comes into contact with radioactive rock are controlled by the water chemistry. Uranium is the dominant alpha emitter in the oxidizing waters in the red mudstones of the Passaic Formation, whereas radium-226 (226Ra) is the dominant alpha emitter in the suboxic (reducing) water in the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Because the lithology of the Stockton Formation and, in places, the lower part of the Passaic Formation varies greatly, wells can intercept multiple fracture zones that can contain oxic or suboxic waters, thereby resulting in the presence of both uranium and radium in detectable quantities in the same water sample.
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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Ticie A.","contributorId":74736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ticie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payne, Dorothy F.","contributorId":88825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ivahnenko, Tamara 0000-0002-1124-7688 ivahnenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-7688","contributorId":93524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"Tamara","email":"ivahnenk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24922,"text":"ofr97233 - 1997 - Nitrogen and phosphorus data for surface water in the Upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1980-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-27T07:12:19","indexId":"ofr97233","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-233","title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus data for surface water in the Upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1980-94","docAbstract":"This report documents, summarizes, and provides on 3.5-in. diskette the surface-water data collected from January 1980 through August 1994 for nitrogen and phosphorus in the Upper Colorado River Basin from the Colorado-Utah State line to the Continental Divide. Ancillary data for parameters, such as water temperature, streamflow, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, and alkalinity, also are compiled, if available. Data were retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STORET (STOrage and RETrieval) system. The water-quality data are presented for sites having five or more nutrient analyses that reflect ambient stream conditions. The compiled data base contains 4,927 samples from 123 sites. The median sample period of record for individual sites is 2.5 years, and the seventy-fifth percentile is about 12 years. Sixteen sites have only five samples each. The median number of samples per site is 14 samples, whereas the seventy-fifth percentile is 65 samples. The compiled data set was used in the design of a basinwide sampling network that incorporates sites that lack historic surface-water-quality data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97233","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Wynn, K.H., and Spahr, N., 1997, Nitrogen and phosphorus data for surface water in the Upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1980-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-233, v, 14 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97233.","productDescription":"v, 14 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1896,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr97233","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270249,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0233/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48ade4b07f02db52d520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, K. H.","contributorId":12076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24811,"text":"ofr97531 - 1997 - Digital geology and topography of the Charleston quadrangle, Charleston and Berkeley counties, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T18:44:31.510671","indexId":"ofr97531","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-531","title":"Digital geology and topography of the Charleston quadrangle, Charleston and Berkeley counties, South Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97531","usgsCitation":"Weems, R., Lemon, E.M., and Chirico, P., 1997, Digital geology and topography of the Charleston quadrangle, Charleston and Berkeley counties, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-531, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97531.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":397731,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13233.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Berkeley County, Charleston County","otherGeospatial":"Charleston quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.875,\n 32.75\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 32.75\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 32.875\n ],\n [\n -79.875,\n 32.875\n ],\n [\n -79.875,\n 32.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ab2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, R.E.","contributorId":44920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemon, E. M. Jr.","contributorId":106501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lemon","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chirico, P. G.","contributorId":52215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirico","given":"P. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29449,"text":"wri974085 - 1997 - Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:23:09","indexId":"wri974085","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4085","title":"Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96","docAbstract":"Nitrate concentrations (as nitrogen) were analyzed in water from 73 wells completed in surficial aquifers. Water from about one-third of the wells had concentrations greater than 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter), the regulatory limit for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Nitrate concentrations: (1) were greater in water from wells in agricultural settings than in nonagricultural settings; (2) were not greater in water from shallow wells (25 feet deep or less) in settings with rapid soil permeability than with moderate soil permeability, probably because the effects of permeability were offset by the effects of land use and well depth; and (3) were greater in water from shallow wells (25 feet deep or less) than from deep wells (greater than 25 feet deep).
\nTriazine herbicides were detected in water from 23 of the 73 sampled wells by immunoassay tests. Most of these wells are in agricultural settings. Ten pesticides, which included seven triazine herbicide compounds, were detected in water from 19 of 25 wells analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Atrazine and deethylatrazine, a degradation product of atrazine, were detected in water from 18 and 16 wells, respectively. None of the detected pesticides had concentrations that exceeded their respective regulatory limits for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
\nFour lakes in the Otter Tail River Basin, which in downstream order are Little Pine, Big Pine, Rush, and Otter Tail Lakes, ranged in trophic state from upper oligotrophic to lower eutrophic. The Secchi disk transparencies were 4.0 to 7.4 feet, chlorophyll a concentrations (epilimnetic) were 4.4 to 28 micrograms per liter, and total phosphorus concentrations (epilimnetic) were less than 0.010 to 0.022 mg/L (except one concentration of 0.060 mg/L). The trophic state of these lakes may have become less eutrophic from upstream to downstream lakes.
\nMajor external sources of phosphorus to Big Pine Lake were the Otter Tail and Toad Rivers. The phosphorus load from these two streams during March 16, 1995, to March 15, 1996 was 10,400 pounds. The phosphorus load from the Toad River (5,730 pounds) was greater than from the Otter Tail River (4,670 pounds) even though streamflow from the Toad River was about 70 percent less than the Otter Tail River. Phosphorus removal from Big Pine Lake through the Otter Tail River outlet during the 1-year period was 8,460 pounds. The total annual accumulation of phosphorus, which includes an estimated 700 pounds from ground-water discharge, was 2,640 pounds. The accumulated phosphorus probably was utilized by phytoplankton or was absorbed by nonliving particulate matter that eventually settled into bottom sediments.
\nBottom sediments were an internal source of phosphorus to Little Pine and Big Pine Lakes. Increased total phosphorus concentrations (hypolimnetic) of 0.037 to 0.120 mg/L at depth during August 9-10, 1995, indicated phosphorus release from bottom sediments. The increased phosphorus probably was associated with anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion during summer stratification.
\nPhosphorus at depth in Little Pine and Big Pine Lakes was mostly orthophosphate. During the fall turnover of the lakes, this orthophosphate may have circulated to near the lake surface and became an available nutrient for phytoplankton during the following growing season. The internal phosphorus load to Little Pine Lake may have been important because about three-fourths of the lake probably became stratified and anoxic in the hypolimnion. The internal phosphorus load to Big Pine Lake may not have been important because only a small portion of the lake became stratified and anoxic at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the East Otter Tail Soil and Water Conservation District and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1997, Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4085, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974085.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58294,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96,\n 46.75\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 46.1\n ],\n [\n -95.125,\n 46.1\n ],\n [\n -95.125,\n 46.75\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 46.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5183,"text":"fs15097 - 1997 - Metal Concentrations in Sediments of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay Document Environmental Change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T12:02:41","indexId":"fs15097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"150-97","title":"Metal Concentrations in Sediments of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay Document Environmental Change","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs15097","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., 1997, Metal Concentrations in Sediments of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay Document Environmental Change: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 150-97, 1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15097.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31928,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":627,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/fs150-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0150/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6255ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30405,"text":"wri974128 - 1997 - Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Deep River in the Cape Fear River basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-18T10:03:14","indexId":"wri974128","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4128","title":"Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Deep River in the Cape Fear River basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"An understanding of the magnitude and frequency of low-flow discharges is an important part of protecting surface-water resources and planning for municipal and industrial economic expansion. Low-flow characteristics are summarized for 7 continuous-record gaging stations and 23 partial-record measuring sites in the Deep River Basin in North Carolina. Records of discharge collected through the 1995 water year are used. Flow characteristics included in the summary are (1) average annual unit flow; (2) 7Q10 low-flow discharge, the minimum average discharge for a 7-consecutive-day period occurring, on average, once in 10 years; (3) 30Q2 low-flow discharge; (4) W7Q10 low-flow discharge, similar to 7Q10 discharge except only flow during the months of November through March is considered; and (5) 7Q2 low-flow discharge. The potential for sustained base flows in the upper half of the basin is higher than that for streams in the lower half of the basin. Much of the decrease in base-flow potential in the lower part of the basin is attributed to the underlying rock types of the Triassic basin. Soils in the lower part of the basin consist of clays which limit the infiltration of water into surficial aquifers for later release to streams during drought conditions. Correspondingly, many streams in the lower part of the basin have minimal (defined as less than 0.1 cubic foot per second) or zero 7Q10 discharges.
\nDrainage area and low-flow discharge profiles are presented for the Deep River. The drainage-area profile shows downstream increases in basin size. At the mouth, the drainage area for the Deep River is 1,441 square miles. Low-flow discharge profiles for the Deep River include 7Q10, 30Q2, W7Q10, and 7Q2 discharges in a continuous profile with contributions from major tributaries included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Water Quality and Division of Water Resources of the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.C., 1997, Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Deep River in the Cape Fear River basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4128, Report: iv, 31 p.; 1 Plate: 15.65 x 13.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974128.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 31 p.; 1 Plate: 15.65 x 13.93 inches","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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43 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14697.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill., col. maps ; 43 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_146_97.jpg"},{"id":580,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0146-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69916a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buland, Ray P.","contributorId":70375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buland","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, Harley Mitchell","contributorId":76298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"Mitchell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, William M.","contributorId":83104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"William M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30482,"text":"wri974046_1997 - 1997 - Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri974046_1997","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4046","title":"Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974046_1997","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S.M., and Griffin, E.R., 1997, Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4046, iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974046_1997.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4046.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, Stephen Mark","contributorId":89888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5519,"text":"fs06097 - 1997 - New England coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"fs06097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"060-97","title":"New England coastal basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs06097","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Robinson, K.W., 1997, New England coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 060-97, 4 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 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D.","contributorId":96667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"J. 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Most of the pesticide data were for the San Joaquin Valley, one of the most intensively farmed and irrigated areas of the United States. Data were obtained from the Storage and Retrieval data base of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the water-quality data base of the U.S. Geological Survey, and from data files of State agencies.
Pesticides detected in surface water include organochlorine pesticides, organophosphate pesticides, carbamate pesticides, and triazine herbicides. Pesticides detected in ground water include triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides and soil fumi gants. Surface-water data indicate seasonal patterns for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, which are attributed to their use on almond orchards and alfafa fields. Organochlorine pesticides were detected primarily in river-bed sediments. Concentrations detected in bed sediments of the San Joaquin River near Vernalis are among the highest of any major river system in the United States. Patterns and timing of pesticide use indicate that pesticides might be present in surface-water systems during most months of a year.
The most commonly detected pesticide in ground water is the soil fumigant, dibromochloropropane. Dibromochloropropane, used primarily on vineyards and orchards, was detected in ground water near the city of Fresno. Triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides were detected near vineyards and orchards in the same general locations as the detections of dibromochloropropane. Pesticides were detected in ground water of the east side of the valley floor, where the soils are sandy or coarsegrained, and water-soluble pesticides with long environmental half-lives were used. In contrast, fewer pesticides were detected in ground water of the west side of the valley, where soils generally are finer grained.
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