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,{"id":70194157,"text":"70194157 - 1997 - Nonnative brome grasses in the new national monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T11:30:54","indexId":"70194157","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nonnative brome grasses in the new national monument","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Learning from the Land: Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Science Symposium proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Learning from the Land: Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Science Symposium","conferenceDate":"November 4-5, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Cedar City, UT","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Land Management","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Davidson, D.W., and Belnap, J., 1997, Nonnative brome grasses in the new national monument, <i>in</i> Learning from the Land: Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Science Symposium proceedings, Cedar City, UT, November 4-5, 1997, p. 161-172.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612920e4b06e28e9c25d39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davidson, D. W.","contributorId":52389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":722403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70197400,"text":"70197400 - 1997 - The reconstruction of short intense cooling events in northern Asia during interglacial period (isotopic stages 5, 7, 9) from the long continental records from Lake Baikal sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-31T17:00:59","indexId":"70197400","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The reconstruction of short intense cooling events in northern Asia during interglacial period (isotopic stages 5, 7, 9) from the long continental records from Lake Baikal sediments","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress","conferenceTitle":"30th International Geological Congress","conferenceDate":"August 4-14, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Beijing, China","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Utrecht, Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Karabanov, E., Williams, D., Prokopenko, A., Fowell, S., Francus, P., Colman, S., Kuzmin, M.I., Bezrukova, E., and Misharina, V., 1997, The reconstruction of short intense cooling events in northern Asia during interglacial period (isotopic stages 5, 7, 9) from the long continental records from Lake Baikal sediments, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, v. 1, no. 30, Beijing, China, August 4-14, 1996.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b1596f6e4b092d9651e221d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karabanov, E.B.","contributorId":37084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karabanov","given":"E.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, D.","contributorId":31908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prokopenko, A.A.","contributorId":50309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prokopenko","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fowell, S.","contributorId":202302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fowell","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Francus, Pierre","contributorId":48847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francus","given":"Pierre","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Colman, S.","contributorId":63553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kuzmin, Mikhail I.","contributorId":95956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzmin","given":"Mikhail","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bezrukova, E.","contributorId":202301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bezrukova","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Misharina, V.","contributorId":202304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Misharina","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":81063,"text":"gap6 - 1997 - GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 6","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:12:43","indexId":"gap6","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":30,"text":"GAP Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 6","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 6: GAP Bulletin 6, 138 p.","productDescription":"138 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38315,"text":"GAP Analysis Project","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gap/06/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91238,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gap/06/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b30e4b07f02db6b40b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185699,"text":"70185699 - 1997 - Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:32:47","indexId":"70185699","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the growing season, nighttime ecosystem respiration emits 30–100% of the daytime net photosynthetic uptake of carbon, and therefore measurements of rates and understanding of its control by the environment are important for understanding net ecosystem exchange. Ecosystem respiration can be measured at night by eddy covariance methods, but the data may not be reliable because of low turbulence or other methodological problems. We used relationships between woody tissue, foliage, and soil respiration rates and temperature, with temperature records collected on site to estimate ecosystem respiration rates at six coniferous BOREAS sites at half-hour or 1-hour intervals, and then compared these estimates to nocturnal measurements of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> exchange by eddy covariance. Soil surface respiration was the largest source of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> at all sites (48–71%), and foliar respiration made a large contribution to ecosystem respiration at all sites (25–43%). Woody tissue respiration contributed only 5–15% to ecosystem respiration. We estimated error for the scaled chamber predictions of ecosystem respiration by using the uncertainty associated with each respiration parameter and respiring biomass value. There was substantial uncertainty in estimates of foliar and soil respiration because of the spatial variability of specific respiration rates. In addition, more attention needs to be paid to estimating foliar respiration during the early part of the growing season, when new foliage is growing, and to determining seasonal trends of soil surface respiration. Nocturnal eddy covariance measurements were poorly correlated to scaled chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>=0.06–0.27) and were consistently lower than scaled chamber predictions (by 27% on average for the six sites). The bias in eddy covariance estimates of ecosystem respiration will alter estimates of gross assimilation in the light and of net ecosystem exchange rates over extended periods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/97JD01173","usgsCitation":"Lavigne, M., Ryan, M.G., Anderson, D., Baldocchi, D.D., Crill, P., Fitzjarrald, D., Goulden, M.L., Gower, S., Massheder, J., McCaughey, J., Rayment, M., and Striegl, R.G., 1997, Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 102, no. D24, p. 28977-28985, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01173.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"28977","endPage":"28985","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01173","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"D24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da253be4b0543bf7fda873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lavigne, M.B.","contributorId":189900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lavigne","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, M. 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,{"id":70171542,"text":"70171542 - 1997 - Water quality study design for the Willamette Basin, Oregon, using a geographic information system Chapter 22","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T15:22:20","indexId":"70171542","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-25T15:45:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"22","title":"Water quality study design for the Willamette Basin, Oregon, using a geographic information system Chapter 22","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International River Water Quality: Pollution and restoration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":14,"text":"Instruction"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Group","isbn":"9780419215400","usgsCitation":"Uhrich, M.A., and Wentz, D.A., 1997, Water quality study design for the Willamette Basin, Oregon, using a geographic information system Chapter 22, chap. 22 <i>of</i> International River Water Quality: Pollution and restoration, p. 82-89.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"82","endPage":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"tableOfContents":"<h3>Table of Contents</h3>\n<p>Introduction. The Willamette River of Oregon - a river restored? The Vistula River in Poland - environmental characteristics and historical perspective. Water quality in the Vistula basin. The Tualatin River - a water quality challenge. Changes in the water chemistry of the Vltava River from 1959 to 1993. An integrated approach - catchment management planning for the River Tyne. Water quality variability in the Aguera stream watershed at different spatial and temporal scales. Sources of pollutants and current status of water quality in the lower reaches of the Nemen and Pregel rivers. Acid-mine water pollution from an abandoned mine. The effect of pollutants from the Vistula River on the water quality of the Bay of Gdansk. Metal loadings to the Baltic Sea from the Poland's rivers. Surface water pollutants and problems with their analysis. Monitoring the water quality of the Radunia River. The influence of industrial and municipal waste on the quality of the environment in Poland, taking Gdansk region as an example. Action taken by the Gdansk Municipality to reduce the loads of pollutants discharged into Gdansk Bay. Monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the surface and sea waters of Gdansk district. Cause analysis of microbiological pollution around the beaches along the Gdansk coast. Leaching of nutrients, heavy metals and pesticides from agricultural land in Sweden. Nutrient non-point pollution in experimental watersheds in Poland. The analysis of nutrient concentration - water flow relationships in a lakeland river. A process for developing water quality criteria under the US Federal Clean Water Act. Differences between Polish standards and EC directives on water quality. Water quality study design for the Willamette Basin, Oregon, using a geographic information system. The role of benefit-cost analysis in water conservation planning. Exploring possibilities for an international water quality index applied to river systems. River water quality modelling in Poland. Mathematical modelling of soil nitrate and phosphate leaching from small agricultural catchments in northern Poland. Water quality modelling of the Rega River and surrounding coastal waters. Environmental protection in the Vistula River valley. Biological barriers in wastewater treatment. Hydrobotanical systems: characteristics and examples in Poland. A multifunctional water management information system (MIS). The state, management, use and protection of natural water resources in the Province of Gdansk. National environmental monitoring program. The legal framework of water quality management in England and Wales. 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,{"id":70019282,"text":"70019282 - 1997 - Captive-rearing piping plovers: Developing techniques to augment wild populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-29T15:43:09.147945","indexId":"70019282","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3807,"text":"Zoo Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Captive-rearing piping plovers: Developing techniques to augment wild populations","docAbstract":"<p><span>Techniques for captive-rearing and releasing piping plovers&nbsp;</span><i>(Charadrius melodus)</i><span>&nbsp;were developed using a surrogate species, killdeer&nbsp;</span><i>(Charadrius vociferus).</i><span>&nbsp;We compared captive- and parent-reared killdeer, and parent-reared piping plovers and determined that growth and behavior were similar. After surrogate trials determined that captive-rearing was feasible, we used the same methods to raise piping plover chicks from salvaged eggs. For captive-reared chick of both species, survival to fledging was higher than and behaviors similar to parent-reared chicks in the wild. Rearing techniques were fine-tuned, and ten piping plover fledglings were released to the wild. Based on our results, we developed recommendations for captive-rearing piping plovers using salvaged eggs to enhance productivity of small populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:6<461::AID-ZOO1>3.0.CO;2-8","issn":"07333188","usgsCitation":"Powell, A., Cuthbert, F., Wemmer, L., Doolittle, A., and Feirer, S., 1997, Captive-rearing piping plovers: Developing techniques to augment wild populations: Zoo Biology, v. 16, no. 6, p. 461-477, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:6<461::AID-ZOO1>3.0.CO;2-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"477","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226374,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Charlevoix County, Cheboygan County, Chippewa County, Emmet County","otherGeospatial":"northern Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.31505685416991,\n              46.1306856022664\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.31505685416991,\n              45.254228666493844\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0087899532353,\n              45.254228666493844\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0087899532353,\n              46.1306856022664\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.31505685416991,\n              46.1306856022664\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f34fe4b0c8380cd4b707","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, A.N.","contributorId":66194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cuthbert, F.J.","contributorId":45272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuthbert","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wemmer, L.C.","contributorId":13592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wemmer","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doolittle, A.W.","contributorId":98891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doolittle","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Feirer, S.T.","contributorId":79246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feirer","given":"S.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70246308,"text":"70246308 - 1997 - Characterization of the Martian surface deposits by the Mars Pathfinder rover, Sojourner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-30T16:47:26.579702","indexId":"70246308","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-05T11:24:53","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the Martian surface deposits by the Mars Pathfinder rover, Sojourner","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sojourner, the Mars Pathfinder rover, discovered pebbles on the surface and in rocks that may be sedimentary—not volcanic—in origin. Surface pebbles may have been rounded by Ares flood waters or liberated by weathering of sedimentary rocks called conglomerates. Conglomerates imply that water existed elsewhere and earlier than the Ares flood. Most soil-like deposits are similar to moderately dense soils on Earth. Small amounts of dust are currently settling from the atmosphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.278.5344.1765","usgsCitation":"Matijevic, J.R., Crisp, J., Bickler, D.B., Banes, R.S., Cooper, B.K., Eisen, H.J., Gensler, J., Haldemann, A., Hartman, F., Jewett, K.A., Matthies, L.H., Laubach, S.L., Mishkin, A.H., Morrison, J.C., Nguyen, T.T., Sirota, A.R., Stone, H.W., Stride, S., Sword, L.F., Tarsala, J.A., Thompson, A.D., Wallace, M.T., Welch, R., Wellman, E., Wilcox, B.H., Ferguson, D., Jenkins, P., Kolecki, J., Landis, G.A., Wilt, D., Moore, H., and Pavlics, F., 1997, Characterization of the Martian surface deposits by the Mars Pathfinder rover, Sojourner: Science, v. 278, no. 5344, p. 1765-1768, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5344.1765.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1765","endPage":"1768","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418658,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"278","issue":"5344","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matijevic, Jacob R.","contributorId":16601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matijevic","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crisp, J.","contributorId":315522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crisp","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bickler, Donald B.","contributorId":80444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickler","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banes, R. 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,{"id":70246335,"text":"70246335 - 1997 - Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of landing site predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-05T14:53:03.402513","indexId":"70246335","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-05T09:42:53","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of landing site predictions","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chemical analyses returned by Mars Pathfinder indicate that some rocks may be high in silica, implying differentiated parent materials. Rounded pebbles and cobbles and a possible conglomerate suggest fluvial processes that imply liquid water in equilibrium with the atmosphere and thus a warmer and wetter past. The moment of inertia indicates a central metallic core of 1300 to 2000 kilometers in radius. Composite airborne dust particles appear magnetized by freeze-dried maghemite stain or cement that may have been leached from crustal materials by an active hydrologic cycle. Remote-sensing data at a scale of generally greater than ∼1 kilometer and an Earth analog correctly predicted a rocky plain safe for landing and roving with a variety of rocks deposited by catastrophic floods that are relatively dust-free.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.278.5344.1743","usgsCitation":"Golombek, M.P., Cook, R.A., Economou, T., Folkner, W.M., Haldemann, A.F., Kallemeyn, P.H., Knudsen, J.M., Manning, R.M., Moore, H., Parker, T.J., Rieder, R., Schofield, J.T., Smith, P.H., and Vaughan, R.M., 1997, Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of landing site predictions: Science, v. 278, no. 5344, p. 1743-1748, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5344.1743.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1743","endPage":"1748","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"278","issue":"5344","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golombek, M. 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,{"id":70201372,"text":"70201372 - 1997 - Results from the Mars Pathfinder camera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-18T08:38:38","indexId":"70201372","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-05T09:31:36","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results from the Mars Pathfinder camera","docAbstract":"<p><span>Images of the martian surface returned by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) show a complex surface of ridges and troughs covered by rocks that have been transported and modified by fluvial, aeolian, and impact processes. Analysis of the spectral signatures in the scene (at 440- to 1000-nanometer wavelength) reveal three types of rock and four classes of soil. Upward-looking IMP images of the predawn sky show thin, bluish clouds that probably represent water ice forming on local atmospheric haze (opacity ∼0.5). Haze particles are about 1 micrometer in radius and the water vapor column abundance is about 10 precipitable micrometers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.278.5344.1758","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.H., Bell, J.F., Bridges, N.T., Britt, D., Gaddis, L.R., Greeley, R., Keller, H., Herkenhoff, K.E., Jaumann, R., Johnson, J.R., Kirk, R.L., Lemmon, M., Maki, J., Malin, M., Murchie, S., Oberst, J., Parker, T.J., Reid, R., Sablotny, R., Soderblom, L.A., Stoker, C., Sullivan, R., Thomas, N., Tomasko, M., Ward, W., and Wegryn, E., 1997, Results from the Mars Pathfinder camera: Science, v. 278, no. 5344, p. 1758-1765, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5344.1758.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1758","endPage":"1765","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"278","issue":"5344","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c58e4b034bf6a8569fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, P. H.","contributorId":94058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, J. F.","contributorId":173335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12431,"text":"ASU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":753838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bridges, N. T.","contributorId":198427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Britt, D.T.","contributorId":72150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keller, H.U.","contributorId":84526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"H.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lemmon, M.","contributorId":65628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemmon","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Maki, J.N.","contributorId":196202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maki","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27151,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":753849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Malin, M.C.","contributorId":196205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malin","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24734,"text":"Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":753850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Murchie, S.L.","contributorId":7369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Oberst, J.","contributorId":103427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberst","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Reid, R.J.","contributorId":88899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Sablotny, R.M.","contributorId":78106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sablotny","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Stoker, C.","contributorId":24105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Sullivan, R.","contributorId":167408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Thomas, N.","contributorId":72490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Tomasko, M.G.","contributorId":94861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomasko","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Ward, W.","contributorId":211380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Wegryn, E.","contributorId":92449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegryn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26}]}}
,{"id":70207046,"text":"70207046 - 1997 - Post seismic deformation associated with the 1992 Mω = 7.3 Landers earthquake, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T12:17:12.960527","indexId":"70207046","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-04T13:16:21","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post seismic deformation associated with the 1992 Mω = 7.3 Landers earthquake, southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Following the 1992&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>ω</sub><span>=7.3 Landers earthquake, a linear array of 10 geodetic monuments at roughly 5‐km spacing was established across the Emerson fault segment of the Landers rupture. The array trends perpendicular to the local strike of the fault segment and extends about 30 km on either side of it. The array was surveyed by Global Positioning System 0.034, 0.048, 0.381, 1.27, 1.88, 2.60, and 3.42 years after the Landers earthquake to measure both the spatial and temporal character of the postearthquake relaxation. The temporal behavior is described roughly by a short‐term (decay time 84±23 days) exponential relaxation superimposed upon an apparently linear trend. Because the linear trend represents motions much more rapid than the observed preseismic motions, we attribute that trend to a slower (decay time greater than 5 years) postseismic relaxation, the curvature of which cannot be resolved in the short run (3.4 years) of postseismic data. About 100 mm of right‐lateral displacement and 50 mm of fault‐normal displacement accumulated across the geodetic array in the 3.4‐year interval covered by the postseismic surveys. Those displacements are attributed to postseismic, right‐lateral slip in the depth interval 10 to 30 km on the downward extension of the rupture trace. The right‐lateral slip amounted to about 1 m directly beneath the geodetic array, and the fault‐normal displacement is apparently primarily a consequence of the curvature of the rupture. These conclusions are based upon dislocation models fit to the observed deformation. However, no dislocation model was found with rms residuals as small as the expected observational error.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB00210","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Svarc, J.L., 1997, Post seismic deformation associated with the 1992 Mω = 7.3 Landers earthquake, southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B4, p. 7565-7577, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00210.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"7565","endPage":"7577","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb00210","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":369906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.92724609375,\n              33.669496972795535\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.43310546875,\n              33.669496972795535\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.43310546875,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.92724609375,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.92724609375,\n              33.669496972795535\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Svarc, Jerry L. 0000-0002-2802-4528 jsvarc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4528","contributorId":2413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"Jerry","email":"jsvarc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207045,"text":"70207045 - 1997 - Surface strain accumulation and the seismic moment tensor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:28:15.802177","indexId":"70207045","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-04T12:45:04","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface strain accumulation and the seismic moment tensor","docAbstract":"<p><span>Although the scalar moment accumulation rate within the seismogenic zone beneath a given area is sometimes deduced from the observed average surface strain accumulation rate over that same area (e.g., Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1995), the correspondence between the two is very uncertain. The equivalence between surface strain accumulation and scalar moment accumulation is based on Kostrov's (1974) relation between the average strain rate over a volume and the moment-rate tensor for that volume. The average strain rate over the volume is replaced by the average strain rate measured at the free surface to deduce an approximate moment-rate tensor. Only in exceptional circumstances will that moment-rate tensor correspond to a double-couple mechanism, a mechanism that can be represented by a scalar moment accumulation rate. More generally, the moment tensor must be resolved into the superposition of two or more double-couple mechanisms, and that resolution can be done in many ways, each with its own scalar moment rate. Thus the resolution is not unique. This is demonstrated by deducing scalar moment accumulation rates for a GPS network that covers most of California south of San Francisco. It is shown that resolutions into different double-couple mechanisms lead to scalar moment accumulation rates differing by factors of ∼2. We suggest that the minimum scalar moment rate equivalent to principal surface strain rates&nbsp;</span><i>ɛ</i><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>ɛ</i><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;acting over the area&nbsp;</span><i>A</i><span>&nbsp;is&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub><sup>(min)</sup><span>&nbsp;= 2</span><i>μHA</i><span>&nbsp;Max (¦</span><i>ɛ</i><sub>1</sub><span>¦, ¦</span><i>ɛ</i><sub>2</sub><span>¦, ¦</span><i>ɛ</i><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;+&nbsp;</span><i>ɛ</i><sub>2</sub><span>¦), where μ is the rigidity and&nbsp;</span><i>H</i><span>&nbsp;the depth of seismogenic zone, and the function Max is equal to the largest of its arguments. Within the uncertainites of measurement, the scalar moment accumulation rate in southern California based on that approximation is in balance with the average historic seismic moment release rate so that no current earthquake deficit need be accumulating.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870051345","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Simpson, R.W., 1997, Surface strain accumulation and the seismic moment tensor: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 5, p. 1345-1353, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870051345.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1345","endPage":"1353","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223328,"text":"5223328 - 1997 - New approaches to the analysis of population trends in land birds: Comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T16:43:54.251679","indexId":"5223328","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T12:17:41","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New approaches to the analysis of population trends in land birds: Comment","docAbstract":"James et al. (1996, Ecology 77:13-27)  used data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) to examine geographic variability in patterns of population change for 26 species of wood warblers.  They emphasized the importance of evaluating nonlinear patterns of change in bird populations, proposed LOESS-based non-parametric and semi-parametric analyses of BBS data, and contrasted their results with other analyses, including those of Robbins et al. (1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86: 7658-7662) and Peterjohn et al. (1995, Pages 3-39 in T. E. Martin and D. M. Finch, eds.  Ecology and management of Neotropical migratory birds: a synthesis and review of critical issues. Oxford University Press, New York.).  In this note, we briefly comment on some of the issues that arose from their analysis of BBS data, suggest a few aspects of the survey that should inspire caution in analysts, and review the differences between the LOESS-based procedures and other procedures (e.g., Link and Sauer 1994).  We strongly discourage the use of James et al.'s completely non-parametric procedure, which fails to account for observer effects.  Our comparisons of estimators adds to the evidence already present in the literature of the bias associated with omitting observer information in analyses of BBS data.  Bias resulting from change in observer abilities should be a consideration in any analysis of BBS data.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2632:NATTAO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Link, W.A., and Sauer, J.R., 1997, New approaches to the analysis of population trends in land birds: Comment: Ecology, v. 78, no. 8, p. 2632-2634, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2632:NATTAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2632","endPage":"2634","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199772,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697793","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. 0000-0002-9913-0256 wlink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":146920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26343,"text":"wri974056 - 1997 - Evaluation of ground-water flow and solute transport in the Lompoc area, Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri974056","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4056","title":"Evaluation of ground-water flow and solute transport in the Lompoc area, Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality in the Lompoc area, especially in the Lompoc plain, is only marginally acceptable for most uses. Demand for ground water has increased for municipal use since the late 1950's and has continued to be high for irrigation on the Lompoc plain, the principal agricultural area in the Santa Ynez River basin. As use has increased, the quality of ground water has deteriorated in some areas of the Lompoc plain.  The dissolved-solids concentration in the main zone of the upper aquifer beneath most of the central and western plains has increased from less than 1,000 milligrams per liter in the 1940's to greater than 2,000 milligrams per liter in the 1960's. Dissolved- solids concentration have remained relatively constant since the 1960's.  A three-dimensional finite-difference model was used to simulate ground-water flow in the Lompoc area and a two-dimensional finite-element model was used to simulate solute transport to gain a better understanding of the ground-water system and to evaluate the effects of proposed management plans for the ground-water basin. The aquifer system was simulated in the flow model as four horizontal layers. In the area of the Lompoc plain, the layers represent the shallow, middle, and main zones of the upper aquifer, and the lower aquifer. For the Lompoc upland and Lompoc terrace, the four layers represent the lower aquifer. The solute transport model was used to simulate dissolved-solids transport in the main zone of the upper aquifer beneath the Lompoc plain.  The flow and solute-transport models were calibrated to transient conditions for 1941-88. A steady-state simulation was made to provide initial conditions for the transient-state simulation by using long-term average (1941-88) recharge rates. Model- simulated hydraulic heads generally were within 5 feet of measured heads in the main zone for transient conditions. Model-simulated dissolved- solids concentrations for the main zone generally differed less than 200milligrams per liter from concentrations in 1988.  During 1941-88 about 1,096,000 acre-feet of water was pumped from the aquifer system. Average pumpage for this period (22,830 acre-feet per year) exceeded pumpage for the steady-state simulation by 16,590 acre-feet per year. The results of the transient simulation indicate that about 60 percent of this increase in pumpage was contributed by increased recharge, 28 percent by decreased natural discharge from the system (primarily discharge to the Santa Ynez River and transpiration), and 13 percent was withdrawn from storage.  Total simulated downward leakage from the middle zone to the main zone in the central plain and upward leakage from the consolidated rocks to the main zone significantly increased in response to increased pumpage, which increased from about 6,240 to 30,870 acre-feet per year from 1941 to 1988. Average dissolved-solid concentration in the middle zone in 1987-88 ranged from 2,000 to 3,000 milligrams per liter beneath the northeastern plain and the dissolved-solids concentration of two samples from the consolidated rocks beneath the western plain averaged 4,300 milligrams per liter. Because the dissolved-solids concentration for the middle zone and the consolidated rocks is higher than the simulated steady-state dissolved-solids concentration of the main zone, the increase in the leakage from these two sources resulted in increased dissolved-solids concentration in the main zone during the transient period. The model results indicate that the main source of increased dissolved- solids concentration in the northeastern and central plains was downward leakage from the middle zone; whereas, upward leakage from the consolidated rocks was the main source of the increased dissolved-solids concentrations in the northwestern and western plains.  The models were used to estimate changes in hydraulic head and in dissolved-solids concentration resulting from three proposed management alternatives: (1) average recharge ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974056","usgsCitation":"Bright, D., Nash, D., and Martin, P., 1997, Evaluation of ground-water flow and solute transport in the Lompoc area, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4056, vii, 113 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974056.","productDescription":"vii, 113 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bcf06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bright, Daniel J. djbright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bright","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djbright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nash, David B.","contributorId":51333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019359,"text":"70019359 - 1997 - Factors influencing wetland use by Canada geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T16:30:08.708002","indexId":"70019359","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing wetland use by Canada geese","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands in eastern South Dakota were surveyed in 1995 and 1996 to identify habitat characteristics influencing wetland use by Canada geese (</span><i>Branta canadensis maxima</i><span>). Position of a wetland within the landscape and its area were important landscape-scale features influencing wetland use by geese. Our delineation of potential Canada goose habitat using a wetland geographic information system indicated that distribution and area of semi-permanent wetlands likely limit Canada goose occurrence in regions outside the Prairie Coteau. Periodicity in hydrologic cycles within landscapes also may influence goose use of wetlands in eastern South Dakota.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161521","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Naugle, D., Gleason, J., Jenks, J., Higgins, K., Mammenga, P., and Nusser, S., 1997, Factors influencing wetland use by Canada geese: Wetlands, v. 17, no. 4, p. 552-558, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161521.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"552","endPage":"558","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"eastern South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.95137329847168,\n              45.966992799930324\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.95137329847168,\n              42.640560585560195\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.48002556735344,\n              42.640560585560195\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.48002556735344,\n              45.966992799930324\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.95137329847168,\n              45.966992799930324\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ed2e4b0c8380cd53642","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naugle, D.E.","contributorId":85289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naugle","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gleason, J.S.","contributorId":89675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenks, J.A.","contributorId":31726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenks","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Higgins, K.F.","contributorId":55767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mammenga, P.W.","contributorId":37904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mammenga","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nusser, S.M.","contributorId":49302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nusser","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":27693,"text":"wri974073 - 1997 - Estimates of bridge scour at two sites on the Virgin River, southeastern Nevada, using a sediment-transport model and historical geomorphic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri974073","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4073","title":"Estimates of bridge scour at two sites on the Virgin River, southeastern Nevada, using a sediment-transport model and historical geomorphic data","docAbstract":"A bridge-scour study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Nevada Department of Transportation, began in April 1996 to evaluate the Mesquite, Nevada, and Riverside, Nevada, bridges on the lower Virgin River using a sediment-transport model and historical geomorphic data. The BRIdge Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation (BRI-STARS) was used to estimate bridge scour. The model was first calibrated using data for the Virgin River flood of March 12, 1995. Surveyed channel-geometry data were available at 11 cross sections for dates before and after the March 1995 flood to allow for evaluation of the model results. The model estimated the thalweg altitude within plus or minus 1 meter at 10 of the 11 cross sections. \r\nThe calibrated model then was used to estimate the contraction, channel, pier, and total scour for synthesized hydrographs for 100- and 500-year floods at the two bridge sites. The estimated maximum total scour at the Mesquite bridge was 1.30 meters for the 100-year flood and 1.32 meters for the 500-year flood. The maximum total scour at the Riverside bridge was 1.90 meters for the 100-year flood and 2.01 meters for the 500-year flood. \r\n\r\nGeneral scour was evaluated using stage-discharge relations at nearby streamflow-gaging stations, 1993-95 channel-geometry data, and channel-geometry data for the 100- and 500-year floods. On the basis of stage and discharge at the Littlefield, Arizona, gaging station, no long-term trend in aggradation or degradation was found. However, several cycles of aggradation and degradation had occurred during the period of record; the difference between the highest and lowest stage was 0.87 meter for a chosen low-flow discharge of 5.66 cubic meters per second for 1929-95. The value of 0.87 meter is probably the best estimate of general scour. The cross sections had an average scour depth of 0.07 meter between 1993 and 1994 and 0.16 meter between 1994 and 1995. The model simulated little general scour for the 100- and 500-year floods at the cross sections and did not give a good estimate of general scour, probably because the duration (days) of the floods used in the model was relatively short when compared with the duration (months or years) of geomorphic processes that influence long-term aggradation or degradation. \r\n\r\nHistorical geomorphic changes of the Virgin River at the bridge sites and the causes of those changes were documented using aerial photographs from 1938-95 and other historical information. The Virgin River has become narrower and more sinuous through time, the vegetation on the flood plain has increased, and the channel has shifted laterally many times. The processes associated with these channel changes were found to be long-term changes in precipitation and streamflow; the duration, magnitude, and timing of floods; sediment-transport characteristics; channel avulsion; changes in density of vegetation; and anthropogenic influences.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974073","usgsCitation":"Hilmes, M., and Vaill, J.E., 1997, Estimates of bridge scour at two sites on the Virgin River, southeastern Nevada, using a sediment-transport model and historical geomorphic data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4073, iv, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974073.","productDescription":"iv, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2227,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974073","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcc97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hilmes, M.M.","contributorId":102919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilmes","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaill, J. E.","contributorId":86362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaill","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26588,"text":"wri974020 - 1997 - Assessment of nutrients, suspended sediment, and pesticides in surface water of the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, water years 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T11:53:11","indexId":"wri974020","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4020","title":"Assessment of nutrients, suspended sediment, and pesticides in surface water of the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, water years 1991-95","docAbstract":"<p>A water-quality investigation of the upper \nSnake River Basin began in 1991 as part of \nthe U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-\nQuality Assessment Program. As part of the \ninvestigation, intensive monitoring was conducted \nduring water years 1993 through 1995 to assess \nsurface-water quality in the basin. Sampling and \nanalysis focused on nutrients, suspended sediments, \nand pesticides because of nationwide \ninterest in these constituents.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment \nin water samples from 19 sites in the upper \nSnake River Basin, including nine on the main \nstem, were assessed. In general, concentrations of \nnutrients and suspended sediment were smaller in \nwater from the 11 sites upstream from American \nFalls Reservoir than in water from the 8 sites downstream \nfrom the reservoir where effects from land-use \nactivities are most pronounced. Median concentrations \nof dissolved nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen \nat the 19 sites ranged from less than 0.05 to \n1.60 milligrams per liter; total phosphorus as phosphorus, \nless than 0.01 to 0.11 milligrams per liter; \nand suspended sediment, 4 to 72 milligrams per \nliter. Concentrations of nutrients and suspended \nsediment in the main stem of the Snake River, in \ngeneral, increased downstream. The largest concentrations \nin the main stem were in the middle \nreach of the Snake River between Milner Dam and \nthe outlet of the upper Snake River Basin at King \nHill.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Significant differences (p<0.05) in nutrient and \nsuspended sediment concentrations were noted \namong groups of sites categorized by the quantity \nof agricultural land in their upstream drainage \nbasins. Water samples collected from sites in drainage \nbasins where agricultural land constituted less \nthan 10 percent of the land use contained significantly \nsmaller concentrations of nutrients and suspended \nsediment than samples from sites in drainage \nbasins where agricultural land constituted more \nthan 10 percent of the land use. Significant differences \nin nutrient and suspended sediment concentrations \nwere inconsistent among groups representing \n10 to 19 percent, 20 to 29 percent, and \ngreater than 29 percent agricultural land use. Seasonal \nconcentrations of dissolved nitrite plus \nnitrate, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment \nwere significantly different among most of the agricultural \nland-use groups. Concentrations of dissolved \nnitrite plus nitrate were largest during the \nnonirrigation season, October through March. \nConcentrations of total phosphorus and suspended \nsediment, in general, were largest during high \nstreamflow, April through June.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Nutrient and suspended sediment inputs to the \nmiddle Snake reach were from a variety of sources. \nDuring water year 1995, springs were the primary \nsource of water and total nitrogen to the river and \naccounted for 66 and 60 percent of the total input, \nrespectively. Isotope and water-table information \nindicated that the springs derived most of their \nnitrogen from agricultural activities along the margins \nof the Snake River. Aquacultural effluent was \na major source of ammonia (82 percent), organic \nnitrogen (30 percent), and total phosphorus (35 percent). \nTributary streams were a major source of \norganic nitrogen (28 percent) and suspended sediment \n(58 percent). In proportion to its discharge \n(less than 1 percent), the Twin Falls sewage-treatment \nplant was a major source of total phosphorus \n(13 percent). A comparison of discharge \nand loading in water year 1995 with estimates \nof instream transport showed a good correlation \n(relative difference of less than 15 percent) for \ndischarge, total organic nitrogen, dissolved nitrite \nplus nitrate, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. \nEstimates of dissolved ammonia and suspended \nsediment loads correlated poorly with instream \ntransport; relative differences were about 79 and \n61 percent, respectively.</p> \n<br/>\n<p>The pesticides EPTC, atrazine, desethylatrazine, \nmetolachlor, and alachlor were the most commonly \ndetected in the upper Snake River Basin and \naccounted for about 75 percent of all pesticide \ndetections. All pesticides detected were at concentrations \nless than 1 microgram per liter and below \nwater-quality criteria established by the U.S. Environmental \nProtection Agency. In samples collected \nfrom two small agriculturally dominated tributary \nbasins, the largest number and concentrations of \npesticides were detected in May and June following \nearly growing season applications. At one of \nthe sites, the pesticide atrazine and its metabolite \ndesethylatrazine were detected throughout the year.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>On the basis of 37 samples collected basinwide \nin May and June 1994, total annual subbasin applications \nand instantaneous instream fluxes of EPTC \nand atrazine showed logarithmic relations with \ncoefficients of determination (R2 values) of 0.55 \nand 0.62, respectively. At the time of sampling, the \nmedian daily flux of EPTC was about 0.0001 percent \nof the annual quantity applied, whereas the \nmedian daily flux of atrazine was between 0.001 \nand 0.01 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","doi":"10.3133/wri974020","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., 1997, Assessment of nutrients, suspended sediment, and pesticides in surface water of the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, water years 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4020, vii, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974020.","productDescription":"vii, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4020/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55457,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4020/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"American Falls Reservoir;King Hill;Milner Dam;Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.2494,41.4921 ], [ -115.2494,44.773 ], [ -109.7492,44.773 ], [ -109.7492,41.4921 ], [ -115.2494,41.4921 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cc28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Gregory M. gmclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Gregory","email":"gmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29185,"text":"wri974045 - 1997 - Effects of urbanization on water quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993 through September 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri974045","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4045","title":"Effects of urbanization on water quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993 through September 1995","docAbstract":"A study of urban-related water-qulity effects in the Kansas River,  Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek in Topeka, Kansas, was  conducted from October 1993 through September 1995.  The purpose of this  report is to assess the effects of urbanization on instream  concentrations of selected physical and chemical constituents within the  city of Topeka.  A network of seven sampling sites was established in the  study area.  Samples principally were collected at monthly intervals from  the Kansas River and from the Shunganunga Creek Basin, and at quarterly  intervals from Soldier Creek.  The effects of urbanization werestatistically evaluated from differences in constituent concentrations  between sites on the same stream.  No significant differences in median concentrations of dissolved  solids, nutrients, or metals and trace elements, or median densities offecal bacteria were documented between sampling sites upstream and  downstream from the major urbanized length of the Kansas River in Topeka.Discharge from the city's primary wastewater- treatment plant is the  largest potential source of contamination to the Kansas River.  This  discharge increased concentrations of dissolved ammonia, totalphosphorus, and densities of fecal bacteria.Calculated dissolved  ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water from the Kansas River ranged  from 0.03 to 1.1 milligrams per liter after receiving treatment-plant  discharge.  However, most of the calculated concentrations wereconsiderably less than 50 percent of Kansas Department of Health and  Environment water- quality criteria, with a median value of 20 percent.Generally, treatment-plant discharge increased calculated total  phosphorus concentrations in water from the Kansas River by 0.01 to 0.04  milligrams per liter, with a median percentage increase of 7.6 percent.   The calculated median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci  bacteria in water from the Kansas River increased from 120 and 150colonies per 100 milliliters of water, respectively, before  treatment-plant discharge to a calculated 4,900 and 4,700 colonies per  100 milliliters of water, respectively, after discharge.  Median concentrations of dissolved solids were not significantly different between three sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin.   Median concentrations of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen, total phosphorus,  and dissolved orthophosphate were significantly larger in water from the  upstream- most Shunganunga Creek sampling site than in water from either  of the other sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin probably  because of the site's proximity to a wastewater-treatment plant.Median  concentrations of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen and total phosphorus  during 1993-95 at upstream sampling sites were either significantlylarger than during 1979-81 in response to increase of  wastewater-treatment plant discharge or smaller because of the  elimination of wastewater-treatment plant discharge.  Median  concentrations of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen were significantly less  during 1993-95 than during 1979-81.  Median concentrations of total aluminum, iron, maganese, and  molybdenum were significantly larger in water from the downstream-mostShunganunga Creek sampling site than in water from the upstream-most  sampling site.  This probably reflects their widespread use in the urbanenvironment between the upstream and downstream Shunganunga Creek  sampling sites.  Little water-quality effect from the urbanization was indicated by  results from the Soldier Creek sampling site. Median concentrations of  most water-quality constituents in water from this sampling site were the  smallest in water from any sampling site in the study area.  Herbicides were detected in water from all sampling sites.  Some of  the more frequently detected herbicides included acetochlor, alachlor,atrazine, cyanazine, EPTC, metolachlor, prometon, simazine, and  tebuthiuron.  Detected insecticides including chlordane,","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974045","usgsCitation":"Pope, L.M., and Putnam, J., 1997, Effects of urbanization on water quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993 through September 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4045, vi, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974045.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58052,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fa84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, L. M.","contributorId":71939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putnam, J.E.","contributorId":54634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24880,"text":"ofr97169 - 1997 - Alaska resource data file: False Pass quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T20:54:02.056111","indexId":"ofr97169","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-169","title":"Alaska resource data file: False Pass quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97169","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., 1997, Alaska resource data file: False Pass quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-169, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97169.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":489365,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0169/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"233 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1880,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403947,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37194.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"False Pass quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -164,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.5,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.5,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -164,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -164,\n              55\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24940,"text":"ofr97163 - 1997 - Preliminary geologic map of the San Fernando 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T21:36:44.11685","indexId":"ofr97163","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-163","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the San Fernando 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"The city of San Fernando sits atop a structurally complex, sedimentologically diverse, and tectonically evolving late Tertiary-Quaternary basin situated within the Transverse Ranges of southern California. The surrounding San Fernando Valley (SFV) contains the headwaters of the Los Angeles River and its tributaries. Prior to the advent of flood control, the valley floor was composed of active alluvial fans and floodplains. Seasonal streams emanating from Pacoima and Big Tujunga Canyons drain the complex western San Gabriel Mountains and deposit coarse, highly permeable alluvium that contains generally high-quality ground water. The more shallow western part derives mainly from Tertiary and pre-Tertiary sedimentary rocks, and is underlain by less permeable, fine-grained deposits containing persistent shallow ground water and poorer water quality. Home of the 1971 San Fernando and the 1994 Northridge earthquakes, the SFV experienced near-record levels of strong ground motion in 1994 that caused widespread damage from strong shaking and ground failure. \r\n\r\nA new map of late Quaternary deposits of the San Fernando area shows that the SFV is a structural trough that has been filled from the sides, with the major source of sediment being large drainages in the San Gabriel Mountains. Deposition on the major alluvial fan of Tujunga Wash and Pacoima Wash, which issues from the San Gabriel Mountains, and on smaller fans, has been influenced by ongoing compressional tectonics in the valley. Late Pleistocene deposits have been cut by active faults and warped over growing folds. Holocene alluvial fans are locally ponded behind active uplifts. The resulting complex pattern of deposits has a major effect on liquefaction hazards. Young sandy sediments generally are highly susceptible to liquefaction where they are saturated, but the distribution of young deposits, their grain size characteristics, and the level of ground water all are complexly dependent on the tectonics of the valley. \r\n\r\nThe San Fernando area lies on the southern slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains. The basement rocks here include high-grade metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age. The mountains are largely composed of crystalline basement that includes the Pelona Scist of probable Mesozoic age that has been overthrust by Precambrian gneisses; the gneisses were subsequently intruded by Mesozoic plutons prior to overthrusting along the latest Cretaceous Vincent thrust. Gneisses of somewhat variable composition and possibly varying ages are found in four terranes, but not all are in contact with Pelona Schist. Large tracts of Precambrian (1.2 billion years old) andesine anorthosite are intrusive into 1.7 billion year-old Mendenhall gneiss, and are found in the western part of the San Gabriels. Mixed with these are younger marble, limestone, and schist of possible Paleozoic age found in association with plutons along the southern margin of the range. The older rocks are intruded by diorite, quartz diorite, and granodiorite of Jurassic age. Also present are siliceous sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age. \r\n\r\nA thick section of Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks overlie these units. The sediments located south of the San Gabriel Fault are totally different in character from those on the northern range flank, and mostly resemble the western Transverse Ranges due to their deposition in the southeastern Ventura basin; approximately 3,000 m of these sediments are exposed north and west of the city of San Fernando in the Tujunga syncline. Some of the Tertiary rocks are Paleocene and Eocene in age, but the bulk of these rocks are Oligocene and Miocene in age. The Vasquez and Sespe Formations of basal basaltic volcanic and sandstone are Oligocene and lower Miocene in age. These are overlain by clastic rocks of Tick Canyon and Mint Canyon Formations of middle to late Miocene age. Above these rocks are the Castaic, Modelo, and Santa Margarita Formations of fossiliferous marine shale, sand","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97163","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., 1997, Preliminary geologic map of the San Fernando 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-163, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97163.","productDescription":"HTML Document","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13132,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22977.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Fernando 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.5,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.375,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.375,\n              34.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5,\n              34.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5,\n              34.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23806,"text":"ofr97129 - 1997 - Ground fracturing at the southern end of Summit Ridge caused by October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T14:50:41.759842","indexId":"ofr97129","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-129","title":"Ground fracturing at the southern end of Summit Ridge caused by October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"<p>The Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October1 1989 was the first of three large earthquakes that occurred in California in less than 5 years. The main shock of the Loma Prieta earthquake was deep-seated, the rupture zones of the main shock did not reach the surface, and the earthquake produced enigmatic surface ruptures along the frontal faults of the Coast Range and in the epicentral area that were explained in several quite different ways. The Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 was near surface and produced more than 80 km of spectacular surface rupture of many different kinematic expressions. Detailed study of fractures at Landers has provided a basis for re-evaluating our earlier work on fractures produced by the Loma Prieta earthquake. This paper is a description of some of the fractures produced by the Loma Prieta earthquake and a discussion of their causes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97129","usgsCitation":"Martosudarmo, S.Y., Johnson, A., and Fleming, R.W., 1997, Ground fracturing at the southern end of Summit Ridge caused by October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake sequence: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-129, Report: iv, 34 p.; 5 Plates: 52.00 x 22.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97129.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 34 p.; 5 Plates: 52.00 x 22.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492998,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0129/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411082,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19419.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19480,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0129/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19481,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0129/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19482,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0129/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19483,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0129/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19484,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0129/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0129/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Summit","otherGeospatial":"Summit Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.983,\n              37.108\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.983,\n              37.147\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.921,\n              37.147\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.921,\n              37.108\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.983,\n              37.108\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ecbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martosudarmo, S. Y.","contributorId":9677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martosudarmo","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A. M.","contributorId":48903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleming, R. W.","contributorId":89110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23341,"text":"ofr97167 - 1997 - Dating prehistoric tributary debris fans, Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona with implications for channel evolution and river navigability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr97167","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-167","title":"Dating prehistoric tributary debris fans, Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona with implications for channel evolution and river navigability","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97167","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 1997, Dating prehistoric tributary debris fans, Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona with implications for channel evolution and river navigability: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-167, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97167.","productDescription":"17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0167/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52640,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29374,"text":"wri974071 - 1997 - Relations of Tualatin River water temperatures to natural and human-caused factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T20:31:22.26354","indexId":"wri974071","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4071","title":"Relations of Tualatin River water temperatures to natural and human-caused factors","docAbstract":"<p>Aquatic research has long shown that the survival of cold-water fish, such as salmon and trout, decreases markedly as water temperatures increase above a critical threshold, particularly during sensitive life stages of the fish. In an effort to improve the overall health of aquatic ecosystems, the State of Oregon in 1996 adopted a maximum water-temperature standard of 17.8 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit), based on a 7-day moving average of daily maximum temperatures, for most water bodies in the State. Anthropogenic activities are not permitted to raise the temperature of a water body above this level. In the Tualatin River, a tributary of the Willamette River located in northwestern Oregon, water temperatures periodically surpass this threshold during the low-flow summer and fall months.An investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey quantified existing seasonal, diel, and spatial patterns of water temperatures in the main stem of the river, assessed the relation of water temperatures to natural climatic conditions and anthropogenic factors (such as wastewater-treatment-plant effluent and modification of riparian shading), and assessed the impact of various flow management practices on stream temperatures. Half-hourly temperature measurements were recorded at 13 monitoring sites from river mile (RM) 63.9 to RM 3.4 from May to November of 1994. Four synoptic water- temperature surveys also were conducted in the upstream and downstream vicinities of two wastewater-treatment-plant outfalls. Temperature and streamflow time-series data were used to calibrate two dynamic-flow heat-transfer models, DAFLOW-BLTM (RM 63.9-38.4) and CE-QUAL-W2 (RM 38.4-3.4). Simulations from the models provided a basis for approximating 'natural' historical temperature patterns, performing effluent and riparian-shading sensitivity analyses, and evaluating mitigation management scenarios under 1994 climatic conditions. Findings from the investigation included (1) under 'natural' conditions the temperature of the river would exceed the State standard of 17.8 degrees Celsius at many locations during the low-flow season, (2) current operation of wastewater-treatment plants increases the temperature of the river downstream of the plants under low-flow conditions, (3) river temperature is significantly affected by riparian shade variations along both the tributaries and the main stem, (4) flow releases during the low-flow season from the Henry Hagg Lake reservoir decrease the river temperature in the upper section, and (5) removal of a low diversion dam at RM 3.4 would slightly decrease temperatures below RM 10.0.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri974071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon","usgsCitation":"Risley, J.C., 1997, Relations of Tualatin River water temperatures to natural and human-caused factors: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4071, ix, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974071.","productDescription":"ix, 143 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4071/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":159840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4071/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.35861206054686,\n              45.3386325573467\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.35861206054686,\n              45.64188792039229\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.61291503906249,\n              45.64188792039229\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.61291503906249,\n              45.3386325573467\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.35861206054686,\n              45.3386325573467\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c1dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24929,"text":"ofr97166 - 1997 - Preliminary geologic map of the Burbank 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-09T11:12:25.315793","indexId":"ofr97166","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-166","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Burbank 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"<p>This Open-File report is a digital geologic map database. This pamphlet serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File report.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This digital map database is compiled from previously published sources combined with some new mapping and modifications in nomenclature. The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations, sources of geologic mapping, and data on exploratory wells consult Yerkes (1996), and Yerkes and Showalter (1990). More specific information about the units may be available in the original sources.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97166","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., 1997, Preliminary geologic map of the Burbank 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-166, Readme: TXT; Readme: PDF, 11p.; Complete digital package; Geology; Structure; Wells; Composite base map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97166.","productDescription":"Readme: TXT; Readme: PDF, 11p.; Complete digital package; Geology; Structure; Wells; Composite base map","numberOfPages":"11","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284243,"rank":7,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97166.jpg"},{"id":1900,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0166/pdf/of97-166.pdf"},{"id":53899,"rank":9,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0166/burbnk.txt","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284238,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0166/burbnk.tar.gz"},{"id":284239,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0166/bu-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":284240,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0166/bu-strc.e00.gz"},{"id":284241,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0166/bu-pts.e00.gz"},{"id":284242,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0166/bu-topo.e00.gz"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.375,34.125 ], [ -118.375,34.25 ], [ -118.25,34.25 ], [ -118.25,34.125 ], [ -118.375,34.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24873,"text":"ofr97173 - 1997 - Whole-rock and mineral chemical compositional data for lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima volcanic field, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr97173","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-173","title":"Whole-rock and mineral chemical compositional data for lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima volcanic field, San Bernardino County, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97173","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., and Mukasa, S., 1997, Whole-rock and mineral chemical compositional data for lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima volcanic field, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-173, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97173.","productDescription":"15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53865,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f03d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mukasa, S.B.","contributorId":89568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukasa","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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