Synoptic views of hydrothermal alteration assemblages are of considerable utility in regional-scale minerals exploration. Recent advances in data acquisition and analysis technologies have greatly enhanced the usefulness of remotely sensed imaging spectroscopy for reliable alteration mineral assemblages mapping. Using NASA's Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor, this study mapped large areas of advanced argillic and phyllic-argillic alteration assemblages in the southeastern Santa Rita and northern Patagonia mountains, Arizona. Two concealed porphyry copper deposits have been identified during past exploration, the Red Mountain and Sunnyside deposits, and related published hydrothermal alteration zoning studies allow the comparison of the results obtained from AVIRIS data to the more traditional field mapping approaches. The AVIRIS mapping compares favorably with field-based studies. An analysis of iron-bearing oxide minerals above a concealed supergene chalcocite deposit at Red Mountain also indicates that remotely sensed data can be of value in the interpretation of leached caps above porphyry copper deposits. In conjunction with other types of geophysical data, AVIRIS mineral maps can be used to discriminate different exploration targets within a region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.5.1003","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Berger, B.R., King, T.V., Morath, L., and Phillips, J., 2003, Utility of high-altitude infrared spectral data in mineral exploration: Application to Northern Patagonia Mountains, Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 5, p. 1003-1018, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.5.1003.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1018","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0cee4b08c986b32a324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, B. R.","contributorId":77914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, T. V. V.","contributorId":6192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morath, L.C.","contributorId":62094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morath","given":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024916,"text":"70024916 - 2003 - Post-Depositional Behavior of Cu in a Metal-Mining Polishing Pond (East Lake, Canada)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-02T21:29:27","indexId":"70024916","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-Depositional Behavior of Cu in a Metal-Mining Polishing Pond (East Lake, Canada)","docAbstract":"The post-depositional behavior of Cu in a gold-mining polishing pond (East Lake, Canada) was assessed after mine closure by examination of porewater chemistry and mineralogy. The near-surface (upper 1.5 cm) sediments are enriched in Cu, with values ranging from 0.4 to 2 wt %. Mineralogical examination revealed that the bulk of the Cu inventory is present as authigenic copper sulfides. Optical microscopy, energy-dispersion spectra, and X-ray data indicate that the main Cu sulfide is covellite (CuS). The formation of authigenic Cu-S phases is supported by the porewater data, which demonstrate that the sediments are serving as a sink for dissolved Cu below sub-bottom depths of 1-2 cm. The zone of Cu removal is consistent with the occurrence of detectable sulfide and the consumption of sulfate. The sediments can be viewed as a passive bioreactor that permanently removes Cu as insoluble copper sulfides. This process is not unlike that which occurs in other forms of bioremediation, such as wetlands and permeable reactive barriers. Above the zone of Cu removal, dissolved Cu maxima in the interfacial porewaters range from 150 to 450 ??g L-1 and reflect the dissolution of a Cu-bearing phase in the surface sediments. The reactive phase is thought to be a component of treatment sludges delivered to the lake as part of cyanide treatment. Flux calculations indicate that the efflux of dissolved Cu from the sediments to the water column (14-51 ??g cm-2 yr-1) can account for the elevated levels of dissolved Cu in lake waters (???50 ??g L-1). Implications for lake recovery are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es034242l","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Martin, A., Jambor, J., Pedersen, T.F., and Crusius, J., 2003, Post-Depositional Behavior of Cu in a Metal-Mining Polishing Pond (East Lake, Canada): Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 21, p. 4925-4933, https://doi.org/10.1021/es034242l.","startPage":"4925","endPage":"4933","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207726,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034242l"}],"volume":"37","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e50e4b0c8380cd7a472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, A.J.","contributorId":63574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jambor, J.L.","contributorId":107460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jambor","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pedersen, Thomas F.","contributorId":13785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedersen","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025337,"text":"70025337 - 2003 - Weathering of sulfidic shale and copper mine waste: Secondary minerals and metal cycling in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T09:53:47","indexId":"70025337","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weathering of sulfidic shale and copper mine waste: Secondary minerals and metal cycling in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA","docAbstract":"Metal cycling via physical and chemical weathering of discrete sources (copper mines) and regional (non-point) sources (sulfide-rich shale) is evaluated by examining the mineralogy and chemistry of weathering products in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA. The elements in copper mine waste, secondary minerals, stream sediments, and waters that are most likely to have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems are aluminum, copper, zinc, and arsenic because these elements locally exceed toxicity guidelines for surface waters or for stream sediments. Acid-mine drainage has not developed in streams draining inactive copper mines. Acid-rock drainage and chemical weathering processes that accompany debris flows or human disturbances of sulfidic rocks are comparable to processes that develop acid-mine drainage elsewhere. Despite the high rainfall in the mountain range, sheltered areas and intermittent dry spells provide local venues for development of secondary weathering products that can impact aquatic ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00254-003-0856-4","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J.M., Seal, R., Meier, A.L., and Jackson, J., 2003, Weathering of sulfidic shale and copper mine waste: Secondary minerals and metal cycling in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA: Environmental Geology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 35-57, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0856-4.","startPage":"35","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209377,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0856-4"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfb9e4b08c986b32ea7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammarstrom, J. M.","contributorId":34513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meier, A. L.","contributorId":81480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, J.C.","contributorId":104503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53976,"text":"wri034117 - 2003 - Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:10:19","indexId":"wri034117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4117","title":"Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"Hydride generation atomic absorption\r\nspectrometry (HGAAS) is a sensitive and\r\nselective method for the determination of total\r\narsenic (arsenic(III) plus arsenic(V)) and\r\narsenic(III); however, it is subject to metal\r\ninterferences for acid mine waters. Sodium\r\nborohydride is used to produce arsine gas, but\r\nhigh metal concentrations can suppress arsine\r\nproduction.\r\n\r\nThis report investigates interferences of\r\nsixteen metal species including aluminum,\r\nantimony(III), antimony(V), cadmium,\r\nchromium(III), chromium(IV), cobalt,\r\ncopper(II), iron(III), iron(II), lead,\r\nmanganese, nickel, selenium(IV),\r\nselenium(VI), and zinc ranging in\r\nconcentration from 0 to 1,000 milligrams per\r\nliter and offers a method for removing\r\ninterfering metal cations with cation exchange\r\nresin. The degree of interference for each\r\nmetal without cation-exchange on the\r\ndetermination of total arsenic and arsenic(III)\r\nwas evaluated by spiking synthetic samples\r\ncontaining arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) with\r\nthe potential interfering metal. Total arsenic\r\nrecoveries ranged from 92 to 102 percent for\r\nall metals tested except antimony(III) and\r\nantimony(V) which suppressed arsine\r\nformation when the antimony(III)/total\r\narsenic molar ratio exceeded 4 or the\r\nantimony(V)/total arsenic molar ratio\r\nexceeded 2. Arsenic(III) recoveries for\r\nsamples spiked with aluminum,\r\nchromium(III), cobalt, iron(II), lead,\r\nmanganese, nickel, selenium(VI), and zinc ranged from 84 to 107 percent over the entire\r\nconcentration range tested. Low arsenic(III)\r\nrecoveries occurred when the molar ratios of\r\nmetals to arsenic(III) were copper greater than\r\n120, iron(III) greater than 70, chromium(VI)\r\ngreater than 2, cadmium greater than 800,\r\nantimony(III) greater than 3, antimony(V)\r\ngreater than 12, or selenium(IV) greater than\r\n1. Low recoveries result when interfering\r\nmetals compete for available sodium\r\nborohydride, causing incomplete arsine\r\nproduction, or when the interfering metal\r\noxidizes arsenic(III).\r\nSeparation of interfering metal cations\r\nusing cation-exchange prior to hydridegeneration\r\npermits accurate arsenic(III)\r\ndeterminations in acid mine waters containing\r\nhigh concentrations of interfering metals.\r\nStabilization of the arsenic redox species for\r\nas many as 15 months is demonstrated for\r\nsamples that have been properly filtered and\r\nacidified with HCl in the field. The detection\r\nlimits for the method described in this report\r\nare 0.1 micrograms per liter for total arsenic\r\nand 0.8 micrograms per liter for arsenic(III).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034117","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Ball, J.W., 2003, Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4117, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034117.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4917,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri03-4117/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625ada","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53710,"text":"ofr0345 - 2003 - Mineral Commodity Profiles -- Rubidium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:39","indexId":"ofr0345","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-45","title":"Mineral Commodity Profiles -- Rubidium","docAbstract":"Overview -- Rubidium is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that melts at 39.3 ?C. One of the alkali metals, it is positioned in group 1 (or IA) of the periodic table between potassium and cesium. Naturally occurring rubidium is slightly radioactive. Rubidium is an extremely reactive metal--it ignites spontaneously in the presence of air and decomposes water explosively, igniting the liberated hydrogen. Because of its reactivity, the metal and several of its compounds are hazardous materials, and must be stored and transported in isolation from possible reactants. Although rubidium is more abundant in the earth?s crust than copper, lead, or zinc, it forms no minerals of its own, and is, or has been, produced in small quantities as a byproduct of the processing of cesium and lithium ores taken from a few small deposits in Canada, Namibia, and Zambia. In the United States, the metal and its compounds are produced from imported raw materials by at least one company, the Cabot Corporation (Cabot, 2003). \r\n\r\nRubidium is used interchangeably or together with cesium in many uses. Its principal application is in specialty glasses used in fiber optic telecommunication systems. Rubidium?s photoemissive properties have led to its use in night-vision devices, photoelectric cells, and photomultiplier tubes. It has several uses in medical science, such as in positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging, the treatment of epilepsy, and the ultracentrifugal separation of nucleic acids and viruses. A dozen or more other uses are known, which include use as a cocatalyst for several organic reactions and in frequency reference oscillators for telecommunications network synchronization. \r\n\r\nThe market for rubidium is extremely small, amounting to 1 to 2 metric tons per year (t/yr) in the United States. World resources are vast compared with demand.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0345","usgsCitation":"Butterman, W., and Reese, R., 2003, Mineral Commodity Profiles -- Rubidium (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-45, 11 p.; online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0345.","productDescription":"11 p.; online only","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5052,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-045/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6356fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butterman, W. C.","contributorId":13679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butterman","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reese, R.G. Jr.","contributorId":63466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"R.G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53046,"text":"wri034073 - 2003 - Hydrology and water-quality characteristics of Muddy Creek and Wolford Mountain Reservoir near Kremmling, Colorado, 1990 through 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:46","indexId":"wri034073","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4073","title":"Hydrology and water-quality characteristics of Muddy Creek and Wolford Mountain Reservoir near Kremmling, Colorado, 1990 through 2001","docAbstract":"A water-quality monitoring program was begun in March 1985 on Muddy Creek in anticipation of the construction of a reservoir water-storage project. Wolford Mountain Reservoir was constructed by the Colorado River Water Conservation District during 1992-94. The reservoir began to be filled in 1995. \r\n\r\nWater quality generally was good in Muddy Creek and Wolford Mountain Reservoir throughout the period of record (collectively, 1990 through 2001), with low concentrations of nutrients (median total nitrogen less than 0.6 and median total phosphorus less than 0.05 milligrams per liter) and trace elements (median dissolved copper less than 2, median dissolved lead less than 1, and median dissolved zinc less than 20 micrograms per liter). Specific conductance ranged from 99 to 1,720 microsiemens per centimeter. Cation compositions at Muddy Creek sites were mixed calcium-magnesium-sodium. Anion compositions were primarily bicarbonate and sulfate. Suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from less than 50 milligrams per liter during low-flow periods to hundreds of milligrams per liter during snowmelt. Turbidity in prereservoir Muddy Creek generally was measured at less than 10 nephelometric turbidity units during low-flow periods and ranged to more than 360 nephelometric turbidity units during snowmelt. Compared to prereservoir conditions, turbidity in Muddy Creek downstream from the reservoir was substantially reduced because the reservoir acted as a sediment trap. \r\n\r\nDuring most years, peak flows were slightly reduced by the reservoir or similar to peaks upstream from the reservoir. The upper first to fifteenth percentiles of flows were decreased by operation of the reservoir compared to prereservoir flows. Generally, the fifteenth to one-hundredth percentiles of flow were increased by operation of the reservoir outflow compared to prereservoir flows. \r\n\r\nNutrient transport in the inflow is proportional to the amount of inflow-water discharge in a given year. Some nitrogen was stored in the water column and gain/loss patterns for total nitrogen were somewhat related to reservoir storage. Nitrogen tended to move through the reservoir, whereas phosphorus was mostly trapped within the reservoir in bottom sediments. The reservoir gained phosphorus every year (1996- 2001) and, as a percentage, more phosphorus was retained than nitrogen in years when both were retained in the reservoir due to stronger phosphorus tendencies for adsorption, coprecipitation, and settling. Only small amounts of phosphorus were available in the water column at the outflow, and reservoir water-column storage did not influence phosphorus outflowloading patterns as much as settling further upstream in the reservoir. \r\n\r\nFrom 1990 to 2001, upstream from the reservoir, concentrations and values of dissolved solids, turbidity, some major ions, and dissolved iron increased (p-value less than 0.10), and acid-neutralizing capacity decreased. From 1990 to 2001, there were no significant (p-value less than 0.10) trends in nutrient concentrations upstream from the reservoir. From 1990 to 2001, downstream from the reservoir, trends in concentrations and values of dissolved solids, turbidity, major ions, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved and total-recoverable iron, and total-recoverable manganese were downward.\r\n\r\nUpstream and downstream water-quality constituents for the prereservoir (1990 to 1995) period were compared. Concentrations and values of dissolved solids, major ions, turbidity, and manganese were greater (p-value less than 0.10) at the downstream site. \r\n\r\nFrom 1995 to 2001 (postconstruction), upstream and downstream water-quality constituents also were compared. Concentrations of specific conductance and major ions increased at the downstream site when compared to the upstream site (p-value less than 0.10), except for acid-neutralizing capacity and silica, which decreased. Turbidity, concentrations of total-recoverable and dissolved manganese, and ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034073","usgsCitation":"Stevens, M.R., and Sprague, L.A., 2003, Hydrology and water-quality characteristics of Muddy Creek and Wolford Mountain Reservoir near Kremmling, Colorado, 1990 through 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4073, vii, 82 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm.; 35 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034073.","productDescription":"vii, 82 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm.; 35 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5188,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034073/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68882b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sprague, Lori A. 0000-0003-2832-6662 lsprague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-6662","contributorId":726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"Lori","email":"lsprague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51607,"text":"wri024253 - 2003 - Reconnaissance of acid drainage sources and preliminary evaluation of remedial alternatives at the Copper Bluff mine, Hoopa Valley Reservation, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:13:46","indexId":"wri024253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4253","title":"Reconnaissance of acid drainage sources and preliminary evaluation of remedial alternatives at the Copper Bluff mine, Hoopa Valley Reservation, California","docAbstract":"Acidic drainage from the inactive Copper Bluff mine cascades down a steep embankment into the Trinity River, on the Hoopa Valley Reservation in northern California. The Copper Bluff mine produced about 100,000 tons of sulfide-bearing copper-zinc-gold-silver ore during 1957–1962. This report summarizes the results of a water-resources investigation begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1994 with the overall objective of gathering sufficient geochemical, hydrologic, and geologic information so that a sound remediation strategy for the Copper Bluff mine could be selected and implemented by the Hoopa Valley Tribe. This study had the following specific objectives: (1) monitor the quality and quantity of the mine discharge, (2) determine seasonal variability of metal concentrations and loads, (3) map and sample the underground mine workings to determine sources of flow and suitability of mine plugging options, and (4) analyze the likely consequences of various remediation and treatment options.
Analysis of weekly water samples of adit discharge over parts of two wet seasons (January to July 1995 and October 1995 to May 1996) shows that dissolved copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations (in samples filtered with 0.20-micrometer membranes) varied systematically in a seasonal pattern. Metal concentrations increased dramatically in response to the first increase in discharge, or first flush, early in the wet season. The value of Zn/Cu in the adit discharge exhibited systematic seasonal variations; an annual Zn/Cu cycle was observed, beginning with values between 3 and 5 during the main part of the wet season, rising to values between 6 and 10 during the period of lowest discharge late in the dry season, and then dropping dramatically to values less than 3 during the first-flush period. Values of pH were fairly constant in the range of 3.1 to 3.8 throughout the wet season and into the beginning of the dry season, but rose to values between 4.5 and 5.6 during the period of lowest discharge, from October to early December 1995.
Underground reconnaissance was conducted once during dry-season conditions (September 1995) and twice during wet-season conditions (March 1995 and March 1996). The main tunnel was accessed to a distance of about 600 feet from the portal entrance. Water samples were collected at nine locations along the floor of the main tunnel and from several ore shoots to evaluate the contributions of water and dissolved constituents from different portions of the mine. Values of pH ranged from 2.5 to 6.4 at different underground locations, concentrations of copper ranged from 0.020 to 44 mg/L (milligram per liter), zinc from 6.3 to 160 mg/L, and cadmium from 0.010 to 0.47 mg/L. Discharge from the ore shoots ranged from less than 1 gallon per minute to more than 30 gallons per minute and was always a small component of the total mine flow compared with the tunnel floor drainage. During March 1996, the main flow originated in the northernmost portion of the underground workings (inaccessible) and mixed with an unknown quantity of water upwelling from flooded lower workings. High-water marks observed on the tunnel walls indicate that past blockages impounded more than 100,000 gallons of water. Sudden release of a large volume of metal-rich water could have serious effects on fish and other aquatic resources in the Trinity River.
Because of the hydrogeologic setting, mine plugging is not likely to offer an effective long-term solution to the problem of acid mine drainage at the Copper Bluff mine. The underground workings are close to a state highway and underlie a 500-foot-high bluff with highly fractured rocks that seep during the wet season. Total plugging likely would result in additional uncontrolled seepage and could potentially destabilize the highway. Partial plugging to restrict flow during periods of highest discharge may provide benefits in terms of reduced risk of catastrophic release without the additional risks associated with total plugging. Passive water treatment methods such as wetlands or anoxic limestone drains are unlikely to succeed at the Copper Bluff mine because of the lack of available space. A covered conveyance for the discharge directly from the mine portal to the Trinity River is a low-cost remedial alternative that would not reduce metal loadings to the Trinity River, but would reduce pathways of metal exposure to humans and wildlife. Lime neutralization or innovative, active water treatment methods such as bioreactors represent high-cost remedial alternatives that likely would be successful if sufficient resources were available for adequate design, testing, construction, long-term maintenance, and sludge disposal.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024253","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Hoopa Valley Tribe","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., Hunerlach, M.P., Hamlin, S.N., and Zierenberg, R.A., 2003, Reconnaissance of acid drainage sources and preliminary evaluation of remedial alternatives at the Copper Bluff mine, Hoopa Valley Reservation, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4253, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024253.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri024253.JPG"},{"id":4615,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Humboldt County","otherGeospatial":"Copper Bluff mine, Hoopa Valley Reservation, Trinity River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.8,\n 40.9\n ],\n [\n -123.8,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 40.9\n ],\n [\n -123.8,\n 40.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunerlach, Michael P.","contributorId":66668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunerlach","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamlin, Scott N.","contributorId":27040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zierenberg, Robert A.","contributorId":91883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":51515,"text":"ofr03339 - 2003 - Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto water quality control plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T18:42:09","indexId":"ofr03339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-339","title":"Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto water quality control plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2002","docAbstract":"This report presents trace element concentrations analyzed on samples of fine-grained sediments and clams (Macoma balthica) collected from a mudflat one kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay. This report serves as a continuation of the Near Field Receiving Water Monitoring Study, which was started in 1994. The data for 2002, herein, are interpreted within that context. Metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue samples have been within the range of values produced by seasonal variability. However, copper and zinc, display continued decreases. Copper in sediment was observed to drop below the ERL (Effects Range-Low) concentration for the third consecutive year and zinc concentrations never exceeded the ERL. Yearly average concentrations of copper, zinc and silver in Macoma balthica for 2002 are some of the lowest recorded since monitoring began in 1975. Mercury and selenium concentrations in sediments and clams at Palo Alto were similar concentrations observed elsewhere in the San Francisco Bay.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03339","usgsCitation":"Moon, E., David, C.P., Luoma, S.N., Cain, D.J., Hornberger, M.I., and Lavigne, I.R., 2003, Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto water quality control plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-339, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03339.","productDescription":"HTML","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4520,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03-339/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palo Alto","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.22908020019531,\n 37.39607337878013\n ],\n [\n -122.07939147949217,\n 37.39607337878013\n ],\n [\n -122.07939147949217,\n 37.51299386065851\n ],\n [\n -122.22908020019531,\n 37.51299386065851\n ],\n [\n -122.22908020019531,\n 37.39607337878013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moon, Edward","contributorId":60309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, Carlos Primo C.","contributorId":27907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"Primo C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lavigne, Irene R.","contributorId":17683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavigne","given":"Irene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":51327,"text":"ofr2003331 - 2003 - Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2002 to June 30, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr2003331","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-331","title":"Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2002 to June 30, 2003","docAbstract":"Storm runoff water-quality samples were collected as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program. This program is designed to assess the effects of highway runoff and urban runoff on Halawa Stream. For this program, rainfall data was collected at two sites, continuous streamflow data at three sites, and water-quality data at five sites, which include the three streamflow sites. This report summarizes rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data collected between July 1, 2002 to June 30, 2003. \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nA total of 28 samples were collected over five storms during July 1, 2002 to June 30, 2003. For two of the five storms, five grab samples and three flow-weighted timecomposite samples were collected. Grab samples were collected nearly simultaneously at all five sites, and flow-weighted timecomposite samples were collected at the three sites equipped with automatic samplers. The other three storms were partially sampled, where only flow-weighted time-composite samples were collected and/or not all stations were sampled. Samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, and selected trace metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc). Grab samples were additionally analyzed for oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons, fecal coliform, and biological oxygen demand. Quality-assurance/qualitycontrol samples, collected during storms and during routine maintenance, were also collected to verify analytical procedures and insure proper cleaning of equipment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003331","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Young, S.T., and Ball, M.T., 2003, Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2002 to June 30, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-331, v, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003331.","productDescription":"v, 30 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-07-01","temporalEnd":"2003-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4658,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr03-331/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.8,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.8,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6496ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Stacie T. M.","contributorId":63432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Stacie","email":"","middleInitial":"T. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, Marcael T.J.","contributorId":16904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Marcael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47745,"text":"wri024225 - 2003 - Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T14:17:14","indexId":"wri024225","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4225","title":"Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores","docAbstract":"Sediment cores were collected from Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, and from surrounding areas in 1999 and 2001 to determine whether the water quality of Musky Bay has declined during the last 100 years or more as a result of human activity, specifically cottage development and cranberry farming. Selected cores were analyzed for sedimentation rates, nutrients, minor and trace elements, biogenic silica, diatom assemblages, and pollen over the past several decades. Two cranberry bogs constructed along Musky Bay in 1939 and the early 1950s were substantially expanded between 1950?62 and between 1980?98. Cottage development on Musky Bay has occurred at a steady rate since about 1930, although currently housing density on Musky Bay is one-third to one-half the housing density surrounding three other Lac Courte Oreilles bays. Sedimentation rates were reconstructed for a core from Musky Bay by use of three lead radioisotope models and the cesium-137 profile. The historical average mass and linear sedimentation rates for Musky Bay are 0.023 grams per square centimeter per year and 0.84 centimeters per year, respectively, for the period of about 1936?90. There is also limited evidence that sedimentation rates may have increased after the mid-1990s. Historical changes in input of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to Musky Bay could not be directly identified from concentration profiles of these elements because of the potential for postdepositional migration and recycling. Minor- and trace-element profiles from the Musky Bay core possibly reflect historical changes in the input of clastic material over time, as well as potential changes in atmospheric deposition inputs. The input of clastic material to the bay increased slightly after European settlement and possibly in the 1930s through 1950s. Concentrations of copper in the Musky Bay core increased steadily through the early to mid-1900s until about 1980 and appear to reflect inputs from atmospheric deposition. Aluminum- normalized concentrations of calcium, copper, nickel, and zinc increased in the Musky Bay core in the mid-1990s. However, concentrations of these elements in surficial sediment from Musky Bay were similar to concentrations in other Lac Courte Oreilles bays, nearby lakes, and soils and were below probable effects concentrations for aquatic life. Biogenic-silica, diatom-community, and pollen profiles indicate that Musky Bay has become more eutrophic since about 1940 with the onset of cottage development and cranberry farming. The water quality of the bay has especially degraded during the last 25 years with increased growth of aquatic plants and the onset of a floating algal mat during the last decade. Biogenic silica data indicate that diatom production has consistently increased since the 1930s. Diatom assemblage profiles indicate a shift from low-nutrient species to higher-nutrient species during the 1940s and that aquatic plants reached their present density and/or composition during the 1970s. The diatom Fragilaria capucina (indicative of algal mat) greatly increased during the mid-1990s. Pollen data indicate that milfoil, which often becomes more common with elevated nutrients, became more widespread after 1920. The pollen data also indicate that wild rice was present in the eastern end of Musky Bay during the late 1800s and the early 1900s but disappeared after about 1920, probably because of water-level changes more so than eutrophication.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024225","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lac Courte Oreilles Tribe Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Garrison, P.J., Fitzgerald, S., and Elder, J.F., 2003, Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4225, vi, 141 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024225.","productDescription":"vi, 141 p.","numberOfPages":"148","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4076,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-02-4225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":84658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4225/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lac Courte Oreilles, Musky Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.43165588378905,\n 45.99934661801396\n ],\n [\n -91.5157699584961,\n 45.915810457254395\n ],\n [\n -91.52881622314453,\n 45.88976919245778\n ],\n [\n -91.4944839477539,\n 45.81994707894864\n ],\n [\n -91.45362854003906,\n 45.8151615345158\n ],\n [\n -91.37741088867188,\n 45.85606466507107\n ],\n [\n -91.36058807373047,\n 45.859890320433756\n ],\n [\n -91.32041931152344,\n 45.88259972825987\n ],\n [\n -91.29878997802733,\n 45.898371328091486\n ],\n [\n -91.30290985107422,\n 45.92631906688105\n ],\n [\n -91.28746032714844,\n 45.96403812284582\n ],\n [\n -91.29432678222656,\n 45.97859367638589\n ],\n [\n -91.34101867675781,\n 46.008647135033385\n ],\n [\n -91.39183044433594,\n 46.01842291576195\n ],\n [\n -91.43920898437499,\n 46.01508503858\n ],\n [\n -91.43165588378905,\n 45.99934661801396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696760","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrison, Paul J.","contributorId":73193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Sharon A. safitzge@usgs.gov","contributorId":4532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Sharon A.","email":"safitzge@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44923,"text":"wri024230 - 2003 - Using water-quality profiles to characterize seasonal water quality and loading in the upper Animas River basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:46:11","indexId":"wri024230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4230","title":"Using water-quality profiles to characterize seasonal water quality and loading in the upper Animas River basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"One of the important types of information needed to characterize water quality in streams affected by historical mining is the seasonal pattern of toxic trace-metal concentrations and loads. Seasonal patterns in water quality are estimated in this report using a technique called water-quality profiling. Water-quality profiling allows land managers and scientists to assess priority areas to be targeted for characterization and(or) remediation by quantifying the timing and magnitude of contaminant occurrence. Streamflow and water-quality data collected at 15 sites in the upper Animas River Basin during water years 1991?99 were used to develop water-quality profiles. Data collected at each sampling site were used to develop ordinary least-squares regression models for streamflow and constituent concentrations. Streamflow was estimated by correlating instantaneous streamflow measured at ungaged sites with continuous streamflow records from streamflow-gaging stations in the subbasin. Water-quality regression models were developed to estimate hardness and dissolved cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations based on streamflow and seasonal terms. Results from the regression models were used to calculate water-quality profiles for streamflow, constituent concentrations, and loads. Quantification of cadmium, copper, and zinc loads in a stream segment in Mineral Creek (sites M27 to M34) was presented as an example application of water-quality profiling. The application used a method of mass accounting to quantify the portion of metal loading in the segment derived from uncharacterized sources during different seasonal periods. During May, uncharacterized sources contributed nearly 95 percent of the cadmium load, 0 percent of the copper load (or uncharacterized sources also are attenuated), and about 85 percent of the zinc load at M34. During September, uncharacterized sources contributed about 86 percent of the cadmium load, 0 percent of the copper load (or uncharacterized sources also are attenuated), and about 52 percent of the zinc load at M34. Characterized sources accounted for more of the loading gains estimated in the example reach during September, possibly indicating the presence of diffuse inputs during snowmelt runoff. The results indicate that metal sources in the upper Animas River Basin may change substantially with season, regardless of the source.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024230","usgsCitation":"Leib, K.J., Mast, M.A., and Wright, W.G., 2003, Using water-quality profiles to characterize seasonal water quality and loading in the upper Animas River basin, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4230, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024230.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3800,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024230/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Animas River basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-107.5857,37.9702],[-107.5786,37.9667],[-107.5721,37.9636],[-107.5632,37.9573],[-107.5584,37.9524],[-107.5549,37.9493],[-107.5502,37.9475],[-107.5361,37.9445],[-107.5319,37.9414],[-107.5324,37.9378],[-107.5347,37.9337],[-107.5352,37.9291],[-107.5351,37.9237],[-107.532,37.9178],[-107.5278,37.9088],[-107.5247,37.9039],[-107.5212,37.9007],[-107.5211,37.8967],[-107.5279,37.8875],[-107.5324,37.8806],[-107.5329,37.8748],[-107.5317,37.8734],[-107.5305,37.8716],[-107.5204,37.8618],[-107.5179,37.8554],[-107.5184,37.8486],[-107.5176,37.84],[-107.5146,37.8342],[-107.5127,37.8288],[-107.5121,37.8265],[-107.5109,37.8256],[-107.5068,37.8243],[-107.491,37.8236],[-107.4828,37.8223],[-107.4757,37.817],[-107.4705,37.8143],[-107.4669,37.8107],[-107.4627,37.8044],[-107.4578,37.7918],[-107.457,37.785],[-107.4581,37.7791],[-107.4666,37.7668],[-107.4677,37.7645],[-107.4695,37.7645],[-107.4777,37.768],[-107.4812,37.7684],[-107.4829,37.7675],[-107.484,37.7648],[-107.4824,37.7407],[-107.4832,37.6374],[-107.6698,37.6372],[-107.6849,37.6375],[-107.6867,37.6375],[-107.9686,37.6377],[-107.9628,37.6401],[-107.96,37.6415],[-107.9583,37.6429],[-107.9572,37.6456],[-107.9572,37.6479],[-107.9579,37.6524],[-107.9604,37.6592],[-107.9629,37.6646],[-107.966,37.6718],[-107.9685,37.6777],[-107.9698,37.6822],[-107.9699,37.6867],[-107.9688,37.6899],[-107.966,37.6936],[-107.9615,37.6977],[-107.9575,37.7005],[-107.9534,37.7024],[-107.9505,37.7029],[-107.9471,37.7029],[-107.9389,37.7017],[-107.936,37.7017],[-107.9331,37.7027],[-107.9274,37.706],[-107.9239,37.7074],[-107.9181,37.7079],[-107.9135,37.7098],[-107.9094,37.7112],[-107.9049,37.7154],[-107.9014,37.7168],[-107.8968,37.7173],[-107.8904,37.717],[-107.8817,37.7162],[-107.8764,37.7163],[-107.8747,37.7172],[-107.873,37.7213],[-107.8726,37.7259],[-107.8733,37.7317],[-107.8717,37.7368],[-107.8684,37.7431],[-107.8644,37.7477],[-107.8627,37.7509],[-107.8622,37.7537],[-107.8629,37.7559],[-107.8641,37.7582],[-107.8659,37.76],[-107.8677,37.7617],[-107.8683,37.7635],[-107.8672,37.7663],[-107.8615,37.7732],[-107.8592,37.7737],[-107.854,37.7742],[-107.8493,37.7734],[-107.8446,37.7721],[-107.8423,37.7721],[-107.84,37.7726],[-107.8354,37.7767],[-107.8275,37.7859],[-107.8224,37.7915],[-107.8213,37.7928],[-107.8225,37.7955],[-107.8268,37.8063],[-107.8263,37.8082],[-107.8258,37.81],[-107.8085,37.8207],[-107.8056,37.8212],[-107.8004,37.8212],[-107.7975,37.8213],[-107.7952,37.8222],[-107.7935,37.8236],[-107.7918,37.8277],[-107.7885,37.8332],[-107.7868,37.8355],[-107.7845,37.8378],[-107.7812,37.8451],[-107.7762,37.8556],[-107.7756,37.857],[-107.7768,37.8592],[-107.7781,37.8615],[-107.7741,37.8656],[-107.7655,37.8739],[-107.7553,37.8845],[-107.7479,37.8923],[-107.7422,37.8982],[-107.7359,37.9038],[-107.7188,37.8977],[-107.7077,37.8955],[-107.7024,37.892],[-107.6977,37.8912],[-107.6942,37.8917],[-107.6897,37.8967],[-107.6879,37.8976],[-107.6862,37.899],[-107.6839,37.9],[-107.681,37.9],[-107.6682,37.9011],[-107.6595,37.9039],[-107.6514,37.9081],[-107.6422,37.9146],[-107.6394,37.9187],[-107.6389,37.9237],[-107.6404,37.9368],[-107.6405,37.9404],[-107.6407,37.9491],[-107.6385,37.9545],[-107.635,37.9586],[-107.6263,37.9588],[-107.6216,37.9588],[-107.6077,37.9636],[-107.5961,37.9669],[-107.588,37.9688],[-107.5857,37.9702]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"San Juan\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157405,"text":"70157405 - 2002 - Improving a regional model using reduced complexity and parameter estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T16:51:07.573419","indexId":"70157405","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-29T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving a regional model using reduced complexity and parameter estimation","docAbstract":"The availability of powerful desktop computers and graphical user interfaces for ground water flow models makes possible the construction of ever more complex models. A proposed copper-zinc sulfide mine in northern Wisconsin offers a unique case in which the same hydrologic system has been modeled using a variety of techniques covering a wide range of sophistication and complexity. Early in the permitting process, simple numerical models were used to evaluate the necessary amount of water to be pumped from the mine, reductions in streamflow, and the drawdowns in the regional aquifer. More complex models have subsequently been used in an attempt to refine the predictions. Even after so much modeling effort, questions regarding the accuracy and reliability of the predictions remain.
\nWe have performed a new analysis of the proposed mine using the two-dimensional analytic element code GFLOW coupled with the nonlinear parameter estimation code UCODE. The new model is parsimonious, containing fewer than 10 parameters, and covers a region several times larger in areal extent than any of the previous models. The model demonstrates the suitability of analytic element codes for use with parameter estimation codes. The simplified model results are similar to the more complex models; predicted mine inflows and UCODE-derived 95% confidence intervals are consistent with the previous predictions. More important, the large areal extent of the model allowed us to examine hydrological features not included in the previous models, resulting in new insights about the effects that far-field boundary conditions can have on near-field model calibration and parameterization. In this case, the addition of surface water runoff into a lake in the headwaters of a stream while holding recharge constant moved a regional ground watershed divide and resulted in some of the added water being captured by the adjoining basin. Finally, a simple analytical solution was used to clarify the GFLOW model's prediction that, for a model that is properly calibrated for heads, regional drawdowns are relatively unaffected by the choice of aquifer properties, but that mine inflows are strongly affected. Paradoxically, by reducing model complexity, we have increased the understanding gained from the modeling effort.
\nStreambed sediments from 30 sites in the St. Croix River Basin were analyzed for selected chemical elements. Possible occurrences of low-level contamination include: (1) elevated concentrations of arsenic, lead, silver, and to a lesser extent cadmium, copper, and mercury in the Namekagon River downstream of Hayward, Wisconsin; (2) elevated lead concentrations in the St. Croix River downstream of the Stillwater, Minnesota—Hudson, Wisconsin region; (3) slightly elevated concentrations of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Silver, Vanadium, and Zinc in the Kettle River downstream of Sandstone and Hinckley, Minnesota; (4) and substantially elevated mercury concentrations in Rush Creek downstream of Rush City, Minnesota. Elevated concentrations of copper, lead, and to a lesser extent cadmium, in Osceola Creek, downstream of Osceola, Wisconsin may be due to anthropogenic sources or contributions from bedrock that differs geochemically from sediments farther upstream. There does not appear to be large anthropogenic contributions of trace elements—above the background geochemical and atmospherically deposited levels—in the streams sampled for this study. Many of the elements appear to be associated with mineral sources. Concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements in the St. Croix River Basin generally were lower than concentrations associated with frequent adverse effects to aquatic biota. Exceptions were arsenic (7 of 30 samples) and mercury (1 of 30 samples).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri024087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Brigham, M.E., 2002, Elemental chemistry of streambed sediments of the St. Croix River Basin, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4087, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024087.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri024087.JPG"},{"id":3667,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50514,"text":"ofr02336 - 2002 - Selected trace-element and synthetic-organic compound data for streambed sediment from the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins, Montana, Idaho, and Washington, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:57:47.600535","indexId":"ofr02336","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-336","title":"Selected trace-element and synthetic-organic compound data for streambed sediment from the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins, Montana, Idaho, and Washington, 1998","docAbstract":"Streambed-sediment samples were collected at 22 sites during the summer of 1998 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Sampling sites in the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins represented a wide range of environmental conditions including pristine mountain streams and large rivers affected by mining-related and urban activities. Samples were analyzed for 45 inorganic major and trace elements, 109 synthetic organic compounds, and carbon. This report presents the selected results of streambed-sediment sampling from the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins in Montana, Idaho, and Washington.\nTrace-element concentrations in streambed sediment determined from this study were compared to median trace-element concentrations for streambed- sediment data collected from streams across the Nation during 1992-96. Generally, concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc were higher or similar to the national median concentration of these same trace elements. Concentrations of chromium, nickel, and selenium in streambed sediment of the study area generally were lower than the national median concentration.\nMost of the analytical results for synthetic organic compounds were reported as either estimated or non-detected values. Phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the most frequently detected classes of synthetic organic compounds in streambed sediment. Organochlorine pesticide residues were detected at two sites. Polychlorinated biphenyls were detected at one site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02336","usgsCitation":"Beckwith, M.A., 2002, Selected trace-element and synthetic-organic compound data for streambed sediment from the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins, Montana, Idaho, and Washington, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-336, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02336.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407870,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54526.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0336/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86331,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0336/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Clark Fork - Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.3444,\n 45.4667\n ],\n [\n -112.2,\n 45.4667\n ],\n [\n -112.2,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -118.3444,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -118.3444,\n 45.4667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a02e4b07f02db5f805d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beckwith, Michael A.","contributorId":66670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckwith","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50118,"text":"pp1670 - 2002 - Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T16:49:51.059094","indexId":"pp1670","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1670","title":"Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present","docAbstract":"A sediment core from the Cariaco Basin on the Venezuelan continental shelf, which recovered sediment that has been dated back to 20 ka (thousand years ago), was examined for its major-element-oxide and trace-element composition. Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) can be partitioned between a siliciclastic, terrigenous-derived fraction and two seawater-derived fractions. The two marine fractions are (1) a biogenic fraction represented by nutrient trace elements taken up mostly in the photic zone by phytoplankton, and (2) a hydrogenous fraction that has been derived from bottom water via adsorption and precipitation reactions. This suite of trace elements contrasts with a second suite of trace elements—barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), gallium (Ga), lithium (Li), the rare-earth elements, thorium (Th), yttrium (Y), and several of the major-element oxides—that has had solely a terrigenous source. The partitioning scheme, coupled with bulk sediment accumulation rates measured by others, allows us to determine the accumulation rate of trace elements in each of the three sediment fractions and of the fractions themselves.
\nThe current export of organic matter from the photic zone, redox conditions and advection of bottom water, and flux of terrigenous debris into the basin can be used to calculate independently trace-element depositional rates. The calculated rates show excellent agreement with the measured rates of the surface sediment. This agreement supports a model of trace-element accumulation rates in the subsurface sediment that gives a 20-kyr history of upwelling into the photic zone (that is, primary productivity), bottom-water advection and redox, and provenance. Correspondence of extrema in the geochemical signals with global changes in sea level and climate demonstrates the high degree to which the basin hydrography and provenance have responded to the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic regimes of the last 20 kyr.
\nThe accumulation rate of the marine fraction of Mo increased abruptly at about 14.8 ka (calendar years), from less than 0.5 µg cm-2 yr-1 to greater than 4 µg cm-2 yr-1. Its accumulation rate remained high but variable until 8.6 ka, when it decreased sharply to 1 µg cm-2 yr-1. It continued to decrease to 4.0 ka, to its lowest value for the past 15 kyr, before gradually increasing to the present. Between 14.8 ka and 8.6 ka, its accumulation rate exhibited strong maxima at 14.4, 13.0, and 9.9 ka. The oldest maximum corresponds to melt-water pulse IA into the Gulf of Mexico. A relative minimum, centered at about 11.1 ka, corresponds to melt-water pulse IB; a strong maximum occurs in the immediately overlying sediment. The maximum at 13.0 ka corresponds to onset of the Younger Dryas cold event. This pattern to the accumulation rate of Mo (and V) can be interpreted in terms of its deposition from bottom water of the basin, the hydrogenous fraction, under SO42- -reducing conditions, during times of intense bottom-water advection 14.8 ka to 11.1 ka and significantly less intense bottom-water advection 11 ka to the present.
\nThe accumulation rate of Cd shows a pattern that is only slightly different from that of Mo, although its deposition was determined largely by the rain rate of organic matter into the bottom water, a biogenic fraction whose deposition was driven by upwelling of nutrient-enriched water into the photic zone. Its accumulation exhibits only moderately high rates, on average, during both melt-water pulses. Its highest rate, and that of upwelling, occurred during the Younger Dryas, and again following melt-water pulse IB. The marine fractions of Cu, Ni, and Zn also have a strong biogenic signal. The siliciclastic terrigenous debris, however, represents the dominant source, and host, of Cu, Ni, and Zn. All four trace elements have a consid-erably weaker hydrogenous signal than biogenic signal.
\nAccumulation rates of the terrigenous fraction, as reflected by accumulation rates of Th and Ga, show strong maxima at 16.2 and 12.7 ka and minima at 14.1 and 11.1 ka. Co, Li, REE, and Y have a similar distribution. The minima occurred during melt-water pulses IA and IB, the maxima during the Younger Dryas and the rise in sea level following the last glacial maximum.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1670","usgsCitation":"Piper, D.Z., and Dean, W.E., 2002, Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1670, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1670.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":86307,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/pdf/pp1670.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":4304,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Cariaco Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.0,10.0 ], [ -66.0,11.0 ], [ -64.0,11.0 ], [ -64.0,10.0 ], [ -66.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50540,"text":"ofr2002402 - 2002 - Data on surface-water, streambed-interstitial water, and bed-sediment quality for selected locations in the small arms impact area of central Fort Gordon, Georgia, September 4-6, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T19:46:48.256192","indexId":"ofr2002402","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-402","title":"Data on surface-water, streambed-interstitial water, and bed-sediment quality for selected locations in the small arms impact area of central Fort Gordon, Georgia, September 4-6, 2001","docAbstract":"In September 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office of the U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon (U.S. Department of the Army), conducted a chemical assessment of surface water, streambed-interstitial water, and bed sediments within the small arms impact area of Fort Gordon Military Installation. The study was conducted in support of the development of an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) for Fort Gordon, Georgia. An effective INRMP ensures that natural resources conservation measures and U.S. Army activities on the military base are integrated and consistent with Federal requirements to manage military installations on an ecosystem basis. \r\n\r\nFiltered water samples were collected from five sites along South Prong Creek and three sites along Marcum Branch Creek for chemical analyses of major ions, nutrients, and selected trace elements. On-site measurements of pH, temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen were made at the eight sites. Filtered water collected showed varying concentrations in both surface- and streambed-interstitial water. Bed-sediment samples collected from South Prong Creek contain elevated levels of arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and total organic carbon relative to previous concentrations (McConnell and others, 2000). Bed-sediment samples collected from Marcum Branch Creek contain elevated levels of beryllium, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, selenium, and total organic carbon relative to previous concentrations (McConnell and others, 2000).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2002402","usgsCitation":"Priest, S., Stamey, T.C., and Lawrence, S.J., 2002, Data on surface-water, streambed-interstitial water, and bed-sediment quality for selected locations in the small arms impact area of central Fort Gordon, Georgia, September 4-6, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-402, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002402.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","temporalStart":"2001-09-04","temporalEnd":"2001-09-06","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175729,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4352,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02-402/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":414568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53954.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Fort Gordon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.2319,\n 33.4161\n ],\n [\n -82.2319,\n 33.3606\n ],\n [\n -82.1472,\n 33.3606\n ],\n [\n -82.1472,\n 33.4161\n ],\n [\n -82.2319,\n 33.4161\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Priest, Sheryln","contributorId":70468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"Sheryln","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stamey, Timothy C. tcstamey@usgs.gov","contributorId":4770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamey","given":"Timothy","email":"tcstamey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, Stephen J. slawrenc@usgs.gov","contributorId":1885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Stephen","email":"slawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50582,"text":"ofr02488 - 2002 - Water quality and aquatic toxicity data of 2002 spring thaw conditions in the upper Animas River watershed, Silverton, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-05T11:13:10","indexId":"ofr02488","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-488","title":"Water quality and aquatic toxicity data of 2002 spring thaw conditions in the upper Animas River watershed, Silverton, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents hydrologic, water-quality, and biologic toxicity data collected during the annual spring thaw of 2002 in the upper Animas River watershed near Silverton, Colorado. The spring-thaw runoff is a concern because elevated concentrations of iron oxyhydroxides can contain sorbed trace metals that are potentially toxic to aquatic life. Water chemistry of streams draining the San Juan Mountains is affected by natural acid drainage and weathering of hydrothermal altered volcanic rocks and by more than a century of mining activities. The timing of the spring-thaw sampling effort was determined by reviewing historical climate and stream-flow hydrographs and current weather conditions. Twenty-one water-quality samples were collected between 11:00 AM March 27, 2002 and 6:00 PM March 30, 2002 to characterize water chemistry at the A-72 gage on the upper Animas River below Silverton. Analyses of unfiltered water at the A-72 gage showed a relation between turbidity and total-recoverable iron concentrations, and showed diurnal patterns. Copper and lead concentrations were related to iron concentrations, indicating that these elements are probably sorbed to colloidal iron material. Calcium, strontium, and sulfate concentrations showed overall decreasing trends due to dilution, but the loads of those constituents increased over the sampling period. Nine water-quality samples were collected near the confluence of Mineral Creek with the Animas River, the confluence of Cement Creek with the Animas River, and on the upper Animas River above the confluence with Cement Creek (three samples at each site). A total of six bulk water-toxicity samples were collected before, during, and after the spring thaw from the Animas River at the A-72 gage site. Toxicity tests conducted with the bulk water samples on amphipods did not show strong differences in toxicity among the three sampling periods; however, toxicity of river water to fathead minnows showed a decreasing trend during the course of the study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02488","usgsCitation":"Fey, D., Wirt, L., Besser, J., and Wright, W.G., 2002, Water quality and aquatic toxicity data of 2002 spring thaw conditions in the upper Animas River watershed, Silverton, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-488, ii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02488.","productDescription":"ii, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4387,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-488","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Silverton","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.468017578125,\n 37.06394430056685\n ],\n [\n -108.468017578125,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -107.105712890625,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -107.105712890625,\n 37.06394430056685\n ],\n [\n -108.468017578125,\n 37.06394430056685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9bb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wirt, L.","contributorId":80342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Besser, J.M.","contributorId":91569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, W. G.","contributorId":19582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44950,"text":"wri024137 - 2002 - Streamflow, water quality, and contaminant loads in the lower Charles River Watershed, Massachusetts, 1999-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri024137","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4137","title":"Streamflow, water quality, and contaminant loads in the lower Charles River Watershed, Massachusetts, 1999-2000","docAbstract":"Streamflow data and dry-weather and stormwater water-quality samples were collected from the main stem of the Charles River upstream of the lower Charles River (or the Basin) and from four partially culverted urban streams that drain tributary subbasins in the lower Charles River Watershed. Samples were collected between June 1999 and September 2000 and analyzed for a number of potential contaminants including nitrate (plus nitrite), ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, phosphorus, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc; and water-quality properties including specific conductance, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform bacteria, Entero-coccus bacteria, total dissolved solids, and total suspended sediment. These data were used to identify the major pathways and to determine the magnitudes of contaminants loads that contribute to the poor water quality of the lower Charles River. Water-quality and streamflow data, for one small urban stream and two storm drains that drain subbasins with uniform (greater than 73 percent) land use (including single-family residential, multifamily residential, and commercial), also were collected. These data were used to elucidate relations among streamflow, water quality, and subbasin characteristics.\r\n\r\n\r\nStreamflow in the lower Charles River Watershed can be characterized as being unsettled and flashy. These characteristics result from the impervious character of the land and the complex infrastructure of pipes, pumps, diversionary canals, and detention ponds throughout the watershed. The water quality of the lower Charles River can be considered good?meeting water-quality standards and guidelines?during dry weather. After rainstorms, however, the water quality of the river becomes impaired, as in other urban areas. The poor quality of stormwater and its large quantity, delivered over short periods (hours and days), together with illicit sanitary cross connections, and combined sewer overflows, results in large contaminant loads that appear to exceed the river?s assimilative capacity.\r\n\r\n\r\nAnnual contaminant loads from stormwater discharges directly to the lower Charles River are large, but most dry-weather and stormwater contaminant loads measured in this study originate from upstream of the Watertown Dam and are delivered to the lower Charles River in mainstem flows. An exception is fecal coliform bacteria. Stony Brook, a large tributary influenced by combined sewer overflow, contributed almost half of the annual fecal coliform load to the lower Charles River for Water Year 2000. Much of this fecal coliform bacteria load is discharged from Stony Brook to the lower Charles River during rain-storms. Estimated stormwater loads for future conditions suggest that sewer separation in the Stony Brook Subbasin might reduce loads of constituents associated with sewage but increase loads of constituents associated with street runoff.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe unique environment offered by the lower Charles River must be considered when the environmental implications of large contaminant loads are interpreted. In particular, the lower Charles River has low hydraulic gradients, a lack of tidal flushing, a lack of natural uncontaminated sediment from erosion of upstream uncontaminated soils, and an anoxic, sulfide-rich bottom layer that forms a non-tidal salt wedge in the downstream part of the lower Charles River. Individually and in combination, these characteristics may increase the likelihood of adverse effects of some contaminants on the water, biota, and sediment of the lower Charles River.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024137","usgsCitation":"Breault, R., Sorenson, J.R., and Weiskel, P.K., 2002, Streamflow, water quality, and contaminant loads in the lower Charles River Watershed, Massachusetts, 1999-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4137, vi, 131 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024137.","productDescription":"vi, 131 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3824,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024137/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breault, Robert F. 0000-0002-2517-407X rbreault@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-407X","contributorId":2219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"Robert F.","email":"rbreault@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorenson, Jason R. 0000-0001-5553-8594 jsorenso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-8594","contributorId":3468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Jason","email":"jsorenso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiskel, Peter K. pweiskel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiskel","given":"Peter","email":"pweiskel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39945,"text":"wri024175 - 2002 - Effects of urbanization and long-term rainfall on the occurrence of organic compounds and trace elements in reservoir sediment cores, streambed sediment, and fish tissue from the Santa Ana River basin, California, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"wri024175","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4175","title":"Effects of urbanization and long-term rainfall on the occurrence of organic compounds and trace elements in reservoir sediment cores, streambed sediment, and fish tissue from the Santa Ana River basin, California, 1998","docAbstract":"Organcochlorine compounds, semivolatile-organic compounds (SVOC), and trace elements were analyzed in reservoir sediment cores, streambed sediment, and fish tissue in the Santa Ana River Basin as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Three reservoirs were sampled in areas that have different degrees of urbanization. Streambed sediment and fish tissue collected at 12 sites were divided into two groups, urban and nonurban. More organochlorine compounds were detected in reservoir sediment cores, streambed sediment and fish tissue, and at higher concentrations at urban sites than at nonurban sites. At all sites, except West Street Basin, concentrations of organochlorine compounds were lower than the probable-effect concentration (PEC). At the highly urbanized West Street Basin, chlordane and p,p'-DDE exceeded the PEC throughout the historical record. The less stringent threshold-effect concentration (TEC) was exceeded for six compounds at eight sites. Most of the organochlorine compounds detected in streambed sediment and fish tissue were at urban sites on the Santa Ana River as opposed to its tributaries, suggesting accumulation and persistence in the river.\r\n\r\n\r\nMore SVOCs were detected in reservoir sediment cores and streambed sediment, and at higher concentrations, at urban sites than at nonurban sites. At all the sites, except West Street Basin, concentrations of SVOCs were lower than the PEC. At West Street Basin, chrysene, pyrene, and total polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons exceeded the PEC throughout the historical record. The TEC was exceeded for 10 compounds at 3 sites. Most of the SVOCs were detected in streambed sediment at urban sites on tributaries to the Santa Ana River rather than the mainstem itself. The less frequent occurrence and lower concentrations in the Santa Ana River suggest that SVOCs are less persistent than organochlorine compounds, possibly as a result of volatization, gradation, or dilution.\r\n\r\n\r\nMost trace-element detections in reservoir sediment cores and streambed sediment were at urban sites, and the concentrations were generally higher than at nonurban sites. Lead and zinc exceeded their PECs at West Street Basin throughout the historical record; copper exceeded its PEC at Canyon Lake, an area of urban growth. The TEC was exceeded for 10 compounds at 11 sites. Frequency of detection and concentration did not differ between tributary and Santa Ana River sites, which may be attributed to the fact that trace elements occur naturally. Four trace elements (arsenic, copper, mercury, and selenium) had higher concentrations in fish tissue at nonurban sites than at urban sites.\r\n\r\n\r\nConcentrations decreased over time for organochlorine compounds at all three reservoirs, probably a result of the discontinued use of many of the compounds. Decreasing trends in SVOCs and trace elements were observed at West Street Basin, but increasing trends were observed at Canyon Lake. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds, SVOCs, and trace elements were higher during periods of above average rainfall at both West Street Basin and Canyon Lake.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024175","usgsCitation":"Burton, C., 2002, Effects of urbanization and long-term rainfall on the occurrence of organic compounds and trace elements in reservoir sediment cores, streambed sediment, and fish tissue from the Santa Ana River basin, California, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4175, vii, 73 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024175.","productDescription":"vii, 73 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3643,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024175","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":165139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f7ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":41793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21710,"text":"ofr9696 - 1996 - Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States","indexId":"ofr9696","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Data Base for a National Mineral-Resource Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the Conterminous United States","title":"Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":30775,"text":"cir1178 - 2000 - 1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States","indexId":"cir1178","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-09T18:23:00.116454","indexId":"ofr2002198","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-198","displayTitle":"Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) Recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","docAbstract":"This publication contains the results of a national mineral resource assessment study. The study (1) identifies regional tracts of ground believed to contain most of the nation's undiscovered resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in conventional types of deposits; and (2) includes probabilistic estimates of the amounts of these undiscovered resources in most of the tracts. It also contains a table of the significant known deposits in the tracts, and includes descriptions of the mineral deposit models used for the assessment. \r\n\r\nThe assessment was previously released in two major publications. The conterminous United States assessment was published in 1996 as USGS Open-File Report 96-96. Subsequently, the Alaska assessment was combined with the conterminous assessment in 1998 and released as USGS Circular 1178. \r\n\r\nThis new recompilation was undertaken for several reasons. First, the graphical browser software used in Circular 1178 was ONLY compatible with the Microsoft Windows operating system. It was incompatible with the Macintosh operating system, Linux, and other types of Unix computers. Second, the browser on Circular 1178 is much less intuitive to operate, requiring most users to follow a tutorial to understand how to navigate the information on the CD. Third, this release corrects several errors and numbering inconsistencies in Circular 1178.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2002198","usgsCitation":"The U.S. Geological Survey National Mineral Resource Assessment Team, 2002, Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178 (Supersedes OFR 96-96 & CIR 1178): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-198, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002198.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402013,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4046","title":"Water-quality and physical characteristics of streams in the Treyburn development area of Falls Lake watershed, North Carolina, 1994–98","docAbstract":"Treyburn is a 5,400-acre planned, mixed-use development in the upper Neuse River Basin of North Carolina. The development, which began in 1986, is located in the Falls Lake watershed near three water-supply reservoirs-Lake Michie to the north, Falls Lake to the southeast, and Little River Reservoir to the west. A study began in 1988 to determine the water-quality characteristics of surface waters in and around the Treyburn development area.
Data to characterize water quality at five different sites were collected from July 1994 through September 1998. Data from a previous study are available for some sites for the period 1988–93. The sites were selected to characterize water quality and quantity in and near the Treyburn development and included an undeveloped basin, a relatively small basin containing single-family residences and a golf course, a basin downstream from the western part of the development with some industrial land use, and two basins unaffected by the development where agricultural land is being converted to urban and forested land use.
Suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from less than 1 to 581 milligrams per liter and were fairly uniform among the five sites. Median suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from 12 to 21 milligrams per liter. Few concentrations of metals and trace elements, except aluminum, iron, and manganese, exceeded the laboratory reporting levels or water-quality criteria. At one site, concentrations of silver exceeded both the action level and the reporting level; copper was detected at each site and exceeded the action level of 7 micrograms per liter at one site.
The lowest range and median concentrations of total organic nitrogen, nitrate, ammonia, total phosphorus, and orthophosphorus occurred in the relatively undisturbed, forested site. The maximum concentration of organic nitrogen (1.97 milligrams per liter) occurred at one of the sites unaffected by the Treyburn development where agricultural land is being converted to urban land use. At all sites, ammonia concentrations ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.36 milligram per liter, and median concentrations were near the reporting level. Nitrate concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 to 0.80 milligram per liter.
Phosphorus concentrations at all of the Treyburn study sites were low compared to phosphorus concentrations that typically exceed 0.1 milligram per liter at sites sampled nationally for the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program, including the Albemarle-Pamlico study area in North Carolina. Total phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.87 milligram per liter, and orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.76 milligram per liter as phosphorus. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus and orthophosphorus occurred at the Treyburn residential and golf-course site, likely as a result of the fertilizer applications associated with these two types of land use.
Of the 119 different pesticides tested, 11 were detected in concentrations that exceeded the laboratory reporting levels, though in very low concentrations. Water samples from the residential and golf-course site contained the greatest number of pesticides (10). Five of six samples collected at this site had detectable concentrations of simazine, atrazine, and pendimethalin-all herbicides used to control weeds in crops or turf.
Channel geometry was assessed at eight sites in the study area in February 1997. These sites were separated into three groups based on mean bank angle and mean channel width-to-depth ratios. Channel gradient ranged from 0.04 to 1.63 percent, and mean cross sectional area ranged from 31 to 1,227 square feet.
Three macroinvertebrate samples were collected from each of 10 sites. These three samples were from areas designated as richest targeted habitats, depositional targeted habitats, and qualitative multitargeted habitats. Over 230 taxa were identified fromthese 10 sites. The North Carolina Biotic Indices ranged from 4.98 (excellent) to 6.82 (fair). River sites tended to have higher total taxa richness (91-108) than did the small, intermittent streams (49–84) or the midsize Mountain Creek (85). Intermittent streams represent fairly hostile environments for most aquatic organisms. Samples from richest targeted habitats typically were more than twice as rich as samples from depositional targeted habitats and represented from 50 to 75 percent of the taxa found at each site (mean of 62 percent). The industrial site lacked many of the mayfly taxa that were present at the undeveloped site. Mayflies are very sensitive to metals contamination, and their absence may indicate a possible problem. The supporting chemical information is not available for the industrial site, and additional study would be necessary to substantiate this possibility. The two sites with residential and golf-course land use tended to support more different types of sensitive invertebrates (that is, mayflies, stoneflies, and caddis flies) than did the forested/residential site, though the abundances of these taxa were very similar. Land-use effects were not evident based on a comparison among these sites.
Indirect gradient analysis was used to determine patterns in the distribution of invertebrates and to examine the relations between these patterns and physical and chemical site characteristics determined in this study. This analysis supports the contention that the dominant factors accounting for the distribution of benthic invertebrates are associated with natural factors, such as basin size, rather than land use.
Constituent loads at five study sites were calculated for nutrients, suspended sediment, and total organic carbon. The median annual total nitrogen yield ranged from 0.635 to 1.63 tons per square mile. The median annual phosphorus yield ranged from 0.046 to 0.619 ton per square mile, and the median annual orthophosphate yield ranged from 0.022 to 0.379 ton per square mile. Orthophosphate accounted for more than half of the phosphorus yield at the residential and golf-course site.
The maximum suspended-sediment yield was 422 tons per square mile, and the minimum yield was 32 tons per square mile. The suspended-sediment yield at one of the sites unaffected by the Treyburn development where agricultural was being converted to urban land use was high compared to other forested basins in the Piedmont of North Carolina.
Total organic carbon data sufficient for estimating loads were available at three of the five sites. Of these three sites, the undeveloped site had substantially more organic carbon yield than the other two sites.
The only significant water-quality trend (alpha=0.05) was a downward trend for total nitrogen and organic nitrogen at the undeveloped site. The trend slope was small, only 0.019 milligram per liter as nitrogen or less than 9 percent of the median organic nitrogen concentration. No trend was observed for nitrite plus nitrate or for ammonia, indicating that the downward trend in total nitrogen was due only to organic nitrogen.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024046","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Oblinger, C.J., Cuffney, T.F., Meador, M., and Garrett, R.G., 2002, Water-quality and physical characteristics of streams in the Treyburn development area of Falls Lake watershed, North Carolina, 1994–98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4046, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024046.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51467.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":170207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4046/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3662,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4046/wri20024046.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2002-4046"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Falls Lake watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.9167,\n 36.1889\n ],\n [\n -78.9167,\n 36.0667\n ],\n [\n -78.8167,\n 36.0667\n ],\n [\n -78.8167,\n 36.1889\n ],\n [\n -78.9167,\n 36.1889\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210