The rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 17 elements sharing similar chemical properties. They include yttrium (Y, atomic number 39), scandium (Sc, atomic number 21), and the 15 elements of the lanthanide series, atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum, La) to 71 (lutetium, Lu). Because promethium (Pm, atomic number 61) does not occur in the Earth’s crust and scandium typically has different geological occurrences from other REEs, they are not discussed further herein.
REEs are, on average, more abundant than precious metals (for example, gold, silver, and platinum), but because of their unique geochemical properties, they do not commonly form economically viable ore deposits. Nevertheless, REEs are increasingly required for a range of modern applications in defense and renewable energy technologies and in commercial products, primarily as magnets, batteries, and catalysts. The United States currently (2018) produces REEs from a single mine in California, accounting for just 9 percent of global production, whereas 70 percent of global REE production comes from China. For these reasons, REEs are considered a critical resource, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has an interest in helping to identify new sources of REEs for domestic production.
In 2017, coal use accounted for about 30 percent of the electric power generated in the United States. Fly ash, produced during the burning of coal, is a fine-grained solid derived from noncombustible constituents of coal, such as clay minerals and quartz. When coal is burned, REEs are retained and enriched in the fly ash and, as a result, fly ash has long been considered a potential resource for REEs.
The United States has the world’s largest coal reserves and, even though gas-fired power generation has increased significantly in the last decade, the United States continues to produce vast quantities of fly ash, about half of which is beneficially reused, primarily in construction materials. The remainder is stored, mostly in landfills and impoundments. Thus, annual fly ash production, combined with fly ash already in storage, constitutes a large potential resource.
Research into how to utilize coal and coal fly ash as sources of REEs is ongoing. Viable recovery of REEs from coal and coal ash requires identification of coals and ashes with the highest REE concentrations and development of workable methods for REE extraction and recovery. Understanding how REEs occur within fly ash, described in this fact sheet, is one of the keys to developing possible methods for their recovery.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193048","usgsCitation":"Scott, C., and Kolker, A., 2019, Rare earth elements in coal and coal fly ash: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2019-3048, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193048.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","ipdsId":"IP-098987","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367383,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3048/fs20193048.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Fact Sheet 2019-3048"},{"id":367382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3048/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
956 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
https://energy.usgs.gov/
For millennia grasslands have provided a myriad of ecosystem services and have been coupled with human resource use. The loss of 46% of grasslands worldwide necessitates the need for conservation that is spatially, temporally, and socioeconomically strategic. In the Southern Great Plains of the United States, conversion of native grasslands to cropland, woody encroachment, and establishment of vertical anthropogenic features have made large intact grasslands rare for lesser prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus). However, it remains unclear how the spatial distribution of grasslands and anthropogenic features constrain populations and influence conservation. We estimated the distribution of lesser prairie-chickens using data from individuals marked with GPS transmitters in Kansas and Colorado, USA, and empirically derived relationships with anthropogenic structure densities and grassland composition. Our model suggested decreased probability of use in 2-km radius (12.6 km2) landscapes that had greater than two vertical features, two oil wells, 8 km of county roads, and 0.15 km of major roads or transmission lines. Predicted probability of use was greatest in 5-km radius landscapes that were 77% grassland. Based on our model predictions, ~10% of the current expected lesser prairie-chicken distribution was available as habitat. We used our estimated species distribution to provide spatially explicit prescriptions for CRP enrollment and tree removal in locations most likely to benefit lesser prairie-chickens. Spatially incentivized CRP sign up has the potential to provide 4189 km2 of additional habitat and strategic application of tree removal has the potential to restore 1154 km2. Tree removal and CRP enrollment are conservation tools that can align with landowner goals and are much more likely to be effective on privately owned working lands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108213","usgsCitation":"Sullins, D.S., Haukos, D.A., Lautenbach, J.M., Lautenbach, J., Robinson, S.G., Rice, M.B., Sandercock, B.K., Kraft, J.D., Plumb, R.T., Reitz, J., Hutchinson, J.M., and Hagen, C., 2019, Strategic conservation for lesser prairie-chickens among landscapes of varying anthropogenic influence: Biological Conservation, v. 238, 108213, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108213.","productDescription":"108213, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-105616","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108213","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":429644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.72145468354752,\n 39.86812103477851\n ],\n [\n -103.72145468354752,\n 37.00372049543908\n ],\n [\n -97.7109610420592,\n 37.00372049543908\n ],\n [\n -97.7109610420592,\n 39.86812103477851\n ],\n [\n -103.72145468354752,\n 39.86812103477851\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"238","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullins, Daniel S.","contributorId":166689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullins","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haukos, David A. 0000-0001-5372-9960 dhaukos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-9960","contributorId":3664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haukos","given":"David","email":"dhaukos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lautenbach, Joseph M.","contributorId":172788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lautenbach","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lautenbach, Jonathan","contributorId":272579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lautenbach","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[{"id":48533,"text":"ksu","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robinson, Samantha G.","contributorId":172786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Samantha","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rice, Mindy B.","contributorId":214399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rice","given":"Mindy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sandercock, Brett K.","contributorId":95816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandercock","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kraft, John D.","contributorId":172789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Plumb, Reid T.","contributorId":172787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plumb","given":"Reid","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Reitz, Jonathan H.","contributorId":337597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reitz","given":"Jonathan H.","affiliations":[{"id":40103,"text":"cdpw","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hutchinson, J. M. Shawn","contributorId":337599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. Shawn","affiliations":[{"id":48533,"text":"ksu","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hagen, Christian A.","contributorId":279696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hagen","given":"Christian A.","affiliations":[{"id":25426,"text":"OSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70223799,"text":"70223799 - 2019 - Influence of climate change and postdelisting management on long-term population viability of the conservation-reliant Kirtland's Warbler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T12:39:32.771645","indexId":"70223799","displayToPublicDate":"2019-08-24T07:36:04","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of climate change and postdelisting management on long-term population viability of the conservation-reliant Kirtland's Warbler","docAbstract":"Rapid global climate change is resulting in novel abiotic and biotic conditions and interactions. Identifying management strategies that maximize probability of long-term persistence requires an understanding of the vulnerability of species to environmental changes. We sought to quantify the vulnerability of Kirtland's Warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), a rare Neotropical migratory songbird that breeds almost exclusively in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and winters in the Bahamian Archipelago, to projected environmental changes on the breeding and wintering grounds. We developed a population-level simulation model that incorporates the influence of annual environmental conditions on the breeding and wintering grounds, and parameterized the model using empirical relationships. We simulated independent and additive effects of reduced breeding grounds habitat quantity and quality, and wintering grounds habitat quality, on population viability. Our results indicated the Kirtland's Warbler population is stable under current environmental and management conditions. Reduced breeding grounds habitat quantity resulted in reductions of the stable population size, but did not cause extinction under the scenarios we examined. In contrast, projected large reductions in wintering grounds precipitation caused the population to decline, with risk of extinction magnified when breeding habitat quantity or quality also decreased. Our study indicates that probability of long-term persistence for Kirtland's Warbler will depend on climate change impacts to wintering grounds habitat quality and contributes to the growing literature documenting the importance of considering the full annual cycle for understanding population dynamics of migratory species.
Trucks and aircraft typically transport rare or endangered fishes in large unsealed tanks containing large volumes of water (typically hundreds of liters) during conservation efforts. Ornamental fishes, however, are commonly sent by mail in small sealed plastic bags filled with oxygen, minimal water, and a small amount of sedative to reduce weight and overall shipping costs. Our goal was to evaluate if these \"minimal water\" methods used for shipping ornamental fishes could also be used to safely transport endangered Humpback Chub, Gila cypha, into remote locations within Grand Canyon on foot to eliminate helicopter transportation costs associated with conservation actions. In the laboratory, 20 (mean, M = 193.9 g of fish/L, SD = 37.8) juvenile Bonytail, Gila elegans, or Humpback Chub were placed in plastic bags containing 1 liter of water and pure oxygen for 4, 8, and 12 hours. Treatments contained either no sedative or one of three sedatives: AquaCalm (metomidate hydrochloride), Tricaine-S (tricaine methanesulfonate or MS-222), or Aqui-S 20E (eugenol) to evaluate the effectiveness of minimal water methods for use in fish transport. Aqui-S 20E and the control without sedatives exhibited the highest survival (logistic regression, Aqui-S 20E, P = 0.994, 95% CI [0.978, 0.998]; Control, P = 0.995, 95% CI [0.981, 0.998]), followed by Tricaine-S (P = 0.933, 95% CI [0.902, 0.955]), and AquaCalm (P = 0.355, 95% CI [0.307, 0.406]). We also conducted a field trial in which we placed 240 juvenile Humpback Chub in shipping bags (n = 20 fish/bag/1L of water; M = 143.2 g of fish/L, SD= 9.72) with no sedative or 10.0 mg/L of Aqui-S 20E and transported them by vehicle and on foot. No fish perished during transport, indicating these minimal water methods can be used to safely, and at little expense, transport endangered Humpback Chub into remote locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/032019-JFWM-016","usgsCitation":"Tennant, L.A., Vaage, B., and Ward, D.L., 2019, An evaluation of sedatives for use in transport of juvenile endangered fishes in plastic bags: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 10, no. 2, p. 532-543, https://doi.org/10.3996/032019-JFWM-016.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"532","endPage":"543","ipdsId":"IP-077791","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/032019-jfwm-016","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":367196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tennant, Laura A. 0000-0003-0062-7287 ltennant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0062-7287","contributorId":5984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tennant","given":"Laura","email":"ltennant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaage, Ben M. 0000-0003-1730-4302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1730-4302","contributorId":218746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaage","given":"Ben M.","affiliations":[{"id":39898,"text":"Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 3106 Rampart Rd., Ft. Collins, CO 80523","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, David L. 0000-0002-3355-0637 dlward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-0637","contributorId":3879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dlward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70204921,"text":"70204921 - 2019 - The Yellow-billed Loon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T11:27:56","indexId":"70204921","displayToPublicDate":"2019-08-21T11:21:13","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":161,"text":"Birds of North America","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"title":"The Yellow-billed Loon","docAbstract":"The Yellow-billed Loon, known in Europe as the White-billed Diver, is a relatively rare bird nesting in arctic tundra regions of North America and Eurasia. This species was first described by G. R. Gray in 1859 (1), and named (Gavia adamsii) after the surgeon Dr. Edward Adams (who collected the first specimen) aboard the H.M.S. Enterprise on a voyage through Bering Strait. The Yellow-billed Loon is closely related and similar in appearance to the Common Loon (G. immer), but distinguished from the latter by bill shape and color. Further, the Yellow-billed Loon breeds generally north of the range of its more widespread relative, although the 2 species overlap on marine wintering grounds in the Pacific Northwest. Increasingly, however, vagrant Yellow-billed Loons have been recorded wintering well inland in North America, a phenomenon that likely stems in part from improved information on field identification of loons in Basic plumage.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology","doi":"10.2173/bna.yebloo.02","usgsCitation":"Uher-Koch, B.D., North, M., and Schmutz, J.A., 2019, The Yellow-billed Loon: Birds of North America, https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.yebloo.02.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098575","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":366836,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.yebloo.02"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uher-Koch, Brian D. 0000-0002-1885-0260 buher-koch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-0260","contributorId":5117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uher-Koch","given":"Brian","email":"buher-koch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"North, Mike","contributorId":218334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"North","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33419,"text":"USFWS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":769033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70204792,"text":"sim3412C - 2019 - Airborne radiometric maps of Mountain Pass, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70204792,"text":"sim3412C - 2019 - Airborne radiometric maps of Mountain Pass, California","indexId":"sim3412C","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Airborne Radiometric Maps of Mountain Pass, California","title":"Airborne radiometric maps of Mountain Pass, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70199511,"text":"sim3412 - 2018 - Geophysical and geologic maps of Mountain Pass and vicinity, California and Nevada","indexId":"sim3412","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical and geologic maps of Mountain Pass and vicinity, California and Nevada"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70199511,"text":"sim3412 - 2018 - Geophysical and geologic maps of Mountain Pass and vicinity, California and Nevada","indexId":"sim3412","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical and geologic maps of Mountain Pass and vicinity, California and Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T14:18:17","indexId":"sim3412C","displayToPublicDate":"2019-08-20T11:01:45","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3412","chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Airborne Radiometric Maps of Mountain Pass, California","title":"Airborne radiometric maps of Mountain Pass, California","docAbstract":"Geophysical investigations of Mountain Pass and vicinity were begun as part of an effort to study regional crustal structures as an aid to understanding the geologic framework and mineral resources of the eastern Mojave Desert. The study area encompasses Mountain Pass, host to one of the world’s largest rare earth element carbonatite deposits. The deposit is found along a north-northwest-trending, fault-bounded block that extends along the eastern parts of the Clark Mountain Range, Mescal Range, and Ivanpah Mountains. This Paleoproterozoic block is composed of a 1.7-Ga metamorphic complex of gneiss and schist that underwent widespread metamorphism and associated plutonism during the Ivanpah orogeny. The Paleoproterozoic rocks were intruded by a Mesoproterozoic (1.4 Ga) ultrapotassic alkaline intrusive suite and carbonatite body. The intrusive rocks include, from oldest to youngest, shonkinite, mesosyenite, syenite, quartz syenite, potassic granite, carbonatite, carbonatite dikes, and late shonkinite dikes.
The diverse physical properties of rocks that underlie the study area are well suited to geophysical investigations. Contrasts in radiogenic signatures between Paleoproterozoic crystalline basement, rocks of the Mesoproterozoic carbonatite body and the associated alkaline intrusive suite, Paleozoic carbonate rocks, Mesozoic granitoids, Tertiary volcanic rocks, and unconsolidated alluvium, for example, produce a distinctive pattern of radiometric anomalies that can aid in understanding the geologic framework and mineral resource potential of the eastern Mojave Desert.
A high-resolution radiometric survey of Mountain Pass was flown by helicopter over parts of the Clark Mountain Range, Mescal Range, and Ivanpah Mountains. Aeroradiometric surveys measure the intensity and energy spectrum of gamma-ray radiation from the three most common naturally occurring radioelements: potassium (40K), thorium (232Th), and uranium (238U). For 232Th and 238U, the source of the gamma-rays comes from their thallium (208Tl) and bismuth (214Bi) decay products, respectively, and, thus, concentrations for Th and U are referred to as “equivalent concentration,” assuming radioactive equilibrium. The concentrations of these radioelements can be used together to estimate changes in geochemistry and lithology.
Carbonatite deposits typically have distinctive geophysical signatures because they are relatively dense, magnetic, and radiogenic. Specifically, the carbonatite and alkaline intrusive suite at Mountain Pass is ultrapotassic and contains relatively significant amounts of K, Th, and U, which can be delineated using airborne radiometric surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3412C","usgsCitation":"Ponce, D.A., and Denton, K.M. (D.A. 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Although nest usurpation is common in some species and orders of birds, usurpation has rarely been reported for Sterninae. We observed a Sterna hirundo (Common Tern) egg in an active Sternula antillarum(Least Tern) nest with a complete clutch in a mixed-species Sterninae colony in Chesapeake Bay, MD, in May 2018. Based on observations from a game camera following usurpation, Common Terns incubated the mixed-species clutch, with no further parental care provided by the usurped Least Tern. The clutch never hatched, as the Common Terns abandoned the nest prior to the hatching. While we suspect that Common Terns usurped the Least Tern nest, alternative scenarios may explain how the Common Tern egg was documented in a Least Tern nest.
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2019 - Confronting models with data: The challenges of estimating disease spillover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-06T10:33:08","indexId":"70205208","displayToPublicDate":"2019-08-12T10:29:44","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3048,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Confronting models with data: The challenges of estimating disease spillover","docAbstract":"For pathogens known to transmit across host species, strategic investment in disease control requires knowledge about where and when spillover transmission is likely. One approach to estimating spillover is to directly correlate observed spillover events with covariates. An alternative is to mechanistically combine information on host density, distribution, and pathogen prevalence to predict where and when spillover events are expected to occur. We use several case studies at the wildlife-livestock disease interface to highlight the challenges, and potential solutions, to estimating spatio-temporal variation in spillover risk. Datasets on multiple host species often do not align in space, time or resolution, and may have no estimates of observation error. Linking these datasets requires they be related to a common spatial and temporal resolution and appropriately propagating errors in predictions can be difficult. Hierarchical models are one potential solution, but for fine-resolution predictions at broad spatial scales many models become computationally challenging. Despite these limitations, the confrontation of mechanistic predictions with observed events is an important avenue for developing a better understanding of pathogen spillover. Systems where data have been collected at all levels in the spillover process are rare, or non-existent, and require investment and sustained effort across disciplines.","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2018.0435","usgsCitation":"Cross, P.C., Prosser, D., Ramey, A.M., Hanks, E.M., and Pepin, K., 2019, Confronting models with data: The challenges of estimating disease spillover: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 374, no. 1782, 20180435, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0435.","productDescription":"20180435","ipdsId":"IP-103613","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6711303","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":367254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"374","issue":"1782","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prosser, Diann 0000-0002-5251-1799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-1799","contributorId":217931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prosser","given":"Diann","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramey, Andrew M. 0000-0002-3601-8400 aramey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3601-8400","contributorId":1872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramey","given":"Andrew","email":"aramey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanks, Ephraim M. 0000-0003-0345-7164","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0345-7164","contributorId":210840,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanks","given":"Ephraim","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36985,"text":"Penn State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pepin, Kim M. 0000-0002-9931-8312","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-8312","contributorId":187441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pepin","given":"Kim M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207144,"text":"70207144 - 2019 - Evidence of limited recruitment of Pallid Sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T12:42:09","indexId":"70207144","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-31T12:41:27","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of limited recruitment of Pallid Sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River","docAbstract":"Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus are endemic to the Missouri and Mississippi river basins and are rare throughout their range. The species was listed as federally endangered with little to no evidence of natural recruitment. Since population augmentation was initiated as a recovery objective in the early 1990s, thousands of hatchery-origin Pallid Sturgeon have been stocked in the lower Missouri River (Gavins Point Dam [river kilometer 1,305.1] to the confluence of the Mississippi River [river kilometer 0.0]). Efforts to discriminate natural reproduction and recruitment of wild-origin Pallid Sturgeon from hatchery-origin fish has been hampered by tag loss in hatchery-origin sturgeon, inconsistent documentation of hatchery parental crosses, and the failure to collect tissue samples for genotyping all broodstock. However, the recent reconstruction of missing parental genotypes from known hatchery-origin progeny and from cryopreserved milt made it possible to examine Pallid Sturgeon recruitment. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) determine the likelihood that unmarked Pallid Sturgeon captured from the lower Missouri River were the result of natural recruitment and 2) examine the length distribution of wild- and hatchery-origin fish to determine if a difference exists by origin and examine the life-stage distribution. Genetic analysis showed that from 2003 to 2015, 358 “presumptive wild-origin” Pallid Sturgeon were captured in the lower Missouri River and the comparison between the length distributions of wild- and hatchery-origin fish did not provide any additional clarification into potential wild-origin fish. Low recruitment may be due to a small breeding population, high mortality of early life stages, hybridization with Shovelnose Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, or transport of drifting free embryos or larvae into inhospitable habitats. Determining what factors are limiting recruitment is the important next step for the recovery of Pallid Sturgeon in the lower Missouri River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/022018-JFWM-013","usgsCitation":"Steffensen, K.D., Chojnacki, K., Kalie, J.A., Bartron, M.L., Heist, E.J., Winders, K.R., Loecker, N.C., Doyle, W.J., and Welker, T.L., 2019, Evidence of limited recruitment of Pallid Sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 10, no. 2, p. 336-34, https://doi.org/10.3996/022018-JFWM-013.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"336","endPage":"34","ipdsId":"IP-088692","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/022018-jfwm-013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.26074218749999,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -102.26074218749999,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -102.26074218749999,\n 37.71859032558816\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steffensen, Kirk D.","contributorId":196924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steffensen","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chojnacki, Kimberly 0000-0001-6091-3977 kchojnacki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6091-3977","contributorId":221080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chojnacki","given":"Kimberly","email":"kchojnacki@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalie, Jeffery A.","contributorId":221081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalie","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":40316,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center Conservation Genetics Lab","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":776953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartron, Meredith L.","contributorId":149109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartron","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":26874,"text":"USFWS, Lamar, PA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":776954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heist, Edward J.","contributorId":221082,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heist","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40317,"text":"Southern Illinois University, Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":776955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Winders, Kyle R.","contributorId":221083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winders","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":16971,"text":"Missouri Department of Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":776956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Loecker, Nathan C.","contributorId":221084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loecker","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37104,"text":"South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":776957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Doyle, Wyatt J.","contributorId":221085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doyle","given":"Wyatt","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40318,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":776958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Welker, Timothy L.","contributorId":140976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Welker","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":776959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70203598,"text":"pp1842A - 2019 - The effects of management practices on grassland birds — An introduction to North American grasslands and the practices used to manage grasslands and grassland birds","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70203598,"text":"pp1842A - 2019 - The effects of management practices on grassland birds — An introduction to North American grasslands and the practices used to manage grasslands and grassland birds","indexId":"pp1842A","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","displayTitle":"The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—An Introduction to North American Grasslands and the Practices Used to Manage Grasslands and Grassland Birds","title":"The effects of management practices on grassland birds — An introduction to North American grasslands and the practices used to manage grasslands and grassland birds"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70203022,"text":"pp1842 - 2019 - The effects of management practices on grassland birds","indexId":"pp1842","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"title":"The effects of management practices on grassland birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70203022,"text":"pp1842 - 2019 - The effects of management practices on grassland birds","indexId":"pp1842","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"title":"The effects of management practices on grassland birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T21:00:48.691686","indexId":"pp1842A","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-26T15:03:05","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1842","chapter":"A","displayTitle":"The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—An Introduction to North American Grasslands and the Practices Used to Manage Grasslands and Grassland Birds","title":"The effects of management practices on grassland birds — An introduction to North American grasslands and the practices used to manage grasslands and grassland birds","docAbstract":"The Great Plains of North America is defined as the land mass that encompasses the entire central portion of the North American continent that, at the time of European settlement, was an unbroken expanse of primarily herbaceous vegetation. The Great Plains extend from central Saskatchewan and Alberta to central Mexico and from Indiana to the Rocky Mountains. The expanses of herbaceous vegetation are often referred to as native prairie or native grasslands. Native grasslands share the characteristics of a general uniformity in vegetation structure, dominance by grasses and forbs, a near absence of trees and shrubs, annual precipitation ranging from 25 to 100 centimeters, extreme intra-annual fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, and a flat to rolling topography over which fires can spread. To the west of the Great Plains lie the sagebrush communities of the Great Basin, which extend from British Columbia and Saskatchewan to northern Arizona and New Mexico and from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges to western South Dakota. Sagebrush communities share similar characteristics to native grasslands, but their location east of the Rocky Mountains creates a more moderating influence from prevailing westerly winds that affect timing of peak precipitation and growth form of dominant vegetation. Native grasslands and sagebrush communities harbor a diverse array of grassland, wetland, and woodland plant and animal communities that are uniquely adapted to the natural forces of the Great Plains and Great Basin, namely the interactive forces of climate, fire, and grazing. The arrival of European settlers to North America brought profound change to native grassland and sagebrush communities, including the establishment of permanent towns and cities, the proliferation of cropland-based agricultural systems, and the suppression of wildfires. The near extirpation of bison by the 1860s paved the way for dramatic changes in the dominant grazers and a shift in the disturbance patterns that historically influenced vegetation structure. The greatest threat to native grasslands and sagebrush communities in modern times is their loss due to conversion to rowcrop agriculture and to urbanization. Concomitant with habitat loss is a precipitous decline in populations of bird species that evolved with, and are uniquely adapted to, the native grassland and sagebrush habitats. Avian population trends are linked strongly to agricultural land use. Besides outright loss of suitable breeding habitat, agricultural practices affect birds through factors such as pesticide exposure, habitat fragmentation, shifts in predator community composition, and occurrence of brood parasites. Bird populations face other stressors, such as loss of habitat to and behavioral avoidance of urbanized areas, roads, and infrastructure associated with energy production.
Despite the many anthropogenic changes to North American grassland and sagebrush communities, some bird species are adaptable and opportunistic in their habitat selection and now utilize one or more human-created habitats. Human-created habitats include pastures, hayfields, agricultural terraces, crop buffer strips, field borders, grassed waterways, fencerows, road rights-of-way, airports, reclaimed coal mines, and planted wildlife cover. Fields of seeded grasslands enrolled in Federal long-term set-aside programs, such as the Conservation Reserve Program in the United States and the Permanent Cover Program in Canada, provide important nesting habitat for grassland bird species. The array of habitats used by birds makes habitat and avian management a complex undertaking, and the scale (for example, local, regional, international) at which management actions can be implemented are such that a universal approach to managing grasslands for the conservation of the entire suite of bird species does not exist. Experienced land managers recognize that it is impossible to manage for all bird species simultaneously, and thus, prioritization is necessary towards those habitats or bird species that the manager or management agency ranks highest for a specific region or management unit. The primary tools available for management are burning, grazing, mowing, herbicide application, and idling, but before choosing a particular practice, a manager will want to consider issues of seasonality, intensity, and frequency.
Despite the thousands of studies that are cited in this compendium, much remains unknown about the effects of management practices on bird species. The series of species accounts in this compendium review the current state of knowledge regarding management of grassland and sagebrush bird species and summarize information on the effects of management practices on individual species. The accounts do not give definitive statements on the effects of management practices for any particular species, primarily because there are very few replicated studies in which identical management practices have been applied in the same geographical area with consistent results, which are elements necessary to provide concrete recommendations for the management of a particular species in a particular area. Documentation of the effects of management treatments on individual species through statistically sound methods that incorporate multiple years and locations will further scientists’ and land managers’ knowledge far more than 1–2-year studies that are limited in scope as well as time, but studies of that scope and breadth are rare.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The effects of management practices on grassland birds (Professional Paper 1842)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1842A","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., 2019, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—An introduction to North American grasslands and the practices used to manage grasslands and grassland birds (ver. 1.1, March 2022), chap. A of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842A.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097670","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397809,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/a/versionhist.txt","size":"1 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":365495,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/a/pp1842a.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1842 Chapter A"},{"id":365494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/a/coverthb2.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: July 26, 2019; Version 1.1: March 31, 2022","contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Demographic models provide insight into which vital rates and life stages contribute most to population growth. Integral projection models (IPMs) offer flexibility in matching model structure to a species’ demography. For many rare species, data are lacking for key vital rates, and uncertainty might dissuade researchers from attempting to build a demographic model. We present work that highlights how the implications of uncertainties and unknowns can be explored by building and analyzing alternative models. We constructed IPMs for the threatened giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) based on published studies to determine where management efforts could be targeted to have the greatest effect on population persistence and what unknowns remain for future research. Given uncertainty in the survival of snakes during their first year, and in the form of the size‐survival relationship, we modeled a range of scenarios and evaluated where models agree about factors influencing population growth and where discrepancies exist. For most scenarios, the survival of large adult females had the greatest influence on population growth, but the relative importance of juvenile versus adult somatic growth for population growth was dependent on the recruitment probability and the shape of the size‐survival function. More data on temporal variation and covariance among vital rates would improve stochastic models for the giant gartersnake. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of IPMs for studying the demography of reptiles and the value of the model‐building process for formalizing what is known and unknown about the demography of rare species. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.21728","usgsCitation":"Rose, J.P., Ersan, J., Wylie, G., Casazza, M.L., and Halstead, B., 2019, Demographic factors affecting population growth in giant gartersnakes: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 83, no. 7, p. 1540-1551, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21728.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1540","endPage":"1551","ipdsId":"IP-101812","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IBSR18","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Code and Data Files to Construct an Integral Projection Model for Giant Gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) in the Sacramento Valley, California, 1995-2017"},{"id":366444,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 38.0091482264894\n ],\n [\n -121.20666503906249,\n 38.0091482264894\n ],\n [\n -121.20666503906249,\n 39.57605638518604\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 39.57605638518604\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 38.0091482264894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, Jonathan P. 0000-0003-0874-9166 jprose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0874-9166","contributorId":199339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Jonathan","email":"jprose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ersan, Julia 0000-0002-1549-7561","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-7561","contributorId":218034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ersan","given":"Julia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wylie, Glenn D. 0000-0002-7061-6658","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-6658","contributorId":207594,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wylie","given":"Glenn D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Halstead, Brian J. 0000-0002-5535-6528 bhalstead@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-6528","contributorId":3051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halstead","given":"Brian J.","email":"bhalstead@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70204462,"text":"70204462 - 2019 - Ecological health indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-25T13:05:41","indexId":"70204462","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-25T13:05:08","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Ecological health indicators","docAbstract":"Contemporary policymakers rarely stress ecological knowledge, and yet this knowledge remains crucial—just as it was in prehistory—to protecting overall human well-being. Measuring carefully selected ecological health indicators—that is, signs or symptoms, especially those focused on biotic assemblages—can provide insights into the ecological condition of a place and the variety of ecological consequences of proposed or present human actions there. In turn, measured ecological conditions may be judged as acceptable (healthy) or unacceptable (unhealthy), depending on prevailing value systems and societal goals. Ecological health indicators characterize the ecological conditions of where we live; improve scientific understanding of ecosystems and the benefits they provide; diagnose causes of ecological degradation; communicate scientific knowledge to nontechnical audiences; guide environmental policy; and measure progress toward societal goals. By helping to identify who benefits and who suffers from societal choices, ecological health indicators inform our choices about how to use or protect ecosystems and their living components, including human society itself.
The Sahara is the largest warm desert in the world, but its age has been controversial, with estimates ranging from Miocene to Holocene. Mineralogical and geochemical data show that paleosols of Pliocene to mid-Pleistocene age on Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands have developed in part from inputs of dust from Africa. These paleosols contain quartz and mica, minerals that are abundant in African dust but are rare in the basaltic rocks that dominate the Canary Islands. Trace elements with minimal mobility, Sc, Cr, Hf, Th, and Ta as well as the rare earth elements, show that paleosols have compositions that are intermediate between those of local rocks and African-derived dust. Thus, results reported here and in a recently published study by others indicate that 9 paleosols record delivery of African dust to the Canary Islands between ~4.8–2.8 Ma, ~3.0–2.9 Ma, ~2.3–1.46 Ma, and ~0.4 Ma. A long-term paleosol record of African dust input agrees with deep-sea records off the coast of western Africa that imply increased dust fluxes to the eastern Atlantic Ocean at ~4.6 Ma. It is concluded that the Sahara Desert has been in existence as an arid-region dust source, at least intermittently, for much of the Pliocene and continuing into the Pleistocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109245","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., Meco, J., Budahn, J.R., Skipp, G.L., Betancort, J.F., and Lomoschitz, A., 2019, The antiquity of the Sahara Desert: New evidence from the mineralogy and geochemistry of Pliocene paleosols on the Canary Islands, Spain: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 533, 109245, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109245.","productDescription":"109245, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-101486","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109245","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":379393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"Canary Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -14.0625,\n 27.907058371121995\n ],\n [\n -13.524169921874998,\n 28.526622418648127\n ],\n [\n -13.271484375,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -13.403320312499998,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -13.897705078125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -14.798583984375002,\n 28.43971381702788\n ],\n [\n -15.633544921875,\n 28.468691297348148\n ],\n [\n -16.28173828125,\n 28.680949728554964\n ],\n [\n -17.86376953125,\n 28.98892237190413\n ],\n [\n -18.10546875,\n 28.545925723233477\n ],\n [\n -17.962646484375,\n 28.352733760237818\n ],\n [\n -18.270263671875,\n 27.644606381943326\n ],\n [\n -17.73193359375,\n 27.45953933271788\n ],\n [\n -16.962890625,\n 27.829360859789794\n ],\n [\n -16.54541015625,\n 27.829360859789794\n ],\n [\n -15.5126953125,\n 27.6251403350933\n ],\n [\n -14.0625,\n 27.907058371121995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"533","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":168575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel R.","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":801429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meco, Joaquin","contributorId":243048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meco","given":"Joaquin","affiliations":[{"id":48625,"text":"University of Las Palmas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":801430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":177797,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skipp, Gary L. 0000-0002-9404-0980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-0980","contributorId":201777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":801432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Betancort, Juan F.","contributorId":243049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Betancort","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":48625,"text":"University of Las Palmas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":801433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lomoschitz, Alejandro","contributorId":243050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lomoschitz","given":"Alejandro","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48625,"text":"University of Las Palmas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":801434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70204058,"text":"70204058 - 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Between 1996 and 2016, we necropsied 127 apparently healthy pelagic olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) that died from drowning bycatch in fisheries and 44 live or freshly dead stranded turtles from the west coast of North and Central America and Hawaii. Seven % (9/127) of pelagic and 47% (21/44) of stranded turtles had renal granulomas associated with S. Typhimurium. Stranded animals were 12 times more likely than pelagic animals to have Salmonella-induced nephritis suggesting that Salmonella may have been a contributing cause of stranding. S. Typhimurium was the only Salmonella serovar detected in L. olivacea, and phylogenetic analysis from whole genome sequencing showed that the isolates from L. olivacea formed a single clade distinct from other S. Typhimurium. Molecular clock analysis revealed that this novel clade may have originated as recently as a few decades ago. The phylogenetic lineage leading to this group is enriched for non-synonymous changes within the genomic area of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 suggesting that these genes are important for host adaptation.
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Common approaches for collecting eDNA samples often require many samples since these approaches usually use fine filters, which restrict the volume of water that can be sampled. An alternative to collecting many, small volume water samples using fine filters may be to collect fewer, large volume water samples using coarse filters that do not clog as rapidly. We used mesocosm experiments and field evaluations to compare coarse filter‐large water volume samples (hereafter large volume filter samples) versus fine filter‐small water volume samples (hereafter small volume filter samples) for detection and quantification of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) DNA. We found that large volume filter sampling can be an effective approach for detecting DNA of low‐density target taxa. In mesocosm experiments, large‐volume and small‐volume water samples detected similar quantities of rainbow trout DNA. In the field, large volume samples more frequently detected bull trout DNA, had higher bull trout DNA copy number, and higher total DNA concentrations than small volume samples. However, sampling higher water volumes increased the potential for PCR inhibition so the DNA workflow had to be altered for large volume samples. Combining larger water volume samples with other strategies, like increasing PCR sensitivity and the number of PCR replicates, will improve detection of rare species, which is crucial for advancing conservation and ecological understanding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/edn3.23","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, A.J., Schabacker, J., Smith, S., Al-Chokhachy, R., Luikart, G., and Amish, S.J., 2019, Improved detection of rare, endangered and invasive trout using a new large-volume sampling method for eDNA capture: Environmental DNA, v. 1, no. 3, p. 227-237, https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.23.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"237","ipdsId":"IP-104377","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":460351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.23","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":365282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Flathead River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.77392578125,\n 47.4057852900587\n ],\n [\n -113.477783203125,\n 47.4057852900587\n ],\n [\n -113.477783203125,\n 48.98742700601184\n ],\n [\n -115.77392578125,\n 48.98742700601184\n ],\n [\n -115.77392578125,\n 47.4057852900587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Adam J. 0000-0001-7621-7028 asepulveda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-7028","contributorId":150628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Adam","email":"asepulveda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schabacker, Jenna","contributorId":216702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schabacker","given":"Jenna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Seth","contributorId":189234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Seth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Al-Chokhachy, Robert 0000-0002-2136-5098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2136-5098","contributorId":216703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Al-Chokhachy","given":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luikart, Gordon","contributorId":97409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luikart","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[{"id":6580,"text":"University of Montana, Flathead Lake Biological Station, Polson, Montana 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Amish, Stephen J.","contributorId":104799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amish","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5097,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70203981,"text":"70203981 - 2019 - The evolving threat of rapid Ohia death (ROD) to Hawaii’s native ecosystems and rare plant species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-26T09:32:44","indexId":"70203981","displayToPublicDate":"2019-06-24T09:23:44","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The evolving threat of Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD) to Hawai‘i’s native ecosystems and rare plant species","title":"The evolving threat of rapid Ohia death (ROD) to Hawaii’s native ecosystems and rare plant species","docAbstract":"Hawai‘i’s most widespread native tree, ‘ōhi‘a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), has been dying across large areas of Hawai‘i Island mainly due to two fungal pathogens (Ceratocystis lukuohia and Ceratocystis huliohia) that cause a disease collectively known as Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD). Here we examine patterns of positive detections of C. lukuohia as it has been linked to the larger mortality events across Hawai‘i Island. Our analysis compares the environmental range of C. lukuohia and its spread over time through the known climatic range and distribution of ‘ōhi‘a. Analyses show this fungal pathogen generally encompassed the core, but not the extremes of the climatic range of ‘ōhi‘a. We further modeled the potential distribution of C. lukuohiaacross the Hawaiian Archipelago to estimate the risk of ROD to other islands. Given the potential for C. lukuohia to alter the structure of ‘ōhi‘a dominated forests, we used our projected potential distribution of C. lukuohia to assess the risk of ROD to threatened and endangered plant species across Hawai‘i. Many native plants are likely vulnerable to these types of large ‘ōhi‘a mortality events: of 234 endangered native plant species considered, 147 (62.8%) have more than half of their range within current and expanding C. lukuohia suitable areas. We also found evidence that protecting habitat by fencing out introduced feral ungulates reduces the prevalence of the disease likely by reducing physical damage caused by these animals to ‘ōhi‘a trees, a precondition for Ceratocystis infection. Given the ongoing spread of C. lukuohia, we developed a dynamic web portal to host our results online, where models and analyses are updated with new lab-confirmed detections to provide managers with a useful tool to help monitor and assess the risk of C. lukuohia as it continues to spread.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.025","usgsCitation":"Fortini, L., Kaiser, L.R., Keith, L., Price, J., Hughes, R., Jacobi, J.D., and Friday, J.B., 2019, The evolving threat of rapid Ohia death (ROD) to Hawaii’s native ecosystems and rare plant species: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 448, p. 376-385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.025.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"376","endPage":"385","ipdsId":"IP-106268","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94ESGQB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Hawaiian Islands Ceratocystis rapid ohia death spatial analysis 2019"},{"id":365055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"448","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fortini, Lucas B. 0000-0002-5781-7295","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5781-7295","contributorId":202074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortini","given":"Lucas B.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, Lauren R.","contributorId":200422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaiser","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, Lisa","contributorId":191694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keith","given":"Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Price, Jonathan","contributorId":187456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Price","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hughes, R. Flint","contributorId":111314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R. Flint","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jacobi, James D. 0000-0003-2313-7862 jjacobi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-7862","contributorId":3705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobi","given":"James","email":"jjacobi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Friday, J. B.","contributorId":216579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friday","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70227847,"text":"70227847 - 2019 - Extreme site fidelity as an optimal strategy in an unpredictable and homogeneous environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-01T21:44:57.968143","indexId":"70227847","displayToPublicDate":"2019-06-19T16:44:41","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1711,"text":"Functional Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extreme site fidelity as an optimal strategy in an unpredictable and homogeneous environment","docAbstract":"1.Animal site fidelity structures space use, population demography and ultimately gene flow. Understanding the adaptive selection for site fidelity patterns provides a mechanistic understanding to both spatial and population processes. This can be achieved by linking space use with environmental variability (spatial and temporal) and demographic parameters. However, rarely is the environmental context that drives the selection for site fidelity behaviour fully considered.
2. We use ecological theory to understand whether the spatial and temporal variability in breeding site quality can explain the site fidelity behaviour and demographic patterns of Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus). We examined female site fidelity patterns across multiple spatial scales: proximity of consecutive year nest locations, space-use overlap within and across the breeding and brooding seasons, and fidelity to a breeding patch. We also examined the spatial and temporal variability in nest, chick, juvenile and adult survival.
3. We found Gunnison sage-grouse to be site faithful to their breeding patch, area of use within the patch and generally where they nest, suggesting an “Always Stay” site fidelity strategy. This is an optimal evolutionary strategy when site quality is unpredictable. Further, we found limited spatial variability in survival within age groups, suggesting little demographic benefit to moving among patches. We suggest Gunnison sage-grouse site fidelity is driven by the unpredictability of predation in a relatively homogeneous environment, the lack of benefits and likely costs to moving across landscape patches and leaving known lek and breeding/brooding areas.
4. Space use and demography are commonly studied separately. More so, site fidelity patterns are rarely framed in the context of ecological theory, beyond questions related to the win-stay:lose-switch rule. To move beyond describing patterns and understand the adaptive selection driving species movements and their demographic consequences require integrating movement, demography and environmental variability in a synthetic framework.
5. Site fidelity theory provides a coherent framework to simultaneously investigate the spatial and population ecology of animal populations. Using it to frame ecological questions will lead to a more mechanistic understanding of animal movement, spatial population structuring and meta-population dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.13390","usgsCitation":"Gerber, B.D., Hooten, M., Peck, C.P., Rice, M.B., Gammonley, J.H., Apa, A.D., and Davis, A.J., 2019, Extreme site fidelity as an optimal strategy in an unpredictable and homogeneous environment: Functional Ecology, v. 33, no. 9, p. 1695-1707, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13390.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1695","endPage":"1707","ipdsId":"IP-093263","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13390","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gunnison County, Saguache County","otherGeospatial":"Gunnison basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.1658935546875,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -104.732666015625,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -104.732666015625,\n 39.26203141523749\n ],\n [\n -108.1658935546875,\n 39.26203141523749\n ],\n [\n -108.1658935546875,\n 37.42252593456307\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerber, Brian D.","contributorId":187620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerber","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":832416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooten, Mevin 0000-0002-1614-723X mhooten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1614-723X","contributorId":2958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooten","given":"Mevin","email":"mhooten@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12963,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peck, Christopher P.","contributorId":198345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peck","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":832418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rice, Mindy B.","contributorId":214399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rice","given":"Mindy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gammonley, James H.","contributorId":272965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gammonley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":40103,"text":"cdpw","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Apa, Anthony D.","contributorId":272966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Apa","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40103,"text":"cdpw","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davis, Amy J.","contributorId":149854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":832422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70206338,"text":"70206338 - 2019 - USGS critical minerals review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-30T15:41:26","indexId":"70206338","displayToPublicDate":"2019-06-18T16:41:00","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"USGS critical minerals review","docAbstract":"The United States’ supply of critical minerals has been a concern and a source of potential strategic vulnerabilities for U.S. economic and national security interests for decades (for example, see Strategic and Critical Minerals Stockpiling Act, 1939). More recently, with the rapid increase in the types of materials being used in advanced technologies (Fortier et al. 2018a), and geopolitical events surrounding the supply of rare earth elements (Ting and Seaman, 2013), among other developments, the critical minerals issue has again achieved a high level of visibility within the U.S. government (Executive Order 13817 (2017)).
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","usgsCitation":"Fortier, S.M., Hammarstrom, J.M., Ryker, S.J., Day, W.C., and Seal,, R., 2019, USGS critical minerals review: Mining Engineering, v. 71, no. 5, p. 35-47.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"47","ipdsId":"IP-107221","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://me.smenet.org/abstract.cfm?preview=1&articleID=8926&page=35","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"71","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fortier, Steven M. 0000-0001-8123-5749","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8123-5749","contributorId":202406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortier","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryker, Sarah J. 0000-0002-1004-5611 sryker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-5611","contributorId":4100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryker","given":"Sarah","email":"sryker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70203979,"text":"70203979 - 2019 - Negative impacts of summer heat on Sierra Nevada tree seedlings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-26T09:15:02","indexId":"70203979","displayToPublicDate":"2019-06-18T09:03:26","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negative impacts of summer heat on Sierra Nevada tree seedlings","docAbstract":"Understanding the response of forests to climate change is important for predicting changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services, including carbon storage. Seedlings represent a key demographic stage in these responses, because seedling establishment is necessary for population persistence and spread, and because the conditions allowing seedlings to survive and grow are often more restrictive than those adults can tolerate. However, detailed long‐term data on the responses of individual seedlings to climatic variation are rare. Here, we analyze a decade of seedling growth and survival data collected in 25 long‐term plots located in Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. The forest types represented range from lower‐elevation mixed conifer, to red fir‐dominated, to high‐elevation western white pine stands. Twelve species, including two oaks and ten conifers, are found across these plots. Survival and transition to larger size classes are modeled within a Bayesian framework as a function of species, size, fire, and various climate variables. We initially expected that precipitation‐related variables would have a strong effect on seedling survival and growth in this Mediterranean‐climate region and that some species might respond positively to higher temperatures if they are adapted to warmer low‐elevation areas or to higher‐than‐average temperatures if they are high‐elevation species whose growing seasons are limited by cold. However, we found that higher July maximum temperature or temperature anomalies were associated with lower survival and growth for most species, while precipitation and snow effects were weaker and more variable. Higher precipitation had a positive effect on survival of most species, but snow effects and precipitation effects on growth could be negative. Given the estimated climate responses, under potential future scenarios of higher summer temperatures and altered precipitation, most species are predicted to have lower survival and reduced growth. This is likely to favor species that have relatively high survival and growth and less negative responses to climatic shift (such as several of the pines) and perhaps lead to a more open forest structure—or potentially transition to non‐forest vegetation types where seedling recruitment does not keep pace with adult mortality.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.2776","usgsCitation":"Moran, E.V., Das, A., Keeley, J., and Stephenson, N.L., 2019, Negative impacts of summer heat on Sierra Nevada tree seedlings: Ecosphere, v. 10, no. 6, e02776; 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2776.","productDescription":"e02776; 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-107400","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2776","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":437415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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operational uncertainties for optimal outbreak control: Ebola as a case study","docAbstract":"Determining how to best manage an epidemiological outbreak may be hindered by both epidemiological uncertainty (i.e. about epidemiological processes) and operational uncertainty (i.e. about the effectiveness of candidate interventions). These two uncertainties are rarely addressed concurrently in epidemic studies, impeding decision-making. We present an approach to simultaneously address both sources of uncertainty. Epidemiological uncertainty is represented by a large ensemble of models of the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak. Operational uncertainty about the effectiveness of three classes of intervention is assessed for a wide range of potential effectiveness for each intervention. We ranked each intervention in terms of caseload reduction in each model, initially assuming an unlimited budget. To explore the role of budget limitation, we assessed the influence of three candidate cost functions relating intervention effectiveness and cost for different budget levels. The Value of Information (VoI) to resolve uncertainty is generally high in this study; appropriate information gain could reduce expected caseload by more than 50%. The ranking of interventions is jointly determined by the underlying epidemiological process, the effectiveness of the interventions and the size of the budget available for the program. An epidemiologically effective intervention might not be optimal if its costs outweigh its epidemiological benefit. Under higher budget conditions, resolution of epidemiological uncertainty is most valuable. When budgets are tight, however, operational and epidemiological uncertainty are equally important. Overall, our study demonstrates that significant public health improvements could result from a careful examination of both epidemiological and operational uncertainties within the same modelling structure. This approach can be applied to decision-making for management of other diseases for which multiple models and multiple interventions are available.","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.0774","usgsCitation":"Li, S., Ferrari, M.J., Bjornstad, O.N., Runge, M.C., Fonnesbeck, C.J., Tildesley, M.J., Pannell, D., and Shea, K., 2019, Concurrent assessment of epidemiological and operational uncertainties for optimal outbreak control: Ebola as a case study: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, v. 286, no. 1905, Article 20190774, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0774.","productDescription":"Article 20190774","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-101702","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0774","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":366044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"286","issue":"1905","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Shou-Li","contributorId":193644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Shou-Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":767337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrari, Matthew J. 0000-0001-5251-8168","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-8168","contributorId":216186,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferrari","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6738,"text":"The Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bjornstad, Ottar N. 0000-0002-1158-3753","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1158-3753","contributorId":217708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bjornstad","given":"Ottar","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6738,"text":"The Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":767336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fonnesbeck, Christopher J","contributorId":216185,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fonnesbeck","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":36656,"text":"Vanderbilt University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tildesley, Michael J.","contributorId":126971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tildesley","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6620,"text":"University of Nottingham, School of Biology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pannell, David","contributorId":217709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pannell","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16662,"text":"University of Western Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shea, Katriona 0000-0002-7607-8248","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-8248","contributorId":193646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shea","given":"Katriona","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":767343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ]}