Uncompacted artificial-fill deposits on the east side of San Francisco Bay suffered severe levels of soil liquefaction during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. Damaged areas included maritime-port facilities, office buildings, and shoreline transportation arteries, ranging from 65 to 85 km from the north end of the Loma Prieta rupture zone. Typical of all these sites, which represent occurrences of liquefaction-induced damage farthest from the rupture zone, are low cone penetration test and Standard Penetration Test resistances in zones of cohesionless silty and sandy hydraulic fill, and underlying soft cohesive Holocene and Pleistocene sediment that strongly amplified ground motions. Postearthquake investigations at five study sites using standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests provide a basis for evaluation of the Arias intensity-based methodology for assessment of liquefaction susceptibility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1023/A:1007942325031","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R.E., and Mitchell, J.K., 1997, Arias intensity assessment of liquefaction test sites on the east side of San Francisco Bay affected by the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of 17 October 1989: Natural Hazards, v. 16, no. 2-3, p. 243-265, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007942325031.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226582,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39067722255336,\n 37.904003796997344\n ],\n [\n -122.30189371323102,\n 37.72005886742059\n ],\n [\n -122.13462701080266,\n 37.53133811683368\n ],\n [\n -122.06570234653842,\n 37.53872456945436\n ],\n [\n -122.31400435750568,\n 37.92688453317267\n ],\n [\n -122.39067722255336,\n 37.904003796997344\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed77e4b0c8380cd49814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, James K.","contributorId":99598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":937410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70114635,"text":"70114635 - 1997 - 1993 annual status report: a summary of fish data in six reaches of the upper Mississippi River system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T14:01:55","indexId":"70114635","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T12:32:55","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":322,"text":"Long Term Resource Monitoring Program","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-P008","title":"1993 annual status report: a summary of fish data in six reaches of the upper Mississippi River system","docAbstract":"The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) completed 1,994 collections of fishes from stratified random and permanently fixed sampling locations in six study reaches of the Upper Mississippi River System during 1993. Collection methods included day and night electrofishing, hoop netting, fyke netting (two net sizes), gill netting, seining, and trawling in select aquatic area classes. The six LTRMP study reaches are Pools 4 (excluding Lake Pepin), 8, 13, and 26 of the Upper Mississippi River, an unimpounded reach of the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and the La Grange Pool of the Illinois River. A total of 62-78 fish species were detected in each study reach. For each of the six LTRMP study reaches, this report contains summaries of: (1) sampling efforts in each combination of gear type and aquatic area class, (2) total catches of each species from each gear type, (3) mean catch-per-unit of gear effort statistics and standard errors for common species from each combination of aquatic area class and selected gear type, and (4) length distributions of common species from selected gear types.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70114635","usgsCitation":"Gutreuter, S., Burkhardt, R.W., Stopyro, M., Bartels, A., Kramer, E., Bowler, M.C., Cronin, F.A., Soergel, D.W., Petersen, M.D., Herzog, D.P., Raibley, P.T., Irons, K.S., and O’Hara, T.M., 1997, 1993 annual status report: a summary of fish data in six reaches of the upper Mississippi River system: U.S. Geological Survey Long Term Resource Monitoring Program 97-P008, v, 234 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70114635.","productDescription":"v, 234 p.","numberOfPages":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290158,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114635/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ad40e0e4b0729c154181af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutreuter, Steve","contributorId":91437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkhardt, Randy W.","contributorId":50493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stopyro, Mark","contributorId":76656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stopyro","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartels, Andrew","contributorId":29314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartels","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kramer, Eric","contributorId":104405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kramer","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bowler, Melvin C.","contributorId":23850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowler","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cronin, Frederick A.","contributorId":44463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Soergel, Dirk W.","contributorId":12373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soergel","given":"Dirk","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Petersen, Michael D.","contributorId":21861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Herzog, David P.","contributorId":68654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Raibley, Paul T.","contributorId":106416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raibley","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Irons, Kevin S.","contributorId":65188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"O’Hara, Timothy M.","contributorId":12786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Hara","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70073661,"text":"70073661 - 1997 - Dimensionality of ground water flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T10:37:41","indexId":"70073661","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T10:26:53","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dimensionality of ground water flow models","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ground Water Publishing Company","publisherLocation":"Dublin, OH","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00163.x","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., and Mock, P., 1997, Dimensionality of ground water flow models: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 6, p. 930-930, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00163.x.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"930","endPage":"930","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281312,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281309,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00163.x"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd551ee4b0b290850f6229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mock, P.A.","contributorId":11114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mock","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25596,"text":"wri964315 - 1997 - Hydrologic disturbance and response of aquatic biota in Big Darby Creek basin, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-09T01:02:14","indexId":"wri964315","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4315","title":"Hydrologic disturbance and response of aquatic biota in Big Darby Creek basin, Ohio","docAbstract":"Washout and recolonization of macroinvertebrates and algae associated with a spring and summer storm were measured at three sites in Ohio's Big Darby Creek Basin. Related factors, such as streamflow magnitude, shear stress, and streamed disturbance were considered when interpreting observed changes in densities and community structure of macroinvertebrates and algae.\r\n\r\nDuring the study, 184 macroinvertebrate taxa and 202 algal taxa were identified. The major taxonomic groups for macroinvertebrates were midges and other true flies (Diptera), caddisflies (Trichoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptera), and stoneflies (Plecoptera). Diatoms were the dominant algae (in terms of percentage of total taxa found) followed by green algae, blue-green algae, euglenoids, golden flagellates, and freshwater red algae.\r\n\r\nStreamflows associated with the storm events that occurred during April 6-16 and June 23-July 5, 1994, probably had little effect on streambed elevations, but streambed disturbance was documented in the form of shifts in the median particle-size diameters of the subsurface bed materials. The streamflow magnitudes did not correlate well with the magnitude of observed changes in macroinvertebrate and algal-cell densities, but reductions in macroinvertebrate and algal-cell densities generally did occur.\r\n\r\nLocal minima of macroinvertebrate density did not generally correspond to the first sample after the storms, but instead lagged by about 1 to 3 weeks. Other biotic factors, such as emergence of Diptera, probably affected the observed mid-July depression in macroinvertebrate densities.\r\n\r\nEvaluation of pre-event macroinvertebrate community structure in terms of functional feeding groups and flow-exposure groups showed that, on the basis of percentage of total taxa found, gatherers were the dominant feeding group and flow-facultative taxa were the dominant flow-exposure group. Densities of gatherers decreased from pre-event levels following all the storm events at all sites, whereas flow-facultative and flow-avoiding taxa were significantly reduced only after the summer event at Big and Little Darby Creeks.\r\n\r\nAlgal-cell densities in the first post-event samples always were lower than pre-event densities; however, the total number of taxa present generally were not statistically different. In four out of five of the first post-event samples, algal-cell densities were only 16 to 26 percent of the pre-event densities. The exception was at Little Darby Creek after the spring event, where only the density of stalked algal cells in the community were significantly reduced. The observed resistance to disturbance of the algal community at Little Darby Creek may have resulted from the relative abundance of the mat-forming blue-green algae Oscillatoria spp. The stalked cells were the most consistently reduced in the post-event-samples, whereas holdfast types (such as Audouinella hermannii) and prostrate epiphytes (such as Cocconeis spp) were the most resistant to washout.\r\n\r\nAlgal recolonization rates, measured as the change in algal-cell densities over a 7-day period after the summer storm event, ranged from 0.05 to 1.51 billion cells per square meter per day. These recolonization rates are expected to be affected by factors such as nutrients, temperature, amount of canopy, initial post-event algal density, and grazing by macroinvertebrates and fish. On the basis of canopy and nutrient data, one would expect the algal recolonization rates for the three sites in this study to sort in the order observed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964315","usgsCitation":"Hambrook, J., Koltun, G., Palcsak, B., and Tertuliani, J., 1997, Hydrologic disturbance and response of aquatic biota in Big Darby Creek basin, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4315, vi, 82 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (1 col.) ;28 cm. [PGS - 79 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964315.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (1 col.) ;28 cm. [PGS - 79 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54340,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4315/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db6070b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hambrook, J.A.","contributorId":65888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hambrook","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palcsak, B.B.","contributorId":98766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palcsak","given":"B.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tertuliani, J.S.","contributorId":27490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tertuliani","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000712,"text":"1000712 - 1997 - Clearance of laboratory-cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves: Differences between lentic and lotic unionids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T15:09:10.914533","indexId":"1000712","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clearance of laboratory-cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves: Differences between lentic and lotic unionids","docAbstract":"Nine species of unionids cleared laboratory-raised Escherichia coli from artificial pond water. The six unionid species collected from rivers had higher clearance rates than the three species collected from ponds, when clearance was normalized to millilitres per gram of dry tissue mass per minute. Analysis of variance indicated that all lotic unionids examined form a group with similar clearance rates. When normalized on the basis of gill surface area, rates of clearance by all of the lotic unionids become remarkably similar to one another regardless of mass, but differ significantly from those of the lentic unionids. The cirri found on the laterofrontal cells of the gills of lotic unionids tend to be complex, containing > 25 cilia per cirral plate, while the cirri of the unionid species collected from ponds have smaller cirri (< 16 cilia per cirral plate). There was a strong correlation between cirral surface area (mm2) per milligram of dry tissue and clearance rate among the unionid species studied. As a comparison, Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha were also examined and both tended to clear bacteria more rapidly than the lotic unionids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z97-815","usgsCitation":"Silverman, H., Cherry, J.S., Lynn, J.W., Dietz, T.H., Nichols, S.J., and Achberger, E., 1997, Clearance of laboratory-cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves: Differences between lentic and lotic unionids: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 75, no. 11, p. 1857-1866, https://doi.org/10.1139/z97-815.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1857","endPage":"1866","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ae80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silverman, Harold","contributorId":89488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverman","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cherry, Julie S.","contributorId":8421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lynn, John W.","contributorId":91449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynn","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietz, Thomas H.","contributorId":20699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietz","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nichols, S. J.","contributorId":63770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Achberger, Eric","contributorId":17578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Achberger","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5215,"text":"fs14197 - 1997 - Assessment of streambed scour at bridges in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-06T14:00:33","indexId":"fs14197","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Gary","contributorId":25146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28439,"text":"wri964190 - 1997 - Geochemical analyses of ground-water ages, recharge rates, and hydraulic conductivity of the N aquifer, Black Mesa area, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T20:05:26.1293","indexId":"wri964190","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4190","title":"Geochemical analyses of ground-water ages, recharge rates, and hydraulic conductivity of the N aquifer, Black Mesa area, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Navajo Nation and Hopi Tribe of the Black Mesa area, Arizona, depend on ground water from the N aquifer to meet most tribal and industrial needs. Increasing use of this aquifer is creating concerns about possible adverse effects of increased ground-water withdrawals on the water resources of the region. A thorough understanding of the N aquifer is necessary to assess the aquifer's response to ground-water withdrawals. This study used geochemical techniques as an independent means of improving the conceptual model of ground-water flow in the N aquifer and to estimate recharge rates and hydraulic conductivity.\r\nGround water flows in a south-southeastward direction from the recharge area around Shonto into the confined part of the N aquifer underneath Black Mesa. Ground-water flow paths diverge in the confined part of the aquifer to the northeast and south. The N aquifer thins to extinction south of Black Mesa. This discontinuity could force ground water to diverge along paths of least resistance. Ground water discharges from the confined part of the aquifer into Laguna Creek and Moenkopi Wash and from springs southwest of Kykotsmovi and southeast of Rough Rock after a residence time of about 35,000 years or more. Recent recharge along the periphery of Black Mesa mixes with older ground water that discharges from the confined part of the aquifer and flows away from Black Mesa.\r\nDissolved-ion concentrations, ratios of dissolved ions, dissolved-gas concentrations, tritium, carbon-13, and chlorine-36 data indicate that water in the overlying D aquifer could be leaking into the confined part of the N aquifer in the southeastern part of Black Mesa. The boundary between the leaky and nonleaky zones is defined roughly by a line from Rough Rock to Second Mesa and separates ground waters that have significantly different chemistries. The Dakota Sandstone and Entrada Formation of the D aquifer could be the sources of leakage. Adjusted radiocarbon ground-water ages and data on isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate that more than 90 percent of the water in the confined part of the N aquifer is older than 10,000 years and was recharged during glacial periods. Estimates of recharge rates made on the basis of ground-water ages, aquifer thicknesses, and assumed porosities indicate that the annual average recharge rate in the northwestern part of the study area during the glacial periods was about four times the average annual rate of the past 10,000 years, and that recharge rates for the past 10,000 years are less than modern recharge rates assumed in a previous study. Estimates of horizontal hydraulic conductivity were 0.95 and 1.16 feet per day for the northeast and southwest flow paths, respectively. These values are within the range of hydraulic conductivities calculated from aquifer tests, which ranged from 0.05 to 2.1 feet per day and averaged 0.65 foot per day.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964190","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Hoffmann, J.P., 1997, Geochemical analyses of ground-water ages, recharge rates, and hydraulic conductivity of the N aquifer, Black Mesa area, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4190, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964190.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415532,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48532.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57241,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4190/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.25,\n 36.5333\n ],\n [\n -111.25,\n 35.45\n ],\n [\n -109.75,\n 35.45\n ],\n [\n -109.75,\n 36.5333\n ],\n [\n -111.25,\n 36.5333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffmann, John P. jphoffma@usgs.gov","contributorId":1337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"John","email":"jphoffma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29235,"text":"wri974019 - 1997 - Occurrence of phosphorus, other nutrients, and triazine herbicides in water from the Hillsdale Lake basin, Northeast Kansas, May 1994 through May 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri974019","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4019","title":"Occurrence of phosphorus, other nutrients, and triazine herbicides in water from the Hillsdale Lake basin, Northeast Kansas, May 1994 through May 1995","docAbstract":"An investigation of the occurrence of phosporus, other nutrients, and triazine herbicides in water samples from the Hillsdale Lake Basin in northeast Kansas was conducted from May 1994 through May 1995. Point-source and nonpoint-source contributions of these water-quality constituents were estimated by conducting synoptic sampling at 48 sites in the basin during five periods of low- flow conditions. Samples were collected for the determination of nutrients, including total phosphorus as phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate as phosphorus, total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, and for selected triazine herbicides. On the basis of criteria developed by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, the Hillsdale Water-Quality Protection Project established a goal to maintain water quality in the tributaries of the Hillsdale Lake Basin at a mean annual low-flow total phosphorus concentration of 0.05 mg/L (milligrams per liter). The mean low- flow total phosphorus concentration of water samples collected in the Big Bull Creek (which includes drainage from Martin Creek), Rock Creek, Little Bull Creek, Wade Branch, and Smith Branch subbasins during low-flow conditions ranged from 0.05 to 4.9 mg/L during this study. Of the 44 sites sampled during low flow, 95 percent had low-flow total phosphorus concentrations larger than the 0.05-mg/L criterion. Discharges from wastewater- treatment plants located in Big Bull Creek and Martin Creek subbasins and the Little Bull Creek subbasin affected nutrient concentrations. Nutrient concentrations in water samples collected from the subbasins not affected by point-source discharges generally were smaller than those in the Big Bull Creek and Little Bull Creek subbasins. Estimated annual low-flow phosphorus loads computed at sampling sites located at the outlet of the subbasins show that the Big Bull Creeksubbasin, which includes drainage from the Martin Creek subbasin, had the largest estimate annual low-flow load, 2,740 kg/yr (kilograms per year).Rock Creek, Little Bull Creek, Wade Branch, and Smith Branch subbasins contributed less annual low-flow phosphorus load, 175, 161, 234, and 22kg/yr, respectively. With the exception of the Smith Branch subbasin, the largest triazine herbicide concentrations occurred in water samples collectedduring May 1994 and May 1995. During May 1994, 10 of 17 sampling sites in the Big Bull Creek and Martin Creek subbasins, 5 of 6 sites in theRock Creek subbasin, and 4 of 10 sites in the Little Bull Creek subbasin had triazine herbicide concentrations in water larger than the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), which is an annual mean 3.0 ug/L (micrograms per liter) for atrazine indrinking water. During May 1995, 7 of 19 sites in the Big Bull Creek and Martin Creek subbasins, 5 of 6 sites in the Rock Creek subbasin, 1 of 12 sites in the Little Bull Creek subbasin, and 2 of 4 sites in the Wade Branch subbasin had samples with trazine herbicide concentrations larger than the MCL.Water samples collected in the Rock Creek subbasins had the largest mean triazine herbicide concentrations during May 1994 and May 1995, 6.4 and 4.5 ug/L, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974019","usgsCitation":"Putnam, J., 1997, Occurrence of phosphorus, other nutrients, and triazine herbicides in water from the Hillsdale Lake basin, Northeast Kansas, May 1994 through May 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4019, vi, 66 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974019.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4019/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58091,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5555","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Putnam, J.E.","contributorId":54634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29341,"text":"wri964228 - 1997 - Analysis of ground-water flowpaths near water-supply wells, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri964228","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4228","title":"Analysis of ground-water flowpaths near water-supply wells, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, CO :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964228","usgsCitation":"Rice, D., and Voronin, L., 1997, Analysis of ground-water flowpaths near water-supply wells, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4228, v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964228.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4228/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4228/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6803e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, D.E.","contributorId":44188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voronin, L. M.","contributorId":93486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"L. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49761,"text":"ofr97621 - 1997 - Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Lower Cumberland River Basin Using a Geographic Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:15","indexId":"ofr97621","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-621","title":"Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Lower Cumberland River Basin Using a Geographic Information System","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97621","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H.L., Downs, A.C., Crabtree, S.D., and Hines, D.H., 1997, Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Lower Cumberland River Basin Using a Geographic Information System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-621, CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97621.","productDescription":"CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e1ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":240216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crabtree, Steve D.","contributorId":27126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabtree","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, Doug H.","contributorId":50208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019529,"text":"70019529 - 1997 - Factors influencing stream fish recovery following a large-scale disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-20T17:06:45.719223","indexId":"70019529","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing stream fish recovery following a large-scale disturbance","docAbstract":"We examined fish distribution and abundance in erosional habitat units in South Fork Roanoke River, Virginia, following a fish kill by using a reachwide sampling approach for 3 species and a representative‐reach sampling approach for 10 species. Qualitative (presence–absence) and quantitative (relative abundance) estimates of distribution and abundance provided consistent measures of fish recovery for 2 of 3 species at the reachwide scale and 8 of 10 species at the representative‐reach scale. Combining results across scales and estimator types showed that distributions and abundances of 5 of 11 species in the Teach affected by the kill were similar to those observed in unaffected upstream and downstream reaches 8–11 months following the perturbation. Differences in distribution and abundance between the affected Teach and unaffected reaches indicate that 4 of 11 species had not fully recovered during the same time period; results were equivocal for 2 other species. We attribute differences in recovery rates between these two groups to differences in parental investment in offspring. Species exhibiting rapid recovery either engage in extensive spawning site preparation or guard the spawning site following egg deposition and fertilization; species that had not recovered in the year following the kill show limited spawning site preparation and do not guard the spawning site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0895:FISFRF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Ensign, W., Leftwich, K., Angermeier, P., and Dolloff, C., 1997, Factors influencing stream fish recovery following a large-scale disturbance: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 6, p. 895-907, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0895:FISFRF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"895","endPage":"907","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227961,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"South Fork Roanoke River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.2499601984233,\n 37.227216381077284\n ],\n [\n -80.2499601984233,\n 37.191261341459494\n ],\n [\n -80.20118695442825,\n 37.191261341459494\n ],\n [\n -80.20118695442825,\n 37.227216381077284\n ],\n [\n -80.2499601984233,\n 37.227216381077284\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ecbe4b0c8380cd5361f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ensign, W.E.","contributorId":66382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ensign","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leftwich, K.N.","contributorId":90486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leftwich","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dolloff, C.A.","contributorId":83684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolloff","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30468,"text":"wri964314 - 1997 - Water withdrawal and use in Maryland, 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri964314","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4314","title":"Water withdrawal and use in Maryland, 1992-93","docAbstract":"During 1992, about 1,430 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of freshwater was withdrawn from surface-water and ground-water sources in Maryland. Total freshwater withdrawals increased during 1993 to about 1,480 Mgal/d. Saline surface- water withdrawals for cooling condensers increased from about 5,350 Mgal/d during 1992 to 5,840 Mgal/d during 1993. During 1992-93, most freshwater withdrawals (about 1,180 Mgal/d during 1992 and 1,200 Mgal/d during 1993) were from surface-water sources. Nearly 70 percent of the fresh surface water was withdrawn in the Potomac River drainage basin. Most ground water (about 178 Mgal/d in 1992 and 194 Mgal/d in 1993) was withdrawn in the Upper Chesapeake drainage basin.The Potomac Group aquifers provided most of the ground water (about 61 Mgal/d during 1992 and 64 Mgal/d during 1993). Ten water-use categoriesrepresent the major demands on the surface-water and ground-water resources of the State: Public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power, hydroelectric power, livestock, irrigation, and aquaculture. Largest withdrawals were for public supply (790 Mgal/d during 1992 and 812 Mgal/d during 1993), and the water was used by residences, commercial establishments, and industries. Baltimore City received the largest public-supply deliveries (about 126 Mgal/d during1992 and 129 Mgal/d during 1993). Freshwater withdrawals for self-supplied domestic, commercial, mining, aquaculture, and irrigation uses increased during the period, whereas withdrawals for industrial and thermoelectric power uses decreased.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri964314","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, J.C., 1997, Water withdrawal and use in Maryland, 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4314, vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964314.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4314/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59250,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4314/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd11d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, J. C.","contributorId":66225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49763,"text":"ofr97623 - 1997 - Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Hatchie-Obion River Basin Using a Geographic Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:15","indexId":"ofr97623","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-623","title":"Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Hatchie-Obion River Basin Using a Geographic Information System","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97623","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H.L., Downs, A.C., Crabtree, S.D., and Hines, D.H., 1997, Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Hatchie-Obion River Basin Using a Geographic Information System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-623, CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97623.","productDescription":"CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":240224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crabtree, Steve D.","contributorId":27126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabtree","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, Doug H.","contributorId":50208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23489,"text":"ofr96431 - 1997 - Instruction manual for U.S. Geological Survey sediment observers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr96431","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-431","title":"Instruction manual for U.S. Geological Survey sediment observers","docAbstract":"This instruction manual is intended for use by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Sediment Observers. An overview of the USGS Sediment Program is presented, and basic theory on sediment transport is explained. Step-by-step instructions on when and how to sample for sediment also are presented. USGS Sediment Observer safety issues are discussed and corrective actions are presented. An empty pouch is included at the back of the manual for miscellaneous supplies, such as extra sampler nozzles, thermometers, new gaskets, and markers to be supplied by USGS personnel distributing the manual. A plastic reference card also is included, which can be removed from the manual and kept at the sampling site. Only general guidelines are presented in the manual so space is provided for USGS personnel distributing the manual to fill in project specific instructions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96431","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Johnson, G.P., 1997, Instruction manual for U.S. Geological Survey sediment observers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-431, 33 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96431.","productDescription":"33 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0431/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1567,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=OFR&number=96-431","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52789,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0431/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e71fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Gary P. 0000-0003-0363-9873 gjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-9873","contributorId":2959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"gjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28704,"text":"wri974042 - 1997 - Results of the application of seismic-reflection and electromagnetic techniques for near-surface hydrogeologic and environmental investigations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri974042","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4042","title":"Results of the application of seismic-reflection and electromagnetic techniques for near-surface hydrogeologic and environmental investigations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Facilities Investigations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, selected geophysical techniques were evaluated for their usefulness as assessment tools for determining subsurface geology, delineating the areal extent of potentially contaminated landfill sites, and locating buried objects and debris of potential environmental concern. Two shallow seismic-reflection techniques (compression and shear wave) and two electromagnetic techniques (ground-penetrating radar and terrain conductivity) were evaluated at several sites at the U.S. Army Base. The electromagnetic techniques also were tested for tolerance to cultural noise, such as nearby fences, vehicles, and power lines. For the terrain conductivity tests, two instruments were used--the EM31 and EM34, which have variable depths of exploration. The shallowest reflection event was 70 feet below land surface observed in common-depth point, stacked compression-wave data from 24- and 12-fold shallow-seismic-reflection surveys. Several reflection events consistent with clay-sand interfaces between 70 and 120 feet below land surface, along with basement-saprolite surfaces, were imaged in the 24-fold, common- depth-point stacked data. 12-fold, common-depth-point stacked data set contained considerably more noise than the 24-fold, common-depth-point data, due to reduced shot-to-receiver redundancy. Coherent stacked reflection events were not observed in the 24-fold, common-depth-point stacked shear-wave data because of the partial decoupling of the shear- wave generator from the ground. At one site, ground-penetrating radar effectively delineated a shallow, 2- to 5-foot thick sand unit bounded by thin (less than 1 foot) clay layers. The radar signal was completely attenuated where the overlying and underlying clay units thickened and the sand unit thinned. The pene- tration depth of the radar signal was less than 10 feet below land surface. A slight increase in electromagnetic conductivity across shallow sampling EM31 and EM34 profiles provided corroborative evidence of the shallow, thickening clay units. Plots of raw EM31 and EM34 data provided no direct interpretable information to delineate sand and clay units in the shallow subsurface. At two sites, the ground-penetrating radar effectively delineated the lateral continuity of surficial sand units 5 to 25 feet in thickness and the tops of their underlying clay units. The effective exploration depth of the ground-penetrating radar was limited by the proximity of clay units to the subsurface and their thickness. The ground-penetrating radar delineated the areal extent and depth of cover at a previously unrecognized extension of a trench-like landfill underlying a vehicle salvage yard. Attenuation of the radar signal beneath the landfill cover and the adjacent subsurface clays made these two mediums indistinguishable by ground-penetrating radar; however, EM31 data indicated that the electrical conductivity of the landfill was higher than the subsurface material adjacent to the landfill. The EM31 and EM34 conductivity surveys defined the areal extent of a landfill whose boundaries were inaccurately mapped, and also identified the locations of an old dumpsite and waste incinerator site at another landfill. A follow-up ground-penetrating radar survey of the abandoned dumpsite showed incongruities in some of the shallow radar reflections interpreted as buried refuse dispersed throughout the landfill. The ground-penetrating radar and EM31 effectively delineated a shallow buried fuel-oil tank. Of the three electromagnetic instruments, the ground-penetrating radar with the shielded 100-megahertz antenna was the least affected by cultural noise followed, in order, by the EM31 and EM34. The combination of terrain- conductivity and ground-penetrating radar for the site assessment of the landfill provided a powerful means to identify the areal extent of the landfill, potenti","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974042","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., and Fine, J., 1997, Results of the application of seismic-reflection and electromagnetic techniques for near-surface hydrogeologic and environmental investigations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4042, iv, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974042.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4042/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fine, J.M.","contributorId":53001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fine","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21878,"text":"ofr96482 - 1997 - Hydrologic data for urban stormwater studies in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T15:23:49","indexId":"ofr96482","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-482","title":"Hydrologic data for urban stormwater studies in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-94","docAbstract":"This report presents precipitation and waterquality data from analyses of 210 samples collected at 30 storm-sewer outfall stations in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, during February 1992-November 1994. The data were collected to fulfill requirements mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to the cities of Arlington, Dallas, Fort Worth, Garland, Irving, Mesquite, and Piano and to the Dallas and Fort Worth Districts of the Texas Department of Transportation to obtain a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit. Data were collected at storm-sewer outfall stations in drainage basins classified as singular land use, either residential, commercial, industrial, or highway. Also included are qualityassurance/quality-control data for samples collected in conjunction with the stormwater samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96482","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Baldys, S., Raines, T.H., Mansfield, B., and Sandlin, J., 1997, Hydrologic data for urban stormwater studies in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-482, iii, 256 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96482.","productDescription":"iii, 256 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0482/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51366,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0482/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db6082ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raines, T. H.","contributorId":88389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mansfield, B.L.","contributorId":16443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mansfield","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandlin, J.T.","contributorId":63039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandlin","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22769,"text":"ofr96418 - 1997 - Hydrologic and water-quality data from selected sites in the Charleston Harbor Estuary and tributary rivers, South Carolina, water years 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:24:32","indexId":"ofr96418","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-418","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data from selected sites in the Charleston Harbor Estuary and tributary rivers, South Carolina, water years 1992-95","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96418","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Cooney, T., and Long, K., 1997, Hydrologic and water-quality data from selected sites in the Charleston Harbor Estuary and tributary rivers, South Carolina, water years 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-418, iii, 987 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96418.","productDescription":"iii, 987 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0418/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52204,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0418/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","otherGeospatial":"Charleston Harbor Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.18621826171875,\n 32.44952057251957\n ],\n [\n -81.18621826171875,\n 33.97753113740941\n ],\n [\n -78.8543701171875,\n 33.97753113740941\n ],\n [\n -78.8543701171875,\n 32.44952057251957\n ],\n [\n -81.18621826171875,\n 32.44952057251957\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, P.A.","contributorId":57493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooney, T.W.","contributorId":25194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooney","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, K.B.","contributorId":52612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22278,"text":"ofr96488 - 1997 - Water-quality, water-level, and lake-bottom-sediment data collected from the defense fuel supply point and adjacent properties, Hanahan, South Carolina, 1990-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:32:46","indexId":"ofr96488","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-488","title":"Water-quality, water-level, and lake-bottom-sediment data collected from the defense fuel supply point and adjacent properties, Hanahan, South Carolina, 1990-96","docAbstract":"A 9-year scientific investigation to determine the potential for biore-mediation of ground-water contamination and to monitor the effectiveness of an engineered bioremediation system located at the Defense Fuel Supply Point and adjacent properties in Hanahan, S.C., has culminated in the collection of abundant water-quality and water-level data.This report presents the analytical results of the study that monitored the changes in surface- and ground-water quality and water-table elevations in the study area from December 1990 to January 1996. This report also presents analytical results of lake-bottom sediments collected in the study area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96488","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Petkewich, M., Vroblesky, D., Robertson, J., and Bradley, P., 1997, Water-quality, water-level, and lake-bottom-sediment data collected from the defense fuel supply point and adjacent properties, Hanahan, South Carolina, 1990-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-488, vi, 299 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96488.","productDescription":"vi, 299 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e519c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petkewich, M.D.","contributorId":89927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28701,"text":"wri974033 - 1997 - Ground-water development and the effects on ground-water levels and water quality in the town of Atherton, San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri974033","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4033","title":"Ground-water development and the effects on ground-water levels and water quality in the town of Atherton, San Mateo County, California","docAbstract":"The installation of at least 100 residential wells in the town of Atherton, California, during the 198792 drought has raised concerns about the increased potential for land subsidence and salt water intrusion. Data were collected and monitor ing networks were established to assess current processes and to monitor future conditions affect ing these processes. Data include recorded pump age, recorded operation time, and measured pumpage rates from 38 wells; water levels from 49 wells; water chemistry samples from 20 wells, and land-surface elevation data from 22 survey sites, including one National Geodetic Survey estab lished bench mark. Geologic, lithologic, climato logic, well construction, well location, and historical information obtained from available reports and local, state, and Federal agencies were used in this assessment.\r\nEstimates of annual residential pumpage from 269 assumed active residential wells in the study area indicate that the average annual total pumping rate is between 395 and 570 acre-feet per year. The nine assumed active institutional wells are estimated to pump a total of about 200 acre- feet per year, or 35 to 50 percent of the total resi dential pumpage. Assuming that 510 acre-feet per year is the best estimate of annual residential pumpage, total pumpage of 710 acre-feet per year would represent about 19 percent of the study area's total water supply, as estimated.\r\nDepth-to-water-level measurements in wells during April 1993 through September 1995 typically ranged from less than 20 feet below land surface nearest to San Francisco Bay to more than 70 feet below land surface in upslope areas near exposed bedrock, depending on the season. This range, which is relatively high historically, is attributed to above normal rainfall between 1993 and 1995. Water levels expressed as hydraulic heads indicate the presence of three different hydrologic subareas on the basis of hydraulic-head contour configurations and flow direction. That all measured hydraulic heads in the study area from April 1993 through September 1995 were above sea level indicates that saltwater intrusion was unlikely during this period.\r\nThe chemistry of 20 well-water samples is characterized as a calcium magnesium carbonate bicarbonate type water. There is no evidence of saltwater intrusion from San Francisco Bay; how ever, water samples from wells nearest the bay and bedrock assemblages indicate a greater concentra tion of dissolved constituents and salinity. Dissolved-solids concentrations of water samples from wells in these areas exceeded 1,000 milli grams per liter, and several samples contained a substantial fraction of sodium and chloride. Water hardness for the 20 wells sampled averaged 471 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, which is classified as very hard. One well sample exceeded the primary maximum contaminant level for drinking water in nitrate, several wells exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level for chloride and sulfate, and all wells sampled exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level for total dissolved solids.\r\nLand-subsidence and the resultant damage because of excessive ground-water pumping, in combination with periodic drought, have a well- documented history in the south San Francisco Bay area. Land-elevation surveying data from 1934 to 1967 indicate that subsidence ranged from 0.1 to approximately 0.5 foot in the vicinity of the study area. It could not be determined from land- surface elevation surveying data from 1993 whether subsidence is currently occurring in the study area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974033","usgsCitation":"Metzger, L.F., and Fio, J.L., 1997, Ground-water development and the effects on ground-water levels and water quality in the town of Atherton, San Mateo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4033, v, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974033.","productDescription":"v, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57541,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cec5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fio, John L.","contributorId":77543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fio","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49758,"text":"ofr97614 - 1997 - Development of an 11- and 14-digit hydrologic unit boundary layer for the Lower Ohio-Salt River Basin using a Geographic Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:11","indexId":"ofr97614","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-614","title":"Development of an 11- and 14-digit hydrologic unit boundary layer for the Lower Ohio-Salt River Basin using a Geographic Information System","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97614","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H.L., Downs, A.C., Crabtree, S.D., and Hines, D.H., 1997, Development of an 11- and 14-digit hydrologic unit boundary layer for the Lower Ohio-Salt River Basin using a Geographic Information System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-614, CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97614.","productDescription":"CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":240204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crabtree, Steve D.","contributorId":27126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabtree","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, Doug H.","contributorId":50208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26794,"text":"wri964301 - 1997 - Geohydrology and water quality of Marine Corps Logistics Base, Nebo and Yermo annexes, near Barstow, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri964301","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4301","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of Marine Corps Logistics Base, Nebo and Yermo annexes, near Barstow, California","docAbstract":"Because ground water is the only dependable source of water in the Barstow area, a thorough understanding of the relationship between the geology and hydrology of this area is needed to make informed ground-water management andremediation decisions. This report summarizes geologic and hydrologic studies done during 1992-95 at the Marine Corps Logistics Base, Nebo and Yermo Annexes, near Barstow, California. The geologic investigation dealt with the stratigraphy and geologic history of the area and determined the location of faults that cross the Marine Corps Logistics Base, Nebo Annex. Two of these faultscoincide with significant ground-water barriers. Geologic and hydrologic data collected for this study were used to define two main aquifer systems in this area. The Mojave River aquifer is contained within the sand and gravel of the Mojave River alluvium, and the regional aquifer lies in the bordering alluvial-fan deposits and older alluvium. Water-level data showed that recharge occurs exten sively in the Mojave River aquifer but occurs only in small areas of the regional aquifer. Dissolved- solids concentrations showed that ground-water degradation exists in the Mojave River aquifer near the Nebo Annex and extends at least 1 mile downgradient of the Nebo golf course in the younger Mojave River alluvium. Nitrogen concentrations show that more than one source is causing the observed degradation in the Mojave River aquifer. Oxygen-18, deuterium, tritium, andcarbon-14 data indicate that the Mojave River and regional aquifers have different sources of recharge and that recent recharge occurs in the Mojave River aquifer but is more limited in the regional aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964301","usgsCitation":"Densmore, J., Cox, B.F., and Crawford, S.M., 1997, Geohydrology and water quality of Marine Corps Logistics Base, Nebo and Yermo annexes, near Barstow, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4301, v, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964301.","productDescription":"v, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4301/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55684,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4301/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Jill N. 0000-0002-5345-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613","contributorId":89179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Jill N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Brett F. bcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":5793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Brett","email":"bcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, Steven M.","contributorId":80714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28981,"text":"wri964293 - 1997 - Analysis of aquifer tests conducted in boreholes USW WT-10, UE-25 WT#12, and USW SD-7, 1995-96, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T20:22:42.834086","indexId":"wri964293","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4293","title":"Analysis of aquifer tests conducted in boreholes USW WT-10, UE-25 WT#12, and USW SD-7, 1995-96, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964293","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, G.M., 1997, Analysis of aquifer tests conducted in boreholes USW WT-10, UE-25 WT#12, and USW SD-7, 1995-96, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4293, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964293.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414500,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48616.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57852,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4293/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159145,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4293/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5833,\n 36.917\n ],\n [\n -116.5833,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 36.917\n ],\n [\n -116.5833,\n 36.917\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, G. M.","contributorId":31407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26514,"text":"wri974017 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Fish communities at selected sites, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T22:47:21.353718","indexId":"wri974017","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4017","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Fish communities at selected sites, 1993-95","docAbstract":"Fish communities at 10 sites in the Rio Grande Basin were \r\nsampled during low-flow periods between 1993 and 1995 as part of \r\nthe U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment \r\nProgram. The ecology of fish communities is one of several lines \r\nof evidence used to characterize water-quality conditions. This \r\nreport describes the fish communities at selected sites in the \r\nRio Grande Basin and relates the structure of these fish \r\ncommunities to the physical and chemical characteristics of the \r\nstreams. Twenty-nine species of fish representing 10 families \r\nwere identified in 25 samples collected during this study. \r\nSpecies richness ranged from 1 to 13. \r\n\r\n Cluster analysis of the 25 samples collected during this \r\nstudy delineated four groups of sites that were based on the \r\nsimilarity of the fish communities. The first two groups were \r\nindividual sites with low species richness. The third group \r\ncontained the most samples, and the fourth group consisted of \r\nsamples from the Rio Grande at Isleta, New Mexico, and the Rio \r\nGrande at El Paso, Texas. The shift in community structure of \r\nsamples from group 3 to group 4 reflects changes from \r\npredominantly coldwater fishes to warmwater fishes.\r\n\r\n Four metrics of biotic integrity (percentages of introduced \r\nindividuals, omnivores, tolerant individuals, and anomalies) \r\nwere used in this study to provide a broad overview of the \r\ncommunity structure. The relative percentages of introduced \r\nspecies at the Rio Grande near Del Norte, Colorado; Saguache \r\nCreek near Saguache, Colorado; Rio Grande below Taos Junction \r\nBridge, near Taos, New Mexico; and Rio Grande at Isleta are \r\nindicative of biological stress on the communities at these \r\nsites. The dominance of omnivores in samples from the Rio Grande \r\nbelow Taos Junction Bridge, near Taos; Rio Chama near Chamita, \r\nNew Mexico; Rio Grande at Isleta; and Rio Grande at El Paso is \r\nan indication of environmental stress at these sites. In 1995, \r\ntolerant species accounted for the entire fish community at the \r\nRio Grande at Isleta. In all samples the occurrence of anomalies \r\nwas less than 2 percent of the individuals, with the exception of \r\nthe sample from the Rio Grande at Isleta. On the basis of the \r\nrelative percentages of introduced individuals, omnivores, \r\ntolerant individuals, and anomalies, the biotic integrity at the \r\nRio Grande at Isleta appears to be the most impaired of all sites \r\nand shows indications of potential chemical and physical \r\nperturbations. \r\n\r\n Fish communities from three reaches at the Santa Fe River \r\nabove Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, and the Rio Grande at Isleta were \r\nsampled in 1995 to assess small-scale spatial patterns in the \r\nstructure of fish communities. The spatial pattern at these sites \r\nmight be associated with natural variability of the fish \r\ncommunities or with the presence of habitat features such as \r\npools.\r\n\r\n The total number of individuals and relative abundance in a \r\nsample varied at sites sampled yearly during this study. All \r\nsites, with the exception of the Rio Grande near Del Norte, had a \r\ndecline in total number of individuals in a sample. The temporal \r\ndecline in the total number of individuals at these site might be \r\nassociated with the natural variability within the fish \r\ncommunities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974017","usgsCitation":"Carter, L.F., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Fish communities at selected sites, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4017, vi, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974017.","productDescription":"vi, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410518,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48648.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4017/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.6,\n 38.4167\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 38.4167\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 31.7833\n ],\n [\n -105.6,\n 31.7833\n ],\n [\n -105.6,\n 38.4167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb542","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, L. F.","contributorId":74787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66775,"text":"i2541 - 1997 - Interpretive map and guide to the volcanic geology of Chiricahua National Monument and vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:18","indexId":"i2541","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2541","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Interpretive map and guide to the volcanic geology of Chiricahua National Monument and vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2541","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J., Du Bray, E., and Hall, D., 1997, Interpretive map and guide to the volcanic geology of Chiricahua National Monument and vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2541, 1 map :col. ;54 x 46 cm. on sheet 105 x 145 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (11 p. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2541.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;54 x 46 cm. on sheet 105 x 145 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (11 p. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108307,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13028.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13028"},{"id":187971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2541/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91601,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2541/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91602,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2541/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.4,31.95 ], [ -109.4,32.06666666666667 ], [ -109.28333333333333,32.06666666666667 ], [ -109.28333333333333,31.95 ], [ -109.4,31.95 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e001f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, J.S.","contributorId":46534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Du Bray, E. A.","contributorId":22333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du Bray","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, D.B.","contributorId":12879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6130,"text":"pp1546 - 1997 - Geophysical interpretations of the Libby thrust belt, northwestern Montana, with a section on deep folds and faults interpreted from seismic data and a section on interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T21:22:31.409142","indexId":"pp1546","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1546","title":"Geophysical interpretations of the Libby thrust belt, northwestern Montana, with a section on deep folds and faults interpreted from seismic data and a section on interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings","docAbstract":"Interpretations of gravity and aeromagnetic anomaly data, supplemented by results from two seismic reflection profiles and five magnetotelluric soundings, were used to study buried structure and lithology of the Libby thrust belt of northwestern Montana. The gravity anomaly data show a marked correlation with major structures. The Purcell anticlinorium and the Sylvanite anticline are very likely cored by stacks of thrust slices of dense crystalline basement rocks that account for the large gravity highs across these two structures. Gravity anomaly data for the Cabinet Mountains Wilderness show a string of four broad highs. The principal magnetic anomaly sources are igneous intrusive rocks, major fault zones, and magnetite-bearing sedimentary rocks of the Ravalli Group. The most important magnetic anomalies in the principal study area are five distinct positive anomalies associated with Cretaceous or younger cupolas and stocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1546","usgsCitation":"Kleinkopf, M.D., Harrison, J.E., and Stanley, W.D., 1997, Geophysical interpretations of the Libby thrust belt, northwestern Montana, with a section on deep folds and faults interpreted from seismic data and a section on interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1546, Report: iii, 22 p.; 2 Plates: 22.50 20.50 inches and 29.00 x 33.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1546.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 22 p.; 2 Plates: 22.50 20.50 inches and 29.00 x 33.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108380,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13146.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13146"},{"id":33199,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1546/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33198,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1546/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":843,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1546/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1546.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Libby thrust belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 47.25\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 47.25\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 49\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c0f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleinkopf, M. Dean","contributorId":37723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinkopf","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Jack Edward","contributorId":51736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, W. D.","contributorId":86756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}