A water treatment system and procedure are described that are designed for preparing large quantities of reconstituted water with specific chemical and physical characteristics for use in chronic toxicity studies with fish and invertebrates. Water treatment units produce high-purity water in large quantities for storage in high-density cross-linked polyethylene tanks, where it is combined with various salts to reconstitute an appropriate experimental water quality that simulates potential environmental conditions for use as the test medium in an intermittent-flow proportional diluter. Several water quality characteristics for the source water and the receiving water, and respective flow rates must be considered when one calculates the chemical constituents that must be added to closely simulate the water in a potential environmental situation. The water treatment system and procedure have been used to produce four differently reconstituted experimental waters that were used in 60- to 90-day early life stage chronic toxicity studies with fish. Of the ten water quality characteristics measured in the experimental waters during the studies, eight had a coefficient of variation of <5%-indicating that the various physiochemical characteristics could be precisely reproduced throughout long-term exposure studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(89)90039-0","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S., Faerber, N.L., and Buhl, K.J., 1989, A system for reconstituting special water qualities for use in chronic toxicity studies: Water Research, v. 23, no. 2, p. 159-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(89)90039-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eec0e4b0824b2d18c443","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faerber, Neil L.","contributorId":175406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faerber","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178139,"text":"70178139 - 1989 - Bone characteristics and metal concentrations in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from one neutral and three acidified lakes in Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-03T13:25:34","indexId":"70178139","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bone characteristics and metal concentrations in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from one neutral and three acidified lakes in Maine","docAbstract":"The bone characteristics of white suckers, Catostomus commersoni, from four lakes in Maine were studied in relation to lake water quality and metal concentrations in fish. Green Lake had a neutral pH, high buffering capacity, and low aluminum concentrations, whereas the other three lakes had low pH, low buffering capacity, and elevated aluminum concentrations. The concentrations of aluminum in white suckers did not differ among the four lakes, but concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury were greater in fish from the three low-pH lakes. The vertebrae were weaker and more flexible in fish from the low-pH lakes than in those from neutral-pH Green Lake. The inferior mechanical properties of bone in fish from the low-pH lakes were probably a result of the significantly lower proline concentrations in collagen. Low pH of lake water or elevated whole-body concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury, either individually or combined, could have caused the inferior mechanical properties of bone of white suckers from the low-pH lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f89-059","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S., and Haines, T.A., 1989, Bone characteristics and metal concentrations in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from one neutral and three acidified lakes in Maine: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 46, no. 3, p. 440-446, https://doi.org/10.1139/f89-059.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"446","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581c4cc6e4b09688d6e9101a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, Terry A.","contributorId":59860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184274,"text":"70184274 - 1989 - Acute gastric dilatation and volvulus in a free-living polar bear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T15:30:13","indexId":"70184274","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute gastric dilatation and volvulus in a free-living polar bear","docAbstract":"A large, adult male polar bear (Ursus maritimus) was found dead on a barrier island north of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (USA), in June 1987. There were no external signs of trauma. A twisted distended stomach, distinctive parenchymal and fascial congestion, and significant difficulty in repositioning the anterior abdominal organs, indicated that gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) was the proximate cause of death. Polar bears frequently consume large quantities of food at one time and have large stomachs that are well adapted to periodic gorging. The scarcity of food in winter and early spring, combined with voluntary fasting and protracted vigorous activity during the breeding season in late spring may have predisposed this bear to GDV. The relationship between GDV and postprandial exercise emphasizes the need for a better understanding of how the present human invasion of arctic habitats may influence polar bear activities.
Geochemical data for samples of overburden from three mines in the Powder River Basin indicate a statistically significant (0.01 confidence level) positive correlation (r = 0.74) between Se and organic C. Results of factor analysis with varimax rotation on the major and trace element data from the rock samples indicate large (>50) varimax loadings for Se in two of the three factors. In Factor 1, the association of Se with constituents common to detrital grains indicates that water transporting the detrital particles into the Powder River Basin also carried dissolved Se. The large (>50) varimax loadings of Se and organic C in Factor 2 probably are due to the organic affinities characteristic of Se.
Dissolved Se concentrations in water samples collected at one coal mine are directly related to the dissolved organic C concentrations. Hydrophilic acid concentrations in the water samples from the mine ranged from 35 to 43% of the total dissolved organic C, and hydrophobic acid concentrations ranged from 40 to 49% of the total dissolved organic C. The largest dissolved organic C concentrations in water from the same mine (34–302 mg/l), coupled with the large proportion of acidic components, may saturate adsorption sites on geothite and similar minerals that comprise the aquifer material, thus decreasing the extent of selenite (SeO32−) adsorption as a sink for Se as the redox state of ground water decreases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(89)90067-X","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Rice, J., 1989, Geochemical processes controlling selenium in ground water after mining, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 4, no. 6, p. 565-575, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(89)90067-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"575","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.47190543824975,\n 45.01883494747517\n ],\n [\n -107.47190543824975,\n 41.6986083689649\n ],\n [\n -104.13348307176983,\n 41.6986083689649\n ],\n [\n -104.13348307176983,\n 45.01883494747517\n ],\n [\n -107.47190543824975,\n 45.01883494747517\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a168de4b0c8380cd551ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, J. A.","contributorId":101217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70137840,"text":"70137840 - 1989 - Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T11:46:18","indexId":"70137840","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank","docAbstract":"A 3-year monitoring program was performed to assess the impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank, an important commercial fishery region in the North Atlantic east of Massachusetts, USA. Surficial sediments were sampled for chemical and benthic infaunal analysis and bottom still photographs were taken to document bottom microtopography and epifauna at 46 stations during 12 field surveys. The surveys were performed quarterly from just before drilling began, during drilling, and for nearly 2 years after completion of drilling. Two of the eight drilling sites were selected for monitoring. Twenty-nine stations were positioned in a tight radial array around a drilling site in 80 m of water. A second group of three stations was positioned near another drilling site in 140 m of water. The remaining stations covered a broad expanse of the Bank and adjacent suspected sites of deposition of fine-grained sediments.\\
\n\n
Of the 12 elements analyzed in bulk sediments, only barium increased in concentration during the period when drilling was taking place (July 1981 to September 1982). The concentration of barium in surficial sediment increased 4·7-fold from 28 ppm before drilling to 131·7 ppm after drilling at the station closest to the drilling site in 80 m of water and 5·9-fold from 32 ppm before drilling to 172 ppm after drilling at the station closest to the drilling site in 140 m of water. The concentrations of both barium and chromium increased in the fine (silt/clay) fraction (usually less than 5% by weight of sediment from most stations) of sediments from several stations around one or both rig sites monitored during the period of drilling. Elevated concentrations of chromium (about two-fold) occurred only in sediments near the drilling site in 140 m of water. Statistically significant increases in the concentration of barium in the fine fraction to sediment were detected approximately 65 km west (downcurrent) and 35 km east of the drilling site in 80 m of water after drilling was completed.
\n\n
The benthic fauna were abundant and diverse throughout the study area. At most stations, the dominant species remained nearly the same from one season to another over the 3 years of sampling. Polychaetes were the most abundant, followed by crustaceans. The number of individuals of some species, particularly the amphipods Erichthonius fasciatus and Unciola inermis, showed large seasonal variations.
\n\n
Cluster analysis revealed a strong relationship between community structure and both sediment type and water depth. Little seasonal variation was detected, but some interannual differences were revealed by cluster analysis and correspondence analysis. The replicates from a station always resembled each other more than they resembled any replicates from other stations. In addition, the combined replicates from a station always clustered with samples from that station taken on other cruises. This excellent replication and uniformity of the benthic infaunal community at a station over time made it possible to detect very subtle changes in community parameters that might be related to discharges of drilling fluid and drill cuttings. Nevertheless, no changes were detected in benthic communities of Georges Bank that could be attributed to drilling activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(89)90002-0","usgsCitation":"Neff, J.M., Bothner, M., Maciolek, N.J., and Grassle, J.F., 1989, Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank: Marine Environmental Research, v. 27, no. 2, p. 77-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(89)90002-0.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"114","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.23486328124999,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -69.6533203125,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -69.98291015625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -73.54248046875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -73.23486328124999,\n 42.827638636242284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bd0e4b08de9379b34f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neff, J. M.","contributorId":138626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maciolek, N. J.","contributorId":138627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maciolek","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grassle, J. F.","contributorId":8621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grassle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168813,"text":"70168813 - 1989 - Answers from deep inside the Earth; Continental Scientific Drilling at Cajon Pass, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-03T15:41:55","indexId":"70168813","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Answers from deep inside the Earth; Continental Scientific Drilling at Cajon Pass, California","docAbstract":"Drilling of a 12,000-foot-deep scientific well has been completed at Cajon Pass in southern California to measure crustal properties, to determine crustal structure, and to better understanding the generation of earthquakes along the San Andreas fault. A joint effort of the National Science Foundation (NFS) and the U.S Geological Survey (USGS), the well was begun in November 1986, and is one of the first projects to be undertaken in the new national Continental Scientific Drilling Program. This program aims to enchance our knowledge of the compostiion, sturcture, dynamics, and evolution of the continental crust and of how these factors affect the origin and distribution of mineral and energy resources and natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Russ, D.P., 1989, Answers from deep inside the Earth; Continental Scientific Drilling at Cajon Pass, California: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 2, p. 79-84.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318543,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cajon Pass","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.49259948730469,\n 34.30884540434678\n ],\n [\n -117.44934082031249,\n 34.31309912363629\n ],\n [\n -117.42256164550783,\n 34.241040412926225\n ],\n [\n -117.39749908447264,\n 34.22344190246092\n ],\n [\n -117.41363525390625,\n 34.210382566613696\n ],\n [\n -117.46582031249999,\n 34.24501376107695\n ],\n [\n -117.48092651367186,\n 34.2594865145062\n ],\n [\n -117.49259948730469,\n 34.30600947175969\n ],\n [\n -117.49259948730469,\n 34.30884540434678\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d96e3be4b015c306f76448","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russ, D. P.","contributorId":38538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russ","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70140586,"text":"70140586 - 1989 - An algorithm for locating candidate labeling boxes within a polygon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:28:35","indexId":"70140586","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":709,"text":"American Cartographer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An algorithm for locating candidate labeling boxes within a polygon","docAbstract":"Vector-based geographic information systems usually require annotation, such as a polygon number or attribute data, in a suitable location within a polygon. Traditional methods usually compute the polygon centroid, test the centroid for inclusion or exclusion, and select some alternative point when the centroid falls outside the polygon. Two problems are associated with this approach: (1) the text can be centered on the point, but may be placed in a visually awkward place, and (2) part of the text may fall outside the polygon and may overlap other polygon boundaries or other text labels. An algorithm is presented that circumvents both of these problems, by computing a number of horizontal candidate labeling rectangles (boxes) within a polygon from which a suitable selection can be made or from which one may conclude that the text label does not fit the polygon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304089783814034","usgsCitation":"van Roessel, J.W., 1989, An algorithm for locating candidate labeling boxes within a polygon: American Cartographer, v. 16, no. 3, p. 201-209, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304089783814034.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"209","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b2ce4b08de9379b328c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Roessel, Jan W.","contributorId":35745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Roessel","given":"Jan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":540198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000133,"text":"1000133 - 1989 - Field test of a bioassay procedure for assessing habitat quality on fish spawning grounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T09:52:23","indexId":"1000133","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field test of a bioassay procedure for assessing habitat quality on fish spawning grounds","docAbstract":"A bioassay procedure to assess habitat quality was tested on Port Austin reef in southern Lake Huron, a spawning area of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. In 1986, Plexiglas incubators filled with fertilized lake trout eggs were buried by scuba divers in rock rubble at two sites. The incubators then were attached to chains between large trap-net anchors on the bottom and left over winter. At one site, egg hatch rate was significantly higher in incubators that remained buried in substrate (24%) than in incubators that were dislodged out onto the substrate (13%). At the other, more exposed site, no significant difference was found in percent hatch between eggs that incubated in (10%) and on (8%) the substrate. Percent hatch at both sites was significantly lower than that (40%) of eggs from the same source that were incubated in controlled laboratory conditions. In autumn, concentrations of dissolved ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrate near bottom and in the substrate posed no threat to lake trout embryos and were not correlated with hatch rate; concentrations differed significantly between the two sites. During winter, 15 cm of sediment settled from the water onto the reef but did not accumulate or smother the eggs. The bioassay procedure is easy to implement, is recommended for use in the Great Lakes, and could be adapted easily for use elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0175:FTOABP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Manny, B.A., Jude, D.J., and Eshenroder, R., 1989, Field test of a bioassay procedure for assessing habitat quality on fish spawning grounds: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 118, no. 2, p. 175-182, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0175:FTOABP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"182","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/141519","text":"External Repository"},{"id":128637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jude, David J.","contributorId":11986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jude","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eshenroder, Randy L.","contributorId":86716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshenroder","given":"Randy L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013167,"text":"70013167 - 1989 - Late Quaternary paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:37","indexId":"70013167","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada","docAbstract":"Diatoms, crustaceans, and pollen from sediment cores, in conjunction with dated shoreline tufas provide evidence for lake level and environmental fluctuations of Walker Lake in the late Quaternary. Large and rapid changes of lake chemistry and level apparently resulted from variations in the course and discharge of the Walker River. Paleolimnological evidence suggests that the basin contained a relatively deep and slightly saline to freshwater lake before ca. 30 000 years B.P. During the subsequent drawdown, the Walker River apparently shifted its course and flowed northward into the Carson Sink. As a result, Walker Lake shallowed and became saline. During the full glacial, cooler climates with more effective moisture supported a shallow brine lake in the basin even without the Walker River. As glacial climates waned after 15 000 years ago, Walker Lake became a playa. The Walker River returned to its basin 4700 years ago, filling it with fresh water in a few decades. Thereafter, salinity and depth increased as evaporation concentrated inflowing water, until by 3000 years ago Walker Lake was nearly 90 m deep, according to dated shoreline tufas. Lake levels fluctuated throughout this interval in response to variations in Sierra Nevada precipitation and local evaporation. A drought in the Sierras between 2400 and 2000 years ago reduced Walker Lake to a shallow, brine lake. Climate-controlled refilling of the lake beginning 2000 years ago required about one millennium to bring Walker lake near its historic level. Through time, lake basins in the complex Lake Lahontan system, fill and desiccate in response to climatic, tectonic and geomorphic events. Detailed, multidisciplinary paleolimnologic records from related subbasins are required to separate these processes before lake level history can be reliably used to interpret paleoclimatology. ?? 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00184000","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Platt, B.J., Forester, R.M., and Thompson, R., 1989, Late Quaternary paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 249-267, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184000.","startPage":"249","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184000"},{"id":220237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4533e4b0c8380cd67102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Platt, Bradbury J.","contributorId":67651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Platt","given":"Bradbury","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014939,"text":"70014939 - 1989 - Shaded relief map of US topography from digital elevations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:29:31.581879","indexId":"70014939","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shaded relief map of US topography from digital elevations","docAbstract":"Much geologic and geophysical information that lies encoded within land surface form can be revealed by image processing large files of digitized elevations in fast machines and mapping the results. This convergence of computers, analytic software, data, and output devices has created exciting opportunities for automating the numerical and spatial study of topography. One recent result is the accompanying shaded relief map of the conterminous 48 states.
A shaded relief image of topography mimics a cloud-free monochrome aerial photograph taken at low Sun. Gray tones represent different terrain slopes and azimuths calculated from adjacent elevations stored in a uniform grid, or digital elevation model (DEM). Sun elevation and direction can be varied to generate complementary views of the same area. The synoptic coverage of these computer images is a major advantage; unlike a photograph, image extent is limited only by size of the elevation array. Shaded relief maps also are free of the distortion found in radar images and of the vegetation and cultural features that mask topographic form on Landsat and SPOT images.
Seismicity is correlated in space and time with production from some oil and gas fields where pore pressures have declined by several tens of megapascals. Reverse faulting has occurred both above and below petroleum reservoirs, and normal faulting has occurred on the flanks of at least one reservoir. The theory of poroelasticity requires that fluid extraction locally alter the state of stress. Calculations with simple geometries predict stress perturbations that are consistent with observed earthquake locations and focal mechanisms. Measurements of surface displacement and strain, pore pressure, stress, and poroelastic rock properties in such areas could be used to test theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of earthquake mechanics.
The severe rainstorm of January 3, 4 and 5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay area, California, produced numerous landslides, many of which transformed into damaging debris flows. The process of transformation was studied in detail at one site where only part of a landslide mobilized into several episodes of debris flow. The focus of our investigation was to learn whether the landslide debris dilated or contracted during the transformation from slide to flow.
The landslide debris consisted of sandy colluvium that was separable into three soil horizons that occupied the axis of a small topographic swale. Failure involved the entire thickness of colluvium; however, over parts of the landslide, the soil A-horizon failed separately from the remainder of the colluvium.
Undisturbed samples were taken for density measurements from outside the landslide, from the failure zone and overlying material from the part of the landslide that did not mobilize into debris flows, and from the debris-flow deposits. The soil A-horizon was contractive and mobilized to flows in a process analogous to liquefaction of loose, granular soils during earthquakes. The soil B- and C-horizons were dilative and underwent 2 to 5% volumetric expansion during landslide movement that permitted mobilization of debris-flow episodes.
Several criteria can be used in the field to differentiate between contractive and dilative behavior including lag time between landsliding and mobilization of flow, episodic mobilization of flows, and partial or complete transformation of the landslide.
Water extracted from fluid inclusions in quartz from shallow epithermal ore deposits often has a hydrogen isotope composition (δD) different from that of water extracted from inclusions in associated minerals. This difference is usually attributed to the involvement of primary fluids from multiple sources. Isotopic and homogenization and freezing temperature determinations on fluid inclusions from contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite from the epithermal, silver and base metal orebodies of the OH vein, Creede district, Colorado, suggest an alternative explanation. In near-surface deposits, differences between δDH2O of inclusion fluids in ore minerals and quartz may result, instead, from contamination during extraction of the fluids contained in primary inclusions by shallow ground water trapped in pseudosecondary inclusions in quartz.
\nQuartz from the OH vein contains two principal petrographically distinct populations of fluid inclusions: primary and pseudosecondary. The primary inclusions have salinities ranging from 5 to 10 equiv wt percent NaCl, and the salinities of pseudosecondary inclusions cluster between 0 and 1 percent. Primary inclusions in quartz from one locality have a measured δDH2O value of -69 per mil, while pseudosecondary inclusions at the same locality have a δDH2O value of -102 per mil. Both salinity and isotopic values for primary inclusions in quartz are similar to those for primary inclusions in contemporaneous sphalerite. Homogenization temperatures for primary and pseudosecondary inclusions in quartz range from 191° to 280° C and from 199° to 278° C, respectively. The δDH2O value measured on fluid inclusions from bulk crystals ranges between -97 and -85 per mil and represents a mixture of fluids from both primary and pseudosecondary inclusions.
\nWe interpret the data to indicate that one or more episodes of abrupt incursion of cooler, overlying ground water into the ore zone caused thermal cracking of the quartz crystals during the time interval of mineralization. Subsequent healing of the fractures trapped heated, low-salinity ground water in pseudosecondary inclusions. The abrupt incursions of overlying ground water are speculated to have resulted from either collapse of a transient vapor-dominated region of the ore zone, or catastrophic venting of the system through hydrothermal eruption(s).
\nThe unusually high contrast between the salinities of the ore-depositing fluids and the ground water overlying the ore zone allowed recognition of this phenomenon at Creede. It is likely, however, that Creede is not unique. Similar phenomena may be common in shallow ore zones where rapid fluctuation of an interface between a deep, high-temperature thermal plume and an overlying, cooler ground water may be expected to occur. Careful study of the origins of fluid inclusions, particularly in quartz, is essential to characterize the primary ore fluids and to assess the role of ground water in the hydrology of shallow ore deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1966","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Bethke, P., and Rye, R.O., 1989, A reinterpretation of the δDH2O of inclusion fluids in contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite, Creede mining district, Colorodo: a generic problem for shallow orebodies?: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1966-1977, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1966.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1966","endPage":"1977","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 37.00693943418586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e545e4b0c8380cd46c55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bethke, Philip M.","contributorId":52829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"Philip M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015042,"text":"70015042 - 1989 - Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T17:46:47.958628","indexId":"70015042","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1824,"text":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test","docAbstract":"A graphical method has been developed for determining the coefficient of consolidation from the transient phases of a flow-pump permeability test. The flow pump can be used to infuse fluid into or withdraw fluid from a laboratory sediment specimen at a constant volumetric rate in order to obtain data that can be used to calculate permeability using Darcy's law. When the initial transient-response curve (hydraulic head as a function of time) generated by this test is examined analytically in terms of a one-dimensional consolidation process, representative type-curve solutions to the associated forced-flow and pressure-decay models are derived. These curves provide the basis for graphically evaluating the permeability k, the coefficient of consolidation cv, and the coefficient of volume change mv. The curve-matching technique is easy and rapid, and it can be applied to results of forced-flow tests, both infusion and withdrawal, as well as to subsequent pressure-decay records. Values of k, cv, and mv for a laterally confined kaolinite specimen were determined by this graphical method and appear to be in reasonably good agreement with numerically derived estimates (within 20%). Discrepancies between the two sets of results seem to be largely a function of data quality rather than of method of analysis. Where responses of hydraulic head as a function of time are apparently unaffected by experimental sources of error, agreement is excellent (within 4%). Application of this graphical method to triaxial testing has inherent uncertainties, because the solution curves that describe one-dimensional deformation are used to analyze a three-dimensional process.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/GTJ10989J","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., Olsen, H.W., Nelson, K.R., and Gill, J.D., 1989, Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test: Geotechnical Testing Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 302-307, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10989J.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29d3e4b0c8380cd5ac84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Karl R.","contributorId":63538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, James D.","contributorId":52729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015044,"text":"70015044 - 1989 - Lead and cadmium associated with saltwater intrusion in a New Jersey aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:22:36","indexId":"70015044","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead and cadmium associated with saltwater intrusion in a New Jersey aquifer system","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey collected ground-water samples from the upper and middle aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in a 400-square-mile area of New Jersey from 1984 through 1986. Concentrations of lead were greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 50 micrograms per liter in water from 16 to 239 wells. The concentrations of cadmium were greater than the MCL of 10 micrograms per liter in water from 10 to 241 wells. One-half of the wells that exceeded the lead MCL were in known areas of saltwater intrusion, as were all 10 wells that exceeded the cadmium MCL. The association of elevated concentrations of these metals with elevated concentrations of chloride indicates a mechanism related to saltwater intrusion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01339.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Pucci, A.A., Harriman, D.A., Ervin, E.M., Bratton, L., and Gordon, A., 1989, Lead and cadmium associated with saltwater intrusion in a New Jersey aquifer system: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 25, no. 6, p. 1267-1272, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01339.x.","startPage":"1267","endPage":"1272","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267745,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01339.x"},{"id":223961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45aae4b0c8380cd6746b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pucci, Amleto A. Jr.","contributorId":86494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pucci","given":"Amleto","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harriman, Douglas A.","contributorId":70544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harriman","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ervin, Elisabeth M.","contributorId":28377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ervin","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bratton, Lisa lbratton@usgs.gov","contributorId":362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"Lisa","email":"lbratton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gordon, Alison","contributorId":12205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Alison","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015087,"text":"70015087 - 1989 - Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean Orogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T18:31:55.83867","indexId":"70015087","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean Orogen","docAbstract":"The Early Proterozoic Penokean Orogen developed along the southern margin of the Archean Superior craton. The orogen consists of a northern deformed continental margin prism overlying an Archean basement and a southern assemblage of oceanic arcs, the Wisconsin magmatic terranes. The south-dipping Niagara fault (suture) zone separates the south-facing continental margin from the accreted arc terranes. The suture zone contains a dismembered ophiolite.The Wisconsin magmatic terranes consist of two terranes that are distinguished on the basis of lithology and structure. The northern Pembine–Wausau terrane contains a major succession of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks deposited in the interval 1860–1889 Ma and a more restricted succession of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks deposited about 1835 – 1845 Ma. Granitoid rocks ranging in age from about 1870 to 1760 Ma intrude the volcanic rocks. The older succession was generated as island arcs and (or) closed back-arc basins above the south-dipping subduction zone (Niagara fault zone), whereas the younger one developed as island arcs above a north-dipping subduction zone, the Eau Pleine shear zone. The northward subduction followed deformation related to arc–continent collision at the Niagara suture at about 1860 Ma. The southern Marshfield terrane contains remnants of mafic to felsic volcanic rocks about 1860 Ma that were deposited on Archean gneiss basement, foliated tonalite to granite bodies ranging in age from about 1890 to 1870 Ma, and younger undated granite plutons. Following amalgamation of the two arc terranes along the Eau Pleine suture at about 1840 Ma, intraplate magmatism (1835 Ma) produced rhyolite and anorogenic alkali-feldspar granite that straddled the internal suture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-180","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Sims, P., Van Schmus, W.R., Schulz, K.J., and Peterman, Z.E., 1989, Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean Orogen: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 10, p. 2145-2158, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-180.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2145","endPage":"2158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.38101796315155,\n 46.772476394321046\n ],\n [\n -92.38101796315155,\n 43.72975596682312\n ],\n [\n -87.68543949566828,\n 43.72975596682312\n ],\n [\n -87.68543949566828,\n 46.772476394321046\n ],\n [\n -92.38101796315155,\n 46.772476394321046\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba491e4b08c986b320436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sims, P.K.","contributorId":30191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Schmus, W. R.","contributorId":83114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Schmus","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, K. J.","contributorId":79131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015131,"text":"70015131 - 1989 - Petrologic constraints on rift-zone processes - Results from episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T17:14:31","indexId":"70015131","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrologic constraints on rift-zone processes - Results from episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The Puu Oo eruption in the middle of Kilauea volcano's east rift zone provides an excellent opportunity to utilize petrologic constraints to interpret rift-zone processes. Emplacement of a dike began 24 hours before the start of the eruption on 3 January 1983. Seismic and geodetic evidence indicates that the dike collided with a magma body in the rift zone. Most of the lava produced during the initial episode of the Puu Oo eruption is of hybrid composition, with petrographic and geochemical evidence of mixing magmas of highly evllved and more mafic compositions. Some olivine and plagioclase grains in the hybrid lavas show reverse zoning. Whole-rock compositional variations are linear even for normally compatible elements like Ni and Cr. Leastsquares mixing calculations yield good residuals for major and trace element analyses for magma mixing. Crystal fractionation calculations yield unsatisfactory residuals. The highly evolved magma is similar in composition to the lava from the 1977 eruption and, at one point, vents for these two eruptions are only 200 m apart. Possibly both the 1977 lava and the highly evolved component of the episode 1 Puu Oo lava were derived from a common body of rift-zone-stored magma. The more mafic mixing component may be represented by the most mafic lava from the January 1983 eruption; it shows no evidence of magma mixing. The dike that was intruded just prior to the start of the Puu Oo eruption may have acted as a hydraulic plunger causing mixing of the two rift-zone-stored magmas. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301548","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Garcia, M., Ho, R., Rhodes, J., and Wolfe, E., 1989, Petrologic constraints on rift-zone processes - Results from episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 81-96, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301548.","startPage":"81","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205477,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301548"},{"id":224406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7812e4b0c8380cd78616","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, M.O.","contributorId":47868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ho, R.A.","contributorId":68887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhodes, J.M.","contributorId":31110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015149,"text":"70015149 - 1989 - Eustatic and tectonic controls on deposition of hybrid siliciclastic/carbonate basinal cycles: Discussion with examples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T16:40:37.972361","indexId":"70015149","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eustatic and tectonic controls on deposition of hybrid siliciclastic/carbonate basinal cycles: Discussion with examples","docAbstract":"Changes in sea level represent one of the dominant controls on basinal sedimentation adjacent to mixed carbonate siliciclastic sediment-source areas. Sedimentary responses to sea level change of the siliciclastic and carbonate components of these hybrid systems commonly result in deposition of alternating siliciclastic and shelf-derived carbonate basinal deposits. Such deposition is particularly pronounced adjacent to carbonate platforms, where alternate immersion/exposure of the flat platform top results in carbonate highstand deposition and siliciclastic lowstand deposition. In contrast, small to moderate-amplitude sea level drops in distally steepened ramp settings may expose only the inner part of the gently sloping shelf, resulting in lowstand deposition of mixed sil ciclastic/allodapic (FOOTNOTE 3) carbonate sediments.
Along active margins, tectonic uplift and subsidence of sediment-source areas act as additional major controls on deposition of siliciclastic/carbonate basinal cycles. Two of the most important tectonic effects are (1) uplift of siliciclastic sediment-source areas, resulting in increased erosion and swamping of carbonate shelf sources and (2) exposure or immersion of shelf-carbonate sediment-source areas due to vertical tectonic movements.
Most published seismic-stratigraphic studies of sea level control on deep-sea sedimentation focus on lowstand deposition of siliciclastic sediment and commonly neglect the contribution of allodapic carbonate sediment deposited during sea level highstands. However, the examples discussed in this paper indicate that highstand carbonate deposits may make up a significant proportion of many hybrid carbonate/siliciclastic basinal sequences.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/44B4AA0F-170A-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Dolan, J., 1989, Eustatic and tectonic controls on deposition of hybrid siliciclastic/carbonate basinal cycles: Discussion with examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 73, no. 10, p. 1233-1246, https://doi.org/10.1306/44B4AA0F-170A-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1233","endPage":"1246","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223803,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bcfe4b0c8380cd528ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dolan, James F.","contributorId":39506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015233,"text":"70015233 - 1989 - The influence of formation material properties on the response of water levels in wells to Earth tides and atmospheric loading","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:08:40.566375","indexId":"70015233","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of formation material properties on the response of water levels in wells to Earth tides and atmospheric loading","docAbstract":"The water level in an open well can change in response to deformation of the surrounding material, either because of applied strains (tidal or tectonic) or surface loading by atmospheric pressure changes. Under conditions of no vertical fluid flow and negligible well bore storage (static-confined conditions), the sensitivities to these effects depend on the elastic properties and porosity which characterize the surrounding medium. For a poroelastic medium, high sensitivity to applied areal strains occurs for low porosity, while high sensitivity to atmospheric loading occurs for high porosity; both increase with decreasing compressibility of the solid matrix. These material properties also influence vertical fluid flow induced by areally extensive deformation and can be used to define two types of hydraulic diffusivity which govern pressure diffusion, one for applied strain and one for surface loading. The hydraulic diffusivity which governs pressure diffusion in response to surface loading is slightly smaller than that which governs fluid flow in response to applied strain. Given the static-confined response of a water well to atmospheric loading and Earth tides, the in situ drained matrix compressibility and porosity (and hence the one-dimensional specific storage) can be estimated. Analysis of the static-confined response of five wells to atmospheric loading and Earth tides gives generally reasonable estimates for material properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB09p12403","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Rojstaczer, S., and Agnew, D., 1989, The influence of formation material properties on the response of water levels in wells to Earth tides and atmospheric loading: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B9, p. 12403-12411, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB09p12403.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"12403","endPage":"12411","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad22e4b08c986b3239d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.","contributorId":92709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agnew, D.C.","contributorId":32186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015303,"text":"70015303 - 1989 - Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:36:41.115494","indexId":"70015303","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri","docAbstract":"Measurements on fluid inclusions in hydrothermal dolomite cements place constraints on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and on the thermal-hydrologic processes which formed the Viburnum Trend Mississippi Valley-type lead district. Homogenization temperatures and freezing point depressions were determined for fluid inclusions in Bonneterre Dolomite-hosted dolomite cements in mine samples, as well as drill core from up to 13 km outside of the district. A well-defined cathodoluminescent zonation distinguishes dolomite growth zones in the Vi-burnurn Trend as older or younger than main-stage mineralization (octahedral galena) and facilitates correlation with other dolomites outside the Viburnum Trend.Homogenization temperatures and salinities in samples from mines are not systematically different from those of samples outside of the district. Medians of homogenization temperature distributions differ by not more than 25 degrees C, so that a temperature gradient, if present, should not have exceeded approximately 25 degrees C within the study area. These observations are interpreted to indicate that the Viburnum Trend was not strongly thermally anomalous with respect to surrounding country rock and that fluid flow occurred on a broad scale through not only the Lamotte Sandstone but through the overlying Cambrian carbonates as well.The absence of a significant, recognizable decrease in temperature either vertically within the section or east-west across the district, coupled with the minor amount of silica in the district, argues against cooling as a primary cause of sulfide precipitation. Fluids whose primary aquifer was the Lamotte Sandstone, predominantly a quartz arenite, should have been in equilibrium with quartz. Quartz in the Viburnum Trend occurs as a minor, drusy, vug-lining phase, but the district lacks the intense silicification found in other Mississippi Valley-type districts such as Tri-State (Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri). Quartz solubility is strongly temperature dependent and, under equilibrium conditions, a decrease of 10 degrees C or more should have precipitated at least as many moles of silica as galena (assuming a galena solubility of between 1 and 10 ppm). Clearly this is not the case, as galena is far more abundant than quartz in the Viburnum Trend.Ice final-melting temperatures (T m ) in fluid inclusions generally range from -14 degrees to -27 degrees C for primary dolomite-hosted inclusions. Using these T m values and cation ratios for the inclusion fluids, absolute concentrations for the individual cations and chloride were calculated using the thermochemical model of Spencer et al. (1990). The corresponding high but variable salinities, 3.9 to 5.9 chloride molality, are evidence for the presence of more than one distinct fluid during mineralization.In a reduced sulfur mineralization model with Pb carried as chloride complexes, dilution is also a possible sulfide precipitation mechanism. The difference in Pb solubility (for an equal quantity of reduced sulfur) in the extremes of the chloride concentration range, 3.9 vs. 5.9 molal, reaches 1 ppm only for pH values below approximately 4.5. Accepting 1 ppm as a minimum metal concentration for a viable ore-forming fluid, dilution only appears capable of precipitating sulfides in a fluid with pH near the lower limit of values considered geologically reasonable or attainable.Dolomite cements hosting warm (approximately 105 degrees -125 degrees C) saline fluid inclusions are ubiquitous in the porous dolomitic facies of the Bonneterre Dolomite. Based on stratigraphic reconstructions, however, it is unlikely that the Bonneterre was buried deeper than 1.5 km. The distribution of warm inclusions beyond the Viburnum Trend district implies that fluid migration was regional in scale. Fluid inclusion temperatures inconsistent with typical basement heat-flow-controlled geothermal gradients (25 degrees -35 degrees C/km) may be explained by long-distance migration of warm, basin-derived brines. Elevated temperatures observed in fluid inclusions at shallow stratigraphic depths are consistent with a gravity flow hydrologic system characterized by rapid flow rates and the capacity for advective heat transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E., and Leach, D.L., 1989, Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1948-1965, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1948","endPage":"1965","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa09e4b0c8380cd4d8bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001624,"text":"1001624 - 1989 - Rice available to waterfowl in harvested fields in the Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:49","indexId":"1001624","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rice available to waterfowl in harvested fields in the Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"Rice fields in the Sacramento Valley, California were sampled in 1985 and 1986 to determine the weight of rice seed remaining in the fields immediately after harvest and again after the fields were burned. No significant differences were found between years (P>0.05). The pooled mean was 388 kg/ha in harvested fields and 276 kg/ha in burned fields. These values are less than estimates previously available. The values for harvested fields both years were no different (P>0.05) than values obtained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Surveys of rice fields in December both years showed that most fields were left either harvested (26-32%) or burned (37-40%) through the winter. Fields flooded for duck hunting made up 15% of the total. The proportion of fields plowed by December increased from 14% in 1985 to 22% in 1986. Sixty-three percent of all fields that had been flooded for hunting were drained within two weeks after the end of the hunting season. Harvest yield field size levee type (contour, lasered), straw status (spread, windrowed), harvest date, and rice variety did not affect the quantity of seeds remaining after harvest (P>0.05). One harvester model, the Hardy Harvester, left more rice in fields than did others we tested (P<0.001). Specific management programs are recommended to mitigate annual variation in rice seed availability to waterfowl caused by differences in total hectares grown (15% less in 1986) and in the proportion of fields burned and plowed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Fish and Game","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., Sharp, D., Gilmer, D., and Mulvaney, W., 1989, Rice available to waterfowl in harvested fields in the Sacramento Valley, California: California Fish and Game, v. 75, no. 2, p. 113-123.","productDescription":"p. 113-123","startPage":"113","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, D.E.","contributorId":34460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mulvaney, W.R.","contributorId":91811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulvaney","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015347,"text":"70015347 - 1989 - Geologic framework of the offshore region adjacent to Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T11:08:39.667976","indexId":"70015347","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic framework of the offshore region adjacent to Delaware","docAbstract":"A rank series consisting of twelve vitrinite concentrates and companion whole-coal samples from mined coal beds in the eastern United States, England, and Australia were analyzed for C, H, N, O, ash, and 47 trace and minor elements by standard elemental, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and direct-current-arc spectrographic (DCAS) techniques. The reflectance of vitrinite, atomic H:C and O:C, and ash-free carbon data were used to determine ranks that range from high-volatile C bituminous coal to meta-anthracite. A van Krevelen (atomic H:C vs. O:C) diagram of the vitrinite concentrates shows a smooth curve having its lowest point at H:C = 0.18 and O:C = 0.01. This improves the van Krevelen diagram by the addition of our vitrinite concentrate from meta-anthracite from the Narragansett basin of New England.
Boron content (400–450 ppm) in two Illinois basin vitrinite concentrates was about an order of magnitude higher than B contents in other concentrates analyzed. We attribute this to marine origin or hydrothermal activity. The alkaline-earth elements Ca, Mg and Ba (DCAS) have higher concentrations in our vitrinite concentrates from bituminous coals of the Appalachian basin, than they do in vitrinite concentrates from the marine-roofed bituminous coals of the Illinois basin; therefore, a nonmarine origin for these alkaline-earth elements is postulated for the Appalachian basin coals. An ion-exchange mechanism due to high concentrations of these elements as ions in diagenetic water, but probably not recent ground water, may be responsible for the relatively high values of these elements in Appalachian concentrates. Higher concentrations of Ni and Cr in one of the English vitrinite concentrates and of Zr in the Australian concentrate probably indicate organic association and detrital influence, respectively.