Thousands of abandoned and inactive mines are located in environmentally sensitive mountain watersheds. Cost-effective remediation of the effects of metals from mining in these watersheds requires knowledge of the most significant sources of metals. The significance of a given source depends on the toxicity of a particular metal, how much of the metal enters the stream, and whether or not the metal remains in the stream in a toxic form. This discussion deals with accounting for how much metal enters the stream and whether it stays in the stream. The amount of metal entering the stream is called the mass loading and is calculated as the product of metal concentration and stream discharge. The overall effect of high metal concentrations on streams and aquatic organisms is unclear without discharge measurements.
A traditional discharge measurement is obtained by dividing a stream into small sections and measuring the cross-sectional area and the average water velocity in each section. Summing the measurements of all the sections gives the discharge of the entire stream. This method works well where the channel bottom and banks are smooth. In mountain streams, however, the stream bottom typically is covered with cobbles, allowing much of the water to flow through the cobbles of the streambed where it cannot be measured by a flow meter (fig. 1). Thus, accurate discharge measurements are difficult to obtain in mountain streams, even under the best of conditions.
National Water-Quality Assessment Program
U.S. Geological Survey
413 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 20192
https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Corn herbicides are used extensively in the White River Basin and account for about 70 percent of the total agricultural pesticide use in the basin. Acetochlor, a corn herbicide registered for use in 1994, is expected to reduce the total amount of corn herbicides used because of its broad-spectrum weed control and low use rates. Acetochlor is considered to be a probable human carcinogen, and its continued registration is contingent on concentrations in surface and ground water not exceeding target levels. During 1994, acetochlor was detected in only trace concentrations near the mouth of the White River and not at all in a small stream (93-square-mile drainage) in the northern part of the basin. By 1996, peak concentrations were about 2 and 3 micrograms per liter near the mouth of the White River and in the small stream, respectively. The estimated annual average concentration of acetochlor near the mouth of the White River in 1996 was 0.15 micrograms per liter, well below the 2 micrograms per liter criterion for surface-water supplied community-water systems.
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U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
Wetlands, once perceived as worthless land, are now recognized as a necessary component of a vital landscape. However, due to draining and filling we have lost many of our wetlands. The loss of wetlands can have undesirable effects on the landscape, such as erosion, flooding, habitat loss and deterioration of water quality. While natural wetland systems are being destroyed nationwide, the wetlands restored or created to compensate for these losses are commonly not evaluated or contain large percentages of non-wetland acreage. At the present time we do not have established methodology that can uniformly evaluate a wetland's function, or that is useful for providing guidelines that enhance wetland restoration/creation success.
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N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Thomas","contributorId":63043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bachman, G.O.","contributorId":55858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"G.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Timbel, N.R.","contributorId":64685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timbel","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70205511,"text":"70205511 - 1997 - Woody debris decomposition in the Atchafalaya River Basin of Louisiana following hurricane disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T16:15:06","indexId":"70205511","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-31T16:06:29","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Woody debris decomposition in the Atchafalaya River Basin of Louisiana following hurricane disturbance","docAbstract":"The contribution of woody debris to some biogeochemical functions of forested wetlands was examined in the Atchafalaya River Basin in Louisiana following disturbance by Hurricane Andrew. Woody debris decomposition processes were characterized in terms of mass, C, N, and P dynamics. These were compared between different diameters of debris, areas recieving different intensities of disturbance, and between different positions relative to the soil. Disturbance intensity (as defined by canopy closure) had little effect on decomposition processes when compared with soil orientation (i.e., whether in contact with or suspended above the soil). Rates of mass loss varied between 0.055 and 0.068 for suspended and ground-contact coarse woody debris, respectively. Fine woody debris rate coefficients averaged 0.060 and 0.085 for the same respective orientations. In general, woody debris displayed strong source activity for P but a greater tendency toward sink behavior for N. In terms of biogeochemical transformations, these data suggest that woody debris might act as a phosphate source during sheet flow events but could provide short-term retention of inorganic N associated with floodwaters.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100040037x","usgsCitation":"Rice, M.D., Lockaby, B.G., Stanturf, J., and Keeland, B.D., 1997, Woody debris decomposition in the Atchafalaya River Basin of Louisiana following hurricane disturbance: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 61, no. 4, p. 1264-1274, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100040037x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1264","endPage":"1274","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367572,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Atchafalaya River Basin","volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Michael D.","contributorId":219163,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rice","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockaby, B. Graeme","contributorId":28510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockaby","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Graeme","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanturf, J.A.","contributorId":85651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanturf","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keeland, Bobby D.","contributorId":103506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"Bobby","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206924,"text":"70206924 - 1997 - Carrying capacity of seagrass beds predicted for redheads wintering in Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-27T16:07:09","indexId":"70206924","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-31T15:59:33","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Carrying capacity of seagrass beds predicted for redheads wintering in Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana, USA","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effect of habitat loss and change on waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"10th International Waterfowl Ecology Symposium","conferenceDate":"September 18-21, 1995","conferenceLocation":"Portugal","language":"English","publisher":"The Stationery Office","usgsCitation":"Michot, T.C., 1997, Carrying capacity of seagrass beds predicted for redheads wintering in Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana, USA, in Effect of habitat loss and change on waterbirds, Portugal, September 18-21, 1995, p. 93-102.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"102","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369754,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":369753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/4132/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Chandeleur Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.28863525390625,\n 29.568679425235135\n ],\n [\n -88.78051757812499,\n 29.568679425235135\n ],\n [\n -88.78051757812499,\n 30.116621582819377\n ],\n [\n -89.28863525390625,\n 30.116621582819377\n ],\n [\n -89.28863525390625,\n 29.568679425235135\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michot, Thomas C. 0000-0002-7044-987X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-987X","contributorId":57935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michot","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019864,"text":"70019864 - 1997 - Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:32:17.659832","indexId":"70019864","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data","docAbstract":"Analyses of two seismic-reflection lines in western Kentucky indicate the presence of two Proterozoic, unconformity-bounded sequences. One is autochthonous and of probable Late Proterozoic age; the other is allochthonous and of probable Middle Proterozoic age. Reflector patterns and apparent relationships to similar sequences elsewhere in the region suggest that the two sequences are of continental-rift origin. The two Proterozoic sequences lie beneath and adjacent to rocks of the Cambrian rift sequence in the Rough Creek Graben. The oldest sequence, the pre-Grenville sequence, was apparently folded and thrust faulted by the Grenville compressional event, implying that it is older than ???0.975 Ga (Middle Proterozoic). Two seismic-reflection pattern types are present in the western Kentucky data that may relate to the Middle Run (lithic arenite) and volcanic sequences defined farther east near the Grenville Front. The presence of imbricate, thrust-belt geometries in the pre-Grenville sequence extends the known westward limit of Grenville compressional structures into western Kentucky. The younger, post-Grenville sequence is less deformed and was apparently formed after the Grenville compressional event; several lines of evidence indicate that it is Late Proterozoic (0.7 to 0.6 Ga) in age. This probable siliciclastic and volcanic-rift sequence is represented by only thin remnants in western Kentucky and has no equivalent near the Grenville Front in southwestern Ohio and central Kentucky. Rocks of the better documented Cambrian rifting event belong to the thick, pre-Knox sequence in the Rough Creek Graben of western Kentucky and lie unconformably above these earlier sequences. A previously undocumented, northward-thickening interval within the lower part of the Cambrian pre-Knox sequence is recognized north of the Rough Creek Graben.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.553","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Drahovzal, J.A., 1997, Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 553-566, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.553.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"566","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"western Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.35472872141455,\n 37.745064510655624\n ],\n [\n -89.18132292227347,\n 36.61709127153813\n ],\n [\n -83.66907845195124,\n 36.5906724521372\n ],\n [\n -83.34074263376083,\n 38.55981030192171\n ],\n [\n -84.46781373522816,\n 39.07571757086501\n ],\n [\n -86.14243241382523,\n 38.1953768619407\n ],\n [\n -88.35472872141455,\n 37.745064510655624\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f7be4b0c8380cd7f7b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drahovzal, James A.","contributorId":74772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178151,"text":"70178151 - 1997 - Evidence of Newell's Shearwater breeding in Puna District, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:13:14","indexId":"70178151","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of Newell's Shearwater breeding in Puna District, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Nocturnal surveys using auditory cues and night-vision equipment were conducted during the seabird breeding season in 1993 to determine use of inland areas in the Puna District, Hawaii by Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus auricularus newelli). Two hundred sixty Newell's Shearwater auditory or visual detections were made during 275 survey hours from 23 Jul. 1993 - 20 Sep. 1993. Mean detection rates were 1.26 birds/h at Puulena Crater (n = 160 Newell's Shearwater detections), 1.05 birds/h at Heiheiahulu (n = 99) and 0.04 birds/ h at Puu Kaliu (n = 2). Vocalizing peaked between 50 and 90 min after sunset and 4 h before sunrise. Although night-vision equipment was used on most of the seabird surveys, only 4% of seabirds were detected visually. Two road-killed birds collected in Puna in June 1993, and four burrows located in Puulena Crater after the 1994 breeding season, provided additional evidence of breeding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Northeastern Bird-Banding Association","publisherLocation":"Ipswich, NH","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., and Ritchotte, G.L., 1997, Evidence of Newell's Shearwater breeding in Puna District, Hawaii: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 68, no. 1, p. 26-32.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puna District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.12832641601562,\n 19.30660720441715\n ],\n [\n -155.12832641601562,\n 19.665866618043196\n ],\n [\n -154.79530334472653,\n 19.665866618043196\n ],\n [\n -154.79530334472653,\n 19.30660720441715\n ],\n [\n -155.12832641601562,\n 19.30660720441715\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2de4b0dee4cc90cbe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ritchotte, George L.","contributorId":176654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ritchotte","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198138,"text":"70198138 - 1997 - Movement and behavior of radio-tagged juvenile spring and fall Chinook salmon in the Dalles and John Day dam forebays, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-17T14:15:30","indexId":"70198138","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Movement and behavior of radio-tagged juvenile spring and fall Chinook salmon in the Dalles and John Day dam forebays, 1995","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service ","usgsCitation":"Sheer, M.B., Schreck, C.B., Holmberg, G.S., Shively, R.S., Hansel, H.C., Martinelli, T.L., King, T., Frost, C., and Poe, T., 1997, Movement and behavior of radio-tagged juvenile spring and fall Chinook salmon in the Dalles and John Day dam forebays, 1995, 63 p.","productDescription":"63 p.","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.2286376953125,\n 45.53425085438266\n ],\n [\n -120.201416015625,\n 45.53425085438266\n ],\n [\n -120.201416015625,\n 45.75890057953495\n ],\n [\n -121.2286376953125,\n 45.75890057953495\n ],\n [\n -121.2286376953125,\n 45.53425085438266\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e20ae4b0702d0e848d63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheer, Mindi B.","contributorId":178642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sheer","given":"Mindi","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreck, Carl B. 0000-0001-8347-1139 carl.schreck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-1139","contributorId":878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"Carl","email":"carl.schreck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmberg, Glen S. gholmberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":4342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmberg","given":"Glen","email":"gholmberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shively, Rip S. rsshively@usgs.gov","contributorId":233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"Rip","email":"rsshively@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansel, Hal C. 0000-0002-3537-8244 hhansel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-8244","contributorId":2887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"Hal","email":"hhansel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martinelli, Theresa L.","contributorId":74153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martinelli","given":"Theresa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"King, T.P.","contributorId":178829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Frost, C.N.","contributorId":99324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Poe, T.P.","contributorId":51687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70179305,"text":"70179305 - 1997 - Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:12:51","indexId":"70179305","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3643,"text":"Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996","docAbstract":"The puaioihi (Myadestes palmeri) and the kamao (M. myadestinus) are endangered solitaires endemic to Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands and now restricted to the Alakai Swamp. The puaiohi has been rare historically with population estimates declining since the first population surveys 1968-73. Puaiohi were believed to be on the verge of extinction with population estimates less than 35 birds since 1981. In 1995 intensive studies of the breeding biology and population status of the puaiohi began using mist netting, color banding, spot mapping, and surveys. Fifty active nests were discovered and 63-75 birds monitored at the Koaie study site. Seven survey expeditions in 1996 detected 55-70 more puaiohi from 6 of 8 main river drainages of four survey areas explored. Although still rare and vulnerable to extinction (145±19 individuals known), puaiohi are more widely distributed within the Alakai Swamp than previously believed. Our data from 1996 suggest previous surveys methods have underestimated the population size or that the population has increased since 1981. The kamao has not been confirmed since 1985, but unconfirmed reports were made from 1989-1996. We have not sighted kamao to date despite intensive search efforts. We infer from detection probabilities that the species in highly likely to be extinct.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Albany, CA","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., Snetsinger, T.J., and Herrmann, C.M., 1997, Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996: Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society, v. 33, p. 49-55.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5864dd5be4b0cd2dabe7c203","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snetsinger, Thomas J.","contributorId":176132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snetsinger","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herrmann, Christina M.","contributorId":176133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179328,"text":"70179328 - 1997 - Introduced species: A significant component of human-caused global change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:14:20","indexId":"70179328","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2867,"text":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduced species: A significant component of human-caused global change","docAbstract":"Biological invasions are a widespread and significant component of human-caused global environmental change. The extent of invasions of oceanic islands, and their consequences for native biological diversity, have long been recognized. However, invasions of continental regions also are substantial. For example, more than 2,000 species of alien plants are established in the continental United States. These invasions represent a human-caused breakdown of the regional distinctiveness of Earth's flora and fauna—a substantial global change in and of itself. Moreover, there are well- documented examples of invading species that degrade human health and wealth, alter the structure and functioning of otherwise undisturbed ecosystems, and/or threaten native biological diversity. Invasions also interact synergistically with other components of global change. notably land use change. People and institutions working to understand, prevent, and control invasions are carrying out some of the most important—and potentially most effective—work on global environmental change.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Zealand Ecological Society","publisherLocation":"Christchurch","usgsCitation":"Vitousek, P.M., D'Antonio, C., Loope, L.L., Rejmanek, M., and Westbrooks, R.G., 1997, Introduced species: A significant component of human-caused global change: New Zealand Journal of Ecology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 1-16.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332602,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5864dd5be4b0cd2dabe7c205","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vitousek, Peter M.","contributorId":108401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vitousek","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D'Antonio, Carla M.","contributorId":27992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D'Antonio","given":"Carla M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loope, Lloyd L.","contributorId":107848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rejmanek, Marcel","contributorId":166897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rejmanek","given":"Marcel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24571,"text":"Dept. of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":656801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Westbrooks, Randy G.","contributorId":147074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westbrooks","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70210154,"text":"70210154 - 1997 - Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-30T16:03:25.84407","indexId":"70210154","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-10T09:20:09","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios","title":"Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios","docAbstract":"We use the ratios between P and S wave velocities (VP/VS), derived from seismic refraction data, to infer the composition of the crust in the Grenville and the Appalachian Provinces of North America. The crust exhibits VP/VS increasing with depth from 1.64 to 1.84; there is a clear distinction between the Grenville Province (average VP/VS=1.81) and the Appalachian Province (average VP/VS=1.73) which persists at all depths. The boundary between these provinces is east dipping extending for 100 km east of the Champlain thrust. In the Appalachian Province the increase in VP/VS ratios with depth from 1.67 to 1.74±0.02 may reflect a normal decrease of silica content in the continental crust. In the Grenville Province beneath the Central Granulite Terrane, an anomalous VP/VS ratio of 1.82±0.02 is observed extending to a depth of 10 km; this correlates with the abundance of Ca‐plagioclase in the Marcy Anorthosite. At greater depth (15–20 km), where seismic lamination and high electrical conductivity is observed, VP/VS is 1.84±0.02 and correlates with the Tahawus Complex, a layered mafic intrusion. Within the 25‐km‐thick lower crust of the Grenville Province the VP/VS is 1.84±0.02 and P‐velocity is 7.0±0.1 km/s, which are typical for plagioclase‐bearing rocks (gabbro‐norite). The high VP/VS ratio in the Grenville Province has not been reported in crust of any other age. Since the Grenville Province contains 75% of the world's known anorthosites, high VP/VS ratio is related to high plagioclase. We suggest that the composition of the Grenville lower crust was significantly modified by the emplacement of the anorthosites in the mid‐Proterozoic.
Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), native to montane forests of the neotropics, has now invaded wet forests of both the Society and Hawaiian Islands. This tree, which grows up to 15 m tall, is potentially the most invasive and damaging weed of rainforests of Pacific islands. In moist conditions, it grows rapidly, tolerates shade, and produces abundant seed that is effectively dispersed by birds and accumulates in a large, persistent soil seed-bank. Introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1961, M. calvescens appears to threaten much of the biological diversity in native forests receiving 1800–2000 mm or more annual precipitation. Currently, M. calvescens is found on 4 Hawaiian islands— Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. Widespread awareness of this invader began in the early 1990s. Although biological control is being pursued, conventional control techniques (mechanical and chemical) to contain and eradicate it locally are underway.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bishop Museum Press","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"Medieros, A.C., Loope, L.L., Conant, P., and McElvaney, S., 1997, Status, ecology, and management of the invasive plant, Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae) in the Hawaiian islands: Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, v. 48, p. 23-36.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585cf500e4b01224f329bcd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medieros, Arthur C.","contributorId":85680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medieros","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loope, Lloyd L.","contributorId":107848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conant, P.","contributorId":177633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conant","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McElvaney, S.","contributorId":177634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McElvaney","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70202026,"text":"70202026 - 1997 - USGS Wildland Fire Workshop, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD, July 9-10, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-07T09:52:23","indexId":"70202026","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-06T15:20:06","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"USGS Wildland Fire Workshop, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD, July 9-10, 1997","docAbstract":"Report on the first workshop on USGS wildland fire expertise and capabilities. The workshop brought together operational
and research representatives ofthe Federal fire management agencies to initiate a more comprehensive assessment
ofthe USGS's capabilities and the appropriate role(s) for USGS interaction and involvement with the fire community. The
report discusses how the USGS can play a significant role in wildland fire research and offer the fire community several
unique capabilities. Foremost capability is the role as data producer; fire detection, assessment, ecological modeling, and
rehabilitation and restoration relying on digital elevation models, digital line-graphs, national technical means, and image
data are also discussed. The bureau offers technical expertise using geographic information systems (GIS), image processing
and analysis, data base management and clearinghouse experience, and access to national technical means data. The
bureau must exploit the USGS's expertise and prominence in wildland fire research. The USGS is an experienced player
in fire ecology, fire assessment, and fuels loading research. Finally, the USGS also offers strong interdisciplinary experience
in watershed and geologic landslide modeling, which is key for assessing postfire effects.
The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) completed 2,653 collections of fishes from stratified random and permanently fixed sampling locations in six study reaches of the Upper Mississippi River System during 1994. Collection methods included day and night electrofishing, hoop netting, fyke netting (two net sizes), gill netting, seining, and trawling in select aquatic area classes. The six LTRMP study areas are Pools 4 (excluding Lake Pepin), 8, 13, and 26 of the Upper Mississippi River, and unimpounded reach of the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and the La Grange Pool of the Illinois River. A total of 61-79 fish species were detected in each study area. For each of the six LTRMP study areas, this report contains summaries of (1) sampling efforts in each combination of gear type and aquatic area class, (2) total catches of each species from each gear type, (3) mean catch-per-unit of gear effort statistics and standard errors for common species from each combination of aquatic area class and selected gear type, and (4) length distributions of common species from selected gear types.
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