Wetland restoration activities may disturb shallow ground-water flow dynamics. There may be unintentional sources of water flowing into a constructed wetland that could compromise the long-term viability of a wetland function. Measurement of naturally-occurring isotopes in the hydrosphere can provide an indication of provenance, flow paths or components, and residence times or ages of wetland ground-water flow systems. Hydraulic head measurements may not provide sufficient detail of shallow flow disturbances and can be complemented by analyzing isotopes in waters flowing through the wetland. Two north-central Indiana wetlands in the Kankakee watershed are being studied to determine the adequacy of wetland restoration activities. The native LaSalle wetland and the restored Hog Marsh wetland have contrasting ground-water flow regimes. The conservative water isotopes 18O, 2H, and 3H, and selected solute isotopes 13C, 14C, 15N, 34S, 87Sr, and 206–208Pb, demonstrate the complexity of ground-water flow in Hog Marsh compared to the established flow regime at the LaSalle wetland.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04305.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Sidle, W., Arihood, L., and Bayless, R., 2000, Isotope hydrology dynamics of riverine wetlands in the Kankakee Watershed, Indiana: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 4, p. 771-790, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04305.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"771","endPage":"790","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Hog Marsh Wetland, Kankakee Watershed, LaSalle Wetland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -86.099853515625,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -86.099853515625,\n 41.75492216766298\n ],\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 41.75492216766298\n ],\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 40.697299008636755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f8ae4b0c8380cd645e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sidle, W.C.","contributorId":93911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidle","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arihood, L.","contributorId":69752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bayless, R.","contributorId":18146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022641,"text":"70022641 - 2000 - Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-10T16:13:44.453298","indexId":"70022641","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir","title":"Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir","docAbstract":"Six male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, were implanted with ultrasonic temperature-sensing transmitters and tracked during June through August 1997 to quantify effects of physicochemical conditions on their distribution and movement in Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma. Paddlefish moved about twice as much during night than day. Movement rate of paddlefish was related to reservoir water level, inflow, and discharge from the reservoir at night; however, none of these variables was significant during the day. Location in the reservoir (distance from the dam) was negatively related to water level and positively related to inflow during day and night periods. Location in the reservoir was negatively related to discharge during the day. Paddlefish avoided the highest available water temperatures, but did not always avoid low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Paddlefish avoided the Cimarron River arm of the reservoir in summer, possibly because of high salinity. Our study demonstrates that distribution of paddlefish during summer and movement in Keystone Reservoir was influenced by physicochemical and hydrologic conditions in the system. However, biotic factors (e.g., food availability) not measured in this study may have been influenced by abiotic conditions in the reservoir.
","language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3672454","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., and Fisher, W., 2000, Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 45, no. 2, p. 133-140, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672454.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":515,"text":"Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River, Cimarron River, Keystone Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.59042358398438,\n 36.0618666453036\n ],\n [\n -96.20864868164062,\n 36.0618666453036\n ],\n [\n -96.20864868164062,\n 36.342784223707234\n ],\n [\n -96.59042358398438,\n 36.342784223707234\n ],\n [\n -96.59042358398438,\n 36.0618666453036\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e641e4b0c8380cd472b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, W.L.","contributorId":87713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022639,"text":"70022639 - 2000 - A Community Hydrometeorology Laboratory for Fostering Collaborative Research by the Atmospheric and Hydrologic Sciences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022639","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Community Hydrometeorology Laboratory for Fostering Collaborative Research by the Atmospheric and Hydrologic Sciences","docAbstract":"A new community laboratory for fostering collaborative research between the atmospheric and hydrologie sciences communities is described. This facility, located at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, allows scientists from both communities to more easily focus resources and attention on interdisciplinary problems in atmospheric, hydrologic, and other related sciences. Researchers can remotely access the computing tools to use them or to download them to their own facility, or they can visit NCAR and use the laboratory with other scientists in joint research projects. An application of this facility is described, where scientists from NCAR, the University of Colorado, and the United States Geological Survey used quantitative precipitation estimates from weather radar to simulate a flash flood in the Buffalo Creek watershed in the mountainous Front Range near Denver, Colorado.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Warner, T., Yates, D., and Leavesley, G., 2000, A Community Hydrometeorology Laboratory for Fostering Collaborative Research by the Atmospheric and Hydrologic Sciences: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1499-1505.","startPage":"1499","endPage":"1505","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2cee4b0c8380cd45c75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, T.T.","contributorId":7459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"T.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yates, D.N.","contributorId":55300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"D.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022623,"text":"70022623 - 2000 - A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:27:11","indexId":"70022623","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data","docAbstract":"A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that systematically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that symmetrically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 2000, A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4, p. 510-521, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"521","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3d6e4b0c8380cd4624d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022613,"text":"70022613 - 2000 - Precipitation areal-reduction factor estimation using an annual-maxima centered approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022613","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precipitation areal-reduction factor estimation using an annual-maxima centered approach","docAbstract":"The adjustment of precipitation depth of a point storm to an effective (mean) depth over a watershed is important for characterizing rainfall-runoff relations and for cost-effective designs of hydraulic structures when design storms are considered. A design storm is the precipitation point depth having a specified duration and frequency (recurrence interval). Effective depths are often computed by multiplying point depths by areal-reduction factors (ARF). ARF range from 0 to 1, vary according to storm characteristics, such as recurrence interval; and are a function of watershed characteristics, such as watershed size, shape, and geographic location. This paper presents a new approach for estimating ARF and includes applications for the 1-day design storm in Austin, Dallas, and Houston, Texas. The approach, termed 'annual-maxima centered,' specifically considers the distribution of concurrent precipitation surrounding an annual-precipitation maxima, which is a feature not seen in other approaches. The approach does not require the prior spatial averaging of precipitation, explicit determination of spatial correlation coefficients, nor explicit definition of a representative area of a particular storm in the analysis. The annual-maxima centered approach was designed to exploit the wide availability of dense precipitation gauge data in many regions of the world. The approach produces ARF that decrease more rapidly than those from TP-29. Furthermore, the ARF from the approach decay rapidly with increasing recurrence interval of the annual-precipitation maxima. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.The adjustment of precipitation depth of a point storm to an effective (mean) depth over a watershed is important for characterizing rainfall-runoff relations and for cost-effective designs of hydraulic structures when design storms are considered. A design storm is the precipitation point depth having a specified duration and frequency (recurrence interval). Effective depths are often computed by multiplying point depths by areal-reduction factors (ARF). ARF range from 0 to 1, vary according to storm characteristics, such as recurrence interval; and are a function of watershed characteristics, such as watershed size, shape, and geographic location. This paper presents a new approach for estimating ARF and includes applications for the 1-day design storm in Austin, Dallas, and Houston, Texas. The approach, termed 'annual-maxima centered,' specifically considers the distribution of concurrent precipitation surrounding an annual-precipitation maxima, which is a feature not seen in other approaches. The approach does not require the prior spatial averaging of precipitation, explicit determination of spatial correlation coefficients, nor explicit definition of a representative area of a particular storm in the analysis. The annual-maxima centered approach was designed to exploit the wide availability of dense precipitation gauge data in many regions of the world. The approach produces ARF that decrease more rapidly than those from TP-29. Furthermore, the ARF from the approach decay rapidly with increasing recurrence interval of the annual-precipitation maxima.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00170-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W., and Famiglietti, J., 2000, Precipitation areal-reduction factor estimation using an annual-maxima centered approach: Journal of Hydrology, v. 230, no. 1-2, p. 55-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00170-0.","startPage":"55","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487332,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30p9x5wd","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206829,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00170-0"},{"id":230884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"230","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8112e4b0c8380cd7b35b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, W.H.","contributorId":87980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Famiglietti, J.S.","contributorId":55994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Famiglietti","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022603,"text":"70022603 - 2000 - Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: III. Glacier ice, snow and biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T15:31:44.279778","indexId":"70022603","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: III. Glacier ice, snow and biota","docAbstract":"Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe metamorphosed snow, glacial firn, and glacial ice obtained from South Cascade Glacier in Washington State, USA. Biotic samples consisting of algae (Chlamydomonas nivalis) and ice worms (a species of oligochaetes) were also collected and imaged. In the field, the snow and biological samples were mounted on copper plates, cooled in liquid nitrogen, and stored in dry shipping containers which maintain a temperature of-196°C. The firn and glacier ice samples were obtained by extracting horizontal ice cores, 8 mm in diameter, at different levels from larger standard glaciological (vertical) ice cores 7.5 cm in diameter. These samples were cooled in liquid nitrogen and placed in cryotubes, were stored in the same dry shipping container, and sent to the SEM facility. In the laboratory, the samples were sputter coated with platinum and imaged by a low-temperature SEM. To image the firn and glacier ice samples, the cores were fractured in liquid nitrogen, attached to a specimen holder, and then imaged. While light microscope images of snow and ice are difficult to interpret because of internal reflection and refraction, the SEM images provide a clear and unique view of the surface of the samples because they are generated from electrons emitted or reflected only from the surface of the sample. In addition, the SEM has a great depth of field with a wide range of magnifying capabilities. The resulting images clearly show the individual grains of the seasonal snowpack and the bonding between the snow grains. Images of firn show individual ice crystals, the bonding between the crystals, and connected air spaces. Images of glacier ice show a crystal structure on a scale of 1–2 mm which is considerably smaller than the expected crystal size. Microscopic air bubbles, less than 15 μm in diameter, clearly marked the boundaries between these crystal-like features. The life forms associated with the glacier were easily imaged and studied. The low-temperature SEM sample collecting and handling methods proved to be operable in the field; the SEM analysis is applicable to glaciological studies and reveals details unattainable by conventional light microscopic methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/02626660009492335","issn":"02626667","usgsCitation":"Rango, A., Wergin, W., Erbe, E., and Josberger, E., 2000, Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: III. Glacier ice, snow and biota: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 45, no. 3, p. 357-375, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492335.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"375","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492335","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"North Cascades, South Cascade Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.05135440826416,\n 48.358587379640454\n ],\n [\n -121.05281352996825,\n 48.36092562241322\n ],\n [\n -121.05770587921143,\n 48.362779031281306\n ],\n [\n -121.0599374771118,\n 48.362750517809474\n ],\n [\n -121.06053829193115,\n 48.365145593800435\n ],\n [\n -121.06143951416014,\n 48.3652596422289\n ],\n [\n -121.06337070465086,\n 48.364119146452126\n ],\n [\n -121.06611728668214,\n 48.36126779528003\n ],\n [\n -121.06573104858398,\n 48.3600416652022\n ],\n [\n -121.06684684753418,\n 48.35892956821356\n ],\n [\n -121.06731891632079,\n 48.357589316506996\n ],\n [\n -121.06920719146727,\n 48.35724711893142\n ],\n [\n -121.06989383697508,\n 48.356961952529325\n ],\n [\n -121.071138381958,\n 48.35750376732858\n ],\n [\n -121.07186794281004,\n 48.35670530140269\n ],\n [\n -121.07199668884279,\n 48.355707201397294\n ],\n [\n -121.07242584228514,\n 48.355336473558054\n ],\n [\n -121.07195377349852,\n 48.35453797366513\n ],\n [\n -121.07049465179442,\n 48.35442390123028\n ],\n [\n -121.06946468353271,\n 48.35442390123028\n ],\n [\n -121.06839179992676,\n 48.35413871902583\n ],\n [\n -121.0669755935669,\n 48.354167237318116\n ],\n [\n -121.06624603271484,\n 48.35433834673654\n ],\n [\n -121.06603145599364,\n 48.354908707314564\n ],\n [\n -121.06538772583006,\n 48.355764236210064\n ],\n [\n -121.06508731842041,\n 48.355507579049814\n ],\n [\n -121.06414318084718,\n 48.355336473558054\n ],\n [\n -121.06268405914305,\n 48.35288389836329\n ],\n [\n -121.061954498291,\n 48.35294093633654\n ],\n [\n -121.06109619140625,\n 48.35214239890078\n ],\n [\n -121.06062412261961,\n 48.3512582892852\n ],\n [\n -121.06019496917726,\n 48.34951854492891\n ],\n [\n -121.0589075088501,\n 48.34829213206789\n ],\n [\n -121.05787754058838,\n 48.34826361048739\n ],\n [\n -121.05646133422852,\n 48.3457821718795\n ],\n [\n -121.05328559875488,\n 48.34461271639685\n ],\n [\n -121.05229854583742,\n 48.34472681079591\n ],\n [\n -121.0516119003296,\n 48.34521170914257\n ],\n [\n -121.04998111724854,\n 48.34521170914257\n ],\n [\n -121.0497236251831,\n 48.34552546443801\n ],\n [\n -121.04856491088867,\n 48.34561103372886\n ],\n [\n -121.04586124420166,\n 48.34538284863408\n ],\n [\n -121.0459041595459,\n 48.345867740739344\n ],\n [\n -121.04500293731688,\n 48.34618149199625\n ],\n [\n -121.04298591613768,\n 48.34563955679386\n ],\n [\n -121.04148387908936,\n 48.34660933150661\n ],\n [\n -121.04028224945067,\n 48.34797839380446\n ],\n [\n -121.04023933410643,\n 48.34971819074077\n ],\n [\n -121.04105472564696,\n 48.350773448467294\n ],\n [\n -121.04242801666261,\n 48.35294093633654\n ],\n [\n -121.04204177856445,\n 48.35479463570975\n ],\n [\n -121.04474544525146,\n 48.355507579049814\n ],\n [\n -121.04620456695555,\n 48.356249029540734\n ],\n [\n -121.0489511489868,\n 48.358102608560635\n ],\n [\n -121.05135440826416,\n 48.358587379640454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91b4e4b08c986b319a4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rango, A.","contributorId":94449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rango","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wergin, W.P.","contributorId":106280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wergin","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erbe, E.F.","contributorId":33877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erbe","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022586,"text":"70022586 - 2000 - Development of a grid-cell topographic surface for Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-27T18:33:33.848676","indexId":"70022586","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a grid-cell topographic surface for Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia","docAbstract":"The Okefenokee Swamp is a 160,000 ha freshwater wetland in Southeast Georgia, USA that developed in a landscape basin. Hydrologic variability across the swamp suggests that water-surface elevations are not uniform across the swamp. The topographic surface map discussed herein was developed to describe the swamp topography at local to landscape scales and relate the swamp peat- and sand-surface elevations to elevation above mean sea level. These data were then used to relate water-surface elevations across the swamp so that the swamp hydrologic environment could be described spatially and temporally with a spatial hydrology model. The swamp was divided into 5 sub-basins that reflect similar seasonal hydrodynamics but also indicate local conditions unique to the basins. Topographic gradient influences water-level dynamics in the western swamp (2 sub-basins), which is dominated by the Suwannee River floodplain. The eastern swamp (3 sub-basins) is terraced, and the regional hydrology is driven less by topographic gradient and more by precipitation and evapotranspiration volumes. The relatively steep gradient and berm and lake features in the western swamp's Suwannee River floodplain limit the spatial extent of the Suwannee River sill's effects, whereas system sensitivities to evapotranspiration rates are more important drivers of hydrology in the eastern swamp.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0487:DOAGTS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Loftin, C., Rasberry, W., and Kitchens, W.M., 2000, Development of a grid-cell topographic surface for Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 3, p. 487-499, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0487:DOAGTS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"499","costCenters":[{"id":274,"text":"Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Okefenokee Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.50595092773438,\n 30.593001325080845\n ],\n [\n -82.50595092773438,\n 30.58354378627138\n ],\n [\n -82.22030639648438,\n 30.56699087315334\n ],\n [\n -82.20932006835938,\n 30.55989590270129\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 30.548069799103555\n ],\n [\n -82.19284057617186,\n 30.54097344535385\n ],\n [\n -82.15301513671875,\n 30.55989590270129\n ],\n [\n -82.1282958984375,\n 30.632003915582725\n ],\n [\n -82.12417602539062,\n 30.65445282440074\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 30.668628397433356\n ],\n [\n -82.11181640625,\n 30.739475058679485\n ],\n [\n -82.12417602539062,\n 30.803192546290973\n ],\n [\n -82.12966918945312,\n 30.879833524005406\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 30.975254231355855\n ],\n [\n -82.15164184570312,\n 31.00821701110019\n ],\n [\n -82.22991943359375,\n 31.05058098421751\n ],\n [\n -82.22854614257812,\n 31.061169032707316\n ],\n [\n -82.15850830078125,\n 31.063521772353308\n ],\n [\n -82.15713500976562,\n 31.092926106993826\n ],\n [\n -82.19009399414062,\n 31.092926106993826\n ],\n [\n -82.188720703125,\n 31.178734677944494\n ],\n [\n -82.25326538085938,\n 31.17755974264551\n ],\n [\n -82.35076904296875,\n 31.158758795329728\n ],\n [\n -82.35214233398438,\n 31.07998932030227\n ],\n [\n -82.36862182617188,\n 31.0294013530289\n ],\n [\n -82.50869750976562,\n 30.926966760610032\n ],\n [\n -82.5567626953125,\n 30.876297595828756\n ],\n [\n -82.55538940429688,\n 30.820884358222617\n ],\n [\n -82.47024536132812,\n 30.81852563821785\n ],\n [\n -82.46749877929688,\n 30.803192546290973\n ],\n [\n -82.44003295898438,\n 30.803192546290973\n ],\n [\n -82.44003295898438,\n 30.767799150881462\n ],\n [\n -82.45651245117188,\n 30.759538817987497\n ],\n [\n -82.44552612304688,\n 30.718226523201352\n ],\n [\n -82.47299194335936,\n 30.721768271062917\n ],\n [\n -82.4908447265625,\n 30.707600499097804\n ],\n [\n -82.50457763671874,\n 30.6650846991075\n ],\n [\n -82.50595092773438,\n 30.593001325080845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a003ae4b0c8380cd4f658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loftin, Cynthia S. 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":2167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cynthia S.","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasberry, Wiley","contributorId":32325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasberry","given":"Wiley","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M.","contributorId":248190,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":394161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022563,"text":"70022563 - 2000 - Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:19:48","indexId":"70022563","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado","docAbstract":"Stream discharges and concentrations of dissolved and colloidal metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn), SO4, and dissolved silica were measured to identify chemical transformations and determine mass transports through two mixing zones in the Animas River that receive the inflows from Cement and Mineral Creeks. The creeks were the dominant sources of Al, Cu, Fe, and Pb, whereas the upstream Animas River supplied about half of the Zn. With the exception of Fe, which was present in dissolved and colloidal forms, the metals were dissolved in the acidic, high-SO4 waters of Cement Creek (pH 3.8). Mixing of Cement Creek with the Animas River increased pH to near-neutral values and transformed Al and some additional Fe into colloids which also contained Cu and Pb. Aluminium and Fe colloids had already formed in the mildly acidic conditions in Mineral Creek (pH 6.6) upstream of the confluence with the Animas River. Colloidal Fe continued to form downstream of both mixing zones. The Fe- and Al-rich colloids were important for transport of Cu, Pb, and Zn, which appeared to have sorbed to them. Partitioning of Zn between dissolved and colloidal phases was dependent on pH and colloid concentration. Mass balances showed conservative transports for Ca, Mg, Mn, SO4, and dissolved silica through the two mixing zones and small losses (< 10%) of colloidal Al, Fe and Zn from the water column.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00104-3","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L., Kimball, B.A., and Bencala, K., 2000, Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1003-1018, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00104-3.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1018","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00104-3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Silverton","volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7b5e4b0c8380cd4cc7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, L. E.","contributorId":89529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"L. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022558,"text":"70022558 - 2000 - Composition of fish communities in relation to stream acidification and habitat in the Neversink River, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T13:32:10.035826","indexId":"70022558","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition of fish communities in relation to stream acidification and habitat in the Neversink River, New York","docAbstract":"The effects of acidification in lotic systems are not well documented. Spatial and temporal variability of habitat and water quality complicate the evaluation of acidification effects in streams and rivers. The Neversink River in the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the tributaries of which vary from well buffered to severely acidified, provided an opportunity to investigate the extent and magnitude of acidification effects on fish communities of headwater systems. Composition of fish communities, water quality, stream hydrology, stream habitat, and physiographic factors were characterized from 1991 to 1995 at 16 first- to fourth-order sites in the basin. Correlation and regression analyses were used to develop empirical models and to assess the relations among fish species richness, total fish density, and total fish biomass and environmental variables. Chronic and episodic acidification and elevated concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum were common, and fish populations were rare or absent from several sites in the upper reaches of the basin; as many as six fish species were collected from sites in the lower reaches of the basin. Species distributions and species richness were most highly related to stream pH, acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), inorganic monomeric aluminum (Alim), calcium (Ca)2+, and potassium (K)+ concentrations, site elevation, watershed drainage area, and water temperature. Fish density was most highly related to stream pH, Alim, ANC, K+, Ca2+, and magnesium (Mg)2+ concentrations. Fish biomass, unlike species richness and fish density, was most highly related to physical habitat characteristics, water temperature, and concentrations of Mg2+ and silicon. Acidity characteristics were of secondary importance to fish biomass at all but the most severely acidified sites. Our results indicate that (1) the total biomass of fish communities was not seriously affected at moderately to strongly acidified sites; (2) species richness and total density of fish were adversely affected at strongly to severely acidified sites; and (3) possible changes in competitive interactions may mitigate negative effects of acidification on fish communities in parts of the Neversink River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0060:COFCIR>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B., and Lawrence, G., 2000, Composition of fish communities in relation to stream acidification and habitat in the Neversink River, New York: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 1, p. 60-76, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0060:COFCIR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Catskill Mountains, Neversink River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.63424682617188,\n 41.87416255688654\n ],\n [\n -74.61708068847656,\n 41.870583462266836\n ],\n [\n -74.5803451538086,\n 41.88617662305848\n ],\n [\n -74.56146240234375,\n 41.914796782203275\n ],\n [\n -74.5037841796875,\n 41.930379151500844\n ],\n [\n -74.47460174560545,\n 41.94953258640636\n ],\n [\n -74.41932678222656,\n 41.95029860413908\n ],\n [\n -74.38362121582031,\n 41.95949009892467\n ],\n [\n -74.41761016845703,\n 42.018947439899584\n ],\n [\n -74.50241088867188,\n 41.99879430655651\n ],\n [\n -74.58549499511719,\n 41.955149836015146\n ],\n [\n -74.59579467773438,\n 41.90304362629451\n ],\n [\n -74.63768005371094,\n 41.88745458227552\n ],\n [\n -74.63424682617188,\n 41.87416255688654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f928e4b0c8380cd4d481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":25174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022526,"text":"70022526 - 2000 - Effects of the flood of 1993 on the chemical characteristics of bed sediments in the Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:57:45","indexId":"70022526","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of the flood of 1993 on the chemical characteristics of bed sediments in the Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"Concentrations of pollutants stored in the surficial bed sediments in the navigation pools of the Upper Mississippi River showed a general decrease after the record flood of 1993. Percent clay and total organic carbon in the surficial sediments decreased as a result of an increase in the proportion of coarser sediment. Decreases in pollutant concentration may have been a result of the dilution by coarser and relatively less polluted sediment that was mobilized and transported into the Upper Mississippi River from its tributaries or from mainstem locations upstream but outside of the sampling area.","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer ","doi":"10.1023/A:1005143103441","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., Sullivan, J., and Taylor, H.E., 2000, Effects of the flood of 1993 on the chemical characteristics of bed sediments in the Upper Mississippi River: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 117, no. 1-4, p. 329-351, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005143103441.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"351","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267625,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005143103441"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0804e4b0c8380cd5192a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, J.F.","contributorId":73972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022504,"text":"70022504 - 2000 - Calcite crystal growth inhibition by humic substances with emphasis on hydrophobic acids from the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:26:41","indexId":"70022504","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calcite crystal growth inhibition by humic substances with emphasis on hydrophobic acids from the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"The crystallization of calcium carbonate minerals plays an integral role in the water chemistry of terrestrial ecosystems. Humic substances, which are ubiquitous in natural waters, have been shown to reduce or inhibit calcite crystal growth in experiments. The purpose of this study is to quantify and understand the kinetic effects of hydrophobic organic acids isolated from the Florida Everglades and a fulvic acid from Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, on the crystal growth of calcite (CaCO3). Highly reproducible calcite growth experiments were performed in a sealed reactor at constant pH, temperature, supersaturation (Ω = 4.5), PCO2(10−3.5atm), and ionic strength (0.1 M) with various concentrations of organic acids. Higher plant-derived aquatic hydrophobic acids from the Everglades were more effective growth inhibitors than microbially derived fulvic acid from Lake Fryxell. Organic acid aromaticity correlated strongly with growth inhibition. Molecular weight and heteroatom content correlated well with growth inhibition, whereas carboxyl content and aliphatic nature did not.
A field investigation of multispecies reactive transport was conducted in a well‐characterized, sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The aquifer is characterized by regions of differing chemical conditions caused by the disposal of secondary sewage effluent. Ten thousand liters of groundwater with added tracers (Br, Cr(VI), and EDTA complexed with Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni) were injected into the aquifer and distributions of the tracers were monitored for 15 months. Most of the tracers were transported more than 200 m; transport was quantified using spatial moments computed from the results of a series of synoptic samplings. Cr(VI) transport was retarded relative to Br; the retardation factor varied from 1.1 to 2.4 and was dependent on chemical conditions. At 314 days after the injection, dissolved Cr(VI) mass in the tracer cloud had decreased 85%, with the likely cause being reduction to Cr(III) in a suboxic region of the aquifer. Transport of the metal‐EDTA complexes was affected by aqueous complexation, adsorption, and dissolution‐precipitation reactions of Fe oxyhydroxide minerals in the aquifer sediments. Dissolved Pb‐EDTA complexes disappeared from the tracer cloud within 85 days, probably due to metal exchange reactions with Fe and adsorbed Zn (present prior to the injection from contamination by the sewage effluent). About 30% of the Cu‐EDTA complexes remained within the tracer cloud 314 days after injection, even though the thermodynamic stability of the Pb‐EDTA complex is greater than Cu‐EDTA. It is hypothesized that stronger adsorption of Pb2+ to the aquifer sediments causes the Pb‐EDTA complex to disassociate to a greater degree than the Cu‐EDTA complex. The mass of dissolved Zn‐EDTA increased during the first 175 days of the tracer test to 140% of the mass injected, with the increase due to desorption of sewage‐derived Zn. Dissolved Ni‐EDTA mass remained nearly constant throughout the tracer test, apparently only participating in reversible adsorption reactions. The results of the field experiment provide a chemically complex data set that can be used in the testing of reactive transport models of flow coupled with chemical reactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900282","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., Kent, D., Coston, J., Hess, K., and Joye, J., 2000, Multispecies reactive tracer test in an aquifer with spatially variable chemical conditions: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 119-134, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900282.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60a0e4b0c8380cd715b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coston, J.A.","contributorId":59572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joye, J.L.","contributorId":56389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joye","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022484,"text":"70022484 - 2000 - Advances in solid-phase extraction disks for environmental chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:36:35","indexId":"70022484","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3615,"text":"TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Advances in solid-phase extraction disks for environmental chemistry","docAbstract":"The development of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for environmental chemistry has progressed significantly over the last decade to include a number of new sorbents and new approaches to SPE. One SPE approach in particular, the SPE disk, has greatly reduced or eliminated the use of chlorinated solvents for the analysis of trace organic compounds. This article discusses the use and applicability of various SPE disks, including micro-sized disks, prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of trace organic compounds in water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2","issn":"01659936","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., and Snavely, K., 2000, Advances in solid-phase extraction disks for environmental chemistry: TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, v. 19, no. 1, p. 18-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e705e4b0c8380cd477d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snavely, K.","contributorId":41176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022447,"text":"70022447 - 2000 - Flow variations and macroinvertebrate community responses in a small groundwater-dominated stream in south east England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022447","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow variations and macroinvertebrate community responses in a small groundwater-dominated stream in south east England","docAbstract":"Changes in the macroinvertebrate community in response to flow variations in the Little Stour River, Kent, UK, were examined over a 6 year period (1992-1997). This period included the final year of the 1988-1992 drought, followed by some of the wettest conditions recorded this century and a second period of drought between 1996 and 1997. Each year, samples were collected from 15 sites during late-summer base-flow conditions. Correspondence analysis identified clear differences between samples from upstream and downstream sites, and between drought and non-drought years. Step-wise multiple regression was used to identify hydrological indicators of community variation. Several different indices were used to describe the macroinvertebrate community, including macroinvertebrate community abundance, number of families and species, and individual species. Site characteristics were fundamental in accounting for variation in the unstandardized macroinvertebrate community. However, when differences between sites were controlled, hydrological conditions were found to play a dominant role in explaining ecological variation. Indices of high discharge (or their absence), 4-7 months prior to sampling (i.e. winter-spring), were found to be the most important variables for describing the late-summer community The results are discussed in relation to the role of flow variability in shaping instream communities and management implications. Copyright ?? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Changes in the macroinvertebrate community in response to flow variations in the Little Stour River, Kent, UK, were examined over a 6 year period (1992-1997). This period included the final year of the 1988-1992 drought, followed by some of the wettest conditions recorded this century and a second period of drought between 1996 and 1997. Each year, samples were collected from 15 sites during late-summer base-flow conditions. Correspondence analysis identified clear differences between samples from upstream and downstream sites, and between drought and non-drought years. Step-wise multiple regression was used to identify hydrological indicators of community variation. Several different indices were used to describe the macroinvertebrate community, including macroinvertebrate community abundance, number of families and species, and individual species. Site characteristics were fundamental in accounting for variation in the unstandardized macroinvertebrate community. However, when differences between sites were controlled, hydrological conditions were found to play a dominant role in explaining ecological variation. Indices of high discharge (or their absence), 4-7 months prior to sampling (i.e. winter-spring), were found to be the most important variables for describing the late-summer community. The results are discussed in relation to the role of flow variability in shaping instream communities and management implications.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3133::AID-HYP138>3.0.CO;2-J","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Bendix, J., and Hupp, C., 2000, Flow variations and macroinvertebrate community responses in a small groundwater-dominated stream in south east England: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 16-17, p. 3133-3147, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3133::AID-HYP138>3.0.CO;2-J.","startPage":"3133","endPage":"3147","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206754,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3133::AID-HYP138>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"id":230721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"16-17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1257e4b0c8380cd54288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bendix, J.","contributorId":59977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bendix","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, C.R. 0000-0003-1853-9197","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":78775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022446,"text":"70022446 - 2000 - Effects of heterogeneity in aquifer permeability and biomass on biodegradation rate calculations: Results from numerical simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T09:48:47","indexId":"70022446","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of heterogeneity in aquifer permeability and biomass on biodegradation rate calculations: Results from numerical simulations","docAbstract":"Numerical simulations were used to examine the effects of heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity (K) and intrinsic biodegradation rate on the accuracy of contaminant plume‐scale biodegradation rates obtained from field data. The simulations were based on a steady‐state BTEX contaminant plume undergoing biodegradation under sulfate‐reducing conditions, with the electron acceptor in excess. Biomass was either uniform or correlated with K to model spatially variable intrinsic biodegradation rates. A hydraulic conductivity data set from an alluvial aquifer was used to generate three sets of 10 realizations with different degrees of heterogeneity, and contaminant transport with biodegradation was simulated with BIOMOC. Biodegradation rates were calculated from the steady‐state contaminant plumes using decrease in concentration with distance downgradient and a single flow velocity estimate, as is commonly done in site characterization to support the interpretation of natural attenuation. The observed rates were found to underestimate the actual rate specified in the heterogeneous model in all cases. The discrepancy between the observed rate and the “true” rate depended on the ground water flow velocity estimate, and increased with increasing heterogeneity in the aquifer. For a lognormal K distribution with variance of 0.46, the estimate was no more than a factor of 1.4 slower than the true rate. For an aquifer with 20% silt/clay lenses, the rate estimate was as much as nine times slower than the true rate. Homogeneous‐permeability, uniform‐degradation rate simulations were used to generate predictions of remediation time with the rates estimated from the heterogeneous models. The homogeneous models generally overestimated the extent of remediation or underestimated remediation time, due to delayed degradation of contaminants in the low‐K areas. Results suggest that aquifer characterization for natural attenuation at contaminated sites should include assessment of the presence and extent of, and contaminant concentrations in, low‐permeability areas of an aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb02706.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Scholl, M.A., 2000, Effects of heterogeneity in aquifer permeability and biomass on biodegradation rate calculations: Results from numerical simulations: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 5, p. 702-712, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb02706.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"702","endPage":"712","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0711e4b0c8380cd5153f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, Martha A. 0000-0001-6994-4614 mascholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-4614","contributorId":1920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"Martha","email":"mascholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022442,"text":"70022442 - 2000 - Methodology and application of combined watershed and ground-water models in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022442","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methodology and application of combined watershed and ground-water models in Kansas","docAbstract":"Increased irrigation in Kansas and other regions during the last several decades has caused serious water depletion, making the development of comprehensive strategies and tools to resolve such problems increasingly important. This paper makes the case for an intermediate complexity, quasi-distributed, comprehensive, large-watershed model, which falls between the fully distributed, physically based hydrological modeling system of the type of the SHE model and the lumped, conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling system of the type of the Stanford watershed model. This is achieved by integrating the quasi-distributed watershed model SWAT with the fully-distributed ground-water model MODFLOW. The advantage of this approach is the appreciably smaller input data requirements and the use of readily available data (compared to the fully distributed, physically based models), the statistical handling of watershed heterogeneities by employing the hydrologic-response-unit concept, and the significantly increased flexibility in handling stream-aquifer interactions, distributed well withdrawals, and multiple land uses. The mechanics of integrating the component watershed and ground-water models are outlined, and three real-world management applications of the integrated model from Kansas are briefly presented. Three different aspects of the integrated model are emphasized: (1) management applications of a Decision Support System for the integrated model (Rattlesnake Creek subbasin); (2) alternative conceptual models of spatial heterogeneity related to the presence or absence of an underlying aquifer with shallow or deep water table (Lower Republican River basin); and (3) the general nature of the integrated model linkage by employing a watershed simulator other than SWAT (Wet Walnut Creek basin). These applications demonstrate the practicality and versatility of this relatively simple and conceptually clear approach, making public acceptance of the integrated watershed modeling system much easier. This approach also enhances model calibration and thus the reliability of model results. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.Increased irrigation in Kansas and other regions during the last several decades has caused serious water depletion, making the development of comprehensive strategies and tools to resolve such problems increasingly important. This paper makes the case for an intermediate complexity, quasi-distributed, comprehensive, large-watershed model, which falls between the fully distributed, physically based hydrological modeling system of the type of the SHE model and the lumped, conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling system of the type of the Stanford watershed model. This is achieved by integrating the quasi-distributed watershed model SWAT with the fully-distributed ground-water model MODFLOW. The advantage of this approach is the appreciably smaller input data requirements and the use of readily available data (compared to the fully distributed, physically based models), the statistical handling of watershed heterogeneities by employing the hydrologic-response-unit concept, and the significantly increased flexibility in handling stream-aquifer interactions, distributed well withdrawals, and multiple land uses. The mechanics of integrating the component watershed and ground-water models are outlined, and three real-world management applications of the integrated model from Kansas are briefly presented. Three different aspects of the integrated model are emphasized: (1) management applications of a Decision Support System for the integrated model (Rattlesnake Creek subbasin); (2) alternative conceptual models of spatial heterogeneity related to the presence or absence of an underlying aquifer with shallow or deep water table (Lower Republican River basin); and (3) the general nature of the integrated model linkage by employing a watershed simulator other than SWAT (Wet Walnut Creek basin). These applications demonstrate the practicality and ve","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00293-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., and Perkins, S., 2000, Methodology and application of combined watershed and ground-water models in Kansas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 236, no. 3-4, p. 185-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00293-6.","startPage":"185","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206714,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00293-6"},{"id":230613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"236","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a556ce4b0c8380cd6d1e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022441,"text":"70022441 - 2000 - Concentrations and characteristics of organic carbon in surface water in Arizona: Influence of urbanization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022441","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations and characteristics of organic carbon in surface water in Arizona: Influence of urbanization","docAbstract":"Dissolved (DOC) and total (TOC) organic carbon concentrations and compositions were studied for several river systems in Arizona, USA. DOC composition was characterized by ultraviolet and visible absorption and fluorescence emission (excitation wavelength of 370 nm) spectra characteristics. Ephemeral sites had the highest DOC concentrations, and unregulated perennial sites had lower concentrations than unregulated intermittent sites, regulated sites, and sites downstream from wastewater-treatment plants (p < 0.05). Reservoir outflows and wastewater-treatment plant effluent were higher in DOC concentration (p < 0.05) and exhibited less variability in concentration than inflows to the reservoirs. Specific ultraviolet absorbance values at 254 nm were typically less than 2 m-1(milligram DOC per liter)-1 and lower than values found in most temperate-region rivers, but specific ultraviolet absorbance values increased during runoff events. Fluorescence measurements indicated that DOC in desert streams typically exhibit characteristics of autochthonous sources; however, DOC in unregulated upland rivers and desert streams experienced sudden shifts from autochthonous to allochthonous sources during runoff events. The urban water system (reservoir systems and wastewater-treatment plants) was found to affect temporal variability in DOC concentration and composition. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.Dissolved (DOC) and total (TOC) organic carbon concentrations and compositions were studied for several river systems in Arizona, USA. DOC composition was characterized by ultraviolet and visible absorption and fluorescence emission (excitation wavelength of 370 nm) spectra characteristics. Ephemeral sites had the highest DOC concentrations, and unregulated perennial sites had lower concentrations than unregulated intermittent sites, regulated sites, and sites downstream from wastewater-treatment plants (p<0.05). Reservoir outflows and wastewater-treatment plant effluent were higher in DOC concentration (p<0.05) and exhibited less variability in concentration than inflows to the reservoirs. Specific ultraviolet absorbance values at 254 nm were typically less than 2 m-1(milligram DOC per liter)-1 and lower than values found in most temperate-region rivers, but specific ultraviolet absorbance values increased during runoff events. Fluorescence measurements indicated that DOC in desert streams typically exhibit characteristics of autochthonous sources; however, DOC in unregulated upland rivers and desert streams experienced sudden shifts from autochthonous to allochthonous sources during runoff events. The urban water system (reservoir systems and wastewater-treatment plants) was found to affect temporal variability in DOC concentration and composition.The influence of urbanization, becoming increasingly common in arid regions, on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in surface water resources was studied. DOC concentration and composition, seasonal watershed runoff events, streamflow variations, water management practices, and urban infrastructure in several Arizona watersheds were monitored. Ephemeral sites had the highest DOC levels, and unregulated perennial sites and lower concentrations than unregulated intermittent sites, regulated sites, and sites downstream from wastewater treatment plants. Reservoir outflows and wastewater treatment plant effluent had higher and less variable DOC concentrations than inflows to reservoirs. UV absorbance values, fluorescence measurements, and other indicators suggest that urban water systems (reservoirs and wastewater treatment plants) affect temporal variability in DOC concentration and composition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00292-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Westerhoff, P., and Anning, D., 2000, Concentrations and characteristics of organic carbon in surface water in Arizona: Influence of urbanization: Journal of Hydrology, v. 236, no. 3-4, p. 202-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00292-4.","startPage":"202","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206713,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00292-4"},{"id":230612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"236","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f984e4b0c8380cd4d652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westerhoff, P.","contributorId":44685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerhoff","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anning, D.","contributorId":60916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022390,"text":"70022390 - 2000 - Influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on contaminant distribution between water and several soil solids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T10:55:25","indexId":"70022390","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2222,"text":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on contaminant distribution between water and several soil solids","docAbstract":"The influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on the contaminant distribution coefficients in solid–water mixtures was determined for a number of relatively nonpolar compounds (contaminants) on several natural solids. The studied compounds consisted of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene) and chlorinated pesticides (lindane, α-BHC, and heptachlor epoxide), which span several orders of magnitude in water solubility (Sw); the solid samples comprised a bentonite, a peat, and two other soils, which cover a wide range of solid organic matter (SOM) content. The applied surfactant concentrations (X) ranged from below the (nominal) CMC to 2–3 times the CMC. For relatively water-soluble BTEX compounds, the distribution coefficients with surfactant (Kd*) all exceeded those without surfactant (Kd); the Kd*/Kd ratios increased with increasing Swfrom p-xylene to benzene on each solid at a given X, with increasing X for each compound on a solid, and with decreasing solid SOM content for each compound over the range of X studied. For the less-soluble pesticides, the Kd*/Kdratios exhibited a large increase with X for bentonite, a marginal change (increase or decrease) for a soil of 2.4% SOM, and a moderate-to-large decrease for two soils of 14.8% and 86.4% SOM. These unique observations were rationalized in terms of the properties of the compound, the amount of surfactant sorbed on the solid, the enhanced solubilization of the compound by surfactant in water, and the relative effects of the surfactant when adsorbed on minerals and when partitioned into SOM.
An 18-day microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and metal additions on bioaccumulation from sediments of Cd, Ni, and Zn in two clams (Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis) and three marine polychaetes (Neanthes arenaceodentata, Heteromastus filiformis, and Spiophanes missionensis). Manipulation of AVS by oxidation of naturally anoxic sediments allowed use of metal concentrations typical of nature and evaluation of processes important to chronic metal exposure. A vertical sediment column similar to that often found in nature was used to facilitate realistic biological behavior. Results showed that AVS or porewater (PW) metals controlled bioaccumulation in only 2 of 15 metal-animal combinations. Bioaccumulation of all three metals by the bivalves was related significantly to metal concentrations extracted from sediments (SEM) but not to [SEM − AVS] or PW metals. SEM predominantly influenced bioaccumulation of Ni and Zn in N. arenaceodentata, but Cd bioaccumulation followed PW Cd concentrations. SEM controlled tissue concentrations of all three metals in H. filiformis and S. missionensis, with minor influences from metal-sulfide chemistry. Significant bioaccumulation occurred when SEM was only a small fraction of AVS in several treatments. Three factors appeared to contribute to the differences between these bioaccumulation results and the results from toxicity tests reported previously: differences in experimental design, dietary uptake, and biological attributes of the species, including mode and depth of feeding.
Recent work has emphasized development of full‐range water‐retention functions that are applicable under both wet and dry soil conditions, but evaluation of such functions in numerical modeling has been limited. Here we show that simulations using the Rossi‐Nimmo (RN) full‐range function compared favorably with those using the common Brooks‐Corey function and that the RN function can improve prediction of water potentials in near‐surface soil, particularly under dry conditions. Simulations using the RN function also improved prediction of temperatures throughout the soil profile. Such improvements could be important for calculations of liquid and vapor flow in near‐surface soils and in deep unsaturated zones of arid and semiarid regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900193","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., and Jacobson, E.A., 2000, Testing a full‐range soil‐water retention function in modeling water potential and temperature: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 10, p. 3081-3089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900193.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3081","endPage":"3089","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479206,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900193","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5b7e4b08c986b320c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":45480,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022341,"text":"70022341 - 2000 - Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:00:06","indexId":"70022341","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential","docAbstract":"In the past decade, there has been a growing interest of dam safety officials to incorporate a risk‐based analysis for design‐flood hydrology. Extreme or rare floods, with probabilities in the range of about 10−3 to 10−7 chance of occurrence per year, are of continuing interest to the hydrologic and engineering communities for purposes of planning and design of structures such as dams [National Research Council, 1988]. The National Research Council stresses that as much information as possible about floods needs to be used for evaluation of the risk and consequences of any decision. A regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach was developed to assist dam safety officials and floodplain managers in their assessments of the risk of large floods. The interdisciplinary components included documenting maximum paleofloods and a regional analyses of contemporary extreme rainfall and flood data to complement a site‐specific probable maximum precipitation study [Tomlinson and Solak, 1997]. The cost‐effective approach, which can be used in many other hydrometeorologic settings, was applied to Elkhead Reservoir in Elkhead Creek (531 km2) in northwestern Colorado; the regional study area was 10,900 km2. Paleoflood data using bouldery flood deposits and noninundation surfaces for 88 streams were used to document maximum flood discharges that have occurred during the Holocene. Several relative dating methods were used to determine the age of paleoflood deposits and noninundation surfaces. No evidence of substantial flooding was found in the study area. The maximum paleoflood of 135 m3 s−1 for Elkhead Creek is about 13% of the site‐specific probable maximum flood of 1020 m3 s−1. Flood‐frequency relations using the expected moments algorithm, which better incorporates paleoflood data, were developed to assess the risk of extreme floods. Envelope curves encompassing maximum rainfall (181 sites) and floods (218 sites) were developed for northwestern Colorado to help define maximum contemporary and Holocene flooding in Elkhead Creek and in a regional frequency context. Study results for Elkhead Reservoir were accepted by the Colorado State Engineer for dam safety certification.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900098","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, R.D., and Tomlinson, E.M., 2000, Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 10, p. 2957-2984, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900098.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"2957","endPage":"2984","ipdsId":"IP-027734","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900098","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a532e4b0e8fec6cdbd74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomlinson, Edward M.","contributorId":195306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022839,"text":"70022839 - 2000 - An organized signal in snowmelt runoff over the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T05:45:36","indexId":"70022839","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An organized signal in snowmelt runoff over the western United States","docAbstract":"Daily-to-weekly discharge during the snowmelt season is highly correlated among river basins in the upper elevations of the central and southern Sierra Nevada (Carson, Walker, Tuolumne, Merced, San Joaquin, Kings, and Kern Rivers). In many cases, the upper Sierra Nevada watershed operates in a single mode (with varying catchment amplitudes). In some years, with appropriate lags, this mode extends to distant mountains. A reason for this coherence is the broad scale nature of synoptic features in atmospheric circulation, which provide anomalous insolation and temperature forcings that span a large region, sometimes the entire western U.S. These correlations may fall off dramatically, however, in dry years when the snowpack is spatially patchy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04278.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.H., Smith, R.E., Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., and Riddle, L., 2000, An organized signal in snowmelt runoff over the western United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 421-432, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04278.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"432","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaa6e4b0c8380cd489c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. E.","contributorId":76366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riddle, L.","contributorId":47550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddle","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70188322,"text":"70188322 - 2000 - Determining timescales for groundwater flow and solute transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T07:56:00","indexId":"70188322","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Determining timescales for groundwater flow and solute transport","docAbstract":"One of the principal uses of environmental tracers is for determining the ages of soil waters and groundwaters. (We may refer to this as ‘hydrochronology’by analogy with the dating of solid materials known as geochronology.) Information on soil water and groundwater age enables timescales for a range of subsurface processes to be determined. For example, ‘groundwater stratigraphy’is used increasingly to decipher past recharge rates and conditions in unconfined aquifers, in much the same way that sedimentary stratigraphy yields information about past depositional environments. The use of environmental tracers to determine water ages allows groundwater recharge rates and flow velocities to be determined independently, and commonly more accurately, than with traditional hydraulic methods where hydraulic properties of aquifers are poorly known or spatially variable. Studies of groundwater residence times in association with groundwater contamination studies can enable historic release rates of contaminants and contaminant transport rates to be determined. Where input rates are known, measurements of groundwater contaminant concentrations, together with groundwater dating, can sometimes be used for estimating chemical reaction rates. The combination of these dating methods with stable isotope measurements has sometimes allowed changes in contaminant sources over time to be determined.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Boston","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4615-4557-6_1","isbn":"978-1-4613-7057-4","usgsCitation":"Cook, P.G., and Bohlke, J., 2000, Determining timescales for groundwater flow and solute transport, chap. of Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4557-6_1.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5937bf32e4b0f6c2d0d9c7c6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook, Peter G.","contributorId":192638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697213,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herczeg, Andrew L.","contributorId":83007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herczeg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697214,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Cook, Peter G.","contributorId":192638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44850,"text":"wri994130 - 2000 - VS2DI—A graphical software package for simulating fluid flow and solute or energy transport in variably saturated porous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-17T14:55:48.127481","indexId":"wri994130","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4130","title":"VS2DI—A graphical software package for simulating fluid flow and solute or energy transport in variably saturated porous media","docAbstract":"VS2DI is a graphical software package for simulating flow and transport in variably saturated porous media in one or two dimensions using cartesian or radial coordinate systems. This software package consists of three components: (i) VS2DTI, for simulating fluid flow and solute transport, (ii) VS2DHI, for simulating fluid flow and energy (heat) transport, and (iii) VS2POST, a standalone postprocessor, for viewing results saved from previous simulation runs. Both VS2DTI and VS2DHI combine a graphical user interface with a numerical model to create an integrated, window-based modeling environment. Users can easily specify or change the model domain, hydraulic and transport properties, initial and boundary conditions, grid spacing, and other model parameters. Simulation results can be displayed as contours of pressure head, moisture content, saturation, concentration or temperature, and velocity or flux for each time step, thus creating a simple animation. The numerical models used for flow and transport calculations are the U.S. Geological Survey’s computer models VS2DT (for solute transport) and VS2DH (for energy transport). Although these models are integrated into the software package, their source codes are maintained as individual Fortran programs that can be compiled and run separately from the graphical user interface. This report provides an overview of the features and capabilities of the VS2DI software package. Detailed instructions on how to use the software are provided by on-line help manuals and tutorials that are included in the software.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994130","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., Wingle, W., and Healy, R.W., 2000, VS2DI—A graphical software package for simulating fluid flow and solute or energy transport in variably saturated porous media: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4130, Report: iii, 16 p.; Software Release, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994130.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 16 p.; Software Release","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466643,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466644,"rank":3,"type":{"id":35,"text":"Software Release"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/software/vs2di-version-13","text":"VS2DI Version 1.3"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602d27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wingle, W.L.","contributorId":42644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingle","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}