Federal parks and other public lands have unique mandates and rules regulating their use and conservation. Because of variation in their response to local, regional, and global-scale disturbance, development of mitigation strategies requires substantial research in the context of long-term inventory and monitoring. In 1982, the National Park Service began long-term, watershed-level studies in a series of national parks. The objective was to provide a more comprehensive database against which the effects of global change and other issues could be quantified. A subset of five sites in North Carolina, Texas, Washington, Michigan, and Alaska, is examined here. During the last 50 years, temperatures have declined at the southern sites and increased at the northern sites with the greatest increase in Alaska. Only the most southern site has shown an increase in precipitation amount. The net effect of these trends, especially for the most northern and southern sites, would likely be an increase in the growing season and especially the time soil processes could continue without moisture or temperature limitations. During the last 18 years, there were few trends in atmospheric ion inputs. The most evident was the decline in SO42 deposition. There were no significant relationships between ion input and stream water output. This finding suggests other factors as modification of precipitation or canopy throughfall by soil processes, hydrologic flow path, and snowmelt rates are major processes regulating stream water chemical outputs.
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]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f152e4b0c8380cd4abb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, R.","contributorId":12640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zak, J.C.","contributorId":82097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zak","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edmonds, R.L.","contributorId":32335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Miegroet, H.","contributorId":47723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Miegroet","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022835,"text":"70022835 - 2000 - Patterns of change in tree islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950 to 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T14:33:42.899165","indexId":"70022835","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of change in tree islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950 to 1991","docAbstract":"Size, shape, orientation, and distribution of tree islands in a remnant of northern Everglades wetland were examined from 1950 and 1991 aerial photography. The objectives were to quantify the patterns of tree islands in Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, to determine if the patterns of tree islands had changed between the two dates, and to relate the tree island patterns to modeled pre- and post-drainage hydrologic patterns. There was considerable variation in the patterns of tree islands spatially and temporally. Changes in the size and shape of tree islands from 1950 to 1991 are consistent with changes in the modeled pre- and post-drainage hydrologic patterns. Photo plots along the edges of the refuge, where hydroperiods are longer and depths deeper than they were historically, show a decrease in tree island size and in overall area of tree islands in the plots. Photo plots in the interior, where hydroperiods are shorter than they were pre-drainage, show an increase in tree island area. Overall, there is a tendency for more tree islands to be irregularly shaped in the 1991 photo plots than in the 1950 plots, a reflection of the loss of water flow, reduction of pulse magnitude, and the ponding of water along the perimeter dikes. This study illustrates the importance of considering long-term changes in hydroperiod, depths, and water flows in the restoration of this area.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0001:POCITI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Brandt, L., Portier, K.M., and Kitchens, W.M., 2000, Patterns of change in tree islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950 to 1991: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0001:POCITI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":274,"text":"Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","otherGeospatial":"Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Everglades, Lake Okeechobee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.44601440429686,\n 26.4711876806674\n ],\n [\n -80.37460327148438,\n 26.377721970428563\n ],\n [\n -80.24894714355469,\n 26.340806769468358\n ],\n [\n -80.24894714355469,\n 26.362342068998764\n ],\n [\n -80.23590087890624,\n 26.38510359603802\n ],\n [\n -80.23590087890624,\n 26.407860638241498\n ],\n [\n -80.21942138671875,\n 26.46565563783836\n ],\n [\n -80.22079467773438,\n 26.51420559869417\n ],\n [\n -80.233154296875,\n 26.543080020962417\n ],\n [\n -80.27778625488281,\n 26.602034978080944\n ],\n [\n -80.33203125,\n 26.632728662035912\n ],\n [\n -80.34713745117188,\n 26.646844988896188\n ],\n [\n -80.36567687988281,\n 26.684275490019488\n ],\n [\n -80.37666320800781,\n 26.6836619742687\n ],\n [\n -80.44876098632812,\n 26.592825266403615\n ],\n [\n -80.44601440429686,\n 26.4711876806674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75c8e4b0c8380cd77d3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brandt, Laura A.","contributorId":18608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brandt","given":"Laura A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Portier, Kenneth M.","contributorId":77263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Portier","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":395083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022825,"text":"70022825 - 2000 - Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. II. Formation and decomposition of thiosulfate and polythionate in Cinder Pool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T06:57:04","indexId":"70022825","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. II. Formation and decomposition of thiosulfate and polythionate in Cinder Pool","docAbstract":"Cinder Pool is an acid-sulfate-chloride boiling spring in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park. The pool is unique in that its surface is partially covered with mm-size, black, hollow sulfur spherules, while a layer of molten sulfur resides at the bottom of the pool (18 m depth). The sulfur speciation in the pool was determined on four different days over a period of two years. Samples were taken to evaluate changes with depth and to evaluate the importance of the sulfur spherules on sulfur redox chemistry. All analyses were conducted on site using a combination of ion chromatography and colorimetric techniques.
Dissolved sulfide (H2S), thiosulfate (S2O32−), polythionates (SxO62−), and sulfate were detected. The polythionate concentration was highly variable in time and space. The highest concentrations were found in surficial samples taken from among the sulfur spherules. With depth, the polythionate concentrations dropped off. The maximum observed polythionate concentration was 8 μM. Thiosulfate was rather uniformly distributed throughout the pool and concentrations ranged from 35 to 45 μM. Total dissolved sulfide concentrations varied with time, concentrations ranged from 16 to 48 μM. Sulfate was relatively constant, with concentrations ranging from 1150 to 1300 μM. The sulfur speciation of Cinder Pool is unique in that the thiosulfate and polythionate concentrations are significantly higher than for any other acid-sulfate spring yet sampled in Yellowstone National Park. Complementary laboratory experiments show that thiosulfate is the intermediate sulfoxyanion formed from sulfur hydrolysis under conditions similar to those found in Cinder Pool and that polythionates are formed via the oxidation of thiosulfate by dissolved oxygen. This last reaction is catalyzed by pyrite that occurs as a minor constituent in the sulfur spherules floating on the pool's surface. Polythionate decomposition proceeds via two pathways: (1) a reaction with H2S, yielding thiosulfate and elemental sulfur; and (2) by disproportionation to sulfate and thiosulfate.
This study demonstrates that the presence of a subaqueous molten sulfur pool and sulfur spherules in Cinder Pool is of importance in controlling the pathways of aqueous sulfur redox reactions. Some of the insights gained at Cinder Pool may be relevant to acid crater lakes where sulfur spherules are observed and variations in polythionate concentrations are used to monitor and predict volcanic activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00173-0","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Xu, Y., Schoonen, M., Nordstrom, D.K., Cunningham, K., and Ball, J., 2000, Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. II. Formation and decomposition of thiosulfate and polythionate in Cinder Pool: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 97, no. 1-4, p. 407-423, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00173-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"423","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208027,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00173-0"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dd5e4b08c986b31daf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoonen, M.A.A.","contributorId":82479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoonen","given":"M.A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cunningham, K.M.","contributorId":100020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022823,"text":"70022823 - 2000 - Distribution, hydrologic transport, and cycling of total mercury and methyl mercury in a contaminated river-reservoir-wetland system (Sudbury River, eastern Massachusetts)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70022823","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, hydrologic transport, and cycling of total mercury and methyl mercury in a contaminated river-reservoir-wetland system (Sudbury River, eastern Massachusetts)","docAbstract":"Riparian wetlands contaminated with Hg from an industrial point source were found to be important sites of production and release of methyl mercury (MeHg) in a 40-km reach of the Sudbury River in eastern Massachusetts. Stream discharge and concentration measurements were used to calculate annual mean loads for total Hg (??Hg) and MeHg in contaminated river reaches, a reservoir, and a riparian wetland downstream from the industrial source. Budgets based on these loads indicate that the annual mean ??Hg load increased sixfold in a reach receiving flow from the point source, but the annual mean MeHg load did not increase. About 23% of the ??Hg load was removed by sedimentation during flow through the reservoir. Net production of MeHg in the reservoir was similar to that reported elsewhere for lakes receiving Hg from atmospheric deposition only. ??Hg concentrations and loads increased significantly as the river passed through the riparian wetland reach. On the basis of flooded wetland area, net production of MeHg was 15 times greater in the wetland reach than in wetland-associated drainages described in other studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Waldron, M., Colman, J., and Breault, R., 2000, Distribution, hydrologic transport, and cycling of total mercury and methyl mercury in a contaminated river-reservoir-wetland system (Sudbury River, eastern Massachusetts): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 5, p. 1080-1091.","startPage":"1080","endPage":"1091","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0320e4b0c8380cd50358","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldron, M.C.","contributorId":33342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, J.A.","contributorId":63032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breault, R.F.","contributorId":102117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022818,"text":"70022818 - 2000 - Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T10:01:24","indexId":"70022818","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1997, water samples were collected and analyzed for pesticides from 32 playa lakes of the High Plains that receive drainage from both cotton and corn agriculture in West Texas. The major cotton herbicides detected in the water samples were diuron, fluometuron, metolachlor, norflurazon, and prometryn. Atrazine and propazine, corn and sorghum herbicides, were also routinely detected in samples from the playa lakes. Furthermore, the metabolites of all the herbicides studied were found in the playa lake samples. In some cases, the concentration of metabolites was equal to or exceeded the concentration of the parent compound. The types of metabolites detected suggested that the parent compounds had been transported to and had undergone degradation in the playa lakes. The types of metabolites and the ratio of metabolites to parent compounds may be useful in indicating the time that the herbicides were transported to the playa lakes. The median concentration of total herbicides was 7.2 μg/l, with the largest total concentrations exceeding 30 μg/l. Organophosphate insecticides were detected in only one water sample. Further work will improve the understanding of the fate of these compounds in the playa lake area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Bastian, K., and Mollhagen, T., 2000, Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 189-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"200","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208246,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6be2e4b0c8380cd74935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bastian, K.C.","contributorId":83694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bastian","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mollhagen, T.","contributorId":34693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mollhagen","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022817,"text":"70022817 - 2000 - Determination of chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites in water using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T07:53:10","indexId":"70022817","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites in water using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Analytical methods using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) were developed for the analysis of the following chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites in water: alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA); alachlor oxanilic acid; acetochlor ESA; acetochlor oxanilic acid; metolachlor ESA; and metolachlor oxanilic acid. Good precision and accuracy were demonstrated for both the HPLC-DAD and HPLC/MS methods in reagent water, surface water, and ground water. The average HPLC-DAD recoveries of the chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites from water samples spiked at 0.25, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/l ranged from 84 to 112%, with relative standard deviations of 18% or less. The average HPLC/MS recoveries of the metabolites from water samples spiked at 0.05, 0.2 and 2.0 μg/l ranged from 81 to 118%, with relative standard deviations of 20% or less. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all metabolites using the HPLC-DAD method was 0.20 μg/l, whereas the LOQ using the HPLC/MS method was at 0.05 μg/l. These metabolite-determination methods are valuable for acquiring information about water quality and the fate and transport of the parent chloroacetanilide herbicides in water.
The Wyoming snow fence (shield) has been widely used with precipitation gauges for snowfall measurement at more than 25 locations in Alaska since the late 1970s. This gauge's measurements have been taken as the reference for correcting wind‐induced gauge undercatch of snowfall in Alaska. Recently, this fence (shield) was tested in the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project at four locations in the United States of America and Canada for six winter seasons. At the Intercomparison sites an octagonal vertical Double Fence with a Russian Tretyakov gauge or a Universal Belfort recording gauge was installed and used as the Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) to provide true snowfall amounts for this Intercomparison experiment. The Intercomparison data collected were compiled at the four sites that represent a variety of climate, terrain, and exposure. On the basis of these data sets the performance of the Wyoming gauge system for snowfall observations was carefully evaluated against the DFIR and snow cover data. The results show that (1) the mean snow catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge compared with the DFIR is about 80–90%, (2) there exists a close linear relation between the measurements of the two gauge systems and this relation may serve as a transfer function to adjust the Wyoming gauge records to obtain an estimate of the true snowfall amount, (3) catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge does not change with wind speed and temperature, and (4) Wyoming gauge measurements are generally compatible to the snowpack water equivalent at selected locations in northern Alaska. These results are important to our effort of determining true snowfall amounts in the high latitudes, and they are also useful for regional hydrologic and climatic analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900158","usgsCitation":"Yang, D., Kane, D.L., Hinzman, L.D., Goodison, B.E., Metcalfe, J.R., Louie, P.Y., Leavesley, G.H., Emerson, D.G., and Hanson, C.L., 2000, An evaluation of the Wyoming Gauge System for snowfall measurement: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 9, p. 2665-2677, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900158.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2665","endPage":"2677","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea54e4b0c8380cd487b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Daqing","contributorId":203286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Daqing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kane, Douglas L.","contributorId":112099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinzman, Larry D.","contributorId":97133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinzman","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodison, Barry E.","contributorId":203293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodison","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metcalfe, John R.","contributorId":203294,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Louie, Paul Y.T.","contributorId":60419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Louie","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leavesley, George H. george@usgs.gov","contributorId":1202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"George","email":"george@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hanson, Clayton L.","contributorId":203290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70022810,"text":"70022810 - 2000 - Occurrence of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other herbicides in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in the Midwestern United States, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T18:38:56.616138","indexId":"70022810","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other herbicides in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in the Midwestern United States, 1998","docAbstract":"Sulfonylurea (SU), sulfonamide (SA), and imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides are relatively new classes of chemical compounds that function by inhibiting the action of a plant enzyme, stopping plant growth, and eventually killing the plant. These compounds generally have low mammalian toxicity, but plants demonstrate a wide range in sensitivity to SUs, SAs, and IMIs with over a 10 000-fold difference in observed toxicity levels for some compounds. SUs, SAs, and IMIs are applied either pre- or post-emergence to crops commonly at 1/50th or less of the rate of other herbicides. Little is known about their occurrence, fate, or transport in surface water or ground water in the USA. To obtain information on the occurrence of SU, SA, and IMI herbicides in the Midwestern United States, 212 water samples were collected from 75 surface-water and 25 ground-water sites in 1998. These samples were analyzed for 16 SU, SA and IMI herbicides by USGS Methods Research and Development Program staff using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples were also analyzed for 47 pesticides or pesticide degradation products. At least one of the 16 SUs, SAs or IMIs was detected above the method reporting limit (MRL) of 0.01 μg/l in 83% of 130 stream samples. Imazethapyr was detected most frequently (71% of samples) followed by flumetsulam (63% of samples) and nicosulfuron (52% of samples). The sum of SU, SA and IMI concentrations exceeded 0.5 μg/l in less than 10% of stream samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were all detected in 90% or more of 129 stream samples. The sum of the concentration of these five herbicides exceeded 50 μg/l in approximately 10% of stream samples. At least one SU, SA, or IMI herbicide was detected above the MRL in 24% of 25 ground-water samples and 86% of seven reservoir samples.
The influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on the contaminant distribution coefficients in solid–water mixtures was determined for a number of relatively nonpolar compounds (contaminants) on several natural solids. The studied compounds consisted of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene) and chlorinated pesticides (lindane, α-BHC, and heptachlor epoxide), which span several orders of magnitude in water solubility (Sw); the solid samples comprised a bentonite, a peat, and two other soils, which cover a wide range of solid organic matter (SOM) content. The applied surfactant concentrations (X) ranged from below the (nominal) CMC to 2–3 times the CMC. For relatively water-soluble BTEX compounds, the distribution coefficients with surfactant (Kd*) all exceeded those without surfactant (Kd); the Kd*/Kd ratios increased with increasing Swfrom p-xylene to benzene on each solid at a given X, with increasing X for each compound on a solid, and with decreasing solid SOM content for each compound over the range of X studied. For the less-soluble pesticides, the Kd*/Kdratios exhibited a large increase with X for bentonite, a marginal change (increase or decrease) for a soil of 2.4% SOM, and a moderate-to-large decrease for two soils of 14.8% and 86.4% SOM. These unique observations were rationalized in terms of the properties of the compound, the amount of surfactant sorbed on the solid, the enhanced solubilization of the compound by surfactant in water, and the relative effects of the surfactant when adsorbed on minerals and when partitioned into SOM.
The influence of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) on the partitioning of Cd, Ni, and Zn in porewater (PW) and sediment as reactive metals (SEM, simultaneously extracted metals) was investigated in laboratory microcosms. Two spiking procedures were compared, and the effects of vertical geochemical gradients and infaunal activity were evaluated. Sediments were spiked with a Cd−Ni−Zn mixture (0.06, 3, 7.5 μmol/g, respectively) containing four levels of AVS (0.5, 7.5, 15, 35 μmol/g). The results were compared to sediments spiked with four levels of Cd−Ni−Zn mixtures at one AVS concentration (7.5 μmol/g). A vertical redox gradient was generated in each treatment by an 18-d incubation with an oxidized water column. [AVS] in the surface sediments decreased by 65−95% due to oxidation during incubation; initial [AVS] was maintained at 0.5−7.5 cm depth. PW metal concentrations were correlated with [SEM − AVS] among all data. But PW metal concentrations were variable, causing the distribution coefficient, Kdpw (the ratio of [SEM] to PW metal concentrations) to vary by 2−3 orders of magnitude at a given [SEM − AVS]. One reason for the variability was that vertical profiles in PW metal concentrations appeared to be influenced by diffusion as well as [SEM − AVS]. The presence of animals appeared to enhance the diffusion of at least Zn. The generalization that PW metal concentrations are controlled by [SEM − AVS] is subject to some important qualifications if vertical gradients are complicated, metal concentrations vary, or equilibration times differ.
Significant uptake of dissolved metals occurred by interaction of groundwater and surface water with hyporheic-zone sediments during transport in Pinal Creek, AZ. The extent of trace metal uptake was calculated by mass balance measurements made directly within the hyporheic zone. A conservative solute tracer injected into the stream was used to quantify hydrologic exchange with the stream and groundwater. Fractional reactive uptake of dissolved metals entering the hyporheic zone was determined at 29 sites and averaged 52 ± 25, 27 ± 19, and 36 ± 24% for Co, Ni, and Zn, compared with Mn uptake of 22 ± 19%. First-order rate constants (λh) of metal uptake in the hyporheic zone were determined at seven sites using the exchange rate of water derived from tracer arrival in the streambed. Reaction-time constants (1/λh) averaged 0.41, 0.84, and 0.38 h for Co, Ni, and Zn, respectively, and 1.3 h for Mn. In laboratory experiments with streambed sediments, metal uptake increased with preexisting Mn oxide concentration, supporting our interpretation that Mn oxides in the hyporheic zone enhance trace metal uptake. Reach-scale mass-balance calculations that include groundwater metal inputs indicated that decreases in metal loads ranged from 12 to 68% over the 7-km perennial reach depending on the metal. The decreases in metal loads are attributed to uptake of trace metals by Mn oxides in the hyporheic zone that is enhanced because of ongoing Mn oxide formation. Analysis of dissolved-metal streambed profiles and conservative solute tracers provide a valuable tool for quantifying metal uptake or release in the hyporheic zone of contaminated streams.
Water samples were collected from Midwestern streams in 1994–1995 and 1998 as part of a study to help determine if changes in herbicide use resulted in changes in herbicide concentrations since a previous reconnaissance study in 1989–1990. Sites were sampled during the first significant runoff period after the application of pre-emergent herbicides in 1989–1990, 1994–1995, and 1998. Samples were analyzed for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolites, three cyanazine metabolites, and one alachlor metabolite. In the Midwestern USA, alachlor use was much greater in 1989 than in 1995, whereas acetochlor was not used in 1989 but was commonly used in 1995. The use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was approximately the same in 1989 and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor were substantially higher in 1989–1990 than in 1994–1995 or 1998. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1998 than in 1994 or 1995.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00547-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E., Battaglin, W., Goolsby, D.A., and Thurman, E., 2000, Changes in herbicide concentrations in Midwestern streams in relation to changes in use, 1989-1998: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 255-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00547-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"263","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208026,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00547-1"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f418e4b0c8380cd4bb2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, E.A.","contributorId":50925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022366,"text":"70022366 - 2000 - Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:19:43","indexId":"70022366","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments","docAbstract":"The suitability of common-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in bedrock fractures was evaluated using numerical modeling and physical experiments. The results of one- and two-dimensional numerical modeling at 100 megahertz indicate that GPR reflection amplitudes are relatively insensitive to fracture apertures ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The numerical modeling and physical experiments indicate that differences in the fluids that fill fractures significantly affect the amplitude and the polarity of electromagnetic waves reflected by subhorizontal fractures. Air-filled and hydrocarbon-filled fractures generate low-amplitude reflections that are in-phase with the transmitted pulse. Water-filled fractures create reflections with greater amplitude and opposite polarity than those reflections created by air-filled or hydrocarbon-filled fractures. The results from the numerical modeling and physical experiments demonstrate it is possible to distinguish water-filled fracture reflections from air- or hydrocarbon-filled fracture reflections, nevertheless subsurface heterogeneity, antenna coupling changes, and other sources of noise will likely make it difficult to observe these changes in GPR field data. This indicates that the routine application of common-offset GPR reflection methods for detection of hydrocarbon-filled fractures will be problematic. Ideal cases will require appropriately processed, high-quality GPR data, ground-truth information, and detailed knowledge of subsurface physical properties. Conversely, the sensitivity of GPR methods to changes in subsurface physical properties as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results suggests the potential of using GPR methods as a monitoring tool. GPR methods may be suited for monitoring pumping and tracer tests, changes in site hydrologic conditions, and remediation activities.The suitability of common-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in bedrock fractures was evaluated using numerical modeling and physical experiments. The results of one- and two-dimensional numerical modeling at 100 megahertz indicate that GPR reflection amplitudes are relatively insensitive to fracture apertures ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The numerical modeling and physical experiments indicate that differences in the fluids that fill fractures significantly affect the amplitude and the polarity of electromagnetic waves reflected by subhorizontal fractures. Air-filled and hydrocarbon-filled fractures generate low-amplitude reflections that are in-phase with the transmitted pulse. Water-filled fractures create reflections with greater amplitude and opposite polarity than those reflections created by air-filled or hydrocarbon-filled fractures. The results from the numerical modeling and physical experiments demonstrate it is possible to distinguish water-filled fracture reflections from air- or hydrocarbon-filled fracture reflections, nevertheless subsurface heterogeneity, antenna coupling changes, and other sources of noise will likely make it difficult to observe these changes in GPR field data. This indicates that the routine application of common-offset GPR reflection methods for detection of hydrocarbon-filled fractures will be problematic. Ideal cases will require appropriately processed, high-quality GPR data, ground-truth information, and detailed knowledge of subsurface physical properties. Conversely, the sensitivity of GPR methods to changes in subsurface physical properties as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results suggests the potential of using GPR methods as a monitoring tool. GPR methods may be suited for monitoring pumping and tracer tests, changes in site hydrologic conditions, and remediation activities.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00693.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Buursink, M., Haeni, F., and Versteeg, R., 2000, Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 6, p. 929-938, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00693.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"929","endPage":"938","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c80e4b0c8380cd52b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buursink, M. L. 0000-0001-6491-386X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-386X","contributorId":73658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buursink","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Versteeg, R.J.","contributorId":74159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Versteeg","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022376,"text":"70022376 - 2000 - Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T15:01:48","indexId":"70022376","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":862,"text":"Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA)","docAbstract":"1. The Sacramento San Joaquin River Delta, a complex mosaic of tidal freshwater habitats in California, is the focus of a major ecosystem rehabilitation effort because of significant long-term changes in critical ecosystem functions. One of these functions is the production, transport and transformation of organic matter that constitutes the primary food supply, which may be sub-optimal at trophic levels supporting fish recruitment. A long historical data set is used to define the most important organic matter sources, the factors underlying their variability, and the implications of ecosystem rehabilitation actions for these sources. 2. Tributary-borne loading is the largest organic carbon source on an average annual Delta-wide basis; phytoplankton production and agricultural drainage are secondary; wastewater treatment plant discharge, tidal marsh drainage and possibly aquatic macrophyte production are tertiary; and benthic microalgal production, urban run-off and other sources are negligible. 3. Allochthonous dissolved organic carbon must be converted to particulate form - with losses due to hydraulic flushing and to heterotroph growth inefficiency - before it becomes available to the metazoan food web. When these losses are accounted for, phytoplankton production plays a much larger role than is evident from a simple accounting of bulk organic carbon sources, especially in seasons critical for larval development and recruitment success. Phytoplankton-derived organic matter is also an important component of particulate loading to the Delta. 4. The Delta is a net producer of organic matter in critically dry years but, because of water diversion from the Delta, transport of organic matter from the Delta to important, downstream nursery areas in San Francisco Bay is always less than transport into the Delta from upstream sources. 5. Of proposed rehabilitation measures, increased use of floodplains probably offers the biggest increase in organic matter sources. 6. An isolated diversion facility - channelling water from the Sacramento River around the Delta to the water projects - would result in substantial loading increases during winter and autumn, but little change in spring and summer when food availability probably matters most to developing organisms. 7. Flow and fish barriers in the channel could have significant effects, especially on phytoplankton sources and in dry years, by eliminating 'short-circuits' in the transport of organic matter to diversion points. 8. Finally, productivity of intentionally flooded islands probably would exceed that of adjacent channels because of lower turbidity and shallower mean depth, although vascular plants rather than phytoplankton could dominate if depths were too shallow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/1099-0755(200009/10)10:5<323::AID-AQC417>3.0.CO;2-J","issn":"10527613","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A., and Cloern, J.E., 2000, Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA): Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, v. 10, no. 5, p. 323-352, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0755(200009/10)10:5<323::AID-AQC417>3.0.CO;2-J.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fcae4b0c8380cd75c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, A.D.","contributorId":43798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022787,"text":"70022787 - 2000 - Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try looking for their degradates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:09:06","indexId":"70022787","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try looking for their degradates","docAbstract":"Extensive research has been conducted regarding the occurrence of herbicides in the hydrologic system, their fate, and their effects on human health and the environment. Few studies, however, have considered herbicide transformation products (degradates). In this study of Iowa ground water, herbicide degradates were frequently detected. In fact, herbicide degradates were eight of the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Furthermore, a majority of a herbicide's measured concentration was in the form of its degradates — ranging from 55 to over 99%. The herbicide detection frequencies and concentrations varied significantly among the major aquifer types sampled. These differences, however, were much more pronounced when herbicide degradates were included. Aquifer types presumed to have the most rapid recharge rates (alluvial and bedrock/karst region aquifers) were those most likely to contain detectable concentrations of herbicide compounds. Two indirect estimates of ground-water age (depth of well completion and dissolved-oxygen concentration) were used to separate the sampled wells into general vulnerability classes (low, intermediate, and high). The results show that the herbicide detection frequencies and concentrations varied significantly among the vulnerability classes regardless of whether or not herbicide degradates were considered. Nevertheless, when herbicide degradates were included, the frequency of herbicide compound detection within the highest vulnerability class approached 90%, and the median total herbicide residue concentration increased over an order of magnitude, relative to the parent compounds alone, to 2 μg/l. The results from this study demonstrate that obtaining data on herbicide degradates is critical for understanding the fate of herbicides in the hydrologic system. Furthermore, the prevalence of herbicide degradates documented in this study suggests that to accurately determine the overall effect on human health and the environment of a specific herbicide its degradates should also be considered.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00535-5","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Thurman, E., and Linhart, S.M., 2000, Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? 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\"}}]}","volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a101ce4b0c8380cd53b1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linhart, S. M.","contributorId":102517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022387,"text":"70022387 - 2000 - Influence of acid volatile sulfide and metal concentrations on metal bioavailability to marine invertebrates in contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:30:55","indexId":"70022387","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of acid volatile sulfide and metal concentrations on metal bioavailability to marine invertebrates in contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"An 18-day microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and metal additions on bioaccumulation from sediments of Cd, Ni, and Zn in two clams (Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis) and three marine polychaetes (Neanthes arenaceodentata, Heteromastus filiformis, and Spiophanes missionensis). Manipulation of AVS by oxidation of naturally anoxic sediments allowed use of metal concentrations typical of nature and evaluation of processes important to chronic metal exposure. A vertical sediment column similar to that often found in nature was used to facilitate realistic biological behavior. Results showed that AVS or porewater (PW) metals controlled bioaccumulation in only 2 of 15 metal-animal combinations. Bioaccumulation of all three metals by the bivalves was related significantly to metal concentrations extracted from sediments (SEM) but not to [SEM − AVS] or PW metals. SEM predominantly influenced bioaccumulation of Ni and Zn in N. arenaceodentata, but Cd bioaccumulation followed PW Cd concentrations. SEM controlled tissue concentrations of all three metals in H. filiformis and S. missionensis, with minor influences from metal-sulfide chemistry. Significant bioaccumulation occurred when SEM was only a small fraction of AVS in several treatments. Three factors appeared to contribute to the differences between these bioaccumulation results and the results from toxicity tests reported previously: differences in experimental design, dietary uptake, and biological attributes of the species, including mode and depth of feeding.
Approximately one-half of the 50 000000 lb of antibiotics produced in the USA are used in agriculture. Because of the intensive use of antibiotics in the management of confined livestock operations, the potential exists for the transport of these compounds and their metabolites into our nation's water resources. A commercially available radioimmunoassay method, developed as a screen for tetracycline antibiotics in serum, urine, milk, and tissue, was adapted to analyze water samples at a detection level of approximately 1.0 ppb and a semiquantitative analytical range of 1-20 ppb. Liquid waste samples were obtained from 13 hog lagoons in three states and 52 surface- and ground-water samples were obtained primarily from areas associated with intensive swine and poultry production in seven states. These samples were screened for the tetracycline antibiotics by using the modified radioimmunoassay screening method. The radioimmunoassay tests yielded positive results for tetracycline antibiotics in samples from all 13 of the hog lagoons. Dilutions of 10-100-fold of the hog lagoon samples indicated that tetracycline antibiotic concentrations ranged from approximately 5 to several hundred parts per billion in liquid hog lagoon waste. Of the 52 surface- and ground-water samples collected all but two tested negative and these two samples contained tetracycline antibiotic concentrations less than 1 ppb. A new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was used to confirm the radioimmunoassay results in 9 samples and also to identify the tetracycline antibiotics to which the radioimmunoassay test was responding. The new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method with online solid-phase extraction and a detection level of 0.5 ??g/l confirmed the presence of chlorotetracycline in the hog lagoon samples and in one of the surface-water samples. The concentrations calculated from the radioimmunoassay were a factor of 1-5 times less than those calculated by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry concentrations for chlorotetracycline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., Bumgarner, J., Varns, J., Daughtridge, J., Thurman, E., and Hostetler, K., 2000, Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 181-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208079,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0"},{"id":233491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf64e4b08c986b329b25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bumgarner, J.E.","contributorId":82410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Varns, J.L.","contributorId":85369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varns","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daughtridge, J.V.","contributorId":69335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daughtridge","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hostetler, K.A.","contributorId":29855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022761,"text":"70022761 - 2000 - Analysis of selected herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:16:43","indexId":"70022761","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of selected herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water of the United States","docAbstract":"One of the primary goals of the US Geological Survey (USGS) Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas, is to develop analytical methods for the analysis of herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water that are vital to the study of herbicide fate and degradation pathways in the environment. Methods to measure metabolite concentrations from three major classes of herbicides — triazine, chloroacetanilide and phenyl-urea — have been developed. Methods for triazine metabolite detection cover nine compounds: six compounds are detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; one is detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection; and eight are detected by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Two metabolites of the chloroacetanilide herbicides — ethane sulfonic acid and oxanilic acid — are detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Alachlor ethane sulfonic acid also has been detected by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Six phenylurea metabolites are all detected by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; four of the six metabolites also are detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Additionally, surveys of herbicides and their metabolites in surface water, ground water, lakes, reservoirs, and rainfall have been conducted through the USGS laboratory in Lawrence. These surveys have been useful in determining herbicide and metabolite occurrence and temporal distribution and have shown that metabolites may be useful in evaluation of non-point-source contamination.
From semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) placed in five Mississippi Delta streams in 1996 and 1997, the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) aldrin, chlordane, DCPA, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, nonachlor, and toxaphene were detected. In addition, the insecticides chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, and hexachlorocyclohexanes were detected. Two low-solubility herbicides not detected commonly in surface water, pendimethalin and trifluralin, were also detected.
Sulfonylurea (SU), imidazolinone (IMI), and sulfonamide (SA) herbicides are new classes of low-application-rate herbicides increasingly used by farmers. Some of these herbicides affect both weed and crop species at low dosages and must be carefully used. Less is known about the effect of these compounds on non-crop plant species, but a concentration of 100 ng/l in water has been proposed as the threshold for possible plant toxicity for most of these herbicides. Hence, analytical methods must be capable of detecting SUs, IMIs, and SAs at concentrations less than 100 ng/l in ambient water samples. The authors developed a two-cartridge, solid-phase extraction method for isolating 12 SU, 3 IMI, and 1 SA herbicides by using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) to identify and quantify these herbicides to 10 ng/l. This method was used to analyze 196 surface- and ground-water samples collected from May to August 1998 throughout the Midwestern United States, and more than 100 quality-assurance and quality-control samples. During the 16 weeks of the study, the HPLC/ESI-MS maintained excellent calibration linearity across the calibration range from 5 to 500 ng/l, with correlation coefficients of 0.9975 or greater. Continuing calibration verification standards at 100-ng/l concentration were analyzed throughout the study, and the average measured concentrations for individual herbicides ranged from 93 to 100 ng/l. Recovery of herbicides from 27 reagent-water samples spiked at 50 and 100 ng/l ranged from 39 to 92%, and averaged 73%. The standard deviation of recoveries ranged from 14 to 26%, and averaged 20%. This variability reflects multiple instruments, operators, and the use of automated and manual sample preparation. Spiked environmental water samples had similar recoveries, although for some herbicides, the sample matrix enhanced recoveries by as much as 200% greater than the spiked concentration. This matrix enhancement was sample- and compound-dependent. Concentrations of herbicides in unspiked duplicate environmental samples were typically within 25% of each other. The results demonstrate the usefulness of HPLC/ESI-MS for determining low-application-rate herbicides at ambient concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Furlong, E., Burkhardt, M., Gates, P.M., Werner, S., and Battaglin, W., 2000, Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 135-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208095,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaeace4b0c8380cd8716c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkhardt, M.R.","contributorId":70410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gates, Paul M.","contributorId":31411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, S.L.","contributorId":82734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022716,"text":"70022716 - 2000 - Pesticides in the atmosphere of the Mississippi River Valley, part I: Rain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:37:57.793953","indexId":"70022716","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in the atmosphere of the Mississippi River Valley, part I: Rain","docAbstract":"Weekly composite rainfall samples were collected in three paired urban and agricultural regions of the Midwestern United States and along the Mississippi River during April–September 1995. The paired sampling sites were located in Mississippi, Iowa, and Minnesota. A background site, removed from dense urban and agriculture areas, was located near Lake Superior in Michigan. Herbicides were the predominant type of pesticide detected at every site. Each sample was analyzed for 47 compounds and 23 of 26 herbicides, 13 of 18 insecticides, and three of three related transformation products were detected in one or more sample from each paired site. The detection frequency of herbicides and insecticides were nearly equivalent at the paired Iowa and Minnesota sites. In Mississippi, herbicides were detected more frequently at the agricultural site and insecticides were detected more frequently at the urban site. The highest total wet depositional amounts (μg pesticide/m2per season) occurred at the agricultural sites in Mississippi (1980 μg/m2) and Iowa (490 μg/m2) and at the urban site in Iowa (696 μg/m2). Herbicides accounted for the majority of the wet depositional loading at the Iowa and Minnesota sites, but methyl parathion (1740 μg/m2) was the dominant compound contributing to the total loading at the agricultural site in Mississippi. Atrazine, CIAT (a transformation product of atrazine and propazine) and dacthal were detected most frequently (76, 53, and 53%, respectively) at the background site indicating their propensity for long-range atmospheric transport.
Trace concentrations of triazine herbicides, used in the Midwestern United States, are being transported atmospherically hundreds of kilometers and deposited by precipitation onto pristine areas, such as Isle Royale National Park (Lake Superior). Atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and cyanazine were detected in Isle Royale rainfall from mid-May to early July (1992−1994) at concentrations of less than 0.005 to 1.8 μg/L. Analysis of predominant wind direction indicated that the herbicides originated from the upper Midwestern United States. The annual mass of herbicides deposited by rainfall varied between years, from 13.4 μg/m2/yr for 1992, 3.7 μg/m2/yr for 1993, and 54 μg/m2/yr for 1994. Atrazine and deethylatrazine were found also in concentrations of less than 5−22 ng/L in lakes across Isle Royale. Concentrations of atrazine in the surface layer of the lakes increased during deposition periods and decreased later in the year. The fate of triazines in shallow lakes suggests faster degradation and shorter half-lives, while deeper lakes have residence times for atrazine that may exceed 10 years.