Unsteady flow simulation in natural rivers is often complicated by meandering channels of compound section. Hydraulic properties and the length of the wetted channel may vary significantly as a meandering river inundates its adjacent floodplain. The one-dimensional, unsteady, open-channel flow equations can be extended to simulate floods in channels of compound section if it is assumed that the lateral velocities are negligible, the water surface is level across the section, and the effects of turbulence and friction may be adequately described by resistance laws used for uniform flow. It is shown that the equations derived from the addition of differential equations individually describing flow in main and overbank channels do not conserve mass when overbank and main channels are of different lengths. Equations derived through the use of appropriate integral relations, however, do conserve mass and momentum in the general case and are not limited to the specification of one main and two overbank channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1989)115:2(263)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"DeLong, L.L., 1989, Mass conservation: 1-D open channel flow equations: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 115, no. 2, p. 263-269, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1989)115:2(263).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a524ce4b0c8380cd6c2eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLong, Lewis L.","contributorId":91146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015413,"text":"70015413 - 1989 - Studies of angiospermous wood in Australian brown coal by nuclear magnetic resonance and analytical pyrolysis: New insights into the early coalification process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T01:04:17.171002","indexId":"70015413","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of angiospermous wood in Australian brown coal by nuclear magnetic resonance and analytical pyrolysis: New insights into the early coalification process","docAbstract":"Many Tertiary coals contain abundant fossilized remains of angiosperms, which commonly dominated the ancient peat-swamp environments; modern analogs of such swamps can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Comparisons of angiospermous wood from Australian brown coal with similar wood buried in modern peat swamps of Indonesia have provided some new insights into coalification reactions. These comparisons were made by using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and pyrolsis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-gc-ms). These two modern techniques are especially suited for detailed structural evaluation of the complex macromolecules in coal.
The earliest transformation (peatification) of organic matter in angiospermous wood is the degradation and removal of cellulosic components and the concomitant selective preservation of lignin-derived components. The angiospermous lignin that becomes enriched in wood as a result of cellulose degradation also is modified by coalification reactions; this modification, however, does not involve degradation and removal of the lignin. Rather, the early coalification process transforms the lignin phenols (guiacyl and syringyl) to eventually yield the aromatic structures typically found in brown coal. One such transformation, which is determined from NMR data, involves the cleavage of aryl-ether bonds that link guaiacyl and syringyl units in lignin, and this transformation leads to the formation of free lignin phenols. Another transformation, which is also determined from the NMR data, involves the loss of methoxyl groups, probably via demethylation, to produce catechol-like structures. Coincident with ether-cleavage and demethylation, the aromatic rings derived from lignin phenols become more carbon-substituted and cross linked, as determined by dipolar-dephasing NMR studies. This cross linking is probably responsible for preventing the lignin phenols, which are freed from the lignin macromolecule by ether cleavage, from being removed from the coal by dissolution. Pyrolysis data suggest that the syringyl units are altered more readily than are guaiacyl units, and this difference in resistance leads to an enrichment of the guaiacyl units in fossil angiospermous woods.
Many of the coalification reactions noted above occur to some degree in all angiospermous fossil wood examined; however, some significant differences are observed in the degree of coalification of the fossil wood samples from the same burial depth in the brown coal. These differences indicate that the depth and duration of burial are probably not entirely responsible for the variations in degree of coalification. Different rates of degradation in peat may have contributed to the variations in the apparent degree of coalification; some woods may have been altered more rapidly at the peat stage than others.
Although preliminary, this systematic study of botanically related wood in peat and coal results in a more detailed differentiation of coalification reactions than have previous investigations. The combined use of solid-state 13C NMR and py-gc-ms has facilitated this detailed insight into the coalification of angiospermous wood.
The run products of a series of triaxial friction experiments on an illite-rich gouge have been examined petrographically to study the relationship between textural development and sliding mode. The samples show a complete range of textures, from ones in which the entire gouge layer is deformed to ones in which the deformation is concentrated along narrow subsidiary shears and the rest of the gouge layer is massive. The samples with a pervasively developed deformation fabric slide stably, whereas the samples containing shear bands show stick-slip motion if the intersection angles between boundary-parallel and cross-cutting (Riedel) shears are also relatively high. These textural differences suggest that localization of shear combined with higher-angle Riedel shears are somehow involved in stick-slip motion. The orientation of Riedel-type shears in natural fault zones may also have potential as a paleoseismological tool.
Intracell flow is important in modeling cells that contain both sources and sinks. Special attention is needed if recharge through the water table is a source. One method of modeling multiple sources and sinks is to determine the net recharge per cell. For example, for a model cell containing both a sink and recharge through the water table, the amount of recharge should be reduced by the ratio of the area of influence of the sink within the cell to the area of the cell. The reduction is the intercepted portion of the recharge. In a multilayer model this amount is further reduced by a proportion factor, which is a function of the depth of the flow lines from the water table boundary to the internal sink. A gaining section of a stream is a typical sink. The aquifer contribution to a gaining stream can be conceptualized as having two parts; the first part is the intercepted lateral flow from the water table and the second is the flow across the streambed due to differences in head between the water level in the stream and the aquifer below. The amount intercepted is a function of the geometry of the cell, but the amount due to difference in head across the stream bed is largely independent of cell geometry. A discharging well can intercept recharge through the water table within a model cell. The net recharge to the cell would be reduced in proportion to the area of influence of the well within the cell. The area of influence generally changes with time. Thus the amount of intercepted recharge and net recharge may not be constant with time. During periods when the well is not discharging there will be no intercepted recharge even though the area of influence from previous pumping may still exist. The reduction of net recharge per cell due to internal interception of flow will result in a model-calculated mass balance less than the prototype. Additionally the “effective transmissivity” along the intercell flow paths may be altered when flow paths are occupied by intercepted recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i004p00669","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., Signor, D.C., and Imes, J.L., 1989, Accounting for intracell flow in models with emphasis on water table recharge and stream-aquifer interaction: 1. Problems and concepts: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 4, p. 669-676, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i004p00669.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"676","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e66ee4b0c8380cd47401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, Donald G.","contributorId":19537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signor, Donald C.","contributorId":13220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signor","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Imes, Jeffrey L. jimes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jimes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007433,"text":"1007433 - 1989 - The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T14:46:02.819787","indexId":"1007433","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities","docAbstract":"We recognize three levels of extinction–global, local, and ecological – and provide examples of each. The protection and recovery of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) has provided abundant evidence of the consequences of their local extinction from kelp forest communities in the North Pacifc Ocean. These consequences include release of benthic invertebrate populations from limitation by predation; deforestation of kelp beds due to increased grazing by herbivorous sea urchins, one of the otter's main prey; and various cascading effects resulting from the biological and physical importance of kelp in coastal ecosystems. These interactions probably were important agents of selection for certain species.
Two other examples are discussed: Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), a case of global extinction, and spiny lobsters, a possible case of ecological extinction. We speculate that grazing by sea cows was an important disturbance to surface-canopy-forming kelps and other algae in the littoral zones, but also point out that any such interactions probably acted in concert with physical disturbances by ocean waves. The ecological and evolutionary importance of sea cow grazing probably will remain a matter of speculation and conjecture because the species is globally extinct.
Predation by spiny lobsters limits a variety of littoral and sublittoral invertebrate populations, particularly mollusks In one remarkable example, the reduction or local extinction of spiny lobsters enabled predutory whelks to increase in size and abundance, ultimately resulting in a predutor-prey role reversal. From these and other case studies we can clued that (1) the extinction of consumers may have brad and sometimes unexpected influences on kelp forest ecosystems; (2) direct or indirect interactions with now-extinct species probably exerted important selective influences on many extant forms; (3) such ecological and evolutionary influences are best understood where local or ecological extinctions, followed by recoveries, have provided comparisons in space or time; and (4) because of various ecological and behavioral barriers, local extinctions and their ecological consequences may not be simply reversed by protecting or reintroducing depleted or locally extinct species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00085.x","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., Duggins, D., and Rathbun, G.B., 1989, The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities: Conservation Biology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 252-264, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00085.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"264","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479942,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1230655","text":"External Repository"},{"id":129988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.22678754689929,\n -2.061014242013499\n ],\n [\n -76.97883240412443,\n 5.6224226017642565\n ],\n [\n -78.40812473166261,\n 8.370658784170402\n ],\n [\n -86.70052081030536,\n 11.466101331135846\n ],\n [\n -93.19720803600836,\n 15.448082433525428\n ],\n [\n -104.6984126319814,\n 19.94130280644508\n ],\n [\n -114.95498252541711,\n 32.642948004803515\n ],\n [\n -122.04471412607853,\n 37.65252966869279\n ],\n [\n -123.1991610077618,\n 50.14658745515922\n ],\n [\n -139.9435871837696,\n 61.466836160631715\n ],\n [\n -149.89138246245926,\n 60.444154819886165\n ],\n [\n -158.40679172081965,\n 57.739863206319086\n ],\n [\n -163.4192370396753,\n 64.41694986454743\n ],\n [\n -170.7149329544875,\n 65.38340263300566\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 62.7393758862176\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n -6.182890140638904\n ],\n [\n -80.22678754689929,\n -2.061014242013499\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n -5.565495707197925\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 63.25760579931517\n ],\n [\n 164.22033371219652,\n 58.82548122001003\n ],\n [\n 156.97256160257712,\n 50.92861090214248\n ],\n [\n 156.32924903814921,\n 55.881978105577474\n ],\n [\n 163.6488735883546,\n 62.66949118325729\n ],\n [\n 136.38685258023293,\n 55.413860120621706\n ],\n [\n 140.79425180327826,\n 52.343039571920514\n ],\n [\n 133.29343590260578,\n 42.333907041847624\n ],\n [\n 128.22208682141672,\n 39.84030661108261\n ],\n [\n 128.54175600622972,\n 34.73651360801138\n ],\n [\n 126.28249139910122,\n 35.07551391449692\n ],\n [\n 124.98846149163734,\n 39.05303053309393\n ],\n [\n 121.51199974300039,\n 40.408693280588636\n ],\n [\n 118.85822500472034,\n 39.03628954714341\n ],\n [\n 120.99144647707504,\n 26.855867641353896\n ],\n [\n 116.81568298057607,\n 21.717756558790867\n ],\n [\n 110.8263215497119,\n 21.17263657067825\n ],\n [\n 107.52692337074905,\n 20.86447897857998\n ],\n [\n 109.2661360728872,\n 13.733870777456104\n ],\n [\n 109.89446305716302,\n 3.2734288658086257\n ],\n [\n 117.80275878152656,\n 6.678830838265924\n ],\n [\n 118.53306926553222,\n 1.2089867526669593\n ],\n [\n 117.9007756931739,\n -1.7987185461553423\n ],\n [\n 123.1979245472258,\n -3.274271505362833\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n -5.565495707197925\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66820f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duggins, D. O.","contributorId":39322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duggins","given":"D. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015430,"text":"70015430 - 1989 - Multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events in the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Timmins, Ontario: evidence from tourmalines and chlorites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T18:00:59.120917","indexId":"70015430","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events in the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Timmins, Ontario: evidence from tourmalines and chlorites","docAbstract":"Tourmaline and chlorite are the principal ferromagnesian silicate minerals in the Kidd Creek massive sulphide deposit. Tourmaline is most common in sphalerite-rich peripheral margins of the chalcopyrite stringer zone. Within the north orebody, samples typically contain <1% tourmaline, but small areas (hand-specimen scale) may have 10–20%. Chlorite is more widely distributed and in places constitutes 30–50% of rock volumes. Associated assemblages may include quartz, sulphides (principally chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and (or) pyrite), carbonate, albite, sericite, and rare fluorite, allanite, or zoisite(?).The tourmalines and chlorites record a series of multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events. Paragenetic studies suggest that tourmaline was deposited during several discrete stages of mineralization, as evidenced by brecciation and cross-cutting relationships. Most of the tourmalines have two concentric growth zones defined by different colours (green, brown, blue, yellow). Some tourmalines also display pale discordant rims that cross-cut and embay the inner growth zones and polycrystalline, multiple-extinction domains. Late sulphide veinlets (chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite) transect the inner growth zones and pale discordant rims of many crystals. The concentric growth zones are interpreted as primary features developed by the main ore-forming hydrothermal system, whereas the discordant rims, polycrystalline domains, and cross-cutting sulphide veinlets reflect post-ore metamorphic processes.Detailed electron microprobe analyses of tourmalines show a wide compositional range, from Fe-rich dravite nearly to end-member schorl, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios varying from 0.33 to 0.92; only minor amounts of Ca are present, yielding uniformly high Na/(Na + Ca) ratios of 0.84–0.99. Two sets of chemical zoning trends are identified in the tourmalines, involving systematic changes in Fe/(Fe + Mg), Na/(Na + Ca), Al, and Ti that are believed to reflect internal coupled substitutions (e.g., + Ti = Na + Al) and local mineral equilibria (e.g., tourmaline–chlorite). Analyses of the pale discordant reaction rims show consistent depletion of Fe, Ca, and Ti, presumably by fluid–solid reactions during post-ore metamorphism.Chlorites also show an extensive range in composition, from ripidolite nearly to end-member daphnite, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.43–0.98 and Si cation values of 5.00–5.39. Chlorites from the fringes of the footwall stringer zone have narrow compositional ranges, whereas chlorites near footwall rhyolite sills in the core of the stringer zone display major variations in Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios, including one sample with a range of 0.68–0.95. The former group of chlorites has Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios that correlate well with those of coexisting tourmalines (exclusive of late reaction rims). Data for the latter group, in contrast, fall off equilibrium KD curves, indicating that the tourmalines and chlorites within these samples are not in chemical equilibrium. The chlorites are believed to have been altered (overprinted) by Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids apparently generated during intrusion of the rhyolite sills. The tourmalines, however, are unaffected and retain primary chemical signatures.Variations in mineral proportions and mineral chemistry within the deposit mainly depend on fluctuations in temperature, pH, water/rock ratios, and amounts of entrained seawater. The major proposed control is mixing between high-temperature, Fe-rich end-member hydrothermal fluids and cold, Mg-rich entrained seawater. Fe/(Fe + Mg) variations in footwall tourmalines (and equilibrium chlorites) are believed to largely reflect the progressive infiltration of Mg-rich seawater into the margins and top of the hydrothermal system. The more Fe-rich compositions of Kidd Creek tourmalines relative to those from sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposits (e.g., Sullivan, British Columbia) may be related to the preferential generation of end-member hydrothermal fluids in proximal volcanic environments like that at Kidd Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-059","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., and Coad, P., 1989, Multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events in the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Timmins, Ontario: evidence from tourmalines and chlorites: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 4, p. 694-715, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-059.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"694","endPage":"715","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","city":"Timmins","otherGeospatial":"Kidd Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.87858848666757,\n 48.757297003475685\n ],\n [\n -81.87858848666757,\n 48.24056422849321\n ],\n [\n -80.71540319102533,\n 48.24056422849321\n ],\n [\n -80.71540319102533,\n 48.757297003475685\n ],\n [\n -81.87858848666757,\n 48.757297003475685\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a606ae4b0c8380cd71436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coad, P.R.","contributorId":57602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coad","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015432,"text":"70015432 - 1989 - Nitrogen cycling between sediment and the shallow-water column in the transition zone of the Potomac River and Estuary. II. The role of wind-driven resuspension and adsorbed ammonium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-05T18:01:04.98295","indexId":"70015432","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen cycling between sediment and the shallow-water column in the transition zone of the Potomac River and Estuary. II. The role of wind-driven resuspension and adsorbed ammonium","docAbstract":"During periods of sediment resuspension, desorption of ammonium from sediment solids can be the major pathway for enriching the water column with the ammonium that is produced by bacterial degradation of organic matter in the bottom material. This hyopthesis is based on a three-year study of diffusive flux in the transition zone of the Potomac River at a site 35 m from the Virginia shore where the average water-column depth is approximately 1 m over sandy sediment.
A diffusion-controlled sampler was used to collect water samples at the interface between the water column and sediment and at several tens of centimeters into the sediment. Interstitial water concentration gradients showed that diffusive flux of ammonium from the sandy shallow-water sediments was approximately 1% of the diffusive flux of ammonium from the silty channel sediments in the same zone of the Potomac River.
Organic nitrogen and bound or adsorbed ammonium were the predominant nitrogen forms in the sediment. Adsorbed ammonium concentrations ranged from nondetectable to 3·7 μmol g−1 of sediment. Concentrations of adsorbed ammonium per gram of sediment were one to three orders of magnitude more than interstitial water ammonium concentrations.
Desorption of ammonium from sediment solids appeared to be the controlling factor in the degree of water-column ammonium enrichment. In laboratory experiments that simulated sediment resuspension, 40–80% of the adsorbed ammonium predicted to desorb did so after approximately 30 min of mixing. Based on calculations for 1 m2 to a depth of 4 cm, one resuspenion event lasting minutes could mix more ammonium into the water column from desorption of ammonium from sediment solids than could be delivered to the water column by diffusive flux from shallow-water sediments in 10–1000 days and would be comparable to enrichment by ammonium diffusive flux for 5–50 days from channel sediments in the same river zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(89)90028-0","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Simon, N., 1989, Nitrogen cycling between sediment and the shallow-water column in the transition zone of the Potomac River and Estuary. II. The role of wind-driven resuspension and adsorbed ammonium: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 28, no. 5, p. 531-547, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(89)90028-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"547","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.02023194914223,\n 38.35984238176678\n ],\n [\n -76.97245257347528,\n 38.365557182987686\n ],\n [\n -76.99026861185914,\n 38.41379751048811\n ],\n [\n -77.02023194914223,\n 38.46517611116633\n ],\n [\n -77.01132392994992,\n 38.492436309451676\n ],\n [\n -77.02428104877454,\n 38.51778537734839\n ],\n [\n -77.14089511819843,\n 38.47975842979767\n ],\n [\n -77.19191377357154,\n 38.430927773770435\n ],\n [\n -77.22187711085384,\n 38.38269887943608\n ],\n [\n -77.24131278909154,\n 38.393489715901154\n ],\n [\n -77.25022080828309,\n 38.41506655819708\n ],\n [\n -77.2445520687977,\n 38.43600262711209\n ],\n [\n -77.25750918762232,\n 38.464542030412844\n ],\n [\n -77.26155828725543,\n 38.487365425224624\n ],\n [\n -77.2445520687977,\n 38.52222054684486\n ],\n [\n -77.20972981195538,\n 38.54629241239056\n ],\n [\n -77.30447874336234,\n 38.57415503527781\n ],\n [\n -77.34173045998388,\n 38.51525087208174\n ],\n [\n -77.38546073601775,\n 38.470248556497694\n ],\n [\n -77.38708037587082,\n 38.437905605153986\n ],\n [\n -77.36845451756007,\n 38.34206011504722\n ],\n [\n -77.25265026806309,\n 38.32046149278494\n ],\n [\n -77.14818349753766,\n 38.33189685939831\n ],\n [\n -77.1174103403284,\n 38.35539722445435\n ],\n [\n -77.07934880377995,\n 38.363019910750694\n ],\n [\n -77.04412163697494,\n 38.38174838959573\n ],\n [\n -77.02023194914223,\n 38.35984238176678\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66cde4b0c8380cd72fd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, N.S.","contributorId":103272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003554,"text":"1003554 - 1989 - A macrophyte submodel for aquatic ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T17:51:47.537351","indexId":"1003554","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A macrophyte submodel for aquatic ecosystems","docAbstract":"A macrophyte submodel has been incorporated and tested in CE-QUAL-R1, a one-dimensional, vertically averaged model of reservoir water quality. A quasi two-dimensional scheme was necessary to represent the spatial relationship of macrophytes in reservoirs adequately. The macrophyte processes modeled were photosynthesis, dark respiration, excretion and nonpredatory mortality. Process equations for photosynthesis as a function of light and temperature, and dark respiration as a function of temperature were tested using data from laboratory studies. The submodel was field tested, along with other components of CE-QUAL-R1, using data collected at Eau Galle Reservoir, WI, U.S.A.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3770(89)90037-5","usgsCitation":"Collins, C.D., and Wlosinski, J.H., 1989, A macrophyte submodel for aquatic ecosystems: Aquatic Botany, v. 33, no. 3-4, p. 191-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(89)90037-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Eau Galle Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.25092258188174,\n 44.86636499940943\n ],\n [\n -92.25092258188174,\n 44.85564026067513\n ],\n [\n -92.23459609225418,\n 44.85564026067513\n ],\n [\n -92.23459609225418,\n 44.86636499940943\n ],\n [\n -92.25092258188174,\n 44.86636499940943\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Carol Desormeau","contributorId":95020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Desormeau","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wlosinski, Joseph H.","contributorId":75488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wlosinski","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007511,"text":"1007511 - 1989 - Distribution, habitat, and future of Harter's water snake, Nerodia harteri, in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-10T16:30:49.751061","indexId":"1007511","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, habitat, and future of Harter's water snake, Nerodia harteri, in Texas","docAbstract":"Detailed studies of the distribution and habitat use of the endemic Texas snake Nerodia harteri were conducted from 1979 to 1987. The Brazos water snake N. h. harteri is restricted to the upper Brazos River drainage; it is found in about 303 km of stream plus two reservoirs, Possum Kingdom Lake and Lake Granbury. The Concho water snake, N. h. paucimaculata occupies 396 stream-km in the Concho-Colorado River drainage, and about 25 km of lake. As such, Harter's water snake has one of the smallest ranges of any North American snake species. Medium to large, flat rocks on an unshaded shore for hiding places and rocky shallows for feeding grounds appear to be important for juveniles. There is an ontogenetic habitat shift in N. harteri that may also be common in many other Nerodia. We found that adult N. harteri are not restricted to rocky riffles in flowing rivers but can inhabitat a much wider range of habitats in pools and lakes. Several sections of both the Brazos and Colorado rivers are uninhabited by N. harteri, apparently because juvenile habitat is lacking or scarce. Riffles are more isolated on the uninhabited stretches, and they may be too far apart to recolonize after catastrophic local population extinctions. Past dam projects have eliminated populations of Nerodia harteri through habitat destruction by inundation and siltation. Fragmentation of populations may also prevent recolonization after local extinctions. A major dam being constructed on the Colorado River near Stacy, McCullough County, will inundate about 18% of the known habitat of Nerodia h. paucimaculata and perhaps degrade another 8% or more. A unique agreement whereby the dam-constructing authority will construct artificial habitats and fund biological studies could ameliorate the negative effects of the dam and reservoir on populations of the Concho water snake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1564049","usgsCitation":"Scott, N., Maxwell, T., Thornton, O., Fitzgerald, L., and Flury, J., 1989, Distribution, habitat, and future of Harter's water snake, Nerodia harteri, in Texas: Journal of Herpetology, v. 23, p. 373-389, https://doi.org/10.2307/1564049.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"373","endPage":"389","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a623a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, N.J. Jr.","contributorId":8407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maxwell, T.C.","contributorId":70724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornton, O.W. Jr.","contributorId":82261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornton","given":"O.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzgerald, L.A.","contributorId":84702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flury, J.W.","contributorId":101222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flury","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015436,"text":"70015436 - 1989 - Observed parameters for turbidity-current flow in channels, Reserve Fan, Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T23:13:00.264567","indexId":"70015436","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observed parameters for turbidity-current flow in channels, Reserve Fan, Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Fine-grained tailings discharged from a taconite-ore processing operation near the shore of Lake Superior produced turbidity currents that transported the sediment from a small delta into deep water at Silver Bay, Minnesota. Deposition over nearly 20 years produced a sublacustrine fan with two prominent channels. During 1972 and 1973, a current meter anchored 5 m above the lake floor adjacent to one of the channels recorded episodic turbidity-current flow events lasting as long as two weeks. To understand flow parameters for turbidity currents better, a short-term experiment within a channel on Reserve Fan in 1975 measured those variables not previously directly observed for channelized turbidity currents: flow thickness, flow density, and concurrent velocity. The observed flow thickness, approximately 16 m, is nearly four times the channel depth. Calculations using the average flow speeds (8 to 12 cm/sec) and the dilute concentration of the flow as measured during the experiment yield a value for the drag coefficient that is in remarkable agreement with estimated values commonly used for deriving speeds of turbidity currents using dimensions of submarine channels and properties of the sediments.
The July 8, 1986, North Palm Springs earthquake is used as a basis for comparison of several different approaches to the solution for the rupture history of a finite fault. The inversion of different waveform data is considered; both teleseismic P waveforms and local strong ground motion records. Linear parametrizations for slip amplitude are compared with nonlinear parametrizations for both slip amplitude and rupture time. Inversions using both synthetic and empirical Green's functions are considered. In general, accurate Green's functions are more readily calculable for the teleseismic problem where simple ray theory and flat-layered velocity structures are usually sufficient. However, uncertainties in the variation in t* with frequency most limit the resolution of teleseismic inversions. A set of empirical Green's functions that are well recorded at teleseismic distances could avoid the uncertainties in attenuation. In the inversion of strong motion data, the accurate calculation of propagation path effects other than attenuation effects is the limiting factor in the resolution of source parameters. The assumption of a laterally homogeneous velocity structure is usually not a good one, and the use of empirical Green's functions is desirable. Considering the parametrization of the problem, any degree of fault rupture complexity can be described in terms of a linear parametrization for slip amplitudes. However, a nonlinear parametrization for rupture times and slip amplitudes can have a distinct advantage over a simple linear one by limiting the number of unknown parameters. Regardless of the choice of data or the type of parametrization, the model or solution will be affected by the choice of minimization norm and the type of stabilization used.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB06p07515","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., 1989, Comparison of seismic waveform inversion results for the rupture history of a finite fault: Application to the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B6, p. 7515-7534, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB06p07515.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"7515","endPage":"7534","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88be4b0c8380cd4d193","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015447,"text":"70015447 - 1989 - Viking landing sites, remote-sensing observations, and physical properties of Martian surface materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-28T17:01:30.31105","indexId":"70015447","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viking landing sites, remote-sensing observations, and physical properties of Martian surface materials","docAbstract":"Important problems that confront future scientific exploration of Mars include the physical properties of Martian surface materials and the geologic processes that formed the materials. The design of landing spacecraft, roving vehicles, and sampling devices and the selection of landing sites, vehicle traverses, and sample sites will be, in part, guided by the physical properties of the materials. Four materials occur in the sample fields of the Viking landers: (1) drift, (2) crusty to cloddy, (3) blocky, and (4) rock. The first three are soillike. Drift materials is weak, loose, and porous. We estimate that it has a dielectric constant near 2.4 and a thermal inertia near
Catastrophic geomorphic events are taken as those that are large, sudden, and rare on human timescales. In the nonglaciated, low-seismicity central Appalachians, these are dominantly floods and landslides. Evaluation of the role of catastrophic events in landscape evolution includes assessment of their contributions to denudation and formation of prominent landscape features, and how they vary through space and time.
Tropical storm paths and topographic barriers at the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Front create significant climatic variability across the Appalachians. For moderate floods, the influence of basin geology is apparent in modifying severity of flooding, but for the most extreme events, flood discharges relate mainly to rainfall characteristics such as intensity, duration, storm size, and location. Landslide susceptibility relates more directly to geologic controls that determine what intensity and duration of rainfall will trigger slope instability.
Large floods and landslides are not necessarily effective in producing prominent geomorphic features. Large historic floods in the Piedmont have been minimally effective in producing prominent and persistent geomorphic features. In contrast, smaller floods in the Valley and Ridge produced erosional and depositional features that probably will require thousands of years to efface. Scars and deposits of debris slide-avalanches triggered on sandstone ridges recover slowly and persist much longer than scars and deposits of smaller landslides triggered on finer-grained regolith, even though the smaller landslides may have eroded greater aggregate volume.
The surficial stratigraphic record can be used to extend the spatial and temporal limits of our knowledge of catastrophic events. Many prominent alluvial and colluvial landforms in the central Appalachians are composed of sediments that were deposited by processes similar to those observed in historic catastrophic events. Available stratigraphic evidence shows two scales of temporal variation: one related to Quaternary climate changes and a more-recent, higher-frequency variation due to rare events during the Holocene. In much of the central Appalachians, landforms related to Quaternary climate changes persist as the most prominent features, despite the modifying effects of late-Holocene catastrophic events.
Evolution of the magma chamber at Mount Mazama involved repeated recharge by two types of andesite (high-Sr and low-Sr), crystal fractionation, crystal accumulation, assimilation, and magma mixing (Bacon and Druitt 1988). This paper addresses the modal compositions, textures, mineral chemistry and magmatic temperatures of (i) products of the 6845±50 BP climactic eruption, (ii) blocks of partially fused granitoid wallrock found in the ejecta, and (iii) preclimactic rhyodacitic lavas leaked from the chamber in late Pleistocene and early Holocene time. Immediately prior to the climactic eruption the chamber contained ≳ 40 km3 of rhyodacite (10 vol% plag + opx + aug + hb + mt + ilm, ∼880° C) overlying high-Sr andesite and cumulus-crystal mush (28–51 vol% plag + hb ± opx ± aug + mt ± ilm, 880° to ≥950° C), which in turn overlay low-Sr crystal mush (50–66 vol% plag + opx + aug ± hb ± ol + mt + ilm, 890° to ≥950† C). Despite the well known compositional gap in the ejecta, no thermal discontinuity existed in the chamber. Pre-eruptive water contents of pore liquids in most high-Sr and low-Sr mushes were 4–6 wt%, but on average the high-Sr mushes were slightly richer in water. Although parental magmas of the crystal mushes were andesitic, xenocrysts of bytownite and Ni-rich magnesian olivine in some scoriae record the one-time injection of basalt into the chamber. Textures in ol-bearing scoriae preserve evidence for the reactions ol + liq = opx and ol + aug + liq(+ plag?) = hb, which occurred in andesitic liquids at Mount Mazama. Strontium abundances in plagioclase phenocrysts constrain the petrogenesis of preclimactic and climactic rhyodacites. Phenocryst cores derived from high-Sr and low-Sr magmas have different Sr contents which can be resolved by microprobe. Partition coefficients for plagioclase in andesitic to rhyolitic glasses range from 2 to 7, and increase as glass %SiO2 increases. Evolved Pleistocene rhyodacites (∼30–25,000 BP) and rhyodacites of the Holocene Llao Rock center (7015±45 BP) contain Sr-poor plagioclase and are derivatives from low-Sr magma. Rhyodacites of the Pleistocene Sharp Peak domes, Holocene Cleetwood flow (∼6850 BP), and climactic ejecta contain discrete Sr-rich and Sr-poor plagioclase phenocryst populations and are hybrids produced by mixing low-Sr rhyodacite (containing Sr-poor plag + opx + aug) with a more mafic high-Sr magma (with Sr-rich plag [ + hb?]). The data reinforce the conclusions of crystal-liquid mixing calculations (Bacon and Druitt 1988), and suggest some important refinements to the magma chamber model.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00375310","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Druitt, T.H., and Bacon, C., 1989, Petrology of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 101, no. 2, p. 245-259, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375310.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205430,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375310"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7855e4b0c8380cd7868f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015484,"text":"70015484 - 1989 - The competition between thermal contraction and differentiation in the stress history of the Moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T13:40:24","indexId":"70015484","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The competition between thermal contraction and differentiation in the stress history of the Moon","docAbstract":"The scarcity of both extension and compression features on the Moon strongly constrains the history of the lunar radius—to variations of less than ±1 km over the past 3.8 Gyr. This limit has traditionally been interpreted as requiring a delicate balance between thermal contraction of the near‐surface and expansion of a substantial cold interior region. Recent theories of lunar origin (e.g., giant impact), in contrast, favor a “hot” initial state. We propose that a reconciliation may be possible by taking account of the volume change ΔV/V|d due to differentiation. We calculate STP densities based on simplified normative mineralogies for a suite of estimates of the bulk lunar composition, of primary lunar basalt, and of the residuum left when the maximum amount of the latter is extracted from the former. Typically ΔV/V|d ≃ 2 to 5%—an expansion equivalent to heating by ∼103K. Provided the timing of differentiation is correct, one might offset the cooling of a magma ocean as much as 630 km deep by differentiation of the remainder of the Moon (which need not start much below the solidus temperature). A large but not impossible amount of gabbroic melt production is implied: ∼100 times the volume of mare basalts known to have been extruded. We do not address the detailed genetic relationship of this melt to the basalts observed on the lunar surface but point out that it need not have reached the surface directly or even have entered the crust in order for the expansion to have occurred. To assess the timing of melt formation, we investigate a simple conductive lunar thermal model which takes account of both ΔV/V|d and thermal contraction. Our initial state is characterized by a central temperature Tc and a depth Z0 above which the material (derived from the magma ocean) is already at the solidus and is not suceptible to volume changes upon further differentiation. We find a range of models satisfying the limits on radius increase and decrease. The hottest has Tc = 1210 K, Z0 = 400 km; without ΔV/V|d, we would need a larger or colder (or both) core, e.g., Tc ≲ 700 K for Z0 = 200–400 km, in agreement with previous investigators. Our modeling thus lends credence to the idea that the Moon could have been initially ≳50% molten (with the remainder relatively close to the solidus) and yet experienced little volume change over the last 3.8 Gyr.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB09p12133","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Stevenson, D.J., 1989, The competition between thermal contraction and differentiation in the stress history of the Moon: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B9, p. 12133-12144, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB09p12133.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"12133","endPage":"12144","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480532,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140331-134907528","text":"External Repository"},{"id":223939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"94","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa46e4b08c986b3227a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015485,"text":"70015485 - 1989 - Style of extensional tectonism during rifting, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-27T01:22:14.53745","indexId":"70015485","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2147,"text":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Style of extensional tectonism during rifting, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden","docAbstract":"Models describing the development of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, prior to the present periods of sea-floor spreading, include those that use block faulting on steep normal faults, uniform diffuse shear in continental crust, simple shear on large detachment faults that cut the entire lithosphere, combinations involving detachment faults/ductile deformation/plutonic inflation, and ones that minimize the role of mechanical extension in favor of an earlier stage of sea-floor spreading. Geologic and geophysical studies from the Arabian continental margin in the southern Red Sea and LANDSAT analysis of the northern Somalia margin in the Gulf of Aden suggest that the early continental rifts were long narrow features that formed by extension on closely spaced normal faults above moderate- to shallow-dipping detachments with break-away zones defining one rift flank and root zones under the opposing rift flank. The rift flanks presently form the opposing continental margins across each ocean basin. The detachment on the Arabian margin dips gently to the west, with a breakaway zone now eroded above the deeply dissected terrain of the Arabian escarpment. The Arabian detachment projects westward to middle crustal levels beneath the sediment of the southern Red Sea coastal plain. Strata in the upper plate dip as steeply as 60° to the west, and the beds are repeated by numerous planar and listric normal faults that dip to the east. Most of the faults truncate downward at the detachment. Thus, the upper plate is highly extended and the rocks in its eastern part have been translated about 20 km westward and 21/2- to 5-km downward relative to the rest of Arabia. A prominent detachment surface, with a north dip, is evident in northernmost Somalia where it breaks away north of the Somalian escarpment in an otherwise undeformed section of cratonic strata of Jurassic to Eocene age. The upper plate of the Somalian detachment consists of a highly faulted collage of the cratonic strata. This fault projects to middle crustal levels in the opposing Arabian margin to the northeast.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0899-5362(89)80046-6","issn":"08995362","usgsCitation":"Bohannon, R.G., 1989, Style of extensional tectonism during rifting, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 8, no. 2-4, p. 589-602, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(89)80046-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"602","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223940,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cf2e4b08c986b31d54e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015487,"text":"70015487 - 1989 - Statistical analysis of factors affecting landslide distribution in the new Madrid seismic zone, Tennessee and Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:46:36.702455","indexId":"70015487","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical analysis of factors affecting landslide distribution in the new Madrid seismic zone, Tennessee and Kentucky","docAbstract":"More than 220 large landslides along the bluffs bordering the Mississippi alluvial plain between Cairo, Ill., and Memphis, Tenn., are analyzed by discriminant analysis and multiple linear regression to determine the relative effects of slope height and steepness, stratigraphic variation, slope aspect, and proximity to the hypocenters of the 1811-12 New Madrid, Mo., earthquakes on the distribution of these landslides. Three types of landslides are analyzed: (1) old, coherent slumps and block slides, which have eroded and revegetated features and no active analogs in the area; (2) old earth flows, which are also eroded and revegetated; and (3) young rotational slumps, which are present only along near-river bluffs, and which are the only young, active landslides in the area. Discriminant analysis shows that only one characteristic differs significantly between bluffs with and without young rotational slumps: failed bluffs tend to have sand and clay at their base, which may render them more susceptible to fluvial erosion. Bluffs having old coherent slides are significantly higher, steeper, and closer to the hypocenters of the 1811-12 earthquakes than bluffs without these slides. Bluffs having old earth flows are likewise higher and closer to the earthquake hypocenters. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the distribution of young rotational slumps is affected most strongly by slope steepness: about one-third of the variation in the distribution is explained by variations in slope steepness. The distribution of old coherent slides and earth flows is affected most strongly by slope height, but the proximity to the hypocenters of the 1811-12 earthquakes also significantly affects the distribution. The results of the statistical analyses indicate that the only recently active landsliding in the area is along actively eroding river banks, where rotational slumps formed as bluffs are undercut by the river. The analyses further indicate that the old coherent slides and earth flows in the area are spatially related to the 1811-12 earthquake hypocenters and were thus probably triggered by those earthquakes. These results are consistent with findings of other recent investigations of landslides in the area that presented field, historical, and analytical evidence to demonstrate that old landslides in the area formed during the 1811-12 New Madrid earthquakes. Results of the multiple linear regression can also be used to approximate the relative susceptibility of the bluffs in the study area to seismically induced landsliding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(89)90044-6","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R., and Keefer, D.K., 1989, Statistical analysis of factors affecting landslide distribution in the new Madrid seismic zone, Tennessee and Kentucky: Engineering Geology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 509-542, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(89)90044-6.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"542","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.52812986039102,\n 34.97478273364989\n ],\n [\n -88.22100095414115,\n 34.97478273364989\n ],\n [\n -88.22100095414115,\n 37.40389220228255\n ],\n [\n -90.52812986039102,\n 37.40389220228255\n ],\n [\n -90.52812986039102,\n 34.97478273364989\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9711e4b08c986b31b86d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, R.W.","contributorId":8467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013756,"text":"1013756 - 1989 - Chemical composition of maturing and spawning Atlantic salmon from different locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:49:43.299627","indexId":"1013756","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition of maturing and spawning Atlantic salmon from different locations","docAbstract":"We examined the relation between the environmental or nutritional background and the chemical composition of body tissues and reproductive success in wild (sea‐run, river‐captured, ocean‐captured, landlocked) and hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). More essential fatty acids of the linolenic acid family (n‐3 acids, also called ω‐3 acids) occurred in eggs of wild Atlantic salmon that had the highest percentages of eyed eggs and were highest in ocean‐caught Atlantic salmon. A marked decrease in zinc concentration occurred in eggs and semen of hatchery‐reared fish fed one experimental diet; these fish yielded a lower percentage of eyed eggs than other first‐time spawners. The correlation between zinc levels and spermatocrit in semen of males from five locations was highly significant (P ≤ 0.01). Ovaries of ocean‐captured fish contained 2.5–5 times as much zinc, 5–7 times as much iron, and 4–62 times as much copper as did eggs from sexually mature Atlantic salmon from other sources. An apparent transfer of copper, iron, and zinc from spine and muscle to ovarian tissue was observed in females preparing for spawning. High levels of n‐3 fatty acids, copper, iron, and zinc in gonadal tissues of ocean‐captured Atlantic salmon suggest that these nutrients are essential for reproductive success.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1989)051%3C0133:CCOMAS%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Poston, H.A., and Ketola, H.G., 1989, Chemical composition of maturing and spawning Atlantic salmon from different locations: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 51, p. 133-139, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1989)051%3C0133:CCOMAS%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129268,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e411b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poston, H. A.","contributorId":21893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poston","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ketola, H. G.","contributorId":60976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketola","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015489,"text":"70015489 - 1989 - Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015489","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity","docAbstract":"During 11 sequences of earthquakes that in retrospect can be classed as foreshocks, the accelerating rate at which seismic moment is released follows, at least in part, a simple equation. This equation (1) is {Mathematical expression},where {Mathematical expression} is the cumulative sum until time, t, of the square roots of seismic moments of individual foreshocks computed from reported magnitudes;C and n are constants; and tfis a limiting time at which the rate of seismic moment accumulation becomes infinite. The possible time of a major foreshock or main shock, tf,is found by the best fit of equation (1), or its integral, to step-like plots of {Mathematical expression} versus time using successive estimates of tfin linearized regressions until the maximum coefficient of determination, r2,is obtained. Analyzed examples include sequences preceding earthquakes at Cremasta, Greece, 2/5/66; Haicheng, China 2/4/75; Oaxaca, Mexico, 11/29/78; Petatlan, Mexico, 3/14/79; and Central Chile, 3/3/85. In 29 estimates of main-shock time, made as the sequences developed, the errors in 20 were less than one-half and in 9 less than one tenth the time remaining between the time of the last data used and the main shock. Some precursory sequences, or parts of them, yield no solution. Two sequences appear to include in their first parts the aftershocks of a previous event; plots using the integral of equation (1) show that the sequences are easily separable into aftershock and foreshock segments. Synthetic seismic sequences of shocks at equal time intervals were constructed to follow equation (1), using four values of n. In each series the resulting distributions of magnitudes closely follow the linear Gutenberg-Richter relation log N=a-bM, and the product n times b for each series is the same constant. In various forms and for decades, equation (1) has been used successfully to predict failure times of stressed metals and ceramics, landslides in soil and rock slopes, and volcanic eruptions. Results of more recent experiments and theoretical studies on crack propagation, fault mechanics, and acoustic emission can be closely reproduced by equation (1). Rate-process theory and continuum damage mechanics offer leads toward understanding the physical processes. ?? 1989 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00881603","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D.J., 1989, Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 130, no. 4, p. 661-686, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881603.","startPage":"661","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205438,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881603"},{"id":224040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81b4e4b0c8380cd7b6a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, D. J.","contributorId":85201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015508,"text":"70015508 - 1989 - Influence of Shimada Seamount on sediment composition in the eastern tropical North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:42:10.116576","indexId":"70015508","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of Shimada Seamount on sediment composition in the eastern tropical North Pacific","docAbstract":"Shimada Seamount is a large, young volcanic edifice in the east-central Pacific that is not associated with any active spreading center or known hot spot. The sediments on the abyssal plain surrounding Shimada Seamount consist of pelagic clay with ferromanganese micronodules and zeolites. The pelagic clay is mostly barren of microfossils except for a few occurrences of highly corroded specimens of Radiolaria and diatoms. Eolian terrigenous material is the dominant component of the pelagic clay to a depth of at least 8 m below sea floor, with minor contributions from volcanic debris and hydrothermal and hydrogenous sources. The average amount of basaltic debris is only 0.25%, but concentrations are as high as 10% in some samples. The average hydrothermal component (metalliferous sediment) is 8.8% with a maximum of about 13% at 7.5 m below sea floor in one core. The hydrogenous component, mostly as ferromanganese micronodules, averages 4.1% with a maximum of 5.6%. There is no calcareous biogenic debris and essentially no siliceous biogenic debris. In the past, a decrease in hydrothermal components through time may have been the result of a decrease in relative importance of hydrothermal influences, or an increase in the flux of terrigenous debris transported by the northeast trade winds. Because volcanic activity is still active on Shimada Seamount, or has been in the recent past, the observed increase in relative abundance of terrigenous components probably was the result of increased wind transport and not decreased hydrothermal activity. Shimada Seamount may be an important local source of metalliferous sediment in the eastern equatorial North Pacific, and may have been an even more important source in the past.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90235-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Gardner, J., and Nancy, L.P., 1989, Influence of Shimada Seamount on sediment composition in the eastern tropical North Pacific: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 7, p. 1523-1536, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90235-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1523","endPage":"1536","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b06e4b0c8380cd6217f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nancy, L P.","contributorId":97255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nancy","given":"L","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015514,"text":"70015514 - 1989 - Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:42:57.576656","indexId":"70015514","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity","docAbstract":"This work gives a clear picture of the geometry of aftershock seismicity in a large thrust earthquake. Interpretation of hypocenters and fault plane solutions, from the 1983 Coalinga, Coast Range California, earthquake sequence, in combination with the three-dimensional velocity structure shows that the active faulting beneath the fold primarily consists of a set of southwest dipping thrusts uplifting blocks of higher-velocity material. Above the main listric blind thrust there is a conjugate fault, steeply northeast dipping, that provides the western limit of the aftershocks within the Coalinga Anticline and that corresponds in location and spatial extent with the adjacent Pleasant Valley syncline. The character of the seismicity varies with the degree of previous deformation on each section of the anticline. Where the previous uplift was largest, the shallow seismicity shows secondary faulting on either side of the fold with orientations that correspond to the preexisting geologic structure. Diffuse seismicity characterizes the area with the least previous deformation. The mainshock rupture terminated where the fold trend was no longer uniform but had competing north and west trending features. The upward extent of the mainshock rupture ended at the approximate boundary between Franciscan and Great Valley Sequence rocks. Above that depth the main thrust appears to splay into a steeper segment and a near-horizontal segment. Thus the extent of rupture area is limited by the area of uniform structural orientation and by the variation in the type of material. With the three-dimensional velocity model each individual hypocenter moved slightly (0–2 km) in accord with the details of the surrounding velocity structure, so that secondary features in the seismicity pattern are more detailed than with a local one-dimensional model and station corrections. The overall character of the fault plane solutions was not altered by the three-dimensional model, but the more accurate ray paths did result in distinct changes. In particular, the mainshock has a fault plane dipping 30° southwest instead of the 23° obtained with the one-dimensional model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15565","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1989, Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15565-15586, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15565.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15565","endPage":"15586","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6aae4b0c8380cd4758a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015543,"text":"70015543 - 1989 - A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:16:11","indexId":"70015543","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1985, as part of the EMSLAB Project, Brown University conducted a detailed magnetic variation study of the Oregon Coast Range and Cascades volcanic system along an E-W profile in central Oregon. Comprised of a sequence of 75 remote reference magnetic variation (MV) stations spaced 3-4 km apart, the profile stretched for 225 km from Newport, on the Oregon coast, across the Coast Range, the Willamette Valley, and the High Cascades to a point ??? 50 km east of Santiam Pass. At all of the MV stations, data were collected for short periods (16-100 s), and at 17 of these stations data were also obtained at longer periods (100-1600 s). Data were monitored with a three-component ring core fluxgate magnetometer (Nanotesla), and were recorded with a microcomputer (DEC PDP 11/73) based data acquisition system. A 2-D generalized inversion of the magnetic transfer coefficients over the period range of 16-1600 s indicates four distinct conductors. First, we see the coast effect caused by a large sedimentary wedge offshore. Second, we see the effect of currents flowing in the conductive sediments of the Willamette Valley. Our inversion suggests that the Willamette Valley consists of two electrically distinct features, due perhaps to a horst-like structure imprinted on the valley sediments. Next we note an electric current system centered beneath the High Cascades. This latter feature may be associated with a sediment-filled graben beneath Santiam Pass as suggested by some of the gravity and MT results reported to date. Finally, we detect the presence of a deep conductor at mid-crustal depths which laterally extends westward from beneath the Basin and Range Province, and terminates beneath the western Cascades. One view of this last result is that it appears that modern Basin and Range structure is being imprinted on pre-existing Cascade structure. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Hermance, J., Lusi, S., Slocum, W., Neumann, G., and Green, A., 1989, A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 305-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2.","startPage":"305","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267325,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2"},{"id":224100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e41ee4b0c8380cd4640c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hermance, J.F.","contributorId":59565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hermance","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lusi, S.","contributorId":37903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusi","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slocum, W.","contributorId":53096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slocum","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neumann, G.A.","contributorId":11767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neumann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Green, A.W. Jr.","contributorId":101007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"A.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015548,"text":"70015548 - 1989 - Depositional history of the Lagniappe Delta, northern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015548","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depositional history of the Lagniappe Delta, northern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"The northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf is characterized by superimposing deltas. One such delta, informally named Lagniappe, extends east of the Mississippi Delta from mid-shelf to the continental slope. This late Wisconsinan delta is adjacent to, but not associated with the Mississippi Delta complex: the fluvial source was probably the ancient Pearl and/or Mobile Rivers. The fluvially dominated Lagniappe Delta is characterized by complex sigmoid-oblique seismic-reflection patterns, indicating delta switching of high-energy sand-prone facies to low-energy facies. The areal distribution and sediment thickness of the delta were partially controlled by two diapirs. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02430425","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Kindinger, J., 1989, Depositional history of the Lagniappe Delta, northern Gulf of Mexico: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 9, no. 2, p. 59-66, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02430425.","startPage":"59","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205454,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02430425"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fec6e4b0c8380cd4ef07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kindinger, J. L.","contributorId":38983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015549,"text":"70015549 - 1989 - Diapiric transfer of melt in Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: A quick, efficient process of igneous differentiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T13:04:02.412217","indexId":"70015549","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diapiric transfer of melt in Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: A quick, efficient process of igneous differentiation","docAbstract":"Kilauea Iki lava lake, formed in 1959, is a large pond of picritic basalt (average MgO content = 15.34% by weight), which has cooled and crystallized as a small, self-roofed magma chamber. Repeated drilling of the upper crust of the lake, down to its molten core, and more recent (1981) drilling, through the thermal maximum and part way through the lower crust, have made it possible to monitor the differentiation processes in the lake in detail.
Differentiation processes recognized as active in the lake include rather inefficient settling of the larger (2-10 mm) olivine phenocrysts, formation of segregation veins, and formation of diapir-like vertical olivine-rich bodies, all processes which occur in one or more of the other Kilauean lava lakes as well. In addition, most of the central part of Kilauea Iki has been affected by diapiric melt transfer. In this process, relatively low-density liquid, present at 1145-1160 °C, rose from within the loose crystal mush at the base of the lens of melt and intruded the equivalent thermal horizon at the top of the lens of melt, passing through the hotter but denser melt in the core of the lake without mixing. The source volume from which the low-density liquid was extracted is depleted in TiO2 and other incompatible elements and enriched in FeO and CaO. The upper part of the lake shows the opposite effects. The crystalline assemblage present was olivine + augite + minor plagioclase. The crystallinity of both the source and receiving layers was low enough that no obvious textural imprint was left by the transfer process; the principal evidence for its occurrence is the chemical zonation of the lake seen in core from depths of 13 to 80 m.
Diapiric melt transfer was active from 1960 to 1971 and has affected most of the central part of the lake from 13 m to at least 80 m. The process ran simultaneously with the other three main differentia tion processes but started and stopped independently of the others. Calculations suggest that between 21 and 42 wt % liquid has been extracted from the depleted zone at 56-78 m in the center of the lake, making this a very efficient process of chemical differentiation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0578:DTOMIK>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., Kirschenbaum, H., and Marinenko, J., 1989, Diapiric transfer of melt in Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: A quick, efficient process of igneous differentiation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 4, p. 578-594, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0578:DTOMIK>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"594","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.49550358984382\n ],\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.308980297966755\n ],\n [\n -155.08314109416602,\n 19.308980297966755\n ],\n [\n -155.08314109416602,\n 19.49550358984382\n ],\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.49550358984382\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00a9e4b0c8380cd4f84a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirschenbaum, H.","contributorId":33063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschenbaum","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marinenko, J.W.","contributorId":75558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinenko","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015561,"text":"70015561 - 1989 - Preliminary evaluations of regional ground-water quality in relation to land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T10:20:35","indexId":"70015561","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary evaluations of regional ground-water quality in relation to land use","docAbstract":"Preliminary results from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Florida, Nebraska, and Colorado indicate that regional ground-water quality has been affected by human activities. The frequencies of detection of volatile organic compounds and some trace elements were larger in ground water underlying urban or industrial areas in comparison to undeveloped areas. Ground water in agricultural areas generally had larger concentrations of nitrate and an increased frequency of detection of pesticides. Effects of human activities on water quality increased as the intensity of urbanization or irrigation increased. Ground-water pumpage, waste-water discharges into a stream that is hydraulically connected to an alluvial aquifer, and consumptive use of ground water affected the ground-water quality in one study area to a greater extent than land-use practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00444.x","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., Helsel, D., and Ragone, S., 1989, Preliminary evaluations of regional ground-water quality in relation to land use: Ground Water, v. 27, no. 2, p. 230-244, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00444.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a841be4b0c8380cd7c2de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, D.","contributorId":31912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":371228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ragone, S.E.","contributorId":10425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragone","given":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}