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The dominant regions of interannual streamflow variability in the United States are defined, and their seasonality and persistence characteristics identified, using an orthogonally rotated principal components analysis (RPCA) of a climatically sensitive network of 559 stream gages for the period 1941–1988. This classification of streamflow regimes is comprehensive and unique in that separate analyses of the streamflow record, for each month of the year, are carried out to detail the month-to-month changes in the dominant streamflow patterns. Streamflow variations, or anomalies, in the Upper Mississippi, South Atlantic/Gulf, Far West, Ohio Valley, Northeast, and Eastern/Mid- Atlantic regions, as well as a pattern of opposing streamflow anomalies in the West, are observed in all seasons of the year. Anomalies in the Southern Plains and New England regions are observed in autumn, winter, and spring; those in the Rocky Mountains and Middle Mississippi regions occur in late spring and summer.

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Although the Nation's drinking water is generally safe, natural and introduced contaminants in water supplies throughout the country have adversely affected human health. This new U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiative will provide information on the vulnerability of water supplies to be used by water-supply and regulatory agencies who must balance water-supply protection with the wise use of public funds. Using the results of the initiative, they will be better able to focus on the supplies most at risk and the variability of contaminants of most concern, and so address the mandates of the Safe Drinking Water Act. With its store of geologic, hydrologic, and land use and land cover data and its network of information in every State, the USGS can help to identify potential sources of contamination, delineate source areas, determine the vulnerability of waters to potential contamination, and evaluate strategies being used to protect source waters in light of the scientific information available. Many recent and ongoing studies by the USGS concern drinking-water issues. This fact sheet highlights four particular studies begun under the Drinking Water Initiative.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs04797","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, The U.S. Geological Survey Drinking Water Initiative: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 047-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04797.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_047_97.bmp"},{"id":776,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-047-97","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6652,"text":"fs05497 - 1997 - Public-Water Supplies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island: Investigations of Processes Affecting Source-Water Quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:52","indexId":"fs05497","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"054-97","title":"Public-Water Supplies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island: Investigations of Processes Affecting Source-Water Quality","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs05497","usgsCitation":"Lent, R.M., Waldron, M.C., and Rader, J.C., 1997, Public-Water Supplies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island: Investigations of Processes Affecting Source-Water Quality: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 054-97, 1 sheet : col. maps ; 43 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 28 cm. col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05497.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. maps ; 43 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 28 cm. col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_054_97.bmp"},{"id":698,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-054-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db6560f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lent, Robert M. rmlent@usgs.gov","contributorId":284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lent","given":"Robert","email":"rmlent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldron, Marcus C. mwaldron@usgs.gov","contributorId":1867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"Marcus","email":"mwaldron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rader, John C.","contributorId":27310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rader","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019822,"text":"70019822 - 1997 - Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:57:38.668231","indexId":"70019822","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana","docAbstract":"

The earthquake hazard has been evaluated for a 150-square-kilometer area around Evansville, Indiana. GIS-QUAKE, a system that combines liquefaction and ground motion analysis routines with site-specific geological, geotechnical, and seismological information, was used for the analysis. The hazard potential was determined by using 586 SPT borings, 27 CPT sounding, 39 shear-wave velocity profiles and synthesized acceleration records for body-wave magnitude 6.5 and 7.3 mid-continental earthquakes, occurring at distances of 50 km and 250 km, respectively.

The results of the GIS-QUAKE hazard analyses for Evansville identify areas with a high hazard potential that had not previously been identified in earthquake zonation studies. The Pigeon Creek area specifically is identified as having significant potential for liquefaction-induced damage. Damage as a result of ground motion amplification is determined to be a moderate concern throughout the area. Differences in the findings of this zonation study and previous work are attributed to the size and range of the database, the hazard evaluation methodologies, and the geostatistical interpolation techniques used to estimate the hazard potential. Further, assumptions regarding the groundwater elevations made in previous studies are also considered to have had a significant effect on the results.

","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.675","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Rockaway, T., Frost, J., Eggert, D.L., and Luna, R., 1997, Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 675-688, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.675.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Evansville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.60235442572878,\n 38.00288387892243\n ],\n [\n -87.60235442572878,\n 37.958411620309846\n ],\n [\n -87.52713583328385,\n 37.958411620309846\n ],\n [\n -87.52713583328385,\n 38.00288387892243\n ],\n [\n -87.60235442572878,\n 38.00288387892243\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9477e4b08c986b31aad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rockaway, T.D.","contributorId":46240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockaway","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, J.D.","contributorId":86507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eggert, Donald L.","contributorId":19286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggert","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":33640,"text":"Indiana Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luna, R.","contributorId":46708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luna","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019828,"text":"70019828 - 1997 - Geomorphic response to tectonically-induced ground deformation in the Wabash Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:51:17.196663","indexId":"70019828","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic response to tectonically-induced ground deformation in the Wabash Valley","docAbstract":"

Numerous low- to moderate-intensity earthquakes have been recorded in a zone of diffuse modern seismicity in southwest Indiana, southeast Illinois, and northernmost Kentucky. Structural elements within the zone include the Wabash Valley Fault System, the LaSalle Anticlinal Belt in western Illinois, and the Rough Creek-Shawneetown Fault System in northern Kentucky. The presence of seismically-induced liquefaction features in the near-surface alluvial sediments in the region indicates that strong ground motion has occurred in the recent geological past, but because the glacial and alluvial sediments in the Wabash Valley appear to be otherwise undisturbed, post-Paleozoic ground deformation resulting from movement on these structural elements has not yet been documented.

Morphometric analysis of the land surface, detailed mapping of geomorphic elements in the valley, reconnaissance drilling of the Holocene and Pleistocene alluvium, and structural analysis of the bedrock underlying the valley were used to determine whether the geomorphology of the valley and the patterns of alluviation of the Wabash River were affected by surface deformation associated with the seismic zone during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.

Among the observed features in the valley that can be attributed to deformation are: (1) tilting of the modern land surface to the west, (2) preferred channel migration toward the west side of the valley, with concomitant impact on patterns of soil development and sedimentation rate, (3) a convex longitudinal profile of the Wabash River where it crosses the LaSalle Anticlinal Belt, and (4) increased incision of the river into its floodplain downstream from the anticlinal belt.

","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.662","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Fraser, G., Thompson, T., Olyphant, G., Furer, L., and Bennett, S., 1997, Geomorphic response to tectonically-induced ground deformation in the Wabash Valley: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 662-674, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.662.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"662","endPage":"674","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228212,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Wabash Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.10191112458138,\n 39.26352260032891\n ],\n [\n -88.10191112458138,\n 37.75241761362966\n ],\n [\n -87.5198063562215,\n 37.75241761362966\n ],\n [\n -87.5198063562215,\n 39.26352260032891\n ],\n [\n -88.10191112458138,\n 39.26352260032891\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2797e4b0c8380cd59a12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fraser, G.S.","contributorId":49946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, T.A.","contributorId":73226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olyphant, G.A.","contributorId":51023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olyphant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Furer, L.","contributorId":7025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furer","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bennett, S.W.","contributorId":73359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019787,"text":"70019787 - 1997 - Geophysical setting of the Wabash Valley fault system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:02:34.558026","indexId":"70019787","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical setting of the Wabash Valley fault system","docAbstract":"

Interpretation of existing regional magnetic and gravity data and new local high-resolution aeromagnetic data provides new insights on the tectonic history and structural development of the Wabash Valley Fault System in Illinois and Indiana. Enhancement of short-wavelength magnetic anomalies reveal numerous NW- to NNE-trending ultramafic dikes and six intrusive complexes (including those at Hicks Dome and Omaha Dome). Inversion models indicate that the interpreted dikes are narrow (≤3 m), lie at shallow depths (<200 m) and are steeply dipping. Some of the interpreted dikes closely follow mapped faults; their abundance suggests that the Wabash Valley Fault System contains many more faults than those mapped. Both the interpreted dike pattern and mapped Wabash Valley Fault System terminate near the Reelfoot-Rough Creek-Rome rift system.

Based on the interpretation of both the regional magnetic and gravity data and the high-resolution magnetic data, we propose that the shallow faults and deep-seated rift structures in the Wabash Valley terminate at or near the Rough Creek-Shawneetown Fault System. The Grayville Graben (∼20 km wide, ∼700 m maximum basement relief, and <40 km long [Bear et al., this volume]) underlying the Wabash Valley developed during rifting, perhaps in response to stress concentrations generated by a bend in the Reelfoot-Rough Creek-Rome rift system. We therefore hypothesize that although the Reelfoot Rift and Rough Creek Graben represent tectonic intraplate structures of large areal extent (>500 km long and generally >50 km wide) and with deep basins (locally >3 km thick), the ancestral Wabash Valley faults express, in comparison, minor tectonic structures and probably do not represent a failed rift arm.

There is a lack of any obvious relation between the Wabash Valley Fault System and the epicenters of historic and prehistoric earthquakes. Five prehistoric earthquakes lie conspicuously near structures associated with the Commerce geophysical lineament, a NE-trending magnetic and gravity lineament lying oblique to the Wabash Valley Fault System and possibly extending over 600 km from NE Arkansas to central Indiana.

","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.567","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., and Ravat, D., 1997, Geophysical setting of the Wabash Valley fault system: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 567-585, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.567.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"585","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Wabash Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.20833059329462,\n 39.11510704367717\n ],\n [\n -90.20833059329462,\n 35.79883797828903\n ],\n [\n -85.906159201568,\n 35.79883797828903\n ],\n [\n -85.906159201568,\n 39.11510704367717\n ],\n [\n -90.20833059329462,\n 39.11510704367717\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a286ae4b0c8380cd5a0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ravat, D.","contributorId":102971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravat","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1012970,"text":"1012970 - 1997 - Estimating age of sea otters with cementum layers in the first premolar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-06T15:59:36.790806","indexId":"1012970","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating age of sea otters with cementum layers in the first premolar","docAbstract":"

We assessed sources of variation in the use of tooth cementum layers to determine age by comparing counts in premolar tooth sections to known ages of 20 sea otters (Enhydra lutris). Three readers examined each sample 3 times, and the 3 readings of each sample were averaged by reader to provide the mean estimated age. The mean (SE) of known age sample was 5.2 years (1.0) and the 3 mean estimated ages were 7.0 (1.0), 5.9 (1.1) and, 4.4 (0.8). The proportion of estimates accurate to within ± 1 year were 0.25, 0.55, and 0.65 and to within ± 2 years 0.65, 0.80, and 0.70, by reader. The proportions of samples estimated with >3 years error were 0.20, 0.10, and 0.05. Errors as large as 7, 6, and 5 years were made among readers. In few instances did all readers uniformly provide either accurate (error <1 yr) or inaccurate (error >1 yr) counts. In most cases (0.85), 1 or 2 of the readers provided accurate counts. Coefficients of determination (R2) between known ages and mean estimated ages were 0.81, 0.87, and 0.87, by reader. The results of this study suggest that cementum layers within sea otter premolar teeth likely are deposited annually and can be used for age estimation. However, criteria used in interpreting layers apparently varied by reader, occasionally resulting in large errors, which were not consistent among readers. While large errors were evident for some individual otters, there were no differences between the known and estimated age-class distribution generated by each reader. Until accuracy can be improved, application of this ageing technique should be limited to sample sizes of at least 6-7 individuals within age classes of ≥1 year.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802207","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Ames, J.A., Jameson, R.J., Johnson, A.M., and Matson, G., 1997, Estimating age of sea otters with cementum layers in the first premolar: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 3, p. 967-973, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802207.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"967","endPage":"973","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128474,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, 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No abstract available.

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No abstract available.

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Plant fossils, such as leaves, wood, cones, pollen, and seeds, provide important evidence of how Alaska's vegetation has responded to climate changes over time periods of centuries to millions of years. Long-term trends of global temperatures have been reconstructed from oxygen isotope measurements of microscopic fossils (foraminifera) in the Pacific Ocean (fig. 1). This temperature curve can be used to compare the major changes in Alaskan vegetation with global climate changes spanning the past 20 million years.

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The United States energy industry faces the challenge of satisfying our expanding thirst for energy while protecting the environment. This challenge is magnified by the increasing volumes of saline water produced with oil and gas in the Nation's aging petroleum fields. Ultimately, energy-producing companies are responsible for disposing of these waters. USGS research provides basic information, for use by regulators, industry, and the public, about the chemistry of co-produced waters and environmentally acceptable ways of handling them.

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","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural coastal environmental hazards : Report of a workshop held at Louisiana State University, February 22-23, 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Louisiana State University","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., 1997, Dynamic flood monitoring in coastal environments, chap. of Natural coastal environmental hazards : Report of a workshop held at Louisiana State University, February 22-23, 1996, p. 27-38.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"38","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St Marks National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.51507568359375,\n 29.893043385434165\n ],\n [\n -84.2266845703125,\n 29.893043385434165\n ],\n [\n -84.2266845703125,\n 30.142752031075393\n ],\n [\n -84.51507568359375,\n 30.142752031075393\n ],\n [\n -84.51507568359375,\n 29.893043385434165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207788,"text":"70207788 - 1997 - An introduction to visual programming for biologists","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-10T12:13:22","indexId":"70207788","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-30T12:06:36","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5910,"text":"SWS Bulletin","printIssn":"0732-9393","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An introduction to visual programming for biologists","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., and Castille, S., 1997, An introduction to visual programming for biologists: SWS Bulletin, v. 14, no. 2, p. 13-15.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Jacoby 0000-0003-0110-0284 carterj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0284","contributorId":2399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Jacoby","email":"carterj@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castille, Steven","contributorId":221646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castille","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189710,"text":"70189710 - 1997 - The use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to concentrate inducers of fish hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO): Chapter 12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-20T15:51:48","indexId":"70189710","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to concentrate inducers of fish hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO): Chapter 12","docAbstract":"

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are sampling and concentrating devices comprised of a thin polyethylene membrane containing a small quantity of triolein. They have previously been used to sample air, water and sediments and have concentrated fish tainting compounds from pulp mill effluents. The ability to induce mixed function oxygenases (MFOs) is a property of a variety of organic effluents, but the compound(s) responsible for induction have not been identified. We wanted to see if SPMDs would accumulate the MFO-inducing chemical(s) from pulp mill effluents and oil refinery effluents. Dialysates of effluent-exposed SPMDs induced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in a fish (Poeciliopsis lucida) hepatoma cell line, PLHC-1. In pulp mill effluents and oil sands mining and refining wastewaters, potencies varied greatly, from a few to thousands of pg TCDD-EQ/g SPMD. Low levels of inducers were seen in four pulp mills on the Athabasca R., and higher levels at one New Brunswick bleached sulphite and two Ontario bleached kraft pulp mills. The highest levels of MFO inducers were in SPMDs deployed for 14 days in wastewater from an oil sands upgrading facility, as well as SPMDs deployed at two sites on Athabasca River tributaries in the oil sands area. This suggests that natural erosion and weathering, as well as industrial processing of the oil sands, can release potent MFO inducers. Background (reference) induction by SPMD extracts ranged from non-detectable (<1) to 20 pg TCDD-EQ/g SPMD. Reactive clean-up of one of the bleached kraft mill effluent-exposed SPMD extracts on a sulfuric acid/silica gel column resulted in loss of the inducer(s), which suggested a polyaromatic hydrocarbon-type of inducing chemical(s), rather than a dioxin or furan inducer. SPMD deployments proved useful in the detection of inducers within the pulp mill process streams as extracts of SPMDs exposed to untreated bleached sulphite effluent were ten to twenty times as potent as those from secondary-treated effluent. Little is known about the nature and identity of the MFO inducers from pulp mill and refinery effluents, but the use of SPMDs as concentrators of MFO-inducing substances appears a promising avenue for future research.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecotoxicology: Responses, biomarkers and risk assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development","publisherLocation":"Fair Haven, NJ","usgsCitation":"Parrott, J.L., and Tillitt, D.E., 1997, The use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to concentrate inducers of fish hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO): Chapter 12, chap. of Ecotoxicology: Responses, biomarkers and risk assessment, p. 185-196.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344153,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5971c1c8e4b0ec1a4885daff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrott, Joanne L.","contributorId":194948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parrott","given":"Joanne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188687,"text":"70188687 - 1997 - Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-21T07:26:33","indexId":"70188687","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan","title":"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan","docAbstract":"

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlo-rodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) equivalents were measured in composite samples of forage fishes and several sizes of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from Saginaw Bay, Michigan, USA. The concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents determined from the use of TCDD equivalency factors (TEFs) and instrumentally determined concentrations of individual congeners were designated TEq. The 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents determined on the same extracts with the H4IIE bioassay were defined as TCDD-EQ. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ and TEq were significantly, but poorly correlated (R2 = 0.44). Concentrations of TCDD-EQ and TEq ranged from 10.6 to 348 and 13.5 to 69.5 ng/kg, wet weight, respectively. The ratio of TCDD-EQ to TEq ranged from 0.5 to 5.0, with the greatest ratio observed in common carp but the average ratio between TEq and TCDD-EQ was approximately 1.0. In common carp, larger walleye, and medium-sized alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) there were significant concentrations of TCDD-EQ that could not be accounted for by TEq calculated from an additive model of PCBs, PCDDs, or PCDFs. As much as 75% of the TCDD-EQ in some samples could not be accounted for by TEqs. It is unlikely that PCNs, PCDTs, or polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) occurred at concentrations that were, based on their relative potencies, great enough to contribute significant quantities of TCDD-EQ. The discrepency between TCDD-EQs and TEqs was not due to antagonisms among congeners or extraction efficiencies.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620160416","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J.P., Jude, D.J., Tillitt, D.E., Gale, R.W., Meadows, J.C., Zajieck, J.L., Peterman, P.H., Verbrugge, D.A., Sanderson, J.T., Schwartz, T.R., and Tuchman, M.L., 1997, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 16, no. 4, p. 713-724, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160416.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"724","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -83.43017578125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -83.43017578125,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 43.27720532212024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b5e4b062508e382b93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jude, David J.","contributorId":11986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jude","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meadows, John C. jmeadows@usgs.gov","contributorId":3024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meadows","given":"John","email":"jmeadows@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":698913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zajieck, James L.","contributorId":193165,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zajieck","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Peterman, Paul H. ppeterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Paul","email":"ppeterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Verbrugge, David A.","contributorId":172542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sanderson, J. Thomas","contributorId":193166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schwartz, Ted R.","contributorId":36510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tuchman, Marc L.","contributorId":6023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuchman","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70188686,"text":"70188686 - 1997 - Organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin: II. Effects of an extract derived from cormorant eggs on the chicken embryo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-21T07:24:05","indexId":"70188686","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin: II. Effects of an extract derived from cormorant eggs on the chicken embryo","docAbstract":"

White Leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs were injected prior to incubation with one of four concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 egg-equivalent) of an extract derived from 1,000 double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs collected at Spider Island adjacent to Green Bay in Lake Michigan. One egg-equivalent corresponded to the concentration of contaminants present in an average cormorant egg. This was approximately 322 pg toxic equivalents (TEQs)/g, ww egg with polychlorinatedbiphenyl congener 126 (3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl) accounting for over 70% of the TEQs. Injection of 1.0 egg-equivalent resulted in 77% mortality at hatch. The incidence of developmental abnormalities (structural defects or edema) was not affected by injection of the extract. Body weight gain of chicks was reduced in the 1.0 egg-equivalent dose group in the first, second, and third week's post-hatch. Relative brain weights were greater and relative bursa weights were less in the 1.0 egg-equivalent dose group than in the vehicle control at three weeks of age. There were no significant differences in the relative weights of the heart, liver, spleen, testes, or comb among treated and control birds.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900191","usgsCitation":"Powell, D., Aulerich, R., Meadows, J., Tillitt, D.E., Stromborg, K., Kubiak, T., Giesy, J., and Bursian, S., 1997, Organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin: II. Effects of an extract derived from cormorant eggs on the chicken embryo: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 32, no. 3, p. 316-322, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900191.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"316","endPage":"322","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Spider Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.02716827392578,\n 45.233074531011596\n ],\n [\n -87.01480865478516,\n 45.22170990931555\n ],\n [\n -87.01000213623047,\n 45.21058488794113\n ],\n [\n -87.00279235839842,\n 45.20453776780235\n ],\n [\n -86.98253631591797,\n 45.196796515952244\n ],\n [\n -86.9626235961914,\n 45.20187683128089\n ],\n [\n -86.96640014648438,\n 45.22436991805259\n ],\n [\n -86.97566986083984,\n 45.2352504759637\n ],\n [\n -86.96605682373047,\n 45.24008561090264\n ],\n [\n -86.97052001953125,\n 45.24975464648731\n ],\n [\n -86.97772979736328,\n 45.2574886900362\n ],\n [\n -86.96949005126953,\n 45.27319522342216\n ],\n [\n -86.97429656982422,\n 45.27826871310316\n ],\n [\n -86.99901580810547,\n 45.26957102450825\n ],\n [\n -87.02716827392578,\n 45.233074531011596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b5e4b062508e382b99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, D.C.","contributorId":72899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aulerich, R.J.","contributorId":39904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulerich","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meadows, J.C.","contributorId":91962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meadows","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":83462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stromborg, K. L.","contributorId":34466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromborg","given":"K. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":89105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Giesy, J. P.","contributorId":60574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giesy","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bursian, S.J.","contributorId":16127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursian","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70246546,"text":"70246546 - 1997 - The Hf isotopic composition of ferromanganese nodules and crusts and hydrothermal manganese deposits: Implications for seawater Hf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T16:05:11.123253","indexId":"70246546","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-12T11:00:18","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Hf isotopic composition of ferromanganese nodules and crusts and hydrothermal manganese deposits: Implications for seawater Hf","docAbstract":"

We present Hf and Pb isotopic data, and chemical compositions of the outermost layers of marine ferromanganese deposits of different types (hydrogenous and hydrothermal) with a worldwide distribution. The Hf isotopic compositions display a broad range and refine previously reported regional differences as follows: Atlantic Ocean ɛHf = −4to+2, Indian Ocean ɛHf = +2to+4, Pacific Ocean ɛHf = +3to+10. The most radiogenic Hf isotopic compositions in the Pacific samples are for hydrothermal manganese deposits that also have low 207Pb204Pb, demonstrating that this signature reflects a contribution from hydrothermal venting of Hf leached from oceanic volcanic rocks rather than from riverine inputs, volcanic ash, or eolian dust. Hafnium concentrations in the deposits increase from 20 ppb to 20 ppm with decreasing ɛHf, The Hf and Pb isotopic compositions for ferromanganese crusts define an apparent mixing trend between literature values of average continental crust and MORB. The range in ɛHf for ferromanganese crusts is narrower than it is for 206Pb204Pb compared to the differences in isotopic composition of the sources of Hf and Pb. This is consistent with Hf having a longer residence time than Pb. The concentration of Hf in ferromanganese crusts has been found to co-vary with growth rate, and inversely correlates with Hf isotopic compositions. Hf isotope ratios may be used to determine not only the source of Hf, but possibly the source of Fe and Mn. Measurements of ɛHf and Hf concentrations in nodule tops, bottoms and associated sediments show that the ɛHf of nodules is sensitive to sedimentary oxic and sub-oxic diagenetic processes and thus most nodules may not reliably reflect the isotopic composition of Hf in seawater.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00106-4","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, L.V., Lee, D., Sangrey, W.F., Halliday, A.N., Salters, V., Hein, J.R., and White, W.M., 1997, The Hf isotopic composition of ferromanganese nodules and crusts and hydrothermal manganese deposits: Implications for seawater Hf: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 151, no. 1-2, p. 91-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00106-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00106-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":418769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godfrey, L. V.","contributorId":316222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Godfrey","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, D.-C.","contributorId":38307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"D.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sangrey, W. F.","contributorId":316223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sangrey","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Halliday, A. N.","contributorId":87663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halliday","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Salters, V. J. M.","contributorId":146237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salters","given":"V. J. M.","affiliations":[{"id":7092,"text":"Florida State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"White, W. M.","contributorId":316224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}