The water level in an open well can change in response to deformation of the surrounding material, either because of applied strains (tidal or tectonic) or surface loading by atmospheric pressure changes. Under conditions of no vertical fluid flow and negligible well bore storage (static-confined conditions), the sensitivities to these effects depend on the elastic properties and porosity which characterize the surrounding medium. For a poroelastic medium, high sensitivity to applied areal strains occurs for low porosity, while high sensitivity to atmospheric loading occurs for high porosity; both increase with decreasing compressibility of the solid matrix. These material properties also influence vertical fluid flow induced by areally extensive deformation and can be used to define two types of hydraulic diffusivity which govern pressure diffusion, one for applied strain and one for surface loading. The hydraulic diffusivity which governs pressure diffusion in response to surface loading is slightly smaller than that which governs fluid flow in response to applied strain. Given the static-confined response of a water well to atmospheric loading and Earth tides, the in situ drained matrix compressibility and porosity (and hence the one-dimensional specific storage) can be estimated. Analysis of the static-confined response of five wells to atmospheric loading and Earth tides gives generally reasonable estimates for material properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB09p12403","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Rojstaczer, S., and Agnew, D., 1989, The influence of formation material properties on the response of water levels in wells to Earth tides and atmospheric loading: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B9, p. 12403-12411, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB09p12403.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"12403","endPage":"12411","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad22e4b08c986b3239d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.","contributorId":92709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agnew, D.C.","contributorId":32186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016039,"text":"70016039 - 1989 - Multiobjective sampling design for parameter estimation and model discrimination in groundwater solute transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:47:57","indexId":"70016039","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiobjective sampling design for parameter estimation and model discrimination in groundwater solute transport","docAbstract":"Sampling design for site characterization studies of solute transport in porous media is formulated as a multiobjective problem. Optimal design of a sampling network is a sequential process in which the next phase of sampling is designed on the basis of all available physical knowledge of the system. Three objectives are considered: model discrimination, parameter estimation, and cost minimization. For the first two objectives, physically based measures of the value of information obtained from a set of observations are specified. In model discrimination, value of information of an observation point is measured in terms of the difference in solute concentration predicted by hypothesized models of transport. Points of greatest difference in predictions can contribute the most information to the discriminatory power of a sampling design. Sensitivity of solute concentration to a change in a parameter contributes information on the relative variance of a parameter estimate. Inclusion of points in a sampling design with high sensitivities to parameters tends to reduce variance in parameter estimates. Cost minimization accounts for both the capital cost of well installation and the operating costs of collection and analysis of field samples. Sensitivities, discrimination information, and well installation and sampling costs are used to form coefficients in the multiobjective problem in which the decision variables are binary (zero/one), each corresponding to the selection of an observation point in time and space. The solution to the multiobjective problem is a noninferior set of designs. To gain insight into effective design strategies, a one-dimensional solute transport problem is hypothesized. Then, an approximation of the noninferior set is found by enumerating 120 designs and evaluating objective functions for each of the designs. Trade-offs between pairs of objectives are demonstrated among the models. The value of an objective function for a given design is shown to correspond to the ability of a design to actually meet an objective.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i010p02245","usgsCitation":"Knopman, D.S., and Voss, C.I., 1989, Multiobjective sampling design for parameter estimation and model discrimination in groundwater solute transport: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 10, p. 2245-2258, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i010p02245.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2245","endPage":"2258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6035e4b0c8380cd71386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopman, Debra S.","contributorId":51472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopman","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015014,"text":"70015014 - 1989 - A reinterpretation of the δDH2O of inclusion fluids in contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite, Creede mining district, Colorodo: a generic problem for shallow orebodies?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:41:29","indexId":"70015014","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reinterpretation of the δDH2O of inclusion fluids in contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite, Creede mining district, Colorodo: a generic problem for shallow orebodies?","docAbstract":"Water extracted from fluid inclusions in quartz from shallow epithermal ore deposits often has a hydrogen isotope composition (δD) different from that of water extracted from inclusions in associated minerals. This difference is usually attributed to the involvement of primary fluids from multiple sources. Isotopic and homogenization and freezing temperature determinations on fluid inclusions from contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite from the epithermal, silver and base metal orebodies of the OH vein, Creede district, Colorado, suggest an alternative explanation. In near-surface deposits, differences between δDH2O of inclusion fluids in ore minerals and quartz may result, instead, from contamination during extraction of the fluids contained in primary inclusions by shallow ground water trapped in pseudosecondary inclusions in quartz.
\nQuartz from the OH vein contains two principal petrographically distinct populations of fluid inclusions: primary and pseudosecondary. The primary inclusions have salinities ranging from 5 to 10 equiv wt percent NaCl, and the salinities of pseudosecondary inclusions cluster between 0 and 1 percent. Primary inclusions in quartz from one locality have a measured δDH2O value of -69 per mil, while pseudosecondary inclusions at the same locality have a δDH2O value of -102 per mil. Both salinity and isotopic values for primary inclusions in quartz are similar to those for primary inclusions in contemporaneous sphalerite. Homogenization temperatures for primary and pseudosecondary inclusions in quartz range from 191° to 280° C and from 199° to 278° C, respectively. The δDH2O value measured on fluid inclusions from bulk crystals ranges between -97 and -85 per mil and represents a mixture of fluids from both primary and pseudosecondary inclusions.
\nWe interpret the data to indicate that one or more episodes of abrupt incursion of cooler, overlying ground water into the ore zone caused thermal cracking of the quartz crystals during the time interval of mineralization. Subsequent healing of the fractures trapped heated, low-salinity ground water in pseudosecondary inclusions. The abrupt incursions of overlying ground water are speculated to have resulted from either collapse of a transient vapor-dominated region of the ore zone, or catastrophic venting of the system through hydrothermal eruption(s).
\nThe unusually high contrast between the salinities of the ore-depositing fluids and the ground water overlying the ore zone allowed recognition of this phenomenon at Creede. It is likely, however, that Creede is not unique. Similar phenomena may be common in shallow ore zones where rapid fluctuation of an interface between a deep, high-temperature thermal plume and an overlying, cooler ground water may be expected to occur. Careful study of the origins of fluid inclusions, particularly in quartz, is essential to characterize the primary ore fluids and to assess the role of ground water in the hydrology of shallow ore deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1966","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Bethke, P., and Rye, R.O., 1989, A reinterpretation of the δDH2O of inclusion fluids in contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite, Creede mining district, Colorodo: a generic problem for shallow orebodies?: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1966-1977, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1966.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1966","endPage":"1977","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 37.00693943418586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e545e4b0c8380cd46c55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bethke, Philip M.","contributorId":52829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"Philip M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015918,"text":"70015918 - 1989 - Use of the variable gain settings on SPOT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70015918","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of the variable gain settings on SPOT","docAbstract":"Often the brightness or digital number (DN) range of satellite image data is less than optimal and uses only a portion of the available values (0 to 255) because the range of reflectance values is small. Most imaging systems have been designed with only two gain settings, normal and high. The SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) imaging system has the capability to collect image data using one of eight different gain settings. With the proper procedure this allows the brightness or reflectance resolution, which is directly related to the range of DN values recorded, to be optimized for any given site as compared to using a single set of gain settings everywhere. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P., 1989, Use of the variable gain settings on SPOT: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 55, no. 2, p. 195-201.","startPage":"195","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfa1e4b08c986b329c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, P.S. Jr.","contributorId":75147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"P.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013167,"text":"70013167 - 1989 - Late Quaternary paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:37","indexId":"70013167","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada","docAbstract":"Diatoms, crustaceans, and pollen from sediment cores, in conjunction with dated shoreline tufas provide evidence for lake level and environmental fluctuations of Walker Lake in the late Quaternary. Large and rapid changes of lake chemistry and level apparently resulted from variations in the course and discharge of the Walker River. Paleolimnological evidence suggests that the basin contained a relatively deep and slightly saline to freshwater lake before ca. 30 000 years B.P. During the subsequent drawdown, the Walker River apparently shifted its course and flowed northward into the Carson Sink. As a result, Walker Lake shallowed and became saline. During the full glacial, cooler climates with more effective moisture supported a shallow brine lake in the basin even without the Walker River. As glacial climates waned after 15 000 years ago, Walker Lake became a playa. The Walker River returned to its basin 4700 years ago, filling it with fresh water in a few decades. Thereafter, salinity and depth increased as evaporation concentrated inflowing water, until by 3000 years ago Walker Lake was nearly 90 m deep, according to dated shoreline tufas. Lake levels fluctuated throughout this interval in response to variations in Sierra Nevada precipitation and local evaporation. A drought in the Sierras between 2400 and 2000 years ago reduced Walker Lake to a shallow, brine lake. Climate-controlled refilling of the lake beginning 2000 years ago required about one millennium to bring Walker lake near its historic level. Through time, lake basins in the complex Lake Lahontan system, fill and desiccate in response to climatic, tectonic and geomorphic events. Detailed, multidisciplinary paleolimnologic records from related subbasins are required to separate these processes before lake level history can be reliably used to interpret paleoclimatology. ?? 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00184000","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Platt, B.J., Forester, R.M., and Thompson, R., 1989, Late Quaternary paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 249-267, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184000.","startPage":"249","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184000"},{"id":220237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4533e4b0c8380cd67102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Platt, Bradbury J.","contributorId":67651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Platt","given":"Bradbury","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015850,"text":"70015850 - 1989 - Rupture process of the Ms 6.6 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake determined from strong-motion recordings: application of tomographic source inversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T00:42:13.94671","indexId":"70015850","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture process of the Ms 6.6 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake determined from strong-motion recordings: application of tomographic source inversion","docAbstract":"We analyze strong-motion recordings of the Ms 6.6 Superstition Hills earthquake to determine the timing, location, spatial extent, and rupture velocity of the subevents that produced the bulk of the high-frequency (0.5 to 4 Hz) seismic energy radiated by this shock. The earthquake can be characterized by three principal subevents, the largest ones occurring about 3 and 10 sec after initiation of rupture. Timing relationships between pulses on the seismograms indicate that the three subevents are located within 8 km of each other along the northern portion of the Superstition Hills fault. The two largest subevents display different directivity effects. We apply a tomographic source inversion to the integrated accelerograms to determine the slip acceleration on the fault as a function of time and distance, based on a one-dimensional fault model. The azimuthal distribution of amplitudes for the second subevent can be largely explained by a rupture that propagated about 2 km to the southeast along the Superstition Hills fault at a velocity about equal to the P-wave velocity. An alternative model with rupture propagating to the northeast along a conjugate fault plane can also account for the observed directivity of this subevent, but it is not supported by the aftershock distribution. The third subevent ruptured to the southeast along an 8-km long portion of the Superstition Hills fault at about the shear-wave velocity. This rupture propagation caused the relatively large accelerations and velocities observed in strong-motion records for stations southeast of the hypocenter. The long time intervals between the subevents and their relative proximity to each other indicate a very slow component to the rupture development. The southern half of the Superstition Hills fault did not generate significant high-frequency strong ground motion, although it showed substantial co-seismic surface displacement. The subevents are situated along the same northern portion of the fault where most of the aftershocks are located. The locations of the subevents appear to be controlled by bends in the fault mapped at the surface and by changes in basement structure at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0790020515","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A.D., and Wennerberg, L., 1989, Rupture process of the Ms 6.6 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake determined from strong-motion recordings: application of tomographic source inversion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 79, no. 2, p. 515-541, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790020515.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"541","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223129,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Superstition Hills","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaed9e4b0c8380cd8725f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015042,"text":"70015042 - 1989 - Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T17:46:47.958628","indexId":"70015042","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1824,"text":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test","docAbstract":"A graphical method has been developed for determining the coefficient of consolidation from the transient phases of a flow-pump permeability test. The flow pump can be used to infuse fluid into or withdraw fluid from a laboratory sediment specimen at a constant volumetric rate in order to obtain data that can be used to calculate permeability using Darcy's law. When the initial transient-response curve (hydraulic head as a function of time) generated by this test is examined analytically in terms of a one-dimensional consolidation process, representative type-curve solutions to the associated forced-flow and pressure-decay models are derived. These curves provide the basis for graphically evaluating the permeability k, the coefficient of consolidation cv, and the coefficient of volume change mv. The curve-matching technique is easy and rapid, and it can be applied to results of forced-flow tests, both infusion and withdrawal, as well as to subsequent pressure-decay records. Values of k, cv, and mv for a laterally confined kaolinite specimen were determined by this graphical method and appear to be in reasonably good agreement with numerically derived estimates (within 20%). Discrepancies between the two sets of results seem to be largely a function of data quality rather than of method of analysis. Where responses of hydraulic head as a function of time are apparently unaffected by experimental sources of error, agreement is excellent (within 4%). Application of this graphical method to triaxial testing has inherent uncertainties, because the solution curves that describe one-dimensional deformation are used to analyze a three-dimensional process.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/GTJ10989J","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., Olsen, H.W., Nelson, K.R., and Gill, J.D., 1989, Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test: Geotechnical Testing Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 302-307, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10989J.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29d3e4b0c8380cd5ac84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Karl R.","contributorId":63538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, James D.","contributorId":52729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007433,"text":"1007433 - 1989 - The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T14:46:02.819787","indexId":"1007433","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities","docAbstract":"We recognize three levels of extinction–global, local, and ecological – and provide examples of each. The protection and recovery of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) has provided abundant evidence of the consequences of their local extinction from kelp forest communities in the North Pacifc Ocean. These consequences include release of benthic invertebrate populations from limitation by predation; deforestation of kelp beds due to increased grazing by herbivorous sea urchins, one of the otter's main prey; and various cascading effects resulting from the biological and physical importance of kelp in coastal ecosystems. These interactions probably were important agents of selection for certain species.
Two other examples are discussed: Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), a case of global extinction, and spiny lobsters, a possible case of ecological extinction. We speculate that grazing by sea cows was an important disturbance to surface-canopy-forming kelps and other algae in the littoral zones, but also point out that any such interactions probably acted in concert with physical disturbances by ocean waves. The ecological and evolutionary importance of sea cow grazing probably will remain a matter of speculation and conjecture because the species is globally extinct.
Predation by spiny lobsters limits a variety of littoral and sublittoral invertebrate populations, particularly mollusks In one remarkable example, the reduction or local extinction of spiny lobsters enabled predutory whelks to increase in size and abundance, ultimately resulting in a predutor-prey role reversal. From these and other case studies we can clued that (1) the extinction of consumers may have brad and sometimes unexpected influences on kelp forest ecosystems; (2) direct or indirect interactions with now-extinct species probably exerted important selective influences on many extant forms; (3) such ecological and evolutionary influences are best understood where local or ecological extinctions, followed by recoveries, have provided comparisons in space or time; and (4) because of various ecological and behavioral barriers, local extinctions and their ecological consequences may not be simply reversed by protecting or reintroducing depleted or locally extinct species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00085.x","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., Duggins, D., and Rathbun, G.B., 1989, The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities: Conservation Biology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 252-264, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00085.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"264","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479942,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1230655","text":"External Repository"},{"id":129988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.22678754689929,\n -2.061014242013499\n ],\n [\n -76.97883240412443,\n 5.6224226017642565\n ],\n [\n -78.40812473166261,\n 8.370658784170402\n ],\n [\n -86.70052081030536,\n 11.466101331135846\n ],\n [\n -93.19720803600836,\n 15.448082433525428\n ],\n [\n -104.6984126319814,\n 19.94130280644508\n ],\n [\n -114.95498252541711,\n 32.642948004803515\n ],\n [\n -122.04471412607853,\n 37.65252966869279\n ],\n [\n -123.1991610077618,\n 50.14658745515922\n ],\n [\n -139.9435871837696,\n 61.466836160631715\n ],\n [\n -149.89138246245926,\n 60.444154819886165\n ],\n [\n -158.40679172081965,\n 57.739863206319086\n ],\n [\n -163.4192370396753,\n 64.41694986454743\n ],\n [\n -170.7149329544875,\n 65.38340263300566\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 62.7393758862176\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n -6.182890140638904\n ],\n [\n -80.22678754689929,\n -2.061014242013499\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n -5.565495707197925\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 63.25760579931517\n ],\n [\n 164.22033371219652,\n 58.82548122001003\n ],\n [\n 156.97256160257712,\n 50.92861090214248\n ],\n [\n 156.32924903814921,\n 55.881978105577474\n ],\n [\n 163.6488735883546,\n 62.66949118325729\n ],\n [\n 136.38685258023293,\n 55.413860120621706\n ],\n [\n 140.79425180327826,\n 52.343039571920514\n ],\n [\n 133.29343590260578,\n 42.333907041847624\n ],\n [\n 128.22208682141672,\n 39.84030661108261\n ],\n [\n 128.54175600622972,\n 34.73651360801138\n ],\n [\n 126.28249139910122,\n 35.07551391449692\n ],\n [\n 124.98846149163734,\n 39.05303053309393\n ],\n [\n 121.51199974300039,\n 40.408693280588636\n ],\n [\n 118.85822500472034,\n 39.03628954714341\n ],\n [\n 120.99144647707504,\n 26.855867641353896\n ],\n [\n 116.81568298057607,\n 21.717756558790867\n ],\n [\n 110.8263215497119,\n 21.17263657067825\n ],\n [\n 107.52692337074905,\n 20.86447897857998\n ],\n [\n 109.2661360728872,\n 13.733870777456104\n ],\n [\n 109.89446305716302,\n 3.2734288658086257\n ],\n [\n 117.80275878152656,\n 6.678830838265924\n ],\n [\n 118.53306926553222,\n 1.2089867526669593\n ],\n [\n 117.9007756931739,\n -1.7987185461553423\n ],\n [\n 123.1979245472258,\n -3.274271505362833\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n -5.565495707197925\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66820f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duggins, D. O.","contributorId":39322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duggins","given":"D. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015436,"text":"70015436 - 1989 - Observed parameters for turbidity-current flow in channels, Reserve Fan, Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T23:13:00.264567","indexId":"70015436","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observed parameters for turbidity-current flow in channels, Reserve Fan, Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Fine-grained tailings discharged from a taconite-ore processing operation near the shore of Lake Superior produced turbidity currents that transported the sediment from a small delta into deep water at Silver Bay, Minnesota. Deposition over nearly 20 years produced a sublacustrine fan with two prominent channels. During 1972 and 1973, a current meter anchored 5 m above the lake floor adjacent to one of the channels recorded episodic turbidity-current flow events lasting as long as two weeks. To understand flow parameters for turbidity currents better, a short-term experiment within a channel on Reserve Fan in 1975 measured those variables not previously directly observed for channelized turbidity currents: flow thickness, flow density, and concurrent velocity. The observed flow thickness, approximately 16 m, is nearly four times the channel depth. Calculations using the average flow speeds (8 to 12 cm/sec) and the dilute concentration of the flow as measured during the experiment yield a value for the drag coefficient that is in remarkable agreement with estimated values commonly used for deriving speeds of turbidity currents using dimensions of submarine channels and properties of the sediments.
Intracell flow is important in modeling cells that contain both sources and sinks. Special attention is needed if recharge through the water table is a source. One method of modeling multiple sources and sinks is to determine the net recharge per cell. For example, for a model cell containing both a sink and recharge through the water table, the amount of recharge should be reduced by the ratio of the area of influence of the sink within the cell to the area of the cell. The reduction is the intercepted portion of the recharge. In a multilayer model this amount is further reduced by a proportion factor, which is a function of the depth of the flow lines from the water table boundary to the internal sink. A gaining section of a stream is a typical sink. The aquifer contribution to a gaining stream can be conceptualized as having two parts; the first part is the intercepted lateral flow from the water table and the second is the flow across the streambed due to differences in head between the water level in the stream and the aquifer below. The amount intercepted is a function of the geometry of the cell, but the amount due to difference in head across the stream bed is largely independent of cell geometry. A discharging well can intercept recharge through the water table within a model cell. The net recharge to the cell would be reduced in proportion to the area of influence of the well within the cell. The area of influence generally changes with time. Thus the amount of intercepted recharge and net recharge may not be constant with time. During periods when the well is not discharging there will be no intercepted recharge even though the area of influence from previous pumping may still exist. The reduction of net recharge per cell due to internal interception of flow will result in a model-calculated mass balance less than the prototype. Additionally the “effective transmissivity” along the intercell flow paths may be altered when flow paths are occupied by intercepted recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i004p00669","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., Signor, D.C., and Imes, J.L., 1989, Accounting for intracell flow in models with emphasis on water table recharge and stream-aquifer interaction: 1. Problems and concepts: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 4, p. 669-676, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i004p00669.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"676","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e66ee4b0c8380cd47401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, Donald G.","contributorId":19537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signor, Donald C.","contributorId":13220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signor","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Imes, Jeffrey L. jimes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jimes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70137840,"text":"70137840 - 1989 - Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T11:46:18","indexId":"70137840","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank","docAbstract":"A 3-year monitoring program was performed to assess the impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank, an important commercial fishery region in the North Atlantic east of Massachusetts, USA. Surficial sediments were sampled for chemical and benthic infaunal analysis and bottom still photographs were taken to document bottom microtopography and epifauna at 46 stations during 12 field surveys. The surveys were performed quarterly from just before drilling began, during drilling, and for nearly 2 years after completion of drilling. Two of the eight drilling sites were selected for monitoring. Twenty-nine stations were positioned in a tight radial array around a drilling site in 80 m of water. A second group of three stations was positioned near another drilling site in 140 m of water. The remaining stations covered a broad expanse of the Bank and adjacent suspected sites of deposition of fine-grained sediments.\\
\n\n
Of the 12 elements analyzed in bulk sediments, only barium increased in concentration during the period when drilling was taking place (July 1981 to September 1982). The concentration of barium in surficial sediment increased 4·7-fold from 28 ppm before drilling to 131·7 ppm after drilling at the station closest to the drilling site in 80 m of water and 5·9-fold from 32 ppm before drilling to 172 ppm after drilling at the station closest to the drilling site in 140 m of water. The concentrations of both barium and chromium increased in the fine (silt/clay) fraction (usually less than 5% by weight of sediment from most stations) of sediments from several stations around one or both rig sites monitored during the period of drilling. Elevated concentrations of chromium (about two-fold) occurred only in sediments near the drilling site in 140 m of water. Statistically significant increases in the concentration of barium in the fine fraction to sediment were detected approximately 65 km west (downcurrent) and 35 km east of the drilling site in 80 m of water after drilling was completed.
\n\n
The benthic fauna were abundant and diverse throughout the study area. At most stations, the dominant species remained nearly the same from one season to another over the 3 years of sampling. Polychaetes were the most abundant, followed by crustaceans. The number of individuals of some species, particularly the amphipods Erichthonius fasciatus and Unciola inermis, showed large seasonal variations.
\n\n
Cluster analysis revealed a strong relationship between community structure and both sediment type and water depth. Little seasonal variation was detected, but some interannual differences were revealed by cluster analysis and correspondence analysis. The replicates from a station always resembled each other more than they resembled any replicates from other stations. In addition, the combined replicates from a station always clustered with samples from that station taken on other cruises. This excellent replication and uniformity of the benthic infaunal community at a station over time made it possible to detect very subtle changes in community parameters that might be related to discharges of drilling fluid and drill cuttings. Nevertheless, no changes were detected in benthic communities of Georges Bank that could be attributed to drilling activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(89)90002-0","usgsCitation":"Neff, J.M., Bothner, M., Maciolek, N.J., and Grassle, J.F., 1989, Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank: Marine Environmental Research, v. 27, no. 2, p. 77-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(89)90002-0.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"114","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.23486328124999,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -69.6533203125,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -69.98291015625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -73.54248046875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -73.23486328124999,\n 42.827638636242284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bd0e4b08de9379b34f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neff, J. M.","contributorId":138626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maciolek, N. J.","contributorId":138627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maciolek","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grassle, J. F.","contributorId":8621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grassle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015381,"text":"70015381 - 1989 - Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile: VI. Hectorfloresite, Na9(IO3)(SO4)4, a new saline mineral","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015381","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile: VI. Hectorfloresite, Na9(IO3)(SO4)4, a new saline mineral","docAbstract":"The new mineral hectorfloresite, known to occur in only one locality in the nitrate fields of northern Chile, consists of tiny prismatic crystals, generally less than 1 mm long and 0.2 mm in diameter, in cavities in dense nitrate ore consisting of saline-cemented silt, sand, and small rock fragments. The physical, optical and crystallographic properties of the new mineral are described. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G.E., Evans, H.T., Mrose, M., McGee, J.J., Marinenko, J., and Konnert, J., 1989, Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile: VI. Hectorfloresite, Na9(IO3)(SO4)4, a new saline mineral: American Mineralogist, v. 74, no. 9-10, p. 1207-1214.","startPage":"1207","endPage":"1214","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5aa9e4b0c8380cd6f033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, G. E.","contributorId":44538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mrose, M.E.","contributorId":87920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mrose","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGee, J. J.","contributorId":92271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marinenko, J.W.","contributorId":75558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinenko","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Konnert, J.A.","contributorId":17640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konnert","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015303,"text":"70015303 - 1989 - Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:36:41.115494","indexId":"70015303","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri","docAbstract":"Measurements on fluid inclusions in hydrothermal dolomite cements place constraints on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and on the thermal-hydrologic processes which formed the Viburnum Trend Mississippi Valley-type lead district. Homogenization temperatures and freezing point depressions were determined for fluid inclusions in Bonneterre Dolomite-hosted dolomite cements in mine samples, as well as drill core from up to 13 km outside of the district. A well-defined cathodoluminescent zonation distinguishes dolomite growth zones in the Vi-burnurn Trend as older or younger than main-stage mineralization (octahedral galena) and facilitates correlation with other dolomites outside the Viburnum Trend.Homogenization temperatures and salinities in samples from mines are not systematically different from those of samples outside of the district. Medians of homogenization temperature distributions differ by not more than 25 degrees C, so that a temperature gradient, if present, should not have exceeded approximately 25 degrees C within the study area. These observations are interpreted to indicate that the Viburnum Trend was not strongly thermally anomalous with respect to surrounding country rock and that fluid flow occurred on a broad scale through not only the Lamotte Sandstone but through the overlying Cambrian carbonates as well.The absence of a significant, recognizable decrease in temperature either vertically within the section or east-west across the district, coupled with the minor amount of silica in the district, argues against cooling as a primary cause of sulfide precipitation. Fluids whose primary aquifer was the Lamotte Sandstone, predominantly a quartz arenite, should have been in equilibrium with quartz. Quartz in the Viburnum Trend occurs as a minor, drusy, vug-lining phase, but the district lacks the intense silicification found in other Mississippi Valley-type districts such as Tri-State (Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri). Quartz solubility is strongly temperature dependent and, under equilibrium conditions, a decrease of 10 degrees C or more should have precipitated at least as many moles of silica as galena (assuming a galena solubility of between 1 and 10 ppm). Clearly this is not the case, as galena is far more abundant than quartz in the Viburnum Trend.Ice final-melting temperatures (T m ) in fluid inclusions generally range from -14 degrees to -27 degrees C for primary dolomite-hosted inclusions. Using these T m values and cation ratios for the inclusion fluids, absolute concentrations for the individual cations and chloride were calculated using the thermochemical model of Spencer et al. (1990). The corresponding high but variable salinities, 3.9 to 5.9 chloride molality, are evidence for the presence of more than one distinct fluid during mineralization.In a reduced sulfur mineralization model with Pb carried as chloride complexes, dilution is also a possible sulfide precipitation mechanism. The difference in Pb solubility (for an equal quantity of reduced sulfur) in the extremes of the chloride concentration range, 3.9 vs. 5.9 molal, reaches 1 ppm only for pH values below approximately 4.5. Accepting 1 ppm as a minimum metal concentration for a viable ore-forming fluid, dilution only appears capable of precipitating sulfides in a fluid with pH near the lower limit of values considered geologically reasonable or attainable.Dolomite cements hosting warm (approximately 105 degrees -125 degrees C) saline fluid inclusions are ubiquitous in the porous dolomitic facies of the Bonneterre Dolomite. Based on stratigraphic reconstructions, however, it is unlikely that the Bonneterre was buried deeper than 1.5 km. The distribution of warm inclusions beyond the Viburnum Trend district implies that fluid migration was regional in scale. Fluid inclusion temperatures inconsistent with typical basement heat-flow-controlled geothermal gradients (25 degrees -35 degrees C/km) may be explained by long-distance migration of warm, basin-derived brines. Elevated temperatures observed in fluid inclusions at shallow stratigraphic depths are consistent with a gravity flow hydrologic system characterized by rapid flow rates and the capacity for advective heat transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E., and Leach, D.L., 1989, Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1948-1965, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1948","endPage":"1965","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa09e4b0c8380cd4d8bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015561,"text":"70015561 - 1989 - Preliminary evaluations of regional ground-water quality in relation to land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T10:20:35","indexId":"70015561","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary evaluations of regional ground-water quality in relation to land use","docAbstract":"Preliminary results from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Florida, Nebraska, and Colorado indicate that regional ground-water quality has been affected by human activities. The frequencies of detection of volatile organic compounds and some trace elements were larger in ground water underlying urban or industrial areas in comparison to undeveloped areas. Ground water in agricultural areas generally had larger concentrations of nitrate and an increased frequency of detection of pesticides. Effects of human activities on water quality increased as the intensity of urbanization or irrigation increased. Ground-water pumpage, waste-water discharges into a stream that is hydraulically connected to an alluvial aquifer, and consumptive use of ground water affected the ground-water quality in one study area to a greater extent than land-use practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00444.x","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., Helsel, D., and Ragone, S., 1989, Preliminary evaluations of regional ground-water quality in relation to land use: Ground Water, v. 27, no. 2, p. 230-244, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00444.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a841be4b0c8380cd7c2de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, D.","contributorId":31912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":371228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ragone, S.E.","contributorId":10425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragone","given":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015489,"text":"70015489 - 1989 - Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015489","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity","docAbstract":"During 11 sequences of earthquakes that in retrospect can be classed as foreshocks, the accelerating rate at which seismic moment is released follows, at least in part, a simple equation. This equation (1) is {Mathematical expression},where {Mathematical expression} is the cumulative sum until time, t, of the square roots of seismic moments of individual foreshocks computed from reported magnitudes;C and n are constants; and tfis a limiting time at which the rate of seismic moment accumulation becomes infinite. The possible time of a major foreshock or main shock, tf,is found by the best fit of equation (1), or its integral, to step-like plots of {Mathematical expression} versus time using successive estimates of tfin linearized regressions until the maximum coefficient of determination, r2,is obtained. Analyzed examples include sequences preceding earthquakes at Cremasta, Greece, 2/5/66; Haicheng, China 2/4/75; Oaxaca, Mexico, 11/29/78; Petatlan, Mexico, 3/14/79; and Central Chile, 3/3/85. In 29 estimates of main-shock time, made as the sequences developed, the errors in 20 were less than one-half and in 9 less than one tenth the time remaining between the time of the last data used and the main shock. Some precursory sequences, or parts of them, yield no solution. Two sequences appear to include in their first parts the aftershocks of a previous event; plots using the integral of equation (1) show that the sequences are easily separable into aftershock and foreshock segments. Synthetic seismic sequences of shocks at equal time intervals were constructed to follow equation (1), using four values of n. In each series the resulting distributions of magnitudes closely follow the linear Gutenberg-Richter relation log N=a-bM, and the product n times b for each series is the same constant. In various forms and for decades, equation (1) has been used successfully to predict failure times of stressed metals and ceramics, landslides in soil and rock slopes, and volcanic eruptions. Results of more recent experiments and theoretical studies on crack propagation, fault mechanics, and acoustic emission can be closely reproduced by equation (1). Rate-process theory and continuum damage mechanics offer leads toward understanding the physical processes. ?? 1989 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00881603","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D.J., 1989, Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 130, no. 4, p. 661-686, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881603.","startPage":"661","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205438,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881603"},{"id":224040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81b4e4b0c8380cd7b6a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, D. J.","contributorId":85201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015438,"text":"70015438 - 1989 - Comparison of seismic waveform inversion results for the rupture history of a finite fault: Application to the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:52:59.783421","indexId":"70015438","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of seismic waveform inversion results for the rupture history of a finite fault: Application to the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The July 8, 1986, North Palm Springs earthquake is used as a basis for comparison of several different approaches to the solution for the rupture history of a finite fault. The inversion of different waveform data is considered; both teleseismic P waveforms and local strong ground motion records. Linear parametrizations for slip amplitude are compared with nonlinear parametrizations for both slip amplitude and rupture time. Inversions using both synthetic and empirical Green's functions are considered. In general, accurate Green's functions are more readily calculable for the teleseismic problem where simple ray theory and flat-layered velocity structures are usually sufficient. However, uncertainties in the variation in t* with frequency most limit the resolution of teleseismic inversions. A set of empirical Green's functions that are well recorded at teleseismic distances could avoid the uncertainties in attenuation. In the inversion of strong motion data, the accurate calculation of propagation path effects other than attenuation effects is the limiting factor in the resolution of source parameters. The assumption of a laterally homogeneous velocity structure is usually not a good one, and the use of empirical Green's functions is desirable. Considering the parametrization of the problem, any degree of fault rupture complexity can be described in terms of a linear parametrization for slip amplitudes. However, a nonlinear parametrization for rupture times and slip amplitudes can have a distinct advantage over a simple linear one by limiting the number of unknown parameters. Regardless of the choice of data or the type of parametrization, the model or solution will be affected by the choice of minimization norm and the type of stabilization used.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB06p07515","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., 1989, Comparison of seismic waveform inversion results for the rupture history of a finite fault: Application to the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B6, p. 7515-7534, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB06p07515.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"7515","endPage":"7534","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88be4b0c8380cd4d193","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157487,"text":"70157487 - 1988 - Relationship between annual runoff and watershed area for the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-24T13:34:27","indexId":"70157487","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-16T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between annual runoff and watershed area for the eastern United States","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's effort to determine the long-term effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry, annual runoff was estimated for about 1000 ungaged sites in the eastern U.S. using runoff contour maps. One concern in using contour maps was that a bias may be introduced in the runoff estimates due to the size of the 1000 ungaged sites relative to the size of the watersheds used in developing the maps. To determine if a bias was present the relationship between the annual runoff (expressed as depth) and the watershed area for the Northeast (NE) and Southern Blue Ridge Province (SBRP) was tested using five regional data bases. One short-term data base (1984 Water Year, n = 531) and two long-term data bases (1940–57, n = 134 and 1951–80, n = 342) were used in the NE. In the SBRP one short-term database (1984 Water Year, n = 531) and one long-term data base (1951–80, n = 60) were used. For the NE and the SBRP, runoff was not directly correlated with watershed area using the five regional databases. Also, runoff normalized by precipitation was not related to watershed area.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00877.x","usgsCitation":"Rochelle, B.P., Church, M.R., Gebert, W.A., Graczyk, D., and Krug, W.R., 1988, Relationship between annual runoff and watershed area for the eastern United States: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 1, p. 35-41, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00877.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"northeastern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.8408203125,\n 44.55916341529184\n ],\n [\n -67.587890625,\n 47.18971246448421\n ],\n [\n -68.64257812499999,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 45.767522962149904\n ],\n [\n -72.333984375,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 45.27488643704894\n ],\n [\n -75.4541015625,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -77.080078125,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -78.5302734375,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 40.0360265298117\n ],\n [\n -80.61767578124999,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -80.74951171875,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 39.487084981687495\n ],\n [\n -81.62841796875,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 38.46219172306828\n ],\n [\n -82.59521484375,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 37.45741810262938\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 37.17782559332976\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 36.8092847020594\n ],\n [\n -83.75976562499999,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -90.15380859375,\n 34.97600151317591\n ],\n [\n -89.36279296875,\n 35.15584570226544\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 34.43409789359469\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 33.76088200086917\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 31.147006308556566\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 31.05293398570514\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 30.80791068136646\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 30.20211367909724\n ],\n [\n -87.03369140625,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -83.69384765625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 30.543338954230222\n ],\n [\n -81.4306640625,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -80.4638671875,\n 32.36140331527543\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 33.04550781490999\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -76.35498046875,\n 34.97600151317591\n ],\n [\n -75.69580078125,\n 36.155617833818525\n ],\n [\n -75.69580078125,\n 37.49229399862877\n ],\n [\n -74.94873046875,\n 38.548165423046584\n ],\n [\n -74.11376953125,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -73.8720703125,\n 39.926588421909436\n ],\n [\n -73.67431640625,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -72.7734375,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -71.4990234375,\n 41.3108238809182\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -70.2685546875,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -69.697265625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -66.8408203125,\n 44.55916341529184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56051ee4e4b058f706e51316","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rochelle, Barry P.","contributorId":103316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochelle","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, M. Robbins","contributorId":57497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robbins","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gebert, Warren A. wagebert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebert","given":"Warren","email":"wagebert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krug, William R.","contributorId":53381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70006540,"text":"70006540 - 1988 - Assessment of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) predation by recovery of dead lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario, 1982-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T14:00:13","indexId":"70006540","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-06T13:36:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) predation by recovery of dead lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario, 1982-85","docAbstract":"During 1982-85, 89 dead lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were recovered with bottom trawls in U.S. waters of Lake Ontario: 28 incidentally during four annual fish-stock assessment surveys and 61 during fall surveys for dead fish. During the assessment surveys, no dead lake trout were recovered in April-June, one was recovered in August, and 27 were recovered in October or November, implying that most mortality from causes other than fishing occurred in the fall. The estimated numbers of dead lake trout between the 30- and 100-m depth contours in U.S. waters ranged from 16 000 (0.08 carcass/ha) in 1983 to 94 000 (0.46 carcass/ha) in 1982. Of 76 carcasses fresh enough to enable recognition of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) wounds, 75 bore fresh wounds. Assuming that sea lamprey wounding rates on dead fish were the same as on live ones of the same length range (430-740 mm), the probability of 75 of the 76 dead lake trout bearing sea lamprey wounds was 3.5 x 10-63 if death was independent of sea lamprey attack, thus strongly implicating sea lampreys as the primary cause of death of fish in the sample. The recovery of only one unwounded dead lake trout also suggested that natural mortality from causes other than sea lamprey attactks is negligible.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f88-164","usgsCitation":"Bergstedt, R.A., and Schneider, C.P., 1988, Assessment of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) predation by recovery of dead lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario, 1982-85: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 45, no. 8, p. 1406-1410, https://doi.org/10.1139/f88-164.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1406","endPage":"1410","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","volume":"45","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee51e4b0c8380cd49cd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224409,"text":"5224409 - 1988 - Effects of zinc smelter emissions on farms and gardens at Palmerton, PA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T15:44:14","indexId":"5224409","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:06","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3616,"text":"Trace Substances in Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of zinc smelter emissions on farms and gardens at Palmerton, PA","docAbstract":"In 1979, before the primary Zn smelter at Palmerton was closed due to excessive Zn and Cd emissions and change in the price of Zn, we were contacted by a local veterinarian regarding death of foals (young horses) on farms near the smelter. To examine whether Zn or Cd contamination of forage or soils could be providing potentially toxic levels of Zn or other elements in the diets of foals, we measured metals in forages, soils, and feces of grazing livestock on two farms near Palmerton. The farms were about 2.5 and about 10 km northeast of the East stack. Soils, forages, and feces were greatly increased in Zn and Cd. Soil, forage, and fecal Zn were near 1000 mg/kg and Cd, 10-20 mg/kg at farm A (2.5 km) compared to normal background levels of 43 mg Zn and 0.2 mg Cd/kg, respectively. Liver and kidney of cattle raised on Farm A were increased in Zn and Cd, indicating that at least part of the Zn and Cd in smelter contaminated forages was bioavailable. During the farm sampling, we obtained soil from one garden in Palmerton within 200 m of the primary (West) smelter. The Borough surrounds the smelter facility in a valley. Because soil Cd was near 100 mg/kg, we sampled garden soils and vegetables from over 40 gardens in 6 randomly selected blocks and in rural areas at different distances from the smelter during September, 1980. All homes were contacted on each sampled block. Nearly all homes had some garden, while at least 2 appeared to grow over 50% of their annual vegetable and potato consumption. Palmerton garden soils averaged 76 mg Cd/kg and 5830 mg Zn/kg. Gardeners had been taught to add limestone and organic fertilizers to counteract yield reduction and chlorosis due to the excessive soil Zn. Gardens with over 5000 mg Zn/kg were nearly allover pH 7, and many were calcareous. Because the smelter had not yet ceased operations in 1980, crops could have been polluted by aerosol Zn and Cd emitted by the smelter. Crop Zn and Cd were extremely high, about 100 times normal Cd levels. In more distant gardens, soil metals were not so high, and gardeners had not added as much limestone. Bean rotated with the potatoes and leafy vegetables often suffered chlorosis and visible yield reduction. Potatoes contained up to 6 mg Cd/kg dry wt. compared to backgrournd 0.20 mg/kg DW. An estimate of potential Zn and Cd intakes due to the contaminated crops was made using the teen-aged male diet model, and average Cd intakes would be 250 ug/day if diets contained 100% locally grown leafy and root vegetables and potatoes. Gardeners were warned to restrict consumption of garden grown leafy and root vegetables and potatoes, and to apply 22 T/A of limestone to restrict Cd uptake. Use of improved adult diet models, and increased understanding of the effect of Zn on Cd bioavailability indicate that little Cd risk may result from consuming garden vegetables grown at Palmerton. Individuals appear to be protected because Zn accompanied crop Cd, they grew only small amounts of vegetables in most cases, and aerosol pollution of crops has ceased. Reduced Zn emissions, and Cu supplementation have prevented further health effects on foals or cattle. Detailed examination of these risks is needed to develop remedial measures for both farms and gardens in the Zn + Cd polluted soils near Zn smelters at many locations in the United States and other countries. Remedial actions are necessarary to prevent chronic Zn toxicity to crops and livestock, and minimize the risk of chronic Cd toxicity to humans who consume locally grown garden crops.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chaney, R.L., Beyer, W., Gifford, C., and Sileo, L., 1988, Effects of zinc smelter emissions on farms and gardens at Palmerton, PA: Trace Substances in Environmental Health, v. 22, p. 263-280.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299697,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236400202_Effects_of_zinc_smelter_emissions_on_farms_and_gardens_at_Palmerton_PA"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Palmerton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.80703735351562,\n 40.725925340669626\n ],\n [\n -75.80909729003906,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -75.77407836914062,\n 40.686886382151116\n ],\n [\n -75.72807312011719,\n 40.72124187397379\n ],\n [\n -75.65322875976562,\n 40.74465591168391\n ],\n [\n -75.51864624023438,\n 40.7717018705776\n ],\n [\n -75.37513732910156,\n 40.80237530523985\n ],\n [\n -75.39985656738281,\n 40.83355409739852\n ],\n [\n -75.53924560546875,\n 40.842385424129375\n ],\n [\n -75.67176818847656,\n 40.80705305827059\n ],\n [\n -75.80703735351562,\n 40.725925340669626\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fb0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaney, R. 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N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gifford, C.H.","contributorId":99934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gifford","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5220011,"text":"5220011 - 1988 - Length of stay and fat content of migrant semipalmated sandpipers in eastern Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T14:13:55.642643","indexId":"5220011","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:04","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Length of stay and fat content of migrant semipalmated sandpipers in eastern Maine","docAbstract":"Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) stop at coastal staging areas in the Canadian maritime provinces and northeastern United States to replenish fat reserves before initiating a nonstop transoceanic flight of at least 3,200 km to wintering areas in South America. The relationship between estimated fat content at capture and length of stay (days between marking and last observation) of Semipalmated Sandpipers at one of these staging areas in eastern Maine was studied during 1980-1982. Total body mass and wing chord length were used to estimate fat content. When data were analyzed by week of initial capture, mean length of stay of both adults and juveniles decreased with increasing fat content. This supports the assumption that resumption of migration is affected by fat content at staging areas for long-distance nonstop flights. However, fat content at capture was a poor predictor of length of stay, which suggests that other factors are more important in determining length of stay.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368839","usgsCitation":"Dunn, P., May, T., McCollough, M., and Howe, M., 1988, Length of stay and fat content of migrant semipalmated sandpipers in eastern Maine: Condor, v. 90, no. 4, p. 824-835, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368839.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"824","endPage":"835","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunn, P.O.","contributorId":21650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"P.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, T.A.","contributorId":32258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCollough, M.A.","contributorId":84023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCollough","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howe, M.A.","contributorId":70462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222241,"text":"5222241 - 1988 - Reproductive effects of nest-marking studies in an American white pelican colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-19T14:31:47.835074","indexId":"5222241","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:04","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive effects of nest-marking studies in an American white pelican colony","docAbstract":"In 1981 and 1982 we studied the reproductive success of American White Pelicans in the Klamath Basin of northern California. We observed that reproductive success at one colony became reduced in 1981 when we entered that colony to collect eggs for chemical analysis and to mark nests for an assessment of nesting success. Those pelicans produced only 0.5 Y/N contrasted to pelicans nesting at an undisturbed colony that produced about 1.2 Y/N. No colonies were entered in 1982 and both produced about 1.1 Y/N. We concluded that our activities reduced the success of that one disturbed colony. We suggest that the sample-egg technique should not be used in American White Pelican colonies, in-colony activities should be very limited, and researchers in bird colonies should attempt more often to assess the effects of their own activiites","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521002","usgsCitation":"Boellstorff, D., Anderson, D.W., Ohlendorf, H.M., and O’Neill, E., 1988, Reproductive effects of nest-marking studies in an American white pelican colony: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 11, no. 2, p. 215-219, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521002.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199694,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62ca82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boellstorff, D.E.","contributorId":92380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boellstorff","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, D. W.","contributorId":48519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ohlendorf, H. M.","contributorId":28194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neill, E.J.","contributorId":75246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222258,"text":"5222258 - 1988 - Multivariate curve-fitting in GAUSS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:39","indexId":"5222258","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":746,"text":"American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Statistical Computing Section","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate curve-fitting in GAUSS","docAbstract":"Multivariate curve-fitting techniques for repeated measures have been developed and an interactive program has been written in GAUSS. The program implements not only the one-factor design described in Morrison (1967) but also includes pairwise comparisons of curves and rates, a two-factor design, and other options. Strategies for selecting the appropriate degree for the polynomial are provided. The methods and program are illustrated with data from studies of the effects of environmental contaminants on ducklings, nesting kestrels and quail.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Statistical Computing Section","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bunck, C., and Pendleton, G., 1988, Multivariate curve-fitting in GAUSS: American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Statistical Computing Section, v. 1988, p. 325-328.","productDescription":"325-328","startPage":"325","endPage":"328","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1988","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698ab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pendleton, G.W.","contributorId":51688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222279,"text":"5222279 - 1988 - Variance estimation for the Federal Waterfowl Harvest Surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:38","indexId":"5222279","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":745,"text":"American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variance estimation for the Federal Waterfowl Harvest Surveys","docAbstract":"The Federal Waterfowl Harvest Surveys provide estimates of waterfowl harvest by species for flyways and states, harvests of most other migratory game bird species (by waterfowl hunters), crippling losses for ducks, geese, and coots, days hunted, and bag per hunter. The Waterfowl Hunter Questionnaire Survey separately estimates the harvest of ducks and geese using cluster samples of hunters who buy duck stamps at sample post offices. The Waterfowl Parts Collection estimates species, age, and sex ratios from parts solicited from successful hunters who responded to the Waterfowl Hunter Questionnaire Survey in previous years. These ratios are used to partition the duck and goose harvest into species, age, and sex specific harvest estimates. Annual estimates are correlated because successful hunters who respond to the Questionnaire Survey in one year may be asked to contribute to the Parts Collection for the next three years. Bootstrap variance estimates are used because covariances among years are difficult to estimate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P., 1988, Variance estimation for the Federal Waterfowl Harvest Surveys: American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, v. 1988, p. 698-703.","productDescription":"698-703","startPage":"698","endPage":"703","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1988","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220742,"text":"5220742 - 1988 - Mate desertion in the snail kite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:11","indexId":"5220742","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:37","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mate desertion in the snail kite","docAbstract":"Mate desertion during the breeding cycle was documented at 28 of 36 (78%) snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis nests in Florida between 1979 and 1983. Offspring mortality occurred at only one deserted nest, however. Parents that were deserted by their mates continued to care for their young until independence (3?5 additional weeks) and provided snails at a rate similar to that of both parents combined before desertion. Males and females deserted with nearly equal frequency, except in 1982 when more females deserted. No desertion occurred during drought years, whereas desertion occurred at nearly every nest during favourable conditions. The occurrence of mate desertion was generally related to indirect measures of snail abundance: foraging range, snail delivery rates to the young and growth rates. Small broods were deserted more frequently by females than by males and tended to be deserted earlier than large ones. After desertion, deserters had the opportunity to re-mate and nest again since breeding seasons were commonly lengthy, but whether they did so was impossible to determine conclusively in most cases. The deserted bird sometimes incurred increased energetic costs and lost breeding opportunities during periods of monoparental care.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80273-7","usgsCitation":"Beissinger, S., and Snyder, N., 1988, Mate desertion in the snail kite: Animal Behaviour, v. 35, no. 2, p. 477-487, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80273-7.","productDescription":"477-487","startPage":"477","endPage":"487","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17013,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80273-7","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605b4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beissinger, S. R.","contributorId":10110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beissinger","given":"S. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, N.F.R.","contributorId":59383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"N.F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}