{"pageNumber":"3636","pageRowStart":"90875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185293,"records":[{"id":50034,"text":"ofr97816 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30, (HUNTTH00220030), on Town Highway 22, crossing Brush Brook, Huntington, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T13:10:49","indexId":"ofr97816","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-816","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30, (HUNTTH00220030), on Town Highway 22, crossing Brush Brook, Huntington, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nHUNTTH00220030 on Town Highway 22 crossing Brush Brook, Huntington, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in \ncentral Vermont. The 4.98-mi<sup>2</sup>\n\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. \nIn the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest.\nIn the study area, Brush Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.06 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 49 ft and an average bank height \nof 9 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulders with a median grain size \n(D<sub>50</sub>) of 206 mm (0.675 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level \nII site visit on June 25, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe Town Highway 22 crossing of Brush Brook is a 30-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 27-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, December 12, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the \nbridge face is 25.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments. The channel \nis skewed approximately zero degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 15 degrees. \nA scour hole 1 ft deeper than the mean thalweg was observed along the left abutment during \nthe Level I assessment. The left abutment footing is exposed and undermined. The only \nscour countermeasure noted at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) \nalong the downstream left road approach embankment. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows was zero. Abutment scour ranged from 7.8 to 10.1 \nft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97816","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30, (HUNTTH00220030), on Town Highway 22, crossing Brush Brook, Huntington, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-816, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97816.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279650,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0816/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Huntington","otherGeospatial":"Brush Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.032655,44.222232 ], [ -73.032655,44.365071 ], [ -72.879139,44.365071 ], [ -72.879139,44.222232 ], [ -73.032655,44.222232 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50032,"text":"ofr97814 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T11:34:04","indexId":"ofr97814","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-814","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nNEWBTH00500016 on Town Highway 50 crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin east-central Vermont. The 23.4-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is shrub and brushland.\nIn the study area, Halls Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 53 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The \nchannel bed material ranges from silt to gravel with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 40.4 mm \n(0.133 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nAugust 29, 1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. The channel bed and banks \nare composed of fine material and show signs of erosion. There is also evidence of beaver \nactivity in the area.\nThe Town Highway 50 crossing of Halls Brook is a 44-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 38-foot prestressed concrete slab span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, March 27, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge \nface is 35.2 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, stone masonry abutments. The channel is \nskewed approximately 40 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees. \nA channel scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed just upstream \nof the bridge behind the remains of a beaver dam during the Level I assessment. An \nadditional channel scour hole 4.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the \ndownstream reach. The scour countermeasures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less \nthan 12 inches diameter) along the left abutment and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter) along the right abutment and left bank upstream and downstream. Along the \ndownstream right bank is type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) and along the \nupstream right bank is type-4 stone fill (less than 60 inches diameter). Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D \nand E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge was analyzed since it has the potential of being the worst-case scour scenario. \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.6 to 4.6 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. The left \nabutment scour ranged from 11.6 to 12.1 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at \nthe incipient road-overtopping discharge. The right abutment scour ranged from 13.6 to \n17.9 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin Tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in Figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 46). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97814","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Degnan, J.R., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-814, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97814.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97814.PNG"},{"id":279652,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0814/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Newbury","otherGeospatial":"Halls Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.207802,44.029626 ], [ -72.207802,44.192053 ], [ -72.030133,44.192053 ], [ -72.030133,44.029626 ], [ -72.207802,44.029626 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50031,"text":"ofr97813 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8, (MANCTH00060008) on Town Highway 6, crossing Bourn Brook, Manchester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T11:23:46","indexId":"ofr97813","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-813","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8, (MANCTH00060008) on Town Highway 6, crossing Bourn Brook, Manchester, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nMANCTH00060008 on Town Highway 6 crossing Bourn Brook, Manchester, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Taconic section of the New England physiographic province in \nsouthwestern Vermont. The 15.5-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. The bridge site is located within a suburban setting in the Town of Manchester with \nhouses and lawns on the overbanks.\nIn the study area, Bourn Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 61 ft and an average bank height \nof 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to cobbles with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) \nof 87.2 mm (0.286 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II \nsite visit on August 6, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe Town Highway 6 crossing of Bourn Brook is a 44-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 41-foot concrete T-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, September 28, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the \nbridge face is 40.0 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with \nwingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately zero degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees. \nA scour hole 3.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the upstream \nright wingwall and right abutment during the Level I assessment. The scour \ncountermeasures at the site were stone walls in front of the upstream left wingwall and \nbank, along the upstream right bank extending from the end of the upstream right wingwall, \nand in front of the downstream right wingwall and bank. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. The left abutment scour ranged from \n3.6 to 9.2 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. The \nright abutment scour ranged from 9.8 to 12.6 ft. The worst case right abutment scour \noccurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to \narmoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, \nbased on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the \nscour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated \nassuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97813","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Hammond, R.E., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8, (MANCTH00060008) on Town Highway 6, crossing Bourn Brook, Manchester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-813, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97813.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97813.PNG"},{"id":279653,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0813/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Manchester","otherGeospatial":"Bourn Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.13495,43.117147 ], [ -73.13495,43.213817 ], [ -73.001787,43.213817 ], [ -73.001787,43.117147 ], [ -73.13495,43.117147 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a55fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Robert E.","contributorId":61862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019250,"text":"70019250 - 1997 - Beach loss along armored shorelines on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-11T11:50:51","indexId":"70019250","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach loss along armored shorelines on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"An analysis of an aerial photographic time series of Oahu's shoreline reveals that historical seawall and revetment\nconstruction (coastal armoring) to protect eroding lands has caused the narrowing of 17.3 ± 1.5 km and loss of 10.4\n± 0.9 km of sandy beach over the period 1928 or 1949 to 1995. This is ~24% of the 115.6 ± 9.8 km of originally\nsandy shoreline of Oahu. All narrowed and lost beaches occur in front of coastal armoring structures that fix the\nposition of the shoreline. In addition, nearly all narrowed and lost beaches show a history of recent (5% of narrowed\nand lost beaches) or long-term (92% of narrowed and lost beaches) retreat. We conclude from this study that using a\nwall or revetment to fix the position of a shoreline undergoing retreat will cause the narrowing and eventual loss of\nthe adjoining beach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, C., Mullane, R.A., and Richmond, B.M., 1997, Beach loss along armored shorelines on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 1, p. 209-215.","startPage":"209","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286289,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://lumahai.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/publications/JCRBeachLoss.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Oahu Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.281754,21.254838 ], [ -158.281754,21.712671 ], [ -157.648703,21.712671 ], [ -157.648703,21.254838 ], [ -158.281754,21.254838 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f02fe4b0c8380cd4a62c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Charles H.","contributorId":30286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Charles H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullane, Robert A.","contributorId":23701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullane","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":96778,"text":"96778 - 1997 - Tracking white-fronted geese from Bristol Bay, Alaska, to Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-12T13:52:11","indexId":"96778","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T02:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1157,"text":"California Waterfowl","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracking white-fronted geese from Bristol Bay, Alaska, to Mexico","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Waterfowl","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Waterfowl Association","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","usgsCitation":"Takekawa, J.Y., and Ely, C.R., 1997, Tracking white-fronted geese from Bristol Bay, Alaska, to Mexico: California Waterfowl, p. 36-37.","productDescription":"p. 36-37","startPage":"36","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"October/November 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62718d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":300256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2002280,"text":"2002280 - 1997 - Monitoring Riparian Ecosystems: An Inventory of Riparian Habitat Along Rincon Creek Near Tucson, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:57","indexId":"2002280","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T02:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":383,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"58","title":"Monitoring Riparian Ecosystems: An Inventory of Riparian Habitat Along Rincon Creek Near Tucson, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Park Studies Unit","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/2002280","usgsCitation":"Briggs, M., Schmid, M., and Halvorson, W.L., 1997, Monitoring Riparian Ecosystems: An Inventory of Riparian Habitat Along Rincon Creek Near Tucson, Arizona: Technical Report 58, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2002280.","productDescription":"75 p.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":112265,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://sdrsnet.srnr.arizona.edu/data/techreports/TECHRPT58.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6991a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, M.K.","contributorId":52914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmid, M.K.","contributorId":10122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halvorson, W. L.","contributorId":26246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2002270,"text":"2002270 - 1997 - Sensitive Plants of San Nicolas Island, California (Pase 2)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"2002270","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"57","title":"Sensitive Plants of San Nicolas Island, California (Pase 2)","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Park Studies Unit","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Junak, S., Halvorson, W.L., Schwemm, C., and Keeney, T., 1997, Sensitive Plants of San Nicolas Island, California (Pase 2): Technical Report 57.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112262,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://sdrsnet.srnr.arizona.edu/data/techreports/TECHRPT57.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":198875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Junak, S.A.","contributorId":41549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Junak","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halvorson, W. L.","contributorId":26246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwemm, C.","contributorId":97444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwemm","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keeney, T.","contributorId":41109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeney","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2001506,"text":"2001506 - 1997 - Susceptibility of salmonid fishes to Renibacterinium salmoninarum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:54","indexId":"2001506","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":349,"text":"Biological Information and Technology Notes","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"97-008","title":"Susceptibility of salmonid fishes to Renibacterinium salmoninarum","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/2001506","collaboration":"97-065/FH","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 1997, Susceptibility of salmonid fishes to Renibacterinium salmoninarum: Biological Information and Technology Notes 97-008, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2001506.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11929,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bitn/97-008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2001504,"text":"2001504 - 1997 - Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Renibacterinium salmoninarum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:59","indexId":"2001504","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":349,"text":"Biological Information and Technology Notes","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"97-005","title":"Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Renibacterinium salmoninarum","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/2001504","collaboration":"97-013/FH","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 1997, Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Renibacterinium salmoninarum: Biological Information and Technology Notes 97-005, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2001504.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11927,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bitn/97-005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa43e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2001515,"text":"2001515 - 1997 - Antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas salmonicida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2001515","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":349,"text":"Biological Information and Technology Notes","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"97-009","title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas salmonicida","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/2001515","collaboration":"97-086/FH","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., and Cooper, R., 1997, Antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas salmonicida: Biological Information and Technology Notes 97-009, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2001515.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11930,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bitn/97-009/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, R.K.","contributorId":83482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2000071,"text":"2000071 - 1997 - Vegetation-site relationships and fire history of a savanna-glade-woodland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:00","indexId":"2000071","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NC-188","title":"Vegetation-site relationships and fire history of a savanna-glade-woodland","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, S., Guyette, R., and Rebertus, A., 1997, Vegetation-site relationships and fire history of a savanna-glade-woodland: General Technical Report NC-188, p. 184-201 [401 pp.].","productDescription":"p. 184-201 [401 pp.]","startPage":"184","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92006,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/15660","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60256c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, S.E.","contributorId":18084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guyette, R.","contributorId":7392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guyette","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rebertus, A.J.","contributorId":27585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebertus","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2001503,"text":"2001503 - 1997 - Effects of cell diluents on enumeration of viable Renibacterinium salmoninarum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:59","indexId":"2001503","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":349,"text":"Biological Information and Technology Notes","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"97-003","title":"Effects of cell diluents on enumeration of viable Renibacterinium salmoninarum","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/2001503","collaboration":"97-014/FH","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 1997, Effects of cell diluents on enumeration of viable Renibacterinium salmoninarum: Biological Information and Technology Notes 97-003, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2001503.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11926,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bitn/97-003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2001505,"text":"2001505 - 1997 - Sampling the bacterial flora of freshwater mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:59","indexId":"2001505","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":349,"text":"Biological Information and Technology Notes","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"97-007","title":"Sampling the bacterial flora of freshwater mussels","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/2001505","collaboration":"97-079/FH","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 1997, Sampling the bacterial flora of freshwater mussels: Biological Information and Technology Notes 97-007, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2001505.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11928,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bitn/97-007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b5c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2000070,"text":"2000070 - 1997 - Validation of behave fire behavior predictions in oak savannas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:13:51","indexId":"2000070","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NC-188","title":"Validation of behave fire behavior predictions in oak savannas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Prescribed fire is a valuable tool in the restoration and management of oak savannas. BEHAVE, a fire behavior prediction system developed by the United States Forest Service, can be a useful tool when managing oak savannas with prescribed fire. BEHAVE predictions of fire rate-of-spread and flame length were validated using four standardized fuel models: Fuel Model 1 (short grass), Fuel Model 2 (timber and grass), Fuel Model 3 (tall grass), and Fuel Model 9 (hardwood litter). Also, a customized oak savanna fuel model (COSFM) was created and validated. Results indicate that standardized fuel model 2 and the COSFM reliably estimate mean rate-of-spread (MROS). The COSFM did not appreciably reduce MROS variation when compared to fuel model 2. Fuel models 1, 3, and 9 did not reliably predict MROS. Neither the standardized fuel models nor the COSFM adequately predicted flame lengths. We concluded that standardized fuel model 2 should be used with BEHAVE when predicting fire rates-of-spread in established oak savannas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Grabner, K.W., Dwyer, J., and Cutter, B.E., 1997, Validation of behave fire behavior predictions in oak savannas: General Technical Report NC-188, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"215","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92005,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/15661","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":199164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grabner, Keith W. kgrabner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabner","given":"Keith","email":"kgrabner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, John","contributorId":45042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cutter, Bruce E.","contributorId":176128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cutter","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2000073,"text":"2000073 - 1997 - Fire history, population, and calcium cycling in the Current River watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T09:58:50","indexId":"2000073","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NC-188","title":"Fire history, population, and calcium cycling in the Current River watershed","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 11th Central Hardwood Forest Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Guyette, R., and Cutter, B., 1997, Fire history, population, and calcium cycling in the Current River watershed: General Technical Report NC-188, 19 p.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"354","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92007,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/15698","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f441e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guyette, R.P.","contributorId":10746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guyette","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cutter, B.E.","contributorId":30935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutter","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016015,"text":"1016015 - 1997 - Why do international research and management?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1016015","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why do international research and management?","docAbstract":"The pheasant, in its North American range, seems to have had its greatest success in glaciated or in other areas associated with calcareous soils. Success has been slight in areas deficient in calcium.....In Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, no environmental difference other than presence or absence of limestone was discovered that might explain the high population in the limestone valley and the scarcity of pheasants in the non-calcareous Piedmont area....Pheasants at the Patuxent Refuge, when given limestone grit, reproduced successfully on a diet roughly comparable to the natural pheasant diet but failed to reproduce adequately on such a diet when granite grit, instead of limestone, was supplied.....A supplement of powdered calcium carbonate in the diet was adequate t,o permit production of eggs by birds on the granite grit.....Birds receiving granite grit had apparently normal eggs in the ovary but failed to ovulate more than a very few eggs. The precise role of calciun~i n permitting ovulation was not investigated.....It is concluded that calcium, which is low in the natural pheasant diet, must be supplemented in some way to permit pheasants to reproduce. Scarcity of this element in non-calcareous areas may well explain the failure of the pheasant in many parts of North America. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Fuller, T.K., Fuller, M.R., and DeGraaf, R., 1997, Why do international research and management?: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 25, no. 1, p. 74-77.","productDescription":"p. 74-77","startPage":"74","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f03c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, Todd K.","contributorId":35700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, Mark R. 0000-0001-7459-1729 mark_fuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-1729","contributorId":2296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"mark_fuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeGraaf, R.M.","contributorId":75116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGraaf","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70194877,"text":"70194877 - 1997 - Test-trench studies in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada: Results and application of information to landfill covers in arid environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T10:33:58","indexId":"70194877","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Test-trench studies in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada: Results and application of information to landfill covers in arid environments","docAbstract":"<p><span>As arid sites in the western United States are increasingly sought for disposal of the Nation's hazardous wastes and as volumes of locally generated wastes increase, concern about the potential effect of contaminants on environmental quality is being raised. Studies at the U.S. Geological Survey's Amargosa Desert research site near Beatty, Nevada are being done to evaluate mechanisms that can affect waste isolation in an arid environment. Precipitation at the site averages about 108 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>. Results have shown that, under undisturbed conditions, the naturally stratified soils in combination with native plants are effective in limiting the potential for percolation of precipitation. Under nonvegetated waste-site conditions, data indicated the accumulation and shallow, but continued, penetration of infiltrated water, However, water potentials below the test trenches and below the 2-m depth for nonvegetated soil indicated the persistence of an upward driving force for water flow during the 5-yr test period. General trends in trench-cover subsidence suggested a positive relation with cumulative precipitation, but subsidence did not appear to have a measurable effect on the water balance. Erosion rates were inversely related to near-surface rock-fragment content. Results suggest that the ultimate fate of contaminants buried at properly managed solid-waste sites may be determined largely by the interactions among climate and the surface-cover features of the disposal facility, and how these factors change with time.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conference proceedings: Landfill capping in the semi-arid west: Problems, perspectives, and solutions (ESRF-019)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Landfill capping in the semi-arid west: Problems, perspectives, and solutions","conferenceDate":"May 21-22, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Jackson Lake Lodge, Grand Teton National Park, WY","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Science & Research Foundation","publisherLocation":"Idaho Falls, ID","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., 1997, Test-trench studies in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada: Results and application of information to landfill covers in arid environments, <i>in</i> Conference proceedings: Landfill capping in the semi-arid west: Problems, perspectives, and solutions (ESRF-019), Jackson Lake Lodge, Grand Teton National Park, WY, May 21-22, 1997, p. 165-179.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"179","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9fe4b06e28e9cabb3c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Timothy D.","contributorId":107418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725854,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, Randall C.","contributorId":53082,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morris","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725855,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70194880,"text":"70194880 - 1997 - Soil, plant, and structural considerations for surface barriers in arid environments: Application of results from studies in the Mojave Desert near Beatty, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:17:44","indexId":"70194880","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Soil, plant, and structural considerations for surface barriers in arid environments: Application of results from studies in the Mojave Desert near Beatty, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>The suitability of a waste-burial site depends on hydrologic processes that can affect the near-surface water balance. In addition, the loss of burial trench integrity by erosion and subsidence of trench covers may increase the likelihood of infiltration and percolation, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the site in isolating waste. Although the main components of the water balance may be defined, direct measurements can be difficult, and actual data for specific locations are seldom available. A prevalent assumption is that little or no precipitation will percolate to buried wastes at an arid site. Thick unsaturated zones, which are common to arid regions, are thought to slow water movement and minimize the risk of waste migration to the underlying water table. Thus, reliance is commonly placed on the natural system to isolate contaminants at waste-burial sites in the arid West.</p><p>Few data are available to test assumptions about the natural soil-water flow systems at arid sites, and even less is known about how the natural processes are altered by construction of a waste-burial facility. The lack of data is the result of technical complexity of hydraulic characterization of the dry, stony soils, and insufficient field studies that account for the extreme temporal and spatial variations in precipitation, soils, and plants in arid regions. In 1976, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a long-term study at a waste site in the Mojave Desert. This paper summarizes the findings of ongoing investigations done under natural-site and waste-burial conditions, and discusses how this information may be applied to the design of surface barriers for waste sites in arid environments.</p><p>The waste-burial site is in one of the most arid parts of the United States and is about 40 km northeast of Death Valley, near Beatty, Nev. (Figure 1). Precipitation averaged 108 mm/yr during 1981-1992. The water table is 85-115 m below land surface (Fischer, 1992). Sediments are largely alluvial and fluvial deposits (Nichols, 1987). Vegetation is sparse; creosote bush is the dominant species. The waste facility has been used for burial of low-level radioactive waste (1962-1992) and hazardous chemical waste (1970 to present). Burial-trench construction includes excavation of native soil, emplacement of waste, and backfilling with previously stockpiled soil. Only the most recently closed hazardous-waste trench (1991) incorporates a plastic liner in the cover. The surfaces of completed burial trenches and perimeter areas are kept free of vegetation.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Barrier technologies for environmental management: Summary of a workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"The National Academies Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.17226/5539","isbn":"0-309-05685-3","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., and Prudic, D.E., 1997, Soil, plant, and structural considerations for surface barriers in arid environments: Application of results from studies in the Mojave Desert near Beatty, Nevada, chap. 14 <i>of</i> Barrier technologies for environmental management: Summary of a workshop, p. 68-78, https://doi.org/10.17226/5539.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9ee4b06e28e9cabb3a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"U.S. National Research Council","contributorId":128227,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. National Research Council","id":725864,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015965,"text":"1015965 - 1997 - Mixed-density designs for evaluating plant interactions during revegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T19:50:48","indexId":"1015965","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3230,"text":"Rangelands","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixed-density designs for evaluating plant interactions during revegetation","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","usgsCitation":"Francis, M.G., and Pyke, D.A., 1997, Mixed-density designs for evaluating plant interactions during revegetation: Rangelands, v. 19, no. 1, p. 23-26.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349035,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4001262"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6110c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francis, Mark G.","contributorId":108072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francis","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015963,"text":"1015963 - 1997 - Clonal foraging in perennial wheatgrasses:  A strategy for exploiting patchy soil nutrients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:47:36","indexId":"1015963","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clonal foraging in perennial wheatgrasses:  A strategy for exploiting patchy soil nutrients","docAbstract":"<p>1. Foraging by means of plasticity in placement of tillers in response to low- and high-nutrient patches was examined in the rhizomatous wheatgrass <i>Elymus lanceolatus</i> ssp. <i>lanceolatus</i>. Its ability to exploit soil nutrient patches was compared to that of the closely related but caespitose <i>E. lanceolatu</i>s ssp. <i>wawawaiensis</i>.</p><p>2. Clones of 14 genets of each taxon were planted in boxes consisting of two 30 × 30 cm cells: the `origin cell' where clones were planted, and the adjacent `destination cell', with each cell containing soil with either low or high levels of nutrients.</p><p>3. The rhizomatous taxon, which can produce intravaginal, short-rhizome and long-rhizome tillers, preferentially produced short-rhizome and intravaginal tillers in high-nutrient destination cells. Effects of nutrient status of the origin cell as well as of the destination cell on total tiller numbers indicated clonal integration, yet tiller placement responded to local conditions.</p><p>4. Roots of both taxa accessed nutrients in destination cells (the caespitose subspecies by root growth only), and above-ground biomass of both taxa increased to a similar extent with high-nutrient destination cells. With the patch sizes used in this experiment, root growth was as important as ramet placement in exploiting nutrients in destination cells. 5 There was no relationship between degree of plasticity in ramet placement and biomass of the clone when high-nutrient destination cells were present.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/2960531","usgsCitation":"Humphrey, L.D., and Pyke, D.A., 1997, Clonal foraging in perennial wheatgrasses:  A strategy for exploiting patchy soil nutrients: Journal of Ecology, v. 85, no. 5, p. 601-610, https://doi.org/10.2307/2960531.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"610","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de093","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Humphrey, L. David","contributorId":49320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humphrey","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015856,"text":"1015856 - 1997 - Methods for evaluating crown area profiles of forest stands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:46","indexId":"1015856","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for evaluating crown area profiles of forest stands","docAbstract":"Canopy architectures of five structurally complex forest stands and three structurally simple forest stands in southwest Oregon and the Willamette Valley, Oregon, were evaluated and quantified through crown area profiles. Mixed conifer and mixed conifer hardwood stands across a range of sites were sampled for crown widths and heights. Crown width and shape equations were derived and used to quantify the stand crown area at incremental heights above the forest floor. Crown area profiles describe the spatial arrangement of aboveground forest vegetation and the total pore spaces between crowns. Plot by plot profiles were combined to produce vertical and horizontal displays of the stand crown area distribution. In complex stands, the forest space was moderately occupied by crowns from the forest floor up to heights over 30 m,\r\nproducing uniform distributions of between-crown porosity. The structurally complex stands had between-crown porosity values of 70% to 90% for more than 23 vertical metres of canopy, and they had total between-crown porosities of 86% to 91%. The structurally simple stands had between-crown porosity values of 70% to 90% for less than 8 vertical metres of canopy, and they had total between-crown porosities of 69% to 85%. Variances in crown area indicate that variation in horizontal crown area (within heights) was larger in complex stands than in simple stands, but vertical crown areas (between heights) varied less in complex stands. The study provides a basis for discriminating between canopy architectures and for quantifying the porosity of forest canopies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dubrasich, M.E., Hann, D., and Tappeiner, J.C., 1997, Methods for evaluating crown area profiles of forest stands: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 27, no. 3, p. 385-392.","productDescription":"p. 385-392","startPage":"385","endPage":"392","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b87f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrasich, Michael E.","contributorId":76702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrasich","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hann, D.W.","contributorId":106451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hann","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C. II","contributorId":103235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019351,"text":"70019351 - 1997 - Spring foraging distribution and habitat selection by Double-crested Cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019351","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spring foraging distribution and habitat selection by Double-crested Cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine USA","docAbstract":"Restoration of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to New England rivers requires, in part, an understanding of the use of habitat and prey by potential and known predators. We examined variation in habitat use by Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritius), from April through June 1992-94 on ca. 288 km of the 2 primary tributaries and the mainstem of the Penobscot River, Maine. Our objectives were to quantify temporal and spatial variation in habitat use and test for selection of spring foraging habitats by cormorants. Cormorants forage during daylight hours only. To determine the distribution of foraging birds we conducted aerial surveys at intervals of <8 days. Counts from individual aerial surveys were analyzed relative to 9 river sections and used to examine selection of foraging habitats, such as free-flowing areas and the headponds and tailraces of dams. We defined selection as the difference between the proportionate length of each river section relative to the total river km available and the observed proportion of birds using each section. All birds observed from the aircraft within a river section were assumed to be foraging within that river section. Cormorants were first observed between 15 and 20 April in all 3 years. Individuals consistently selected (P < 0.05) against use of 2 large tributaries and sections >105 km north of the mouth of the mainstem. However, from late April through early June of all years, birds selected (P < 0.05) 4 of the 5 mainstem dams and the estuarine portion of the river. Cormorant use of dams remained at or above expected levels until the second week of June in all years. We suggest that cormorant selection for foraging areas adjacent to dams reflected a higher availability of prey, possibly due to delay and injury of migrating Atlantic salmon smolts. Cormorant selection of the estuarine portion of the Penobscot River was likely a response to a seasonally increasing availability and abundance of estuarine and marine prey, in addition to resident freshwater species and migrating smolts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Blackwell, B., and Krohn, W., 1997, Spring foraging distribution and habitat selection by Double-crested Cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine USA: Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 1, p. 66-76.","startPage":"66","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b961ae4b08c986b31b2c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwell, B.F.","contributorId":45039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, W.B.","contributorId":64355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019286,"text":"70019286 - 1997 - Crustal deformation at long Valley Caldera, eastern California, 1992-1996 inferred from satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:22:05.991942","indexId":"70019286","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation at long Valley Caldera, eastern California, 1992-1996 inferred from satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Satellite radar interferometric images of Long Valley caldera show a pattern of surface deformation that resembles that expected from analysis of an extensive suite of ground-based geodetic data. Images from 2 and 4 year intervals respectively, are consistent with uniform movement rates determined from leveling surveys. Synthetic interferograms generated from ellipsoidal-inclusion source models based on inversion of the ground-based data show generally good agreement with the observed images. Two interferograms show evidence for a magmatic source southwest of the caldera in a region not covered by ground measurements. Poorer image quality in the 4 year interferogram indicates that temporal decorrelation of surface radar reflectors is progressively degrading the fringe pattern in the Long Valley region.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97GL02597","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Thatcher, W., and Massonnet, D., 1997, Crustal deformation at long Valley Caldera, eastern California, 1992-1996 inferred from satellite radar interferometry: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 20, p. 2519-2522, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL02597.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2519","endPage":"2522","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479960,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl02597","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdbe4b0c8380cd4e487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Massonnet, D.","contributorId":106272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massonnet","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019327,"text":"70019327 - 1997 - The role of diffusion-controlled oscillatory nucleation in the formation of line rock in pegmatite-aplite dikes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T11:04:50.485748","indexId":"70019327","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of diffusion-controlled oscillatory nucleation in the formation of line rock in pegmatite-aplite dikes","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The George Ashley Block (GAB), located in the Pala Pegmatite District, San Diego County, California, is a composite pegmatite–aplite dike of 8 m thickness displaying striking mineralogical layering in the aplite portion of the dike, referred to as line rock. Rhythmic layering is characterized by garnet-rich bands alternating with albite–quartz–muscovite-rich bands. Cumulus textures are notably absent from the layered portion of the dike. Elongated quartz megacrysts are oriented perpendicular to the garnet-rich layers and poikilitically include garnet, albite, and muscovite. Calculated crystal-free magma viscosity with 3% H<sub>2</sub>O is 10<sup>6.2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Pa s and the calculated settling velocity for garnet is 0.51 cm/year. Conductive cooling calculations based on emplacement of a 650°C dike into 150°C fractured gabbroic country rock at 1.5 kbar, and accounting for latent heat of crystallization, demonstrate that the line rock portion of the dike cools to 550°C in about 1 year. Crystal size distribution studies also suggest very rapid nucleation and crystallization. Diffusion-controlled gel crystallization experiments yield textures virtually identical to those observed in the layered aplite, including rhythmic banding, colloform layering, and band discontinuities. Thus, observed textures and calculated magmatic parameters suggest that mineralogical layering in the GAB results from an<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>diffusion-controlled process of oscillatory nucleation and crystallization. We propose that any event that promotes strong undercooling has the potential to initiate rapid heterogeneous nucleation and oscillatory crystal growth, leading to the development of a layer of excluded components in front of the crystallization front, and the formation of line rock.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petroj/38.12.1777","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Webber, K., Falster, A., Simmons, W., and Foord, E., 1997, The role of diffusion-controlled oscillatory nucleation in the formation of line rock in pegmatite-aplite dikes: Journal of Petrology, v. 38, no. 12, p. 1777-1791, https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.12.1777.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1777","endPage":"1791","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479965,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.12.1777","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf65e4b08c986b32476c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webber, K.L.","contributorId":71445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webber","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falster, A.U.","contributorId":31931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falster","given":"A.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simmons, W.B.","contributorId":90492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"W.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019350,"text":"70019350 - 1997 - The availability of Landsat data: Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-08T12:38:52","indexId":"70019350","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The availability of Landsat data: Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"It has long been recognized that the success of the Landsat program would depend on an effective distribution of its data to a wide variety of users, worldwide, in a timely manner. Since 1972, nearly $250 million worth of data have been distributed by a network of ground stations around the world. The policies of the U.S. Government affecting the distribution, availability, and pricing of Landsat data have been controversial, and have been strongly affected by the attempts to commercialize the program. At the present time, data are being distributed in the U.S. by either government or commercial entities, depending on the date of acquisition of the data in question and whether or not the customer is affiliated with the Federal Government. Although the future distribution of Landsat data is currently under discussion, it seems likely that data distribution initially will be the responsibility of NOAA. In any case, the long-term archive and distribution of all Landsat data will be the responsibility of the Department of Interior's U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Draeger, W., Holm, T.M., Lauer, D.T., and Thompson, R., 1997, The availability of Landsat data: Past, present, and future: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 63, no. 7, p. 869-875.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"869","endPage":"875","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9dce4b08c986b322571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draeger, W. C.","contributorId":67231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draeger","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holm, T. M.","contributorId":66436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, R.J.","contributorId":93624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}