{"pageNumber":"3637","pageRowStart":"90900","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185293,"records":[{"id":70019269,"text":"70019269 - 1997 - Relative costs of prebasic and prealternate molts for male blue-winged teal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-29T07:07:12","indexId":"70019269","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative costs of prebasic and prealternate molts for male blue-winged teal","docAbstract":"<p>We compared masses of definitive basic and alternate plumages of male Blue-winged Teal (<i>Anas discors</i>) to evaluate the hypothesis that nutritional investments in basic and alternate plumages are related to the duration that plumages are worn and to assess the relative costs of prebasic and prealternate molts. Because these plumages are worn by males for approximately equal durations, we predicted that masses of the basic and alternate body plumages would be similar. To assess nutritional stress (<i>demands greater than available resources</i>) associated with molt, we examined the relation between remigial length and structural size and compared predicted and observed plum-age masses of Blue-winged Teal and other ducks. If birds were nutritionally challenged during remigial molt, then we predicted remigial length would be influenced by nutrition rather than size, and remigial length and size would be unrelated. Alternate body plumage of male Blue-winged Teal weighed about 10% more than the basic body plumage; however, masses of both plumages were less than that predicted on the basis of lean body mass. We argue that deviations between observed and predicted plumage masses were related to factors other than nutrition. Further, remigial lengths were significantly, albeit weakly, related to structural size. We therefore concluded that, although the potential for molt-induced stress may be greatest in small-bodied waterfowl species, there was no clear evidence that molting male Blue-winged Teal were nutritionally stressed.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369965","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Hohman, W., Manley, S., and Richard, D., 1997, Relative costs of prebasic and prealternate molts for male blue-winged teal: Condor, v. 99, no. 2, p. 543-548, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369965.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"548","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1369965","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.93952941894531,\n              29.707139348134145\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.76718139648438,\n              29.63435225887697\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.66487121582031,\n              29.596744868279103\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.62298583984375,\n              29.58719155108433\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.54058837890625,\n              29.57285987940701\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.53715515136719,\n              29.577637329387468\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.53028869628905,\n              29.651658880141365\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63053894042969,\n              29.68745623523309\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.70332336425781,\n              29.69759650228319\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.76718139648438,\n              29.717277628313493\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.88597106933594,\n              29.74351312800087\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.89009094238281,\n              29.71548859443817\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.93952941894531,\n              29.707139348134145\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa67ce4b0c8380cd84ea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hohman, W.L.","contributorId":82638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hohman","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manley, S.W.","contributorId":13716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manley","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richard, D.","contributorId":10940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richard","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019274,"text":"70019274 - 1997 - Opening the arctic: The drilling of Umiat #1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70019274","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Opening the arctic: The drilling of Umiat #1","docAbstract":"One of the greatest excitements for a petroleum geologist is to venture into the frontier, to explore and drill \"where no man has gone before.\" Over 50 years ago Bill Rex, a Kansas oilman, was tapped to lead the first oil drilling expedition into the Alaskan Arctic. He successfully assembled and outfitted a Naval Seabee expedition whose mission was to drill the first well north of the Arctic Circle, Umiat #1. The story of Umiat #1 is one of anecdotes and personal accounts. This paper relates the successes and tribulations of that Seabee exploration venture, as told to the writer by some of the participants.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Gerhard, L.C., 1997, Opening the arctic: The drilling of Umiat #1: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 19, no. 1-2, p. 8-13.","startPage":"8","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e6ae4b0c8380cd75632","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhard, L. C.","contributorId":30767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerhard","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019279,"text":"70019279 - 1997 - Probabilistic and statistical relationships between number of vehicles and number of visitors at a geologic site in a National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:14:57","indexId":"70019279","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probabilistic and statistical relationships between number of vehicles and number of visitors at a geologic site in a National Park","docAbstract":"The National Park Service needs to establish in all of the national parks how large the parking lots should be in order to enjoy and presence our natural resources, for example, in the Delicate Arch in the Arches National Park. Probabilistic and statistical relationships were developed between the number of vehicles (N) at one time in the Wolfe Ranch parking lot and the number of visitors (X) at Delicate Arch 1.5 miles away in the Arches National Park, southeastern Utah. The value of N is determined such that 30 or more visitors are at the arch only 10% of the time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02769624","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R., 1997, Probabilistic and statistical relationships between number of vehicles and number of visitors at a geologic site in a National Park: Mathematical Geology, v. 29, no. 1, p. 173-182, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02769624.","startPage":"173","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268637,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02769624"},{"id":226330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c7de4b0c8380cd7e705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019281,"text":"70019281 - 1997 - Regional landslide-hazard evaluation using landslide slopes, Western Wasatch County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:15:34.395133","indexId":"70019281","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional landslide-hazard evaluation using landslide slopes, Western Wasatch County, Utah","docAbstract":"<div id=\"13869199\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Landsliding has historically been one of the most damaging geologic hazards in western Wasatch County, Utah. Accordingly, we mapped and analyzed landslides (slumps and debris slides) in the area to provide an empirical basis for regional landslide-hazard evaluation. The 336 landslides in the 250-sq-mi (650-km<sup>2</sup>) area involve 20 geologic units, including Mississippian- to Quaternary-aged rock and unconsolidated deposits. Landsliding in western Wasatch County is characterized by a strong correlation between geologic material and landslide-slope inclination. From a simple statistical analysis of overall slope inclinations of late Holocene landslides, we determined “critical” slope inclinations above which late Holocene landsliding has typically occurred and used these as the primary basis for defining relative landslide hazard. The critical slopes vary for individual geologic units and range from 15 to 50 percent (9°–27°). The critical slope values and landslide locations were used in conjunction with geologic and slope maps to construct qualitative landslide-susceptibility maps for use by county planners. The maps delineate areas of low, moderate, and high relative hazard and indicate where studies should be completed prior to development to evaluate site-specific slope-stability conditions. Critical slopes as determined in this study provide a consistent empirical reference that is useful for evaluating relative landslide hazard and guiding land-use-planning decisions in large, geologically complex areas.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.III.1.31","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Hylland, M., and Lowe, M., 1997, Regional landslide-hazard evaluation using landslide slopes, Western Wasatch County, Utah: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 3, no. 1, p. 31-43, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.III.1.31.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226373,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Wasatch 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M.D.","contributorId":70938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hylland","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowe, Mark","contributorId":93441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70164307,"text":"70164307 - 1997 - Potential for the Kentucky Dam tailwater of the Tennessee River to serve as a mussel refuge from invading zebra mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T10:01:56","indexId":"70164307","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Potential for the Kentucky Dam tailwater of the Tennessee River to serve as a mussel refuge from invading zebra mussels","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation and management of freshwater mussels II : Initiatives for the future","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"UMRCC symposium: conservation and management of freshwater mussels","conferenceDate":"October 16-18, 1995","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee","usgsCitation":"Sickel, J.B., Herod, J., and Blalock, H., 1997, Potential for the Kentucky Dam tailwater of the Tennessee River to serve as a mussel refuge from invading zebra mussels, <i>in</i> Conservation and management of freshwater mussels II : Initiatives for the future, St. Louis, MO, October 16-18, 1995, p. 214-219.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"219","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe5e4b010e2af2a5dfa","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cummings, K.S.","contributorId":108067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596927,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchanan, A. C.","contributorId":11027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596928,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayer, C. A.","contributorId":156230,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596929,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naimo, T.J.","contributorId":32870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naimo","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596930,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Sickel, J. B.","contributorId":156225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sickel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herod, J.J.","contributorId":28919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herod","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blalock, H.N.","contributorId":67443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blalock","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70164305,"text":"70164305 - 1997 - A comparison of larval development in the zebra mussels, <i>Dreissena polymorpha</i>, (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) up to the free-swimming trochophore stage in Tennessee and Ohio River water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T09:56:34","indexId":"70164305","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A comparison of larval development in the zebra mussels, <i>Dreissena polymorpha</i>, (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) up to the free-swimming trochophore stage in Tennessee and Ohio River water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the seventh symposium on the natural history of Lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh symposium on the natural history of Lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys","conferenceDate":"February 28 - March 1, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Dover, TN","language":"English","publisher":"Austin Peay State University","usgsCitation":"Reed, D.P., Herod, J., and Sickel, J.B., 1997, A comparison of larval development in the zebra mussels, <i>Dreissena polymorpha</i>, (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) up to the free-swimming trochophore stage in Tennessee and Ohio River water, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the seventh symposium on the natural history of Lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys, Dover, TN, February 28 - March 1, 1997, p. 85-98.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fbae4b010e2af2a5d1d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Scott, A.F.","contributorId":20284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596917,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, S. W.","contributorId":156226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596918,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chester, E. W.","contributorId":156222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chester","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596919,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, D. S.","contributorId":156223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596920,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Reed, D. P.","contributorId":156224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herod, J.J.","contributorId":28919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herod","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sickel, J. B.","contributorId":156225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sickel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180938,"text":"70180938 - 1997 - Alternative interpretations of oil spill data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T15:35:31","indexId":"70180938","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternative interpretations of oil spill data","docAbstract":"<p>In his article \"Oil, Seabirds, and Science\" (BioScience 46: 587-597), John Wiens attempted to review <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill (EVOS) damage assessment studies and the politics of EVOS science in one stroke. In my opinion, neither purpose was particularly well served. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1313070","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., 1997, Alternative interpretations of oil spill data: BioScience, v. 47, no. 4, p. 202-203, https://doi.org/10.2307/1313070.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"203","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1313070","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":335071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c4fe4b0efcedb741106","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019589,"text":"70019589 - 1997 - Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:56:28.6","indexId":"70019589","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ultraclean field and laboratory procedures were used to examine trace element concentrations in northern Alaskan snow. Sixteen soluble trace elements and total mercury were determined in snow core samples representing the annual snowfall deposited during the 1993-94 season at two sites in the Prudhoe Bay oil field and nine sites in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Arctic NWR). Results indicate there were two distinct point sources for trace elements in the Prudhoe Bay oil field- a source associated with oil and gas production and a source associated with municipal solid-waste incineration. Soluble trace element concentrations measured in snow from the Arctic NWR resembled concentrations of trace elements measured elsewhere in the Arctic using clean sample-collection and processing techniques and were consistent with deposition resulting from widespread arctic atmospheric contamination. With the exception of elements associated with sea salts, there were no orographic or east-west trends observed in the Arctic NWR data, nor were there any detectable influences from the Prudhoe Bay oil field, probably because of the predominant easterly and northeasterly winds on the North Slope of Alaska. However, regression analysis on latitude suggested significant south-to-north increases in selected trace element concentrations, many of which appear unrelated to the sea salt contribution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1102","usgsCitation":"Snyder-Conn, E., Garbarino, J.R., Hoffman, G.L., and Oelkers, A., 1997, Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow: Arctic, v. 50, no. 3, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1102.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1102","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.00780315828374,\n              71.06255434580251\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.00780315828374,\n              68.45974566234574\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.87836627646902,\n              68.45974566234574\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.87836627646902,\n              71.06255434580251\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.00780315828374,\n              71.06255434580251\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b924de4b08c986b319e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder-Conn, E.","contributorId":7026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder-Conn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, John R. jrgarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"John","email":"jrgarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, Gerald L.","contributorId":89172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oelkers, A.","contributorId":17000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oelkers","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70194244,"text":"70194244 - 1997 - Shorebird-prey interactions in South Carolina coastal soft-sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T09:06:18","indexId":"70194244","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shorebird-prey interactions in South Carolina coastal soft-sediments","docAbstract":"<p>We investigated the simultaneous influence of benthic prey (primarily insect larvae, oligochaetes, and polychaetes) on spring-migrating shorebirds (Charadriiformes) and shorebirds on prey in brackish managed wetlands of South Carolina. We proposed that positive correlations between shorebird and prey densities and between prey reduction and shorebird density might result in a negative feedback loop. The loop would be characterized by shorebird redistribution over time and equalization of shorebird and prey densities (and biomass) across the site. In support of the feedback loop (<i>i</i>) there were positive correlations between shorebird and prey densities (and biomass) early in migration; (<i>ii</i>) shorebird predation was responsible for declines of 49% in prey density and 50% in prey biomass in a shorebird exclosure experiment, with shorebird density positively correlated with prey decline in open plots; (<i>iii</i>) there was equalization of prey biomass across the site, and relative prey species abundance appeared to become more equal. Contrary to predictions, shorebirds did not redistribute after prey reduction, and patchiness of shorebird and prey densities persisted across the site. This failure was attributed to high prey density, even at the season's end, and high water depths. There were no confounding indirect trophic-level effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z97-031","usgsCitation":"Weber, L.M., and Haig, S.M., 1997, Shorebird-prey interactions in South Carolina coastal soft-sediments: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 75, no. 2, p. 245-252, https://doi.org/10.1139/z97-031.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61292ee4b06e28e9c25d57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, Louise M.","contributorId":85136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Louise","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":722816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194243,"text":"70194243 - 1997 - Rotifer abundance and distribution in the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T09:01:14","indexId":"70194243","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":883,"text":"Archiv fur Hydrobiologie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rotifer abundance and distribution in the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart","usgsCitation":"Deimling, E., Liss, W., Larson, G., Hoffman, R., and Lomnicky, G., 1997, Rotifer abundance and distribution in the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA: Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, v. 138, no. 3, p. 345-363.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349117,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains","volume":"138","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61292ee4b06e28e9c25d59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deimling, E.","contributorId":48522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deimling","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liss, W.J.","contributorId":75887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liss","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, G.L.","contributorId":103021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, R. Jr.","contributorId":63290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lomnicky, G.A.","contributorId":37697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lomnicky","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019110,"text":"70019110 - 1997 - Kinetics of the coesite to quartz transformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T12:27:47.187901","indexId":"70019110","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetics of the coesite to quartz transformation","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id12\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id13\"><p>The survival of coesite in ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks has important implications for the exhumation of subducted crustal rocks. We have conducted experiments to study the mechanism and rate of the coesite→quartz transformation using polycrystalline coesite aggregates, fabricated by devitrifying silica glass cylinders containing 2850&nbsp;H/10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;Si at 1000°C and 3.6 GPa for 24&nbsp;h. Conditions were adjusted following synthesis to transform the samples at 700–1000°C at pressures 190–410 MPa below the quartz–coesite equilibrium boundary. Reaction proceeds via grain-boundary nucleation and interface-controlled growth, with characteristic reaction textures remarkably similar to those seen in natural UHP rocks. We infer that the experimental reaction mechanism is identical to that in nature, a prerequisite for reliable extrapolation of the rate data. Growth rates obtained by direct measurement differ by up to two orders of magnitude from those estimated by fitting a rate equation to the transformation–time data. Fitting the rates to Turnbull's equation for growth therefore yields two distinct sets of parameters with similar activation energies (242 or 269 kJ/mol) but significantly different pre-exponential constants. Extrapolation based on either set of growth rates suggests that coesite should not be preserved on geologic time scales if it reaches the quartz stability field at temperatures above 375–400°C. The survival of coesite has previously been linked to its inclusion in strong phases, such as garnet, that can sustain a high internal pressure during decompression. Other factors that may play a crucial role in preservation are low fluid availability — possibly even less than that of our nominally “dry” experiments — and the development of transformation stress, which inhibits nucleation and growth. These issues are discussed in the context of our experiments as well as recent observations from natural rocks.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00159-3","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Mosenfelder, J., and Bohlen, S., 1997, Kinetics of the coesite to quartz transformation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 153, no. 1-2, p. 133-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00159-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489789,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00159-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"153","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40abe4b0c8380cd64f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mosenfelder, J.L.","contributorId":82467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosenfelder","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlen, S.R.","contributorId":105436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlen","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5225,"text":"fs09297 - 1997 - Salt tolerance of southern baldcypress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-23T21:31:29.201439","indexId":"fs09297","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"092-97","title":"Salt tolerance of southern baldcypress","docAbstract":"Historically, cypress-tupelo swamps covered much of the low-lying coastal regions of the Southeast. However, saltwater intrusion and increased flooding over the past 30 years, combined with past logging, have depleted the numbers and decreased the survival and growth of baldcypress (<i>Taxodium distichum</i>) in coastal areas along the Gulf of Mexico.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09297","usgsCitation":"Allen, J., and Burkett, V.R., 1997, Salt tolerance of southern baldcypress: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 092-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09297.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284087,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs09297.jpg"},{"id":285377,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0092-97/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.99,24.89 ], [ -94.99,31.58 ], [ -80.51,31.58 ], [ -80.51,24.89 ], [ -94.99,24.89 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e4e4b07f02db4bb49b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, James A. 0000-0001-6459-5734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6459-5734","contributorId":108095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkett, Virginia R. 0000-0003-4746-2862","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-2862","contributorId":80229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkett","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008097,"text":"1008097 - 1997 - Predation on the endangered tidewater goby, Eucyclogobius newberryi, by the introduced African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, with notes on the frog's parasites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T01:20:34.004235","indexId":"1008097","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predation on the endangered tidewater goby, Eucyclogobius newberryi, by the introduced African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, with notes on the frog's parasites","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1447564","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., and Page, C., 1997, Predation on the endangered tidewater goby, Eucyclogobius newberryi, by the introduced African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, with notes on the frog's parasites: Copeia, v. 1997, p. 589-592, https://doi.org/10.2307/1447564.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"592","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132732,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6802f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, K. D.","contributorId":58213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lafferty","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, C.J.","contributorId":69515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194245,"text":"70194245 - 1997 - Wildlife response to thinning young forests in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-04T13:27:00.483878","indexId":"70194245","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2297,"text":"Journal of Forestry","onlineIssn":"1938-3746","printIssn":"0022-1201","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife response to thinning young forests in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of American Foresters","doi":"10.1093/jof/95.8.28","usgsCitation":"Hayes, J.P., Chan, S., Emmingham, W., Tappeiner, J., Kellogg, L., and Bailey, J.D., 1997, Wildlife response to thinning young forests in the Pacific Northwest: Journal of Forestry, v. 95, no. 8, p. 28-33, https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/95.8.28.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480000,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/95.8.28","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":427388,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://academic.oup.com/jof/article/95/8/28/4613767","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":349119,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61292ee4b06e28e9c25d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, J. P.","contributorId":42565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chan, S.S.","contributorId":42201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chan","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emmingham, W.H.","contributorId":85518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Emmingham","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C.","contributorId":39751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kellogg, L.D.","contributorId":98900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bailey, J. D.","contributorId":66882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019175,"text":"70019175 - 1997 - Three-dimensional upper crustal velocity structure beneath San Francisco Peninsula, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T13:41:42.612033","indexId":"70019175","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional upper crustal velocity structure beneath San Francisco Peninsula, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents new seismic data from, and crustal models of the San Francisco Peninsula. In much of central California the San Andreas fault juxtaposes the Cretaceous granitic Salinian terrane on its west and the Late Mesozoic/Early Tertiary Franciscan Complex on its east. On San Francisco Peninsula, however, the present-day San Andreas fault is completely within a Franciscan terrane, and the Pilarcitos fault, located southwest of the San Andreas, marks the Salinian-Franciscan boundary. This circumstance has evoked two different explanations: either the Pilarcitos is a thrust fault that has pushed Franciscan rocks over Salinian rocks or the Pilarcitos is a transform fault that has accommodated significant right-lateral slip. In an effort to better resolve the subsurface structure of the peninsula faults, we established a temporary network of 31 seismographs arrayed across the San Andreas fault and the subparallel Pilarcitos fault at ∼1–2 km spacings. These instruments were deployed during the first 6 months of 1995 and recorded local earthquakes, air gun sources set off in San Francisco Bay, and explosive sources. Travel times from these sources were used to augment earthquake arrival times recorded by the Northern California Seismic Network and were inverted for three-dimensional velocity structure. Results show lateral velocity changes at depth (∼0.5–7 km) that correlate with downward vertical projections of the surface traces of the San Andreas and Pilarcitos faults. We thus interpret the faults as high-angle to vertical features (constrained to a 70°–110° dip range). From this we conclude that the Pilarcitos fault is probably an important strike-slip fault that accommodated much of the right-lateral plate boundary strain on the peninsula prior to the initiation of the modern-day San Andreas fault in this region sometime after about 3.0 m.y. ago.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03222","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., and Zoback, M., 1997, Three-dimensional upper crustal velocity structure beneath San Francisco Peninsula, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B3, p. 5473-5490, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03222.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5473","endPage":"5490","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489012,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03222","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb34ce4b08c986b325cdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019176,"text":"70019176 - 1997 - Estimation of directional surface wave spectra from a towed research catamaran","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:09:47.814983","indexId":"70019176","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2186,"text":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of directional surface wave spectra from a towed research catamaran","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the High-Resolution Remote Sensing Main Experiment (1993), wave height was estimated from a moving catamaran using pitch-rate and roll-rate sensors, a three-axis accelerometer, and a capacitive wave wire. The wave spectrum in the frequency band ranging roughly from 0.08 to 0.3 Hz was verified by independent buoy measurements. To estimate the directional frequency spectrum from a wave-wire array, the Data-Adaptive Spectral Estimator is extended to include the Doppler shifting effects of a moving platform. The method is applied to data obtained from a fixed platform during the Risø Air–Sea Experiment (1994) and to data obtained from a moving platform during the Coastal Ocean Processes Experiment (1995). Both results show that the propagation direction of the peak wind waves compares well with the measured wind direction. When swells and local wind waves are not aligned, the method can resolve the difference of propagation directions. Using the fixed platform data a numerical test is conducted that shows that the method is able to distinguish two wave systems propagating at the same frequency but in two different directions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014%3C1467:EODSWS%3E2.0.CO;2","issn":"07390572","usgsCitation":"Hanson, K., Hara, T., Bock, E., and Karachintsev, A., 1997, Estimation of directional surface wave spectra from a towed research catamaran: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, v. 14, no. 6, p. 1467-1482, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014%3C1467:EODSWS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1467","endPage":"1482","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b83e4b0c8380cd5275e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, K.A.","contributorId":12990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hara, T.","contributorId":93215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hara","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bock, E.J.","contributorId":22511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karachintsev, A.B.","contributorId":23288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karachintsev","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019213,"text":"70019213 - 1997 - Thermal models for basaltic volcanism on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:43:27.561001","indexId":"70019213","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal models for basaltic volcanism on Io","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>We present a new model for the thermal emissions from active basaltic eruptions on Io. While our methodology shares many similarities with previous work, it is significantly different in that (1) it uses a field tested cooling model and (2) the model is more applicable to pahoehoe flows and lava lakes than fountain-fed, channelized, 'a'a flows. This model demonstrates the large effect lava porosity has on the surface cooling rate (with denser flows cooling more slowly) and provides a preliminary tool for examining some of the hot spots on Io. The model infrared signature of a basaltic eruption is largely controlled by a single parameter, τ, the average survival time for a lava surface. During an active eruption surfaces are quickly covered or otherwise destroyed and typical values of τ for a basaltic eruption are expected to be on the order of 10 seconds to 10 minutes. Our model suggests that the Galileo SSI eclipse data are consistent with moderately active to quiescent basaltic lava lakes but are not diagnostic of such activity.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97GL01368","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyil, L., and McEwen, A., 1997, Thermal models for basaltic volcanism on Io: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 20, p. 2463-2466, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL01368.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2463","endPage":"2466","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl01368","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb24ee4b08c986b3256f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyil, L.","contributorId":13759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyil","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, A.","contributorId":39105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019211,"text":"70019211 - 1997 - Headless submarine canyons and fluid flow on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T16:57:20","indexId":"70019211","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":972,"text":"Basin Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Headless submarine canyons and fluid flow on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex","docAbstract":"<p>Headless submarine canyons with steep headwalls and shallowly sloping floors occur on both the second and third landward vergent anticlines on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex off central Oregon (45&nbsp;°N, 125° 30′W). In September 1993, we carried out a series of nine deep tow camera sled runs and nine ALVIN dives to examine the relationship between fluid venting, structure and canyon formation. We studied four canyons on the second and third landward vergent anticlines, as well as the apparently unfailed intercanyon regions along strike. All evidence of fluid expulsion is associated with the canyons; we found no evidence of fluid flow between canyons. Even though all fluid seeps are related to canyons, we did not find seeps in all canyons, and the location of the seeps within the canyons differed.</p><p>On the landward facing limb of the second landward vergent anticline a robust cold seep community occurs at the canyon’s inflection point. This seep is characterized by chemosynthetic vent clams, tube worms and extensive authigenic carbonate. Fluids for this seep may utilize high-permeability flow paths either parallel to bedding within the second thrust ridge or along the underlying thrust fault before leaking into the overriding section. Two seaward facing canyons on the third anticlinal ridge have vent clam communities near the canyon mouths at approximately the intersection between the anticlinal ridge and the adjacent forearc basin. No seeps were found along strike at the intersection of the slope basin and anticlinal ridge. We infer that the lack of seepage along strike and the presence of seeps in canyons may be related to fluid flow below the forearc basin/slope unconformity (overpressured by the impinging thrust fault to the west?) directed toward canyons at the surface.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x","issn":"0950091X","usgsCitation":"Orange, D., McAdoo, B.G., Moore, J., Tobin, H., Screaton, E., Chezar, H., Lee, H., Reid, M., and Vail, R., 1997, Headless submarine canyons and fluid flow on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex: Basin Research, v. 9, no. 4, p. 303-312, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x.","startPage":"303","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fd1e4b0c8380cd5d0f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orange, D.L.","contributorId":31814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAdoo, B. G.","contributorId":25713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAdoo","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.C.","contributorId":95141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tobin, H.","contributorId":47531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobin","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Screaton, Elizabeth","contributorId":93637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Screaton","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chezar, H.","contributorId":52321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chezar","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, H.","contributorId":40739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reid, M.","contributorId":34667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Vail, R.","contributorId":76078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vail","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70019208,"text":"70019208 - 1997 - Detecting changes in the spatial distribution of nitrate contamination in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:21:22.034174","indexId":"70019208","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting changes in the spatial distribution of nitrate contamination in ground water","docAbstract":"Many studies of ground water pollution in general and nitrate contamination in particular have often relied on a one-time investigation, tracking of individual wells, or aggregate summaries. Studies of changes in spatial distribution of contaminants over time are lacking. This paper presents a method to compare spatial distributions for possible changes over time. The large-scale spatial distribution at a given time can be considered as a surface over the area (a trend surface). The changes in spatial distribution from period to period can be revealed by the differences in the shape and/or height of surfaces. If such a surface is described by a polynomial function, changes in surfaces can be detected by testing statistically for differences in their corresponding polynomial functions. This method was applied to nitrate concentration in a population of wells in an agricultural drainage basin in Iowa, sampled in three different years. For the period of 1981-1992, the large-scale spatial distribution of nitrate concentration did not show significant change in the shape of spatial surfaces; while the magnitude of nitrate concentration in the basin, or height of the computed surfaces showed significant fluctuations. The change in magnitude of nitrate concentration is closely related to climatic variations, especially in precipitation. The lack of change in the shape of spatial surfaces means that either the influence of land use/nitrogen management was overshadowed by climatic influence, or the changes in land use/management occurred in a random fashion.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Liu, Z., Hallberg, G., Zimmerman, D., and Libra, R., 1997, Detecting changes in the spatial distribution of nitrate contamination in ground water: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 6, p. 1209-1218.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1209","endPage":"1218","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226634,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff60e4b0c8380cd4f155","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Z.-J.","contributorId":64820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Z.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallberg, G.R.","contributorId":67216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallberg","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zimmerman, D.L.","contributorId":46702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Libra, R.D.","contributorId":54353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libra","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019203,"text":"70019203 - 1997 - The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019203","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field","docAbstract":"This paper presents the 1995 main-field revision of the World Magnetic Model (WMM-95). It is based on Project MAGNET high-level (??? 15,000 ft.) vector aeromagnetic survey data collected between 1988 and 1994 and on scalar total intensity data collected by the Polar Orbiting Geomagnetic Survey (POGS) satellite during the period 1991 through 1993. The spherical harmonic model produced from these data describes that portion of the Earth's magnetic field generated internal to the Earth's surface at the 1995.0 Epoch. When combined with the spherical harmonic model of the Earth's secular variation described in paper I, the Earth's main magnetic field is fully characterized between the years 1995 and 2000. Regional magnetic field models for the conterminous United States, Alaska and, Hawaii were generated as by-products of the global modeling process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Planets and Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"13438832","usgsCitation":"Quinn, J., Coleman, R., Macmillan, S., and Barraclough, D., 1997, The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 49, no. 2-3, p. 245-261.","startPage":"245","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba638e4b08c986b320f8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, J.M.","contributorId":48591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, R.J.","contributorId":59966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Macmillan, S.","contributorId":18522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macmillan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barraclough, D.R.","contributorId":20735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barraclough","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019202,"text":"70019202 - 1997 - Introduction to special section: The Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) across Arctic Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T14:15:03.36199","indexId":"70019202","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to special section: The Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) across Arctic Alaska","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>This special section of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i><span>&nbsp;</span>addresses the composition and structural evolution of the lithosphere in northern Alaska. Investigations reported in this section were mainly undertaken as part of the Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), an integrated geological and geophysical transect of the entire Alaskan lithosphere along a north‐south corridor undertaken from 1984 to 1992 (Figure 1). The onshore segment of the transect approximately follows along the route of the trans‐Alaskan pipeline; the offshore segment extends across the continental margin in the Gulf of Alaska to the Pacific plate. The TACT line is unique in that it provides a coordinated onshore/offshore geological and geophysical traverse of the North American plate in Alaska from the active convergent Pacific margin to the passive Arctic margin of the continent.</p></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/97JB01048","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., and Mooney, W.D., 1997, Introduction to special section: The Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) across Arctic Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20639-20643, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01048.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"20639","endPage":"20643","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479969,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01048","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -166.640625,\n              56.75272287205736\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              56.75272287205736\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              70.49557354093136\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.640625,\n              70.49557354093136\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.640625,\n              56.75272287205736\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3df5e4b0c8380cd639b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019177,"text":"70019177 - 1997 - Deep-ocean field test of methane hydrate formation from a remotely operated vehicle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-20T00:51:27.13721","indexId":"70019177","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep-ocean field test of methane hydrate formation from a remotely operated vehicle","docAbstract":"We have observed the process of formation of clathrate hydrates of methane in experiments conducted on the remotely operated vehicle (ROY) Ventana in the deep waters of Monterey Bay. A tank of methane gas, acrylic tubes containing seawater, and seawater plus various types of sediment were carried down on Ventana to a depth of 910 m where methane gas was injected at the base of the acrylic tubes by bubble stream. Prior calculations had shown that the local hydrographic conditions gave an upper limit of 525 m for the P-T boundary defining methane hydrate formation or dissociation at this site, and thus our experiment took place well within the stability range for this reaction to occur. Hydrate formation in free sea-water occurred within minutes as a buoyant mass of translucent hydrate formed at the gas-water interface. In a coarse sand matrix the Filling of the pore spaces with hydrate turned the sand column into a solidified block, which gas pressure soon lifted and ruptured. In a fine-grained black mud the gas flow carved out flow channels, the walls of which became coated and then filled with hydrate in larger discrete masses. Our experiment shows that hydrate formation is rapid in natural seawater, that sediment type strongly influences the patterns of hydrate formation, and that the use of ROV technologies permits the synthesis of large amounts of hydrate material in natural systems under a variety of conditions so that fundamental research on the stability and growth of these substances is possible.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Brewer, P., Orr, F.M., Friederich, G., Kvenvolden, K., Orange, D., McFarlane, J., and Kirkwood, W., 1997, Deep-ocean field test of methane hydrate formation from a remotely operated vehicle: Geology, v. 25, no. 5, p. 407-410.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"410","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226953,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe2de4b0c8380cd4eb86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brewer, P.G.","contributorId":16080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orr, F. M. Jr.","contributorId":107047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friederich, G.","contributorId":11345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friederich","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orange, D.L.","contributorId":31814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McFarlane, J.","contributorId":94164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarlane","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kirkwood, W.","contributorId":74248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkwood","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70019229,"text":"70019229 - 1997 - Element distribution patterns in the ordovician Galena group, Southeastern Minnesota: Indicators of fluid flow and provenance of terrigenous material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:09:33.512738","indexId":"70019229","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Element distribution patterns in the ordovician Galena group, Southeastern Minnesota: Indicators of fluid flow and provenance of terrigenous material","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of a regional geochemical investigation of lower Paleozoic strata in the Hollandale embayment of southeastern Minnesota, elemental concentrations in acid-insoluble residues were determined for carbonate rock in the Middle Ordovician Galena Group. Elemental distribution patterns within the insoluble residues, particularly those of Ti, Al, and Zr, show that the Wisconsin dome and the Wisconsin arch, which contributed sediment to the embayment prior to Galena time, continued as weak sources of sediment during this period. In contrast, trace metals commonly associated with Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization, including Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Ni, Co, As, and Mo, show dispersal patterns that are independent of those associated with primary depositional phenomena. These trace metals are concentrated in southern Minnesota in carbonate rocks near the interface between limestone- and dolostone-dominated strata. Dispersal patterns imply that the metals were carried by a north-flowing regional ground-water system. The results show that the geochemical attributes of insoluble residues can be used to distinguish provenance and transport directions of primary sediments within a depositional basin from effects of subsequent regional ground-water flow systems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.92.3.351","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Lively, R., Morey, G.B., and Mossler, J., 1997, Element distribution patterns in the ordovician Galena group, Southeastern Minnesota: Indicators of fluid flow and provenance of terrigenous material: Economic Geology, v. 92, no. 3, p. 351-359, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.92.3.351.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"359","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08b6e4b0c8380cd51c32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lively, R.S.","contributorId":70927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morey, G. B.","contributorId":14406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mossler, J.H.","contributorId":23699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mossler","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019160,"text":"70019160 - 1997 - The roles of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain of fault zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T16:11:48.660896","indexId":"70019160","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The roles of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain of fault zones","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relationship between measured friction μ</span><sup><i>A</i></sup><span> and volumetric strain during frictional sliding was determined using a rate and state variable dependent friction constitutive equation, a common work balance relating friction and volume change, and two types of experimental faults: initially bare surfaces of Westerly granite and rock surfaces separated by a 1 mm layer of less than 90 μm Westerly granite gouge. The constitutive equation is the sum of a constant term representing the nominal resistance to sliding and two smaller terms: a rate dependent term representing the shear viscosity of the fault surface (direct effect), and a term which represents variations in the area of contact (evolution effect). The work balance relationship requires that μ</span><sup><i>A</i></sup><span>&nbsp;differs from the frictional resistance that leads to shear heating by the derivative of fault normal displacement with respect shear displacement,&nbsp;</span><i>d</i><span>δ</span><sub><i>n</i></sub><span>/</span><i>d</i><span>δ</span><sub><i>s</i></sub><span>. An implication of this relationship is that the rate dependence of&nbsp;</span><i>d</i><span>δ</span><sub><i>n</i></sub><span>/</span><i>d</i><span>δ</span><sub><i>s</i></sub><span>&nbsp;contributes to the rate dependence of μ</span><sup><i>A</i></sup><span>. Experiments show changes in sliding velocity lead to changes in both fault strength and volume. Analysis of data with the rate and state equations combined with the work balance relationship preclude the conventional interpretation of the direct effect in the rate and state variable constitutive equations. Consideration of a model bare surface fault consisting of an undeformable indentor sliding on a deformable surface reveals a serious flaw in the work balance relationship if volume change is time-dependent. For the model, at zero slip rate indentation creep under the normal load leads to time-dependent strengthening of the fault surface but, according to the work balance relationship, no work is done because compaction or dilatancy can only be induced by shearing. Additional tests on initially bare surfaces and gouges show that fault normal strain in experiments is time-dependent, consistent with the model. This time-dependent fault normal strain, which is not accounted for in the work balance relationship, explains the inconsistency between the constitutive equations and the work balance. For initially bare surface faults, all rate dependence of volume change is due to time dependence. Similar results are found for gouge. We conclude that μ</span><sup><i>A</i></sup><span>&nbsp;reflects the frictional resistance that results in shear heating, and no correction needs to be made for the volume changes. The result that time-dependent volume changes do not contribute to μ</span><sup><i>A</i></sup><span>&nbsp;is a general result and extends beyond these experiments, the simple indentor model and particular constitutive equations used to illustrate the principle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01828","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., and Tullis, T., 1997, The roles of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain of fault zones: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B10, p. 22595-22609, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01828.","productDescription":"15p.","startPage":"22595","endPage":"22609","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480011,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01828","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafa9e4b08c986b324966","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tullis, T.E.","contributorId":91252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tullis","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019181,"text":"70019181 - 1997 - A comparison of six methods for measuring soil-surface carbon dioxide fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T15:25:10.843219","indexId":"70019181","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of six methods for measuring soil-surface carbon dioxide fluxes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Measurements of soil-surface CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;fluxes are important for characterizing the carbon budget of boreal forests because these fluxes can be the second largest component of the budget. Several methods for measuring soil-surface CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;fluxes are available: (1) closed-dynamic-chamber systems, (2) closed-static-chamber systems, (3) open-chamber systems, and (4) eddy covariance systems. This paper presents a field comparison of six individual systems for measuring soil-surface CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;fluxes with each of the four basic system types represented. A single system is used as a reference and compared to each of the other systems individually in black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), or aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests. Fluxes vary from 1 to 10 μmol CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Adjustment factors to bring all of the systems into agreement vary from 0.93 to 1.45 with an uncertainty of about 10–15%.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JD01440","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Norman, J., Kucharik, C., Gower, S., Baldocchi, D.D., Crill, P., Rayment, M., Savage, K., and Striegl, R.G., 1997, A comparison of six methods for measuring soil-surface carbon dioxide fluxes: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 102, no. 24, p. 28771-28777, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01440.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"28771","endPage":"28777","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e373e4b0c8380cd4602b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, J.M.","contributorId":104641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kucharik, C.J.","contributorId":51474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucharik","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gower, S.T.","contributorId":28382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gower","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baldocchi, D. D.","contributorId":99709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baldocchi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crill, P.M.","contributorId":42723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crill","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rayment, M.","contributorId":62762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rayment","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Savage, K.","contributorId":84516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
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