No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"North Dakota Academy of Science 89th Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"April 24-25, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Grand Forks, ND","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Academy of Science","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., Lent, R.M., Rannie, W.F., and Vecchia, A.V., 1997, A history of lake-level fluctuations for Devils Lake, North Dakota, since the early 1800's: Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, v. 51, p. 34-39.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352489,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff1a76e4b0da30c1bfd4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":730963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lent, Robert M. rmlent@usgs.gov","contributorId":284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lent","given":"Robert","email":"rmlent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":730964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rannie, W. F.","contributorId":203306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rannie","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vecchia, A. V.","contributorId":23533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019167,"text":"70019167 - 1997 - Measuring flood discharge in unstable stream channels using ground-penetrating radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-20T00:55:45.163639","indexId":"70019167","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring flood discharge in unstable stream channels using ground-penetrating radar","docAbstract":"Field experiments were conducted to test the ability of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to measure stream-channel cross sections at high flows without the necessity of placing instruments in the water. Experiments were conducted at four U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations in southwest Washington State. With the GPR antenna suspended above the water surface from a bridge or cableway, traverses were made across stream channels to collect radar profile plots of the streambed. Subsequent measurements of water depth were made using conventional depth-measuring equipment (weight and tape) and were used to calculate radar signal velocities. Other streamflow-parameter data were collected to examine their relation to radar signal velocity and to clarity of streambed definition. These initial tests indicate that GPR is capable of producing a reasonably accurate (±20%) stream-channel profile and discharge far more quickly than conventional stream-gaging procedures, while avoiding the problems and hazards associated with placing instruments in the water.
This special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research addresses the composition and structural evolution of the lithosphere in northern Alaska. Investigations reported in this section were mainly undertaken as part of the Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), an integrated geological and geophysical transect of the entire Alaskan lithosphere along a north‐south corridor undertaken from 1984 to 1992 (Figure 1). The onshore segment of the transect approximately follows along the route of the trans‐Alaskan pipeline; the offshore segment extends across the continental margin in the Gulf of Alaska to the Pacific plate. The TACT line is unique in that it provides a coordinated onshore/offshore geological and geophysical traverse of the North American plate in Alaska from the active convergent Pacific margin to the passive Arctic margin of the continent.
The north-central Appalachians occupy a critical position within the 3000+ km-long Appalachian orogen, lying southwest of the boundary between the central and northern Appalachians (CNAB). The one-billion-year-long history of tectonic activity in the north-central Appalachians includes the assembly and breakup of a late Proterozoic supercontinent, the creation and evolution of the Appalachian orogen during the Paleozoic, and the Mesozoic transformation of the active orogen into a passive margin during Pangea's disassembly. An important part of the Middle and Late Paleozoic history is the formation and growth of the Appalachian basin, an enormous, elongate continental basin lying cratonward of the active Appalachian internides along Laurentia's eastern margin. The Appalachian basin developed out of the Taconic orogeny, the second of the four orogenies that formed and modified the character of the Appalachian orogen. Prior to the Taconic orogeny, the eastern margin of Laurentia consisted of a broad carbonate shelf facing the Theic Ocean. The Taconic orogeny obduced various Theic components, including microcontinents, magmatic arcs, and accretionary prisms, onto the carbonate shelf. The resulting Taconic highlands formed a topographic barrier between Theia and the craton's interior. Because tectonic activity in the internides continued more or less throughout the remainder of the Paleozoic, the Appalachian basin never had a direct connection with Theia. The coarse-grained molasse from the newly uplifted Taconic highland spread westward over most of the basin during the Early Silurian. Carbonate deposition gradually encroached eastward over the basin as the siliciclastic input from the southeast waned. A resurgence in the earliest Late Silurian, perhaps related to orogenesis in Newfoundland and the Maritimes, expanded the clastic wedge somewhat. Before long, however, carbonate deposition once again dominated most of the north-central basin for the remainder of the Silurian and into the Early Devonian. The Early-to-Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny began introducing siliciclastic material into the eastern part of the Appalachian basin, thereby ending the largely paralic environment that persisted from the Late Silurian. A number of deltas formed around local sediment-input centers during the Middle Devonian. Continued uplift and/or orogenesis must have continued into the Late Devonian because a vast amount of terrigenous sediment was introduced into the Appalachian basin to form the vast Upper Devonian Catskill delta. Although the principal tectonic activity appears to have centered in New England, the large volume of sediment input suggests that orogenesis may have extended southward to the north-central Appalachians. However, direct evidence of actual Acadian deformation and metamorphism is lacking at this latitude. The north-central Appalachian basin underwent a significant change during the Carboniferous. Prior to this time, the shoreline shifted laterally through transgressions and regressions largely as a function of sediment input and regional subsidence. In the Carboniferous, vertical movements in the basin became more important. During the Early Carboniferous, much of the Mauch Chunk delta was eroded in the central and western parts of the basin. At the end of the Early Carboniferous, an unconformity truncated progressively older rocks to the north toward New York. New sediment transport patterns and depositional environments within the basin during the Late Carboniferous probably reflect significant topographic and tectonic changes, not only in the hinterland, but in the basin itself, perhaps in conjunction with climatic changes. Extensive interfluvial swamps on a lower delta plain accumulated thick organic deposits which would become coal. This delta plain graded southwestward into tidal and marine environments. The Alleghany orogeny in the Early Permian interrupted deposition in much of the north-central Appalachian basin and profoundly altered its structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.297.7.729","usgsCitation":"Faill, R.T., 1997, A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians, part 2: The Appalachian basin from the Silurian through the Carboniferous: American Journal of Science, v. 297, no. 7, p. 729-761, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.297.7.729.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488605,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.297.7.729","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"297","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3fee4b0c8380cd46336","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faill, R. T.","contributorId":79639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faill","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187769,"text":"70187769 - 1997 - Seismic sources in southcentral Alaska: A review, results of recent research, and a reappraisal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T12:05:56","indexId":"70187769","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5392,"text":"Newsletter of the Alaska Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic sources in southcentral Alaska: A review, results of recent research, and a reappraisal","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., 1997, Seismic sources in southcentral Alaska: A review, results of recent research, and a reappraisal: Newsletter of the Alaska Geological Society, v. 27, p. 1-4.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593e4645e4b0764e6c61b894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182062,"text":"70182062 - 1997 - Maps of the shallow shelf off the Florida Keys (subsurface bedrock topography, overlying reefs and sediments, benthic habitats)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-12T14:57:41","indexId":"70182062","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Maps of the shallow shelf off the Florida Keys (subsurface bedrock topography, overlying reefs and sediments, benthic habitats)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"SeaCamp Association","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., 1997, Maps of the shallow shelf off the Florida Keys (subsurface bedrock topography, overlying reefs and sediments, benthic habitats), p. 71-73.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"73","ipdsId":"IP-022405","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339627,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":7,"text":"Ft. Lauderdale PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ef3dade4b0eed1ab8e3bec","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gallagher, D.","contributorId":42803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallagher","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690779,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H. blidz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara","email":"blidz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":669432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019203,"text":"70019203 - 1997 - The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019203","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field","docAbstract":"This paper presents the 1995 main-field revision of the World Magnetic Model (WMM-95). It is based on Project MAGNET high-level (??? 15,000 ft.) vector aeromagnetic survey data collected between 1988 and 1994 and on scalar total intensity data collected by the Polar Orbiting Geomagnetic Survey (POGS) satellite during the period 1991 through 1993. The spherical harmonic model produced from these data describes that portion of the Earth's magnetic field generated internal to the Earth's surface at the 1995.0 Epoch. When combined with the spherical harmonic model of the Earth's secular variation described in paper I, the Earth's main magnetic field is fully characterized between the years 1995 and 2000. Regional magnetic field models for the conterminous United States, Alaska and, Hawaii were generated as by-products of the global modeling process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Planets and Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"13438832","usgsCitation":"Quinn, J., Coleman, R., Macmillan, S., and Barraclough, D., 1997, The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 49, no. 2-3, p. 245-261.","startPage":"245","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba638e4b08c986b320f8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, J.M.","contributorId":48591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, R.J.","contributorId":59966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Macmillan, S.","contributorId":18522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macmillan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barraclough, D.R.","contributorId":20735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barraclough","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171398,"text":"70171398 - 1997 - Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in shallow urban groundwater of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T18:21:05","indexId":"70171398","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in shallow urban groundwater of the United States","docAbstract":"The widespread use of pesticides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over the past half century has led to their detection in many hydrologic systems in the United States. However, few systematic investigations of occurrences have been carried out over multistate regions using a consistent study design. Nine urban studies of shallow groundwater have been conducted to date as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Pesticide compounds were detected in 48.6% of the 208 urban wells sampled. Sixteen different pesticide compounds were detected in samples from these wells. Prometon was by far the most frequently detected pesticide compound, being found in 8 of the 9 urban studies. VOCs were detected in 53.4% of the 208 urban wells sampled, with 36 different VOC compounds being found.
Measured VOC concentrations exceeded current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water regulations in 19 wells. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a common fuel oxygenate, was the most frequently detected VOC for this study.
We present a new model for the thermal emissions from active basaltic eruptions on Io. While our methodology shares many similarities with previous work, it is significantly different in that (1) it uses a field tested cooling model and (2) the model is more applicable to pahoehoe flows and lava lakes than fountain-fed, channelized, 'a'a flows. This model demonstrates the large effect lava porosity has on the surface cooling rate (with denser flows cooling more slowly) and provides a preliminary tool for examining some of the hot spots on Io. The model infrared signature of a basaltic eruption is largely controlled by a single parameter, τ, the average survival time for a lava surface. During an active eruption surfaces are quickly covered or otherwise destroyed and typical values of τ for a basaltic eruption are expected to be on the order of 10 seconds to 10 minutes. Our model suggests that the Galileo SSI eclipse data are consistent with moderately active to quiescent basaltic lava lakes but are not diagnostic of such activity.
Epithermal mineral deposits and occurrences of southwestern Alaska consist of Hg-Sb and gold- and sulfide-bearing vein lodes. Numerous Hg-Sb lodes are located throughout a region measuring several tens of thousands of square kilometers in and surrounding the Kuskokwim River basin in southwestern Alaska. The Hg-Sb lodes are hosted in sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Kuskokwim Group, the Triassic to Cretaceous Gemuk Group, and the Paleozoic Holitna Group, as well as in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary mafic to felsic intrusive rocks. Mineralized Hg-Sb vein and vein breccia lodes are found in the sedimentary or igneous rocks or at their contacts. The minerology of the Hg-Sb lodes is dominated by cinnabar and stibnite, with subordinate realgar, orpiment, and native mercury, pyrite, gold, and hematite, as well as solid and liquid hydrocarbons; quartz, carbonate, limonite, dickite, and sercite are alteration gangue minerals. The largest mercury mine in Alaska, Red Devil, produced about 36,000 flasks of mercury, but the Hg-Sb lodes of southwestern Alaska generally consist of small, discontinuous veins that rarely exceed a few meters in width and a few tens of meters in strike length. The Hg-Sb lodes generally contain about 1 to 5 percent Hg and less than 1 percent Sb and As but are generally poor in base emtals and precious metals. Anomalous concentrations of gold in some lodes, however, suggest that gold deposits may be present in higher temperature environments below some of the Hg-Sb lodes.
The formation of the Hg-Sb lodes is closely correlated with igneous activity of a Late Cretaceous and early tertiary magmatic arc in southwestern Alaska. Geologic and geochemical characteristics of the Hg-Sb lodes suggest that ore fluids were generated in local sedimentary rocks as they were intruded by magmas. These intrusions provided the heat to initiate dehydration reactions and expel fluids from hydrous minerals and formational waters in the sedimentary rocks, causing thermal convection and hydrothermal fluid flow along fractures and faults. Isotopic data from sulfide and alteration minerals of the Hg-Sb lodes indicate multiple sources for the ore fluids; most fluids appear to have originated from local sedimentary rocks. Hydrothermal fluids with isotopically heavy oxygen but isotopically light hydrogen and sulfur compositions indicate derivation of these species from sedimentary rocks. Isotopically shifted, evolved meteoric water was a primary component in ore fluids from a few Hg-Sb lodes. Geochemical, isotopic, and fluid inclusion data also indicate that Hg, Co2, CH4, N2, and local hydrocarbons were derived from breakdown of organic matter in sedimentary rocks when they were heated by intrusions. Radiometric 40Ar/39Ar ages of 70 ± 3 Ma from hydrothermal sercites in the Hg-Sb lodes indicate a temporal association of igneous activity and mineralization, which is consistent with the geologic characteristics.
Most epithermal gold-bearing vein lodes on the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands are located in Eocene to Pleistocene volcanic-arc rocks, commonly andesite and dacite. These vein and vein breccia lodes, such as the Alaska-Apollo and Shumagin deposits on Unga Island, tend to be aligned along regional, northeast-striking, steeply dipping faults and fractures. The Alaska-Apollo mine produced about 500,000 metric tons (t) of ore that yielded an estimated 3,500 kg (130,000 oz) of gold from veins that were as much as 12 m wide and extended for 1,500 m laterally and 420 m vertically. Ore minerals include gold, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, and native copper; gangue minerals are quartz, sericite, calcite, and chlorite and locally, barsite, clay, rhodonite, and adularia. Ores generally have Au-Ag-Te-Pb-Zn-Mn-Cu geochemical signatures, with wide As-Hg aureoles around some veins. Geologic and mineralogical characteristics of these lodes are similar to adularia-sericite volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits. The gold-bearing vein lodes may be related to arc porphyry systems, but more data are required to verify this association.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral Deposits of Alaska (Economic Geology Monographs, volume 9)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Economic Geology Publishing Company","isbn":"978-1-629495-56-9","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Gent, C.A., Snee, L., and Wilson, F.H., 1997, Epithermal mercury-antimony and gold-bearing vein lodes of southwestern Alaska, chap. of Mineral Deposits of Alaska (Economic Geology Monographs, volume 9): Economic Geology Monographs, v. 9, p. 287-305.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"305","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342729,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.segweb.org/store/detail.aspx?id=EDOCMONO09"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b6e4b062508e382ba2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":698977,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Lance D.","contributorId":30287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698978,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gray, John E. jgray@usgs.gov","contributorId":1275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gent, Carol A.","contributorId":40646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gent","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019102,"text":"70019102 - 1997 - Stressing of the New Madrid seismic zone by a lower crust detachment fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-06T17:11:35.878401","indexId":"70019102","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stressing of the New Madrid seismic zone by a lower crust detachment fault","docAbstract":"A new mechanical model for the cause of the New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States is analyzed. The model contains a subhorizontal detachment fault which is assumed to be near the domed top surface of locally thickened anomalous lower crust (“rift pillow”). Regional horizontal compression induces slip on the fault, and the slip creates a stress concentration in the upper crust above the rift pillow dome. In the coseismic stage of the model earthquake cycle, where the three largest magnitude 7–8 earthquakes in 1811–1812 are represented by a single model mainshock on a vertical northeast trending fault, the model mainshock has a moment equivalent to a magnitude 8 event. During the interseismic stage, corresponding to the present time, slip on the detachment fault exerts a right-lateral shear stress on the locked vertical fault whose failure produces the model mainshock. The sense of shear is generally consistent with the overall sense of slip of 1811–1812 and later earthquakes. Predicted rates of horizontal strain at the ground surface are about 10−7 year−1 and are comparable to some observed rates. The model implies that rift pillow geometry is a significant influence on the maximum possible earthquake magnitude.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB02716","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stuart, W., Hildenbrand, T., and Simpson, R., 1997, Stressing of the New Madrid seismic zone by a lower crust detachment fault: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. 12, p. 27623-27633, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB02716.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"27623","endPage":"27633","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480012,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb02716","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226537,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b6fe4b08c986b31ceb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuart, W.D.","contributorId":65865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019236,"text":"70019236 - 1997 - Polychlorinated biphenyls as probes of biogeochemical processes in rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T17:19:59.75732","indexId":"70019236","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls as probes of biogeochemical processes in rivers","docAbstract":"A field study was conducted to investigate the use of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) congener and homolog assemblages as tracers of biogeochemical processes in the Milwaukee and Manitowoc Rivers in southeastern Wisconsin from 1993 to 1995. PCB congeners in the dissolved and suspended particle phases, along with various algal indicators (algal carbon and pigments), were quantitated in the water seasonally. In addition, PCB congener assemblages were determined seasonally in surficial bed sediments. Biogeochemical processes investigated included: determination of the source of suspended particles and bottom sediments by comparison with known Aroclor mixtures, water-solid partitioning, and algal uptake of PCBs. Seasonal differences among the PCB assemblages were observed mainly in the dissolved phase, somewhat less in the suspended particulate phase, and not at all in the bed sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch025","usgsCitation":"Fitzgerald, S., and Steuer, J.J., 1997, Polychlorinated biphenyls as probes of biogeochemical processes in rivers: ACS Symposium Series, v. 671, p. 382-397, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch025.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"382","endPage":"397","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Manitowoc River, Milwaukee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.41014126300315,\n 44.28945232658111\n ],\n [\n -88.41014126300315,\n 42.7557939024295\n ],\n [\n -87.80061329569082,\n 42.7557939024295\n ],\n [\n -87.80061329569082,\n 44.28945232658111\n ],\n [\n -88.41014126300315,\n 44.28945232658111\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"671","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ce9e4b0c8380cd79c51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzgerald, S.A.","contributorId":94348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steuer, J. J.","contributorId":12430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019273,"text":"70019273 - 1997 - Hydrochemical evolution of sodium-sulfate and sodium-chloride groundwater beneath the Northern Chihuahuan Desert, Trans-Pecos, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T12:08:56.099588","indexId":"70019273","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemical evolution of sodium-sulfate and sodium-chloride groundwater beneath the Northern Chihuahuan Desert, Trans-Pecos, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"Groundwater beneath the northern Chihuahuan Desert, Trans-Pecos, Texas, USA, occurs in both carbonate and siliciclastic aquifers beneath a thick unsaturated zone in shallow Rio Grande alluvium. Groundwater hydrochemical evolution was investigated by analyzing soils, soils leachates, bolson-fill sediments, water from the unsaturated zone, and groundwater from three major aquifers. Ionic relations, mineral saturation states, and geochemical modeling show that groundwater compositions are controlled by reactions in the unsaturated zone, mineralogy of unsaturated sediments and aquifers, position in the groundwater flow system, and extensive irrigation. Recharge to aquifers unaffected by irrigation is initially a Ca-HCO3 type as a result of dissolving carbonate surficial salts. With continued flow and mineral-water interaction, saturation with calcite and dolomite is maintained, gypsum is dissolved, and aqueous Ca and Mg are exchanged for adsorbed Na to produce a Na-SO4 water. Groundwater in Rio Grande alluvium is a Na-Cl type, reflecting river-water composition and the effects of irrigation, evapotranspiration, and surficial salt recycling. These results document two hydrochemical evolution paths for groundwater in arid lands. If recharge is dilute precipitation, significant changes in water chemistry can occur in unsaturated media, ion exchange can be as important as dissolution-precipitation reactions in determining groundwater composition, and mineral-water reactions ultimately control groundwater composition. If recharge is return flow of irrigation water that already contains appreciable solutes, mineral-water reactions are less important than irrigation-water composition in determining groundwater chemistry.
Interferometric combination of pairs of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the ERS-1 satellite maps the deformation field associated with the activity of the East Mesa geothermal plant, located in southern California. SAR interferometry is applied to this flat area without the need of a digital terrain model. Several combinations are used to ascertain the nature of the phenomenon. Short term interferograms reveal surface phase changes on agricultural fields similar to what had been observed previously with SEASAT radar data. Long term (2 years) interferograms allow the study of land subsidence and improve prior knowledge of the displacement field, and agree with existing, sparse levelling data. This example illustrates the power of the interferometric technique for deriving accurate industrial intelligence as well as its potential for legal action, in cases involving environmental damages.
I examined the nest habitat used by Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli clementeae) on San Clemente Island, one of the California Channel Islands, during March through June 1986. All nests were found in boxthorn shrubs in coastal scrub habitat. The cover of vegetation was greater and more evenly distributed at nest sites than in surrounding habitat. Nests were placed most often on the leeward side of live boxthorn shrubs interspersed by cactus.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1370243","usgsCitation":"Willey, D.W., 1997, Characteristics of nesting areas used by San Clemente Island Sage Sparrows: The Condor, v. 99, no. 1, p. 217-219, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370243.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"219","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1370243","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349033,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Clemente Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.7237548828125,\n 32.74570253945518\n ],\n [\n -118.29254150390624,\n 32.74570253945518\n ],\n [\n -118.29254150390624,\n 33.08463802391685\n ],\n [\n -118.7237548828125,\n 33.08463802391685\n ],\n [\n -118.7237548828125,\n 32.74570253945518\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"99","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61292fe4b06e28e9c25d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willey, David W.","contributorId":59724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":94814,"text":"94814 - 1997 - Field season report: Nesting success of passerine birds in the upper Mississippi River basin, floodplain and upland forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"94814","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Field season report: Nesting success of passerine birds in the upper Mississippi River basin, floodplain and upland forests","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"La Crosse, WI","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M.G., Hines, R.K., Sveum, C., and Korschgen, C.E., 1997, Field season report: Nesting success of passerine birds in the upper Mississippi River basin, floodplain and upland forests.","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f50a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, R. K.","contributorId":27819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sveum, C.M.","contributorId":25514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sveum","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Korschgen, C. E.","contributorId":9197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2001442,"text":"2001442 - 1997 - Prevention of fin erosion rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, by dietary modification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"2001442","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":11,"text":"Bozeman Information Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"86","title":"Prevention of fin erosion rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, by dietary modification","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"98-030/NF","usgsCitation":"Barrows, F., and Lellis, W., 1997, Prevention of fin erosion rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, by dietary modification: Bozeman Information Leaflet 86, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":198964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668f1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrows, F.T.","contributorId":94998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrows","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lellis, W.A.","contributorId":67441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lellis","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2002012,"text":"2002012 - 1997 - Hydrocarbons in hair, livers, and intestines of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) found dead along the path of the Exxon Valdez oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:36:40","indexId":"2002012","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":66,"text":"Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"MMS 6-3","title":"Hydrocarbons in hair, livers, and intestines of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) found dead along the path of the Exxon Valdez oil spill","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Exxon Valdez Oil Spill State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment Final Report (Marine Mammal Study 6-3)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Ballachey, B.E., and Kloecker, K.A., 1997, Hydrocarbons in hair, livers, and intestines of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) found dead along the path of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Report MMS 6-3.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/37889304.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628f2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kloecker, Kimberly A. 0000-0002-2461-968X kkloecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-968X","contributorId":3442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloecker","given":"Kimberly","email":"kkloecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014902,"text":"1014902 - 1997 - The ontogeny of salinity tolerance in the American shad, Alosa sapidissima","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T09:47:55","indexId":"1014902","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ontogeny of salinity tolerance in the American shad, Alosa sapidissima","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"97-044/TF","usgsCitation":"Zydlewski, J.D., and McCormick, S., 1997, The ontogeny of salinity tolerance in the American shad, Alosa sapidissima: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 54, no. 1, p. 182-189.","productDescription":"p. 182-189","startPage":"182","endPage":"189","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zydlewski, Joseph D. 0000-0002-2255-2303 jzydlewski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-2303","contributorId":2004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"Joseph","email":"jzydlewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187046,"text":"70187046 - 1997 - Seasonal vegetation characteristics of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:18:07","indexId":"70187046","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal vegetation characteristics of the United States","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center has created a prototype 1‐km resolution data base of vegetation seasonal characteristics. The characteristics are derived from time‐series NDVI data collected by the AVHRR satellite sensor. Information covering the 5 years 1989–1993 is included in the data base. Although quantitative validation of the seasonal characteristics cannot be made until several evaluation efforts are completed, general observations are possible by viewing images of the seasonal parameters. Figures 2 through 8 show several examples of the seasonal characteristics data base.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049709354586","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.C., and Yang, L., 1997, Seasonal vegetation characteristics of the United States: Geocarto International, v. 12, no. 2, p. 65-71, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049709354586.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.24414062499999,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -66.4453125,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -66.4453125,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -125.24414062499999,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -125.24414062499999,\n 24.84656534821976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8d4e4b0b7ea545240fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187045,"text":"70187045 - 1997 - NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T15:45:11.968532","indexId":"70187045","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","title":"NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes","docAbstract":"The distributions of C3 and C4 grasses were used to interpret the distribution, seasonal performance, and potential production of grasslands in the Great Plains of North America. Thirteen major grassland seasonal land cover classes were studied with data from three distinct sources. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor were collected for each pixel over a 5-yr period (1989–1993), analyzed for quantitative attributes and seasonal relationships, and then aggregated by land cover class. Data from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database were used to identify dominant plant species contributing to the potential production in each map unit. These species were identified as C3 or C4, and contributions to production were aggregated to provide estimates of the percentage of C3 and C4 production for each intersection of the STATSGO map units and the seasonal land cover classes. Carbon isotope values were obtained at specific sites from the soil organic matter of the upper horizon of soil cores and were related to STATSGO estimates of potential production.
The grassland classes were distributed with broad northwest-to-southeast orientations. Some classes had large variations in C3 and C4 composition with high proportions of C4species in the south and low proportions in the north. This diversity of photosynthetic types within land cover classes that cross regions of different temperature and precipitation results in similar seasonal patterns and magnitudes of NDVI. The easternmost class, 65, containing tallgrass prairie components, bluestem, Indiangrass, and switchgrass, possessed the highest maximum NDVI and time-integrated NDVI values each year. Grassland classes varied over 5 yr from a high integrated NDVI mean of 4.9 in class 65 in the east to a low of 1.2 in class 76 (sand sage, blue grama, wheatgrass, and buffalograss) in the southwest. Although environmental conditions varied widely during the 5 yr, the rankings of class performance were consistent across years for these NDVI metrics. Land cover classes were less consistent in time of onset, which was often earlier in areas in the north dominated by C3 grasses than in areas to the south dominated by C4grasses. At the level of seasonal land cover classes, no significant relationship was found between the proportions of C3 and C4 species and estimates of potential production derived from the STATSGO database or inferred from the seasonal patterns of NDVI. The isotopic data from specific sites and the potential production data from STATSGO suggest similar patterns of high proportional production by C4 species throughout the south and a decline in proportional production north of the central Great Plains. The land cover classes integrate ecosystem units that encompass a wide diversity of species and C3 and C4 proportions and provide a classification that consistently captures significant ecosystem parameters for the Great Plains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0059:NCACPA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tieszen, L., Reed, B.C., Bliss, N.B., Wylie, B.K., and DeJong, B.D., 1997, NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 1, p. 59-78, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0059:NCACPA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n 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L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bliss, Norman B. 0000-0003-2409-5211 bliss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":1921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"Norman","email":"bliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeJong, Benjamin D. bdejong@usgs.gov","contributorId":2506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeJong","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdejong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":692163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70187044,"text":"70187044 - 1997 - The multi-channel infrared sea truth radiometric calibrator (MISTRC)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:12:50","indexId":"70187044","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2186,"text":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The multi-channel infrared sea truth radiometric calibrator (MISTRC)","docAbstract":"A new multichannel infrared sea truth radiometer has been designed and built to improve validation of satellite-determined sea surface temperature. Horizontal grid polarized filters installed on the shortwave channels are very effective in reducing reflected solar radiation and in improving the noise characteristics. The system uses a continuous (every other cycle) seawater calibration technique. An analysis of the data from its first deployment is presented and recommendations are made for further improving the experimental method.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0243:TMCIST>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Suarez, M., Emery, W.J., and Wick, G., 1997, The multi-channel infrared sea truth radiometric calibrator (MISTRC): Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, v. 42, no. 4, p. 22-25, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0243:TMCIST>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"25","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0243:tmcist>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8d5e4b0b7ea54524101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suarez, M.J.","contributorId":57995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emery, W. J.","contributorId":191173,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Emery","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wick, G.A.","contributorId":22958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wick","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187043,"text":"70187043 - 1997 - Mapping in the information age—the role of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:11:59","indexId":"70187043","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping in the information age—the role of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.