Radial growth and concentrations of selected elements within rings were studied in white pine (Pinus strobus) trees from a wetland in central New York approximately 5 km north of a salt-solution mining field that operated from 1889 to 1988. Trees seemingly document three sequential episodes of mine-induced alterations of groundwater discharge irrigating the wetland during the 100-year period. The radial growth of trees established before the onset of mining declined abruptly in the early 1890s and remained suppressed until about 1960, as did growth of numerous other trees that became established after the onset of mining. Suppressed pre-1960 radial growth coincided with the interval that surface water was injected into the saltbeds, suggesting that losses of injected water to the bedrock and/or unconsolidated deposits increased groundwater flow into the wetland. An abrupt and sustained enhancement of radial growth beginning about 1960 indicates that the wetland became drier, and thus more conducive to tree growth, when injection practices were discontinued in the late 1950s despite the continued pumping of brine. Following the cessation of mining in the late 1980s, head pressures again increased in the upper valley, driving chloride-enriched flow northward along regional bedding-plane fractures and into the wetland. Large concentrations of chloride were detected within the most recently formed rings of some trees. As the result of chloride-enriched irrigation, the radial growth of some trees declined, and some trees died. Thus trees have preserved evidence of a century of hydrologic alterations, unobtainable by other means, where the effects of brine mining have not been documented previously.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR03688","usgsCitation":"Yanosky, T.M., and Kappel, W.M., 1997, Effects of solution mining of salt on wetland hydrology as inferred from tree rings: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 3, p. 457-470, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR03688.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"470","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d2e4b0c8380cd5185e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yanosky, Thomas M.","contributorId":40589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kappel, William M. 0000-0002-2382-9757 wkappel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-9757","contributorId":1074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","email":"wkappel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019879,"text":"70019879 - 1997 - Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs; the passaic formation, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:45:46","indexId":"70019879","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs; the passaic formation, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The Passaic Formation consists of gradational sequences of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone, and is a principal aquifer in central New Jersey. Ground‐water flow is primarily controlled by fractures interspersed throughout these sedimentary rocks and characterizing these fractures in terms of type, orientation, spatial distribution, frequency, and transmissivity is fundamental towards understanding local fluid‐transport processes. To obtain this information, a comprehensive suite of geophysical logs was collected in 10 wells roughly 46 m in depth and located within a .05 km2 area in Hopewell Township, New Jersey. A seemingly complex, heterogeneous network of fractures identified with an acoustic televiewer was statistically reduced to two principal subsets corresponding to two distinct fracture types: (1) bedding‐plane partings and (2) high‐angle fractures. Bedding‐plane partings are the most numerous and have an average strike of N84°W and dip of 20° N. The high‐angle fractures are oriented subparallel to these features, with an average strike of N79° E and dip of 71° S, making the two fracture types roughly orthogonal. Their intersections form linear features that also retain this approximately east‐west strike. Inspection of fluid temperature and conductance logs in conjunction with flow meter measurements obtained during pumping allows the transmissive fractures to be distinguished from the general fracture population. These results show that, within the resolution capabilities of the logging tools, approximately 51 (or 18 percent) of the 280 total fractures are water producing. The bedding‐plane partings exhibit transmissivities that average roughly 5 m2/day and that generally diminish in magnitude and frequency with depth. The high‐angle fractures have average transmissivities that are about half those of the bedding‐plane partings and show no apparent dependence upon depth. The geophysical logging results allow us to infer a distinct hydrogeologic structure within this aquifer that is defined by fracture type and orientation. Fluid flow near the surface is controlled primarily by the highly transmissive, subhorizontal bedding‐plane partings. As depth increases, the high‐angle fractures apparently become more dominant hydrologically.
The high spatial variability of estuaries poses a challenge for characterizing estuarine water quality. This problem was examined by conducting monthly high-resolution transects for several water quality variables (chlorophyll a, suspended particulate matter and salinity) in San Francisco Bay (California, U.S.A.). Using these data, six different ways of choosing station locations along a transect, in order to estimate mean conditions, were compared. In addition, 11 approaches to estimating the variance of the transect mean when stations are equally spaced were compared, and the relationship between variance of the estimated transect mean and number of stations was determined. The results provide guidelines for sampling along the axis of an estuary: (1) choose as many equally-spaced stations as practical; (2) estimate the variance of the meanyby var (y)=(1/10n2)Σnj=2(yj−yj−1)2, wherey1, . . .,ynare the measurements at thenstations; and (3) attain the desired precision by adjusting the number of stations according to var(y)α1/n2. The inverse power of 2 in the last step is a consequence of the underlying spatial correlation structure in San Francisco Bay; more studies of spatial structure at other estuaries are needed to determine the generality of this relationship.
We investigated habitat selection by the Townsend's Warbler (Dendroica townsendi), a Netropical-Nearctic migrant that breeds primarily in mature coniferous forests. From 1993 to 1994, we compared the features of habitat selected for nest sites and foraging sites with those selected for territories in mature, mixed coniferous-deciduous forests in south-central Alaska. We also tested the prediction that large conifers are selected for nesting and foraging sites. Females placed nests in relatively large white spruce (Picea glauca) and consistently chose nest trees that were within areas of higher densities of large white spruce than were generally available. Nesting areas also had a higher density of small white spruce than was generally available, which may have been important in concealing nests from predators. Vegetation features selected for foraging differed from those selected for nesting and varied seasonally. Foraging was concentrated in medium-sized white spruce during the prehatching stage and became more generalized across coniferous and deciduous vegetation during the posthatching stage. Adults foraged in large white spruce in direct proportion to their availability on the study areas. Territories, which encompassed both nesting and foraging areas, were heterogeneous in vegetation structure and floristics. Areas selected for territories clearly reflected availability of the large white spruce selected for nest sites but did not reflect selection of medium white spruce for foraging. Characteristics of habitats varied with specific resource needs, but the distribution of Townsend's Warblers was most strongly related to specific habitat requirements for nest sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089285","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Matsuoka, S.M., Handel, C.M., Roby, D.D., and Thomas, D., 1997, The relative importance of nesting and foraging sites in selection of breeding territories by Townsend's Warblers: The Auk, v. 114, no. 4, p. 657-667, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089285.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"657","endPage":"667","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089285","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf2ce4b08c986b3245e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsuoka, Steven M. 0000-0001-6415-1885 smatsuoka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1885","contributorId":184173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Steven","email":"smatsuoka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roby, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9844-0992 droby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-0992","contributorId":3702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roby","given":"Daniel","email":"droby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, D.L.","contributorId":51481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019809,"text":"70019809 - 1997 - Continents as lithological icebergs: The importance of buoyant lithospheric roots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T13:58:54.30346","indexId":"70019809","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continents as lithological icebergs: The importance of buoyant lithospheric roots","docAbstract":"An understanding of the formation of new continental crust provides an important guide to locating the oldest terrestrial rocks and minerals. We evaluated the crustal thicknesses of the thinnest stable continental crust and of an unsubductable oceanic plateau and used the resulting data to estimate the amount of mantle melting which produces permanent continental crust. The lithospheric mantle is sufficiently depleted to produce permanent buoyancy (i.e., the crust is unsubductable) at crustal thicknesses greater than 25–27 km. These unsubductable oceanic plateaus and hotspot island chains are important sources of new continental crust. The newest continental crust (e.g., the Ontong Java plateau) has a basaltic composition, not a granitic one. The observed structure and geochemistry of continents are the result of convergent margin magmatism and metamorphism which modify the nascent basaltic crust into a lowermost basaltic layer overlain by a more silicic upper crust. The definition of a continent should imply only that the lithosphere is unsubductable over ≥ 0.25 Ga time periods. Therefore, the search for the oldest crustal rocks should include rocks from lower to mid-crustal levels.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conjunctive Use of Water Resources: Aquifer Storage and Recovery, Proceedings of the AWRA Symposium: TPS-97-2","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.A., Anders, R., Bohlke, J., Michel, R.L., and Metge, D.W., 1997, Water quality at production wells near artificial-recharge basins in Montebello Forebay, Los Angeles County, in Conjunctive Use of Water Resources: Aquifer Storage and Recovery, Proceedings of the AWRA Symposium: TPS-97-2, p. 273-284.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"284","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342146,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5937bf32e4b0f6c2d0d9c7ca","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kendall, D. R.","contributorId":192639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kendall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697220,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, R. A.","contributorId":15554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anders, R.","contributorId":74174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metge, David W. dwmetge@usgs.gov","contributorId":663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"David","email":"dwmetge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1001120,"text":"1001120 - 1997 - Occurrence of zebra mussels in near-shore areas of western Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T00:26:55.391612","indexId":"1001120","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of zebra mussels in near-shore areas of western Lake Erie","docAbstract":"We measured biomass, percent coverage, and length-frequency of zebra mussels in near-shore areas of western Lake Erie between 16 September and 10 November 1993 as part of a larger study on the ecological relationship between diving ducks and zebra mussels. Wet weight biomass of zebra mussels, determined by SCUBA diving, ranged from 0 to 3,611 g/m2 and averaged ( ± 1 SE) 1,270 ± 380 g/m2 (n = 11). Percent coverage of lake bottom by zebra mussels ranged from 0 to 70% and averaged 17 ± 4.0% (n = 27). Percent coverage of zebra mussels was relatively high in the northern portion (28–70% coverage) and in the southwestern portion (18–40%), but relatively low ( < 5%) in the southeastern portion of the study area. Percent coverage by zebra mussels, determined from underwater videography, was highly correlated (r2 = 0.96) with zebra mussel biomass. Analysis of length-frequency data indicated that there was prominent recruitment of juvenile zebra mussels at only three of eight sites. Average shell length ranged from 11 mm to 15 mm at the other five sites. The non-uniform distribution of zebra mussels, as determined from biomass and videography, may have important ramifications when assessing zebra mussel impacts on waterfowl. These data may also be used when assessing impact of zebra mussels on other aquatic organisms in the near-shore areas of western Lake Erie.
A U–Pb zircon date of 483 ± 1 Ma is recorded from an uppermost Tremadoc K-bentonite from the Chesley Drive Group on McLeod Brook, eastern Cape Breton Island. The associated fauna, with the trilobite Peltocare rotundifrons, is also known from the Reversing Falls section in Saint John, New Brunswick, and the traditional reference of the latter section to the Arenig is incorrect. A 483 ± 1 Ma age is significantly older than a U – Pb zircon age reported from the classical base of the Arenig Series in north Wales and about 10 Ma older than strata regarded herein as upper Arenig in central Newfoundland. If the global standard for the base of the Arenig is defined at the Tetragraptus approximatus Zone base, then the base of the type Arenig in Wales is younger than the latter horizon. The McLeod Brook occurrence is from an uppermost Tremadoc (Hunnebergian Stage) interval that has been removed below the unconformity in north Wales. The age of the Tremadoc –Arenig series boundary remains uncertain; however, a tentative estimate that it is significantly younger than 483 Ma is suggested by fossil evidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e17-059","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Landing, E., Bowring, S., Fortey, R., and Davidek, K., 1997, U-Pb zircon date from Avalonian Cape Breton Island and geochronologic calibration of the early Ordovician: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, no. 5, p. 724-730, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-059.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"724","endPage":"730","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Nova Scotia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Bourinot Belt, Cape Breton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -60.807290916100186,\n 45.97450730476584\n ],\n [\n -60.81056064824972,\n 45.956325176282036\n ],\n [\n -60.82690930899582,\n 45.9153935674654\n ],\n [\n -60.7615146660098,\n 45.9153935674654\n ],\n [\n -60.70265948732208,\n 45.83343970926023\n ],\n [\n -60.77786332675673,\n 45.79241745723209\n ],\n [\n -60.77132386245765,\n 45.72169718990881\n ],\n [\n -60.88576448768357,\n 45.6486016092131\n ],\n [\n -60.86614609478791,\n 45.591429229409215\n ],\n [\n -60.77459359460717,\n 45.591429229409215\n ],\n [\n -60.7451660052629,\n 45.55709781829083\n ],\n [\n -60.656883237231725,\n 45.55709781829083\n ],\n [\n -60.64707404078389,\n 45.58685292055148\n ],\n [\n -60.55552154060315,\n 45.61201800202491\n ],\n [\n -60.42146252248155,\n 45.623452944346354\n ],\n [\n -60.35606787949553,\n 45.65088729182682\n ],\n [\n -60.30048243295734,\n 45.685161338271655\n ],\n [\n -60.25143645071822,\n 45.685161338271655\n ],\n [\n -60.199120736328766,\n 45.73995616192707\n ],\n [\n -60.16969314698531,\n 45.7741756460251\n ],\n [\n -60.107568236148026,\n 45.7741756460251\n ],\n [\n -60.04544332531154,\n 45.812932360288215\n ],\n [\n -60.12718662904447,\n 45.86760183778168\n ],\n [\n -60.032364396714186,\n 45.85166212232619\n ],\n [\n -59.921193503637795,\n 45.8926407298454\n ],\n [\n -59.774055556918825,\n 45.95405199061753\n ],\n [\n -59.81329234271092,\n 46.02220699960617\n ],\n [\n -59.91792377148825,\n 46.01993651796997\n ],\n [\n -60.03890386101247,\n 46.03128799376779\n ],\n [\n -60.2252785935235,\n 46.19449080823807\n ],\n [\n -60.19585100417923,\n 46.25782805988152\n ],\n [\n -60.241627254269616,\n 46.291728670396736\n ],\n [\n -60.30375216510686,\n 46.35044005206112\n ],\n [\n -60.43454145107893,\n 46.201280437851864\n ],\n [\n -60.4508901118258,\n 46.16053007574166\n ],\n [\n -60.49339662976665,\n 46.151470338040696\n ],\n [\n -60.522824219110106,\n 46.10841621452121\n ],\n [\n -60.70919895162115,\n 46.03128799376779\n ],\n [\n -60.807290916100186,\n 45.97450730476584\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d3e4b08c986b327e30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landing, E.","contributorId":53964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landing","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowring, S. A.","contributorId":55164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowring","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fortey, R.A.","contributorId":99321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortey","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davidek, K.L.","contributorId":17388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidek","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019641,"text":"70019641 - 1997 - Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70019641","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"In the marine environment, stability of the glacier terminus and the location of subglacial streams are the dominant controls on the distribution of grounding-line deposits within morainal banks. A morainal bank complex in Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, SE Alaska, is used to develop a model of terminus stability and location of subglacial streams along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers. This model can be used to interpret former grounding-line conditions in other glacimarine settings from the facies architecture within morainal bank deposits. The Muir Inlet morainal bank complex was deposited between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D., and historical observations provide a record of terminus positions, glacial retreat rates and sedimentary sources. These data are used to reconstruct the depositional environment and to develop a correlation between sedimentary facies and conditions along the grounding line. Four seismic facies identified on the high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles are used to interpret sedimentary facies within the morainal bank complex. Terminus stability is interpreted from the distribution of sedimentary facies within three distinct submarine geomorphic features, a grounding-line fan; stratified ridges, and a field of push ridges. The grounding-line fan was deposited along a stable terminus and is represented on seismic-reflection profiles by two distinct seismic facies, a proximal and a distal fan facies. The proximal fan facies was deposited at the efflux of subglacial streams and indicates the location of former glacifluvial discharges into the sea. Stratified ridges formed as a result of the influence of a quasi-stable terminus on the distribution of sedimentary facies along the grounding line. A field of push ridges formed along the grounding line of an unstable terminus that completely reworked the grounding-line deposits through glacitectonic deformation. Between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D. (39 years), 8.96 x 108 m3 of sediment were deposited within the Muir Inlet morainal bank complex at an average annual sediment accumulation rate of 2.3 x 107 m3/a. This rate represents the annual sediment production capacity of the glacier when the Muir Inlet drainage basin is filled with glacial ice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Seramur, K., Powell, R., and Carlson, P., 1997, Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Marine Geology, v. 140, no. 3-4, p. 307-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1.","startPage":"307","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1"},{"id":227716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"140","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c68e4b0c8380cd52b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seramur, K.C.","contributorId":87558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seramur","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019792,"text":"70019792 - 1997 - Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019792","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil","docAbstract":"The molecular and elemental composition of immature kerogens isolated from Upper Cretaceous marine carbonates from Sergipe Basin, Brazil were investigated using combined pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and organic petrographic techniques. The kerogens are predominantly composed of reddish-fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and variable amounts of yellow-fluorescing alginite and liptodetrinite. The abundance of organic sulfur in the kerogens inferred from the ratio 2-ethyl-5-methylthiophene/(1,2-dimethylbenzene + dec-1-ene) in the pyrolyzates is variable and may be related to changes in the type of primary organic input and/or to variations in rates of bacterial sulfate reduction. A concomitant increase in S/C and O/C ratios determined in situ using the electron microprobe is observed in AOM and alginites and may be related to a progressive oxidation of the organic matter during sulfurization. The S/C ratio of the AOM is systematically higher than the S C ratio of the alginites. Combined with a thiophene distribution characteristic of pyrolyzates of Type II organic matter, the higher S/C of AOM in Sergipe kerogens suggests that sulfurization and incorporation of low-molecular weight lipids derived from normal marine organic matter into the kerogen structure predominated over direct sulfurization of highly aliphatic algal biomacromolecules.The molecular and elemental composition of immature kerogens isolated from Upper Cretaceous marine carbonates from Sergipe Basin, Brazil were investigated using combined pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and organic petrographic techniques. The kerogens are predominantly composed of reddish-fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and variable amounts of yellow-fluorescing alginite and liptodetrinite. The abundance of organic sulfur in the kerogens inferred from the ratio 2-ethyl-5-methylthiophene/(1,2-dimethylbenzene+dec-1-ene) in the pyrolyzates is variable and may be related to changes in the type of primary organic input and/or to variations in rates of bacterial sulfate reduction. A concomitant increase in S/C and O/C ratios determined in situ using the electron microprobe is observed in AOM and alginites and may be related to a progressive oxidation of the organic matter during sulfurization. The S/C ratio of the AOM is systematically higher than the S/C ratio of the alginites. Combined with a thiophene distribution characteristic of pyrolyzates of Type II organic matter, the higher S/C of AOM in Sergipe kerogens suggests that sulfurization and incorporation of low-molecular weight lipids derived from normal marine organic matter into the kerogen structure predominated over direct sulfurization of highly aliphatic algal biomacromolecules.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Spring National Meeting of the American Chemical Society","conferenceDate":"24 March 1996 through 28 March 1996","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Carmo, A., Stankiewicz, B., Mastalerz, M., and Pratt, L., 1997, Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil, in Organic Geochemistry, v. 26, no. 9-10, New Orleans, LA, USA, 24 March 1996 through 28 March 1996, p. 587-603, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X.","startPage":"587","endPage":"603","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X"},{"id":228253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ebce4b0c8380cd535ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carmo, A.M.","contributorId":85347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmo","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stankiewicz, B.A.","contributorId":83676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stankiewicz","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pratt, L.M.","contributorId":41004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019791,"text":"70019791 - 1997 - Strontium 87/strontium 86 as a tracer of mineral weathering reactions and calcium sources in an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:08:13","indexId":"70019791","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium 87/strontium 86 as a tracer of mineral weathering reactions and calcium sources in an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado","docAbstract":"Sr isotopic ratios of atmospheric deposition, surface and subsurface water, and geologic materials were measured in an alpine/subalpine watershed to characterize weathering reactions and identify sources of dissolved Ca in stream water. Previous studies have noted an excess of Ca in stream water above that expected from stoichiometric weathering of the dominant bedrock minerals. Mixing calculations based on 87Sr/86Sr indicate that on an annual basis, 26 ± 7% of Ca export in streams is atmospherically derived, 23 ± 1% is from weathering of plagioclase, and the remainder is from weathering of calcite present in trace amounts in the bedrock. A potential source of error when applying Sr isotopes in catchment studies is determination of the 87Sr/86Sr of Sr released by mineral weathering, which is complicated by the wide range of mineral isotopic compositions, particularly in older rocks, and the variable rates at which the minerals weather. In this study, base-flow stream chemistry was used to represent the 87Sr/86Sr of Sr derived from mineral weathering because it effectively integrates the potentially variable isotopic composition of Sr released by weathering in the alpine environment.
The importance of mineral weathering was assessed and compared for five mid-Atlantic watersheds receiving similar atmospheric inputs but underlain by differing bedrock. Annual solute mass balances and volume-weighted mean solute concentrations were calculated for each watershed for each year of record. In addition, primary and secondary mineralogy were determined for each of the watersheds through analysis of soil samples and thin sections using petrographic, scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction techniques. Mineralogical data were also compiled from the literature. These data were input to NETPATH, a geochemical program that calculates the masses of minerals that react with precipitation to produce stream water chemistry. The feasibilities of the weathering scenarios calculated by NETPATH were evaluated based on relative abundances and reactivities of minerals in the watershed. In watersheds underlain by reactive bedrocks, weathering reactions explained the stream base cation loading. In the acid-sensitive watersheds on unreactive bedrock, calculated weathering scenarios were not consistent with the abundance of reactive minerals in the underlying bedrock, and alternative sources of base cations are discussed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<719::AID-HYP522>3.0.CO;2-2","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Rice, K.C., Bricker, O.P., Kennedy, M.M., and Anderson, R.T., 1997, Use of geochemical mass balance modelling to evaluate the role of weathering in determining stream chemistry in five mid-Atlantic watersheds on different lithologies: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 7, p. 719-744, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<719::AID-HYP522>3.0.CO;2-2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"744","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"11","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf17e4b08c986b329957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, Anne K.","contributorId":52955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kennedy, Margaret M.","contributorId":178170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, R. Todd","contributorId":178195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019782,"text":"70019782 - 1997 - Strand-plain evidence for late Holocene lake-level variations in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T13:18:51.683292","indexId":"70019782","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strand-plain evidence for late Holocene lake-level variations in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Lake level is a primary control on shoreline behavior in Lake Michigan. The historical record from lake-level gauges is the most accurate source of information on past lake levels, but the short duration of the record does not permit the recognition of long-term patterns of lake-level change (longer than a decade or two). To extend the record of lake-level change, the internal architecture and timing of development of five strand plains of late Holocene beach ridges along the Lake Michigan coastline were studied. Relative lake-level curves for each site were constructed by determining the elevation of foreshore (swash zone) sediments in the beach ridges and by dating basal wetland sediments in the swales between ridges. These curves detect long-term (30+ yr) lake-level variations and differential isostatic adjustments over the past 4700 yr at a greater resolution than achieved by other studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0666:SPEFLH>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T., and Baedke, S., 1997, Strand-plain evidence for late Holocene lake-level variations in Lake Michigan: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 6, p. 666-682, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0666:SPEFLH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.57368963464215,\n 40.74327503710697\n ],\n [\n -84.03658025964224,\n 40.74327503710697\n ],\n [\n -84.03658025964224,\n 46.40393981670465\n ],\n [\n -89.57368963464215,\n 46.40393981670465\n ],\n [\n -89.57368963464215,\n 40.74327503710697\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b989ce4b08c986b31c0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T.A.","contributorId":73226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baedke, S.J.","contributorId":14585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedke","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019739,"text":"70019739 - 1997 - Initiation and growth of gypsum piercement structures in the Zechstein Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T23:51:12.683518","indexId":"70019739","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initiation and growth of gypsum piercement structures in the Zechstein Basin","docAbstract":"The importance of tectonic processes in initiating halite diapirs has become much better understood in recent years. Less well understood is the development of diapiric structures involving rocks composed predominantly of gypsum. Below about 1000 m, gypsum dehydrates to anhydrite, which often obscures primary sedimentary textures. If the strain associated with diapiric rise in the rock induces the transition to anhydrite, obliteration of primary features in the gypsum can be expected. In our study, we infer that the diapiric movement in the Werra Anhydrite member of cycle 1 of the Zechstein Formation of Europe occurred before the initial transition of gypsum to anhydrite based on the presence of pseudomorphs of bedded primary gypsum crystals, the overburden lithologies and depositional environment, and the mechanical properties of gypsum, anhydrite and carbonate rocks. Faulting and differential loading of a shallow overburden were the key components in initiating the gypsum diapirism. The transition to anhydrite occurred after burial and after cessation of diapirism. In comparison, the diapirism of calcium sulfate of the Leine Anhydrite into the Leine Halite members of cycle 3 of the Zechstein Formation probably occurred much later after burial and appears to have been triggered by halite diapirism, which in turn triggered the dehydration reaction, causing the calcium sulfate to become the incompetent phase relative to the halite.
A mine waste dump in which active oxidation of pyritic materials occurs can generate a large amount of heat to form convection cells. We analyze the onset of thermal convection in a two-dimensional, infinite horizontal layer of waste rock filled with moist gas, with the top surface of the waste dump open to the atmosphere and the bedrock beneath the waste dump forming a horizontal and impermeable boundary. Our analysis shows that the thermal regime of a waste rock system depends heavily on the atmospheric temperature, the strength of the heat source and the vapor pressure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0017-9310(96)00281-5","issn":"00179310","usgsCitation":"Lu, N., and Zhang, Y., 1997, Onset of thermally induced gas convection in mine wastes: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 40, no. 11, p. 2621-2636, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(96)00281-5.","startPage":"2621","endPage":"2636","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e43e4b0c8380cd75574","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, N.","contributorId":96025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Y.","contributorId":59969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019640,"text":"70019640 - 1997 - Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:10:58","indexId":"70019640","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":626,"text":"Acta Astronautica","printIssn":"0094-5765","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with several international agencies and universities, has produced a global land cover characteristics database. The land cover data were created using multitemporal analysis of advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite images in conjunction with other existing geographic data. A translation table permits the conversion of the land cover classes into several conventional land cover schemes that are used by ecosystem modelers, climate modelers, land management agencies, and other user groups. The alternative classification schemes include Global Ecosystems, the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme, the Simple Biosphere, the USGS Anderson Level 2, and the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme. The distribution system for these data is through the World Wide Web (the web site address is: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html) or by magnetic media upon special request The availability of the data over the World Wide Web, in conjunction with the flexible database structure, allows easy data access to a wide range of users. The web site contains a user registration form that allows analysis of the diverse applications of large-area land cover data. Currently, applications are divided among mapping (20 percent), conservation (30 percent), and modeling (35 percent).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., 1997, Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product: Acta Astronautica, v. 41, no. 4-10, p. 671-680, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"680","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccbe4b0c8380cd494c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B.","contributorId":62352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019737,"text":"70019737 - 1997 - Arsenic and lead concentrations in the Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds, eastern Kentucky coal field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019737","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic and lead concentrations in the Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds, eastern Kentucky coal field","docAbstract":"The Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation (Westphalian B) Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds are the 2 largest producing coal beds in eastern Kentucky. Single channel samples from 22 localities in the Pond Creek coal bed were obtained from active coal mines in Pike and Martin Countries, Kentucky, and a total of 18 Fire Clay coal bed channel samples were collected from localities in the central portion of the coal field. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the concentration and distribution of potentially hazardous elements in the Fire Clay and Pond Creek coal beds, with particular emphasis on As and Pb, 2 elements that are included in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments as potential air toxics. The 2 coals are discussed individually as the depositional histories are distinct, the Fire Clay coal bed having more sites where relatively high-S lithologies are encountered. In an effort to characterize these coals, 40 whole channel samples, excluding 1-cm partings, were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements by X-ray fluorescence and proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. Previously analyzed samples were added to provide additional geographic coverage and lithotype samples from one site were analyzed in order to provide detail of vertical elemental trends. The As and Pb levels in the Fire Clay coal bed tend to be higher than in the Pond Creek coal bed. One whole channel sample of the Fire Clay coal bed contains 1156 ppm As (ash basis), with a single lithotype containing 4000 ppm As (ash basis). Most of the As and Pb appears to be associated with pyrite, which potentially can be removed in beneficiation (particularly coarser pyrite). Disseminated finer pyrite may not be completely removable by cleaning. In the examination of pyrite conducted in this study, it does not appear that significant concentration of As or Pb occurs in the finer pyrite forms. The biggest potential problem of As- or Pb-enriched pyrite is, therefore, one of refuse disposal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00071-6","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Robertson, J., Wong, A., Eble, C., and Ruppert, L., 1997, Arsenic and lead concentrations in the Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds, eastern Kentucky coal field: Applied Geochemistry, v. 12, no. 3, p. 281-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00071-6.","startPage":"281","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206028,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00071-6"},{"id":227972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed88e4b0c8380cd49874","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, J.D.","contributorId":99717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wong, A.S.","contributorId":93644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019736,"text":"70019736 - 1997 - Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:11:57.663466","indexId":"70019736","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system","docAbstract":"A comparison between two hypothetical flow models of an unconfined aquifer, one saturated and the other variably saturated, indicates that the variably saturated model which explicitly models drainage from the unsaturated zone provides a better conceptual framework for analyzing unconfined aquifer test data and better estimates of the lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity in fine-grained sands. Explicitly accounting for multiple aquifers, well-bore storage, and the effects of delayed drainage from the unsaturated zone increases confidence in aquifer property estimates by removing some assumptions and allowing for the inclusion of early time data and water-table observations in an aquifer test analysis. The inclusion of the unsaturated zone expands the number of parameters to be estimated, but reasonable estimates of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity and specific storage of the unconfined aquifer can be obtained. For the cases examined, only the van Genuchten parameter a needed to be determined by the test, because the parameters n and 9r had a minimal effect on the estimates of hydraulic conductivities, and literature values could be used for these parameters. Estimates of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity using MODFLOW were not as good as the VS2DT based estimates and differed from the known values by as much as 30 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00112.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., 1997, Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 3, p. 512-522, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00112.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"512","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a081ce4b0c8380cd519a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019733,"text":"70019733 - 1997 - Distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in an aquifer having multiple contaminant sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019733","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in an aquifer having multiple contaminant sources","docAbstract":"Concentrations of electron acceptors, electron donors, and H2 in groundwater were measured to determine the distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs) in an alluvial aquifer having multiple contaminant sources. Upgradient contaminant sources included two separate hydrocarbon point sources, one of which contained the fuel oxygenate methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE). Infiltrating river water was a source of dissolved NO31 SO4 and organic carbon (DOC) to the downgradient part of the aquifer. Groundwater downgradient from the MTBE source had larger concentrations of electron acceptors (dissolved O2 and SO4) and smaller concentrations of TEAP end products (dissolved inorganic C, Fe2+ and CH4) than groundwater downgradient from the other hydrocarbon source, suggesting that MTBE was not as suitable for supporting TEAPs as the other hydrocarbons. Measurements of dissolved H2 indicated that SO4 reduction predominated in the aquifer during a period of high water levels in the aquifer and river. The predominant TEAP shifted to Fe3+ reduction in upgradient areas after water levels receded but remained SO4 reducing downgradient near the river. This distribution of TEAPs is the opposite of what is commonly observed in aquifers having a single contaminant point source and probably reflects the input of Dec and SO4 to the aquifer from the river. Results of this study indicate that the distribution of TEAPs in aquifers having multiple contaminant sources depends on the composition and location of the contaminants and on the availability of electron acceptors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00029-2","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., and Bruce, B.W., 1997, Distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in an aquifer having multiple contaminant sources: Applied Geochemistry, v. 12, no. 4, p. 507-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00029-2.","startPage":"507","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00029-2"},{"id":227884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0305e4b0c8380cd502e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruce, B. W.","contributorId":19577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}