The developed world has invested billions of dollars in waste treatment since the 1970s; however, changes in ecological or biological responses are rarely associated with reductions in metal pollutants. Here we present a novel, 23-yr time series of environmental change from a San Francisco Bay mudflat located 1 km from the discharge of a suburban domestic sewage treatment plant. Samples of surface sediment, the bioindicator Macoma balthica, and metals loading data were used to establish links between discharge, bioaccumulation, and effects. Mean annual Ag concentrations in M. balthica were 106 μg/g in 1978 and 3.67 μg/g in 1998. Concentrations of Cu declined from 287 μg/g in 1980 to a minimum of 24 μg/g in 1991. Declining Cu bioaccumulation was strongly correlated with decreasing Cu loads from the plant between 1977 and 1998. Relationships with bioaccumulation and total annual precipitation suggested that inputs from nonpoint sources were most important in controlling Zn bioavailability during the same period. Ecoepidemiological criteria were used to associate failed gamete production in M. balthica to a metals-enriched environment. Reproduction persistently failed between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s; it recovered after metal contamination declined. Other potential environmental causes such as food availability, sediment chemistry, or seasonal salinity fluctuations were not related to the timing of the change in reproductive capability. The results establish an associative link, suggesting that it is important to further investigate the chemical interference of Cu and/or Ag with invertebrate reproduction at relatively moderate levels of environmental contamination.
Understanding how animals are exposed to the large repository of metal pollutants in aquatic sediments is complicated and is important in regulatory decisions. Experiments with four types of invertebrates showed that feeding behavior and dietary uptake control bioaccumulation of cadmium, silver, nickel, and zinc. Metal concentrations in animal tissue correlated with metal concentrations extracted from sediments, but not with metal in porewater, across a range of reactive sulfide concentrations, from 0.5 to 30 micromoles per gram. These results contradict the notion that metal bioavailability in sediments is controlled by geochemical equilibration of metals between porewater and reactive sulfides, a proposed basis for regulatory criteria for metals.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.287.5451.282","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Lee, B., Griscom, S.B., Choi, H., Koh, C., Luoma, J.A., and Fisher, N.S., 2000, Influences of dietary uptake and reactive sulfides on metal bioavailability from aquatic sediments: Science, v. 287, no. 5451, p. 282-284, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5451.282.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"284","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5451.282"}],"volume":"287","issue":"5451","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b9de4b0c8380cd626da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, B.-G.","contributorId":11777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"B.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griscom, Sarah B.","contributorId":38674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choi, H.J.","contributorId":105466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koh, C.-H.","contributorId":9797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"C.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luoma, James A. 0000-0003-3556-0190 jluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-0190","contributorId":4449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"James","email":"jluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fisher, Nicholas S.","contributorId":75022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022243,"text":"70022243 - 2000 - Tree recruitment and survival in rivers: Influence of hydrological process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022243","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree recruitment and survival in rivers: Influence of hydrological process","docAbstract":"The findings of a 14-year study of tree reproduction and survival in the Platte River, Nebraska, are presented. The study was initiated in 1985 to determine the causes and remedies of woodland expansion and channel narrowing, which have reduced potential roosting habitat for migratory avifauna such as the whooping crane and sandhill crane. A total of 296 relocatable sites, constituting some 600 plots with Populus and Salix seedlings, was selected and sampled within two reaches near Shelton and Odessa, Nebraska. The fate of some 37 000 tree seedlings was monitored within the plot network. Tree recruitment is controlled largely by stream flow in June. Populus and Salix produce large numbers of seedlings in the river bed in most years, indicating the potential for high rates of woodland expansion. On average, in only 1 year in 7 is stream flow in June high enough to preclude Populus and Salix recruitment. Seedling mortality is dominated by two environmental factors: summer stream flow pulses from thunderstorms, which erode or bury new germinants, and river bed restructuring by moving ice in winter. A third factor, seedling mortality by desiccation during summer droughts, does occur but at a low frequency. Plots of seedlings had extremely low survival rates over the course of the study. Forty-two per cent of the plots lost all seedlings by the first remeasurement (July to September), 36% by the second measurement (May), and 10% by the third remeasurement (July). Thus nearly 90% of the plots had lost all tree seedlings by the end of the first year. These results explain why the Platte River has come into dynamic equilibrium with respect to the balance between active channel and woodland area. Low rates of new woodland expansion are counterbalanced by erosion of established woodland. The demographic approach to studying ecohydrology can be adapted to monitor the effectiveness of prescribed flows as insurance against future narrowing. Flows prescribed at key times to raise seedling mortality rates are recommended to maintain or widen channels, rather than mechanical clearing of established woodland. Copyright ?? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3051::AID-HYP134>3.0.CO;2-1","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Dorava, J., and Milner, A., 2000, Tree recruitment and survival in rivers: Influence of hydrological process: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 16-17, p. 3051-3074, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3051::AID-HYP134>3.0.CO;2-1.","startPage":"3051","endPage":"3074","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206627,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3051::AID-HYP134>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"id":230412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"16-17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb79de4b08c986b3273a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorava, J.M.","contributorId":68756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milner, A.M.","contributorId":95636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milner","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022882,"text":"70022882 - 2000 - Estimation of hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in gasoline-contaminated sediment from measured respiration rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T10:21:21","indexId":"70022882","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in gasoline-contaminated sediment from measured respiration rates","docAbstract":"An open microcosm method for quantifying microbial respiration and estimating biodegradation rates of hydrocarbons in gasoline-contaminated sediment samples has been developed and validated. Stainless-steel bioreactors are filled with soil or sediment samples, and the vapor-phase composition (concentrations of oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and selected hydrocarbons) is monitored over time. Replacement gas is added as the vapor sample is taken, and selection of the replacement gas composition facilitates real-time decision-making regarding environmental conditions within the bioreactor. This capability allows for maintenance of field conditions over time, which is not possible in closed microcosms. Reaction rates of CO2 and O2 are calculated from the vapor-phase composition time series. Rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation are either measured directly from the hydrocarbon mass balance, or estimated from CO2 and O2 reaction rates and assumed reaction stoichiometries. Open microcosm experiments using sediments spiked with toluene and p-xylene were conducted to validate the stoichiometric assumptions. Respiration rates calculated from O2 consumption and from CO2 production provide estimates of toluene and p- xylene degradation rates within about ??50% of measured values when complete mineralization stoichiometry is assumed. Measured values ranged from 851.1 to 965.1 g m-3 year-1 for toluene, and 407.2-942.3 g m-3 year-1 for p- xylene. Contaminated sediment samples from a gasoline-spill site were used in a second set of microcosm experiments. Here, reaction rates of O2 and CO2 were measured and used to estimate hydrocarbon respiration rates. Total hydrocarbon reaction rates ranged from 49.0 g m-3 year-1 in uncontaminated (background) to 1040.4 g m-3 year-1 for highly contaminated sediment, based on CO2 production data. These rate estimates were similar to those obtained independently from in situ CO2 vertical gradient and flux determinations at the field site. In these experiments, aerobic conditions were maintained in the microcosms by using air as the replacement gas, thus preserving the ambient aerobic environment of the subsurface near the capillary zone. This would not be possible with closed microcosms.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00063-7","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Baker, R., Baehr, A.L., and Lahvis, M., 2000, Estimation of hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in gasoline-contaminated sediment from measured respiration rates: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 41, no. 1-2, p. 175-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00063-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"192","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208150,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00063-7"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b94e4b0c8380cd527a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, A. L.","contributorId":59831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lahvis, M.A.","contributorId":96029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022880,"text":"70022880 - 2000 - Nitrite fixation by humic substances: Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for potential intermediates in chemodenitrification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:02:56","indexId":"70022880","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrite fixation by humic substances: Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for potential intermediates in chemodenitrification","docAbstract":"Studies have suggested that NO− 2, produced during nitrification and denitrification, can become incorporated into soil organic matter and, in one of the processes associated with chemodenitrification, react with organic matter to form trace N gases, including N2O. To gain an understanding of the nitrosation chemistry on a molecular level, soil and aquatic humic substances were reacted with 15N-labeled NaNO2, and analyzed by liquid phase 15N and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) Pahokee peat and peat humic acid were also reacted with Na15NO2 and analyzed by solid-state 15N NMR. In Suwannee River, Armadale, and Laurentian fulvic acids, phenolic rings and activated methylene groups underwent nitrosation to form nitrosophenols (quinone monoximes) and ketoximes, respectively. The oximes underwent Beckmann rearrangements to 2° amides, and Beckmann fragmentations to nitriles. The nitriles in turn underwent hydrolysis to 1° amides. Peaks tentatively identified as imine, indophenol, or azoxybenzene nitrogens were clearly present in spectra of samples nitrosated at pH 6 but diminished at pH 3. The 15N NMR spectrum of the peat humic acid exhibited peaks corresponding with N-nitroso groups in addition to nitrosophenols, ketoximes, and secondary Beckmann reaction products. Formation of N-nitroso groups was more significant in the whole peat compared with the peat humic acid. Carbon-13 NMR analyses also indicated the occurrence of nitrosative demethoxylation in peat and soil humic acids. Reaction of 15N-NH3 fixated fulvic acid with unlabeled NO− 2 resulted in nitrosative deamination of aminohydroquinone N, suggesting a previously unrecognized pathway for production of N2 gas in soils fertilized with NH3
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2000.642568x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., and Mikita, M., 2000, Nitrite fixation by humic substances: Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for potential intermediates in chemodenitrification: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 64, no. 2, p. 568-582, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.642568x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"568","endPage":"582","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66b9e4b0c8380cd72f53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mikita, M.A.","contributorId":20081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikita","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022871,"text":"70022871 - 2000 - Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs: Brunswick group and Lockatong Formation, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T10:13:53","indexId":"70022871","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs: Brunswick group and Lockatong Formation, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Brunswick Group and the underlying Lockatong Formation are composed of lithified Mesozoic sediments that constitute part of the Newark Basin in southeastern Pennsylvania. These fractured rocks form an important regional aquifer that consists of gradational sequences of shale, siltstone, and sandstone, with fluid transport occurring primarily in fractures. An extensive suite of geophysical logs was obtained in seven wells located at the borough of Lansdale, Pennsylvania, in order to better characterize the areal hydrogeologic system and provide guidelines for the refinement of numerical ground water models. Six of the seven wells are approximately 120 m deep and the seventh extends to a depth of 335 m. Temperature, fluid conductivity, and flowmeter logs are used to locate zones of fluid exchange and to quantify transmissivities. Electrical resistivity and natural gamma logs together yield detailed stratigraphic information, and digital acoustic televiewer data provide magnetically oriented images of the borehole wall from which almost 900 fractures are identified.
Analyses of the geophysical data indicate that the aquifer penetrated by the deep well can be separated into two distinct structural domains, which may, in turn, reflect different mechanical responses to basin extension by different sedimentary units:
1. In the shallow zone (above 125 m), the dominant fracture population consists of gently dipping bedding plane partings that strike N46°E and dip to the northwest at about 11 degrees. Fluid flow is concentrated in the upper 80 m along these subhorizontal fractures, with transmissivities rapidly diminishing in magnitude with depth.
2. The zone below 125 m marks the appearance of numerous high-angle fractures that are orthogonal to the bedding planes, striking parallel but dipping steeply southeast at 77 degrees.
This secondary set of fractures is associated with a fairly thick (approximately 60 m) high-resistivity, low-transmissivity sandstone unit that is abruptly terminated by a thin shale bed at a depth of 190 m. This lower contact effectively delineates the aquifer's vertical extent at this location because no detectable evidence of ground water movement is found below it. Thus, fluid flow is controlled by fractures, but fracture type and orientation are related to lithology. Finally, a transient thermal-conduction model is successfully applied to simulate observed temperature logs, thereby confirming the effects of ground-surface warming that occurred in the area as a result of urbanization at the turn of the century. The systematic warming of the upper 120 m has increased the transmissivity of this aquifer by almost 10%, simply due to changes in fluid viscosity and density.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00329.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., Senior, L.A., and Decker, E.R., 2000, Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs: Brunswick group and Lockatong Formation, Pennsylvania: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 2, p. 182-192, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00329.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"182","endPage":"192","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.31667,\n 40.25833\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 40.25833\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 40.20833\n ],\n [\n -75.31667,\n 40.20833\n ],\n [\n -75.31667,\n 40.25833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13b6e4b0c8380cd54758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":395221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Decker, Edward R.","contributorId":23975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022864,"text":"70022864 - 2000 - A log-normal distribution model for the molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T11:04:24","indexId":"70022864","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A log-normal distribution model for the molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids","docAbstract":"The molecular weight of humic substances influences their proton and metal binding, organic pollutant partitioning, adsorption onto minerals and activated carbon, and behavior during water treatment. We propose a lognormal model for the molecular weight distribution in aquatic fulvic acids to provide a conceptual framework for studying these size effects. The normal curve mean and standard deviation are readily calculated from measured M(n) and M(w) and vary from 2.7 to 3 for the means and from 0.28 to 0.37 for the standard deviations for typical aquatic fulvic acids. The model is consistent with several types of molecular weight data, including the shapes of high- pressure size-exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC) peaks. Applications of the model to electrostatic interactions, pollutant solubilization, and adsorption are explored in illustrative calculations.The molecular weight of humic substances influences their proton and metal binding, organic pollutant partitioning, adsorption onto minerals and activated carbon, and behavior during water treatment. We propose a log-normal model for the molecular weight distribution in aquatic fulvic acids to provide a conceptual framework for studying these size effects. The normal curve mean and standard deviation are readily calculated from measured Mn and Mw and vary from 2.7 to 3 for the means and from 0.28 to 0.37 for the standard deviations for typical aquatic fulvic acids. The model is consistent with several type's of molecular weight data, including the shapes of high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC) peaks. Applications of the model to electrostatic interactions, pollutant solubilization, and adsorption are explored in illustrative calculations.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es990555y","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Cabaniss, S., Zhou, Q., Maurice, P., Chin, Y., and Aiken, G., 2000, A log-normal distribution model for the molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1103-1109, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990555y.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1109","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208010,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990555y"}],"volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e43ee4b0c8380cd4650d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cabaniss, S.E.","contributorId":76487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabaniss","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhou, Q. 0000-0002-1282-8177","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1282-8177","contributorId":93164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maurice, P.A.","contributorId":48336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurice","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chin, Y.-P.","contributorId":84911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"Y.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022641,"text":"70022641 - 2000 - Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-10T16:13:44.453298","indexId":"70022641","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir","title":"Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir","docAbstract":"Six male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, were implanted with ultrasonic temperature-sensing transmitters and tracked during June through August 1997 to quantify effects of physicochemical conditions on their distribution and movement in Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma. Paddlefish moved about twice as much during night than day. Movement rate of paddlefish was related to reservoir water level, inflow, and discharge from the reservoir at night; however, none of these variables was significant during the day. Location in the reservoir (distance from the dam) was negatively related to water level and positively related to inflow during day and night periods. Location in the reservoir was negatively related to discharge during the day. Paddlefish avoided the highest available water temperatures, but did not always avoid low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Paddlefish avoided the Cimarron River arm of the reservoir in summer, possibly because of high salinity. Our study demonstrates that distribution of paddlefish during summer and movement in Keystone Reservoir was influenced by physicochemical and hydrologic conditions in the system. However, biotic factors (e.g., food availability) not measured in this study may have been influenced by abiotic conditions in the reservoir.
","language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3672454","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., and Fisher, W., 2000, Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 45, no. 2, p. 133-140, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672454.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":515,"text":"Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River, Cimarron River, Keystone Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.59042358398438,\n 36.0618666453036\n ],\n [\n -96.20864868164062,\n 36.0618666453036\n ],\n [\n -96.20864868164062,\n 36.342784223707234\n ],\n [\n -96.59042358398438,\n 36.342784223707234\n ],\n [\n -96.59042358398438,\n 36.0618666453036\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e641e4b0c8380cd472b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, W.L.","contributorId":87713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022645,"text":"70022645 - 2000 - Effect of a constructed wetland on disinfection byproducts: Removal processes and production of precursors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:44:06","indexId":"70022645","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of a constructed wetland on disinfection byproducts: Removal processes and production of precursors","docAbstract":"The fate of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in treatment wetlands and the changes in the DBP formation potential as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)-derived water moves through the wetlands were investigated. Wetland inlet and outlet samples were analyzed for total organic halide (TOX), trihalomethanes (TH M), haloacetic acids (HAA), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV absorbance. Removal of DBPs by the wetland ranged from 13 to 55% for TOX, from 78 to 97% for THM, and from 67 to 96% for HAA. The 24-h and 7-day nonpurgeable total organic halide (NPTOX), THM, and HAA formation potential yields were determined at the inlet and outlet of these wetlands. The effect of wetlands on the production of DBP precursors and their DBP-formation potential yield from wastewater was dramatic. The wetlands increased DBP yield up to a factor of almost 30. Specific changes in the DOC precursors were identified using 13C NMR spectroscopy.The fate of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in treatment wetlands and the changes in the DBP formation potential as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)-derived water moves through the wetlands were investigated. Wetland inlet and outlet samples were analyzed for total organic halide (TOX), trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetic acids (HAA), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV absorbance. Removal of DBPs by the wetland ranged from 13 to 55% for TOX, from 78 to 97% for THM, and from 67 to 96% for HAA. The 24-h and 7-day nonpurgeable total organic halide (NPTOX), THM, and HAA formation potential yields were determined at the inlet and outlet of these wetlands. The effect of wetlands on the production of DBP precursors and their DBP-formation potential yield from wastewater was dramatic. The wetlands increased DBP yield up to a factor of almost 30. Specific changes in the DOC precursors were identified using 13C NMR spectroscopy.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es9900407","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C., Martin, B., Barber, L.B., Leenheer, J., and Daniel, S., 2000, Effect of a constructed wetland on disinfection byproducts: Removal processes and production of precursors: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 13, p. 2703-2710, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9900407.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2703","endPage":"2710","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208241,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9900407"}],"volume":"34","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05bae4b0c8380cd50f14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Barbara S.","contributorId":30398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Barbara S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Daniel, S.R.","contributorId":28379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022654,"text":"70022654 - 2000 - Selenium stable isotope ratios as indicators of sources and cycling of selenium: Results from the northern reach of San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T06:28:00","indexId":"70022654","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium stable isotope ratios as indicators of sources and cycling of selenium: Results from the northern reach of San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Selenium stable isotope ratios can serve as indicators of Se sources and reduction of Se oxyanions, much as sulfur and nitrogen isotope ratios do in sulfur and nitrogen biogeochemical studies. A new analytical method, which allows precise Se isotope ratio measurements on 500 ng of Se, greatly enhances analysis of environmental samples. This paper presents the first environmental study to use Se stable isotopes. 80Se/76Se ratios, relative to a provisional standard, were measured in water, oil refinery wastewater, total sediment digest, and sediment extracts from the Carquinez area in the San Francisco Bay Estuary, Se isotope ratios in total sediment Se and in extracts designed to recover Se0 are slightly (about 2???) enriched in the lighter isotope relative to local bay water Se. This difference is smaller than the isotopic fractionations expected upon reduction of Se(VI) or Se(IV) to Se(0) and suggests that reduction of soluble selenium from the overlying waters is not the dominant process by which Se is incorporated into the sediments. Consistent isotopic differences between riverine and refinery inputs were not observed, and thus tracing of refinery inputs with Se isotopes is not possible in this system.Selenium stable isotope ratios can serve as indicators of Se sources and reduction of Se oxyanions, much as sulfur and nitrogen isotope ratios do in sulfur and nitrogen biogeochemical studies. A new analytical method, which allows precise Se isotope ratio measurements on 500 ng of Se, greatly enhances analysis of environmental samples. This paper presents the first environmental study to use Se stable isotopes. 80Se/76Se ratios, relative to a provisional standard, were measured in water, oil refinery wastewater, total sediment digests, and sediment extracts from the Carquinez area in the San Francisco Bay Estuary. Se isotope ratios in total sediment Se and in extracts designed to recover Se0 are slightly (about 2 per mil) enriched in the lighter isotope relative to local bay water Se. This difference is smaller than the isotopic fractionations expected upon reduction of Se(VI) or Se(IV) to Se(0) and suggests that reduction of soluble selenium from the overlying waters is not the dominant process by which Se is incorporated into the sediments. Consistent isotopic differences between riverine and refinery inputs were not observed, and thus tracing of refinery inputs with Se isotopes is not possible in this system.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es990187y","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T., Bullen, T., and Zawislanski, P., 2000, Selenium stable isotope ratios as indicators of sources and cycling of selenium: Results from the northern reach of San Francisco Bay: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 11, p. 2075-2079, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990187y.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2075","endPage":"2079","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208040,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990187y"}],"volume":"34","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cfce4b08c986b318201","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, T.M.","contributorId":22332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zawislanski, P.T.","contributorId":86134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zawislanski","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022657,"text":"70022657 - 2000 - Relation of pathways and transit times of recharge water to nitrate concentrations using stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:53:43","indexId":"70022657","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of pathways and transit times of recharge water to nitrate concentrations using stable isotopes","docAbstract":"Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope values of precipitation, irrigation water, soil water, and ground water were used with soil-moisture contents and water levels to estimate transit times and pathways of recharge water in the unsaturated zone of a sand and gravel aquifer. Nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations in ground water were also measured to assess their relation to seasonal recharge. Stable isotope values indicated that recharge water usually had a transit time through the unsaturated zone of several weeks to months. However, wetting fronts usually moved through the unsaturated zone in hours to weeks. The much slower transit of isotopic signals than that of wetting fronts indicates that recharge was predominantly composed of older soil water that was displaced downward by more recent infiltrating water. Comparison of observed and simulated isotopic values from pure-piston flow and mixing-cell water and isotope mass balance models indicates that soil water isotopic values were usually highly mixed. Thus, movement of recharge water did not occur following a pure piston-flow displacement model but rather follows a hydrid model involving displacement of mixed older soil water with new infiltration water. An exception to this model occurred in a topographic depression, where movement of water along preferential flowpaths to the water table occurred within hours to days following spring thaw as result of depression-focused infiltration of snow melt. In an adjacent upland area, recharge of snow melt occurred one to two months later. Increases in nitrate concentrations at the water table during April-May 1993 and 1994 in a topographic lowland within a corn field were related to recharge of water that had infiltrated the previous summer and was displaced from the unsaturated zone by spring infiltration. Increases in nitrate concentrations also occurred during July-August 1994 in response to recharge of water that infiltrated during May-August 1994. These results indicate that the largest ground water nitrate concentrations were associated with recharge of water that infiltrated into the soil during May-August, when most nitrogen fertilizer was applied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00224.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Landon, M., Delin, G., Komor, S., and Regan, C., 2000, Relation of pathways and transit times of recharge water to nitrate concentrations using stable isotopes: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 3, p. 381-395, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00224.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"395","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a69ee4b0e8fec6cdc22f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regan, C.P.","contributorId":37364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022660,"text":"70022660 - 2000 - Sediment loads and accumulation in a small riparian wetland system in northern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T14:13:57.336079","indexId":"70022660","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment loads and accumulation in a small riparian wetland system in northern Missouri","docAbstract":"Sediment transport and deposition along a stream in an agricultural basin (65 km2) in northern Missouri, USA were quantified as part of a long-term study to evaluate effects of silvicultural practices on the hydrology, sediment, vegetation, and wildlife characteristics of remaining forested riparian systems. Median cumulative sediment deposition, measured using feldspar clay pads, increased from August 1995 to August 1998 at a rate of about 1 cm/yr. Median deposition amounts from single floods ranged from 0.03 cm to 0.64 cm. Floodplain and riparian maintenance flows corresponded to monitored floods with calculated recurrence intervals as low as <2 years. Simple linear regression models, using flood event suspendedsediment load or streamflow characteristics, explained up to 82 percent of variability in median event sediment deposition on the floodplain clay pads. There was little apparent correlation between cumulative shortterm deposition and site elevation, distance from channel, longitudinal distance, or fluvial landform type. This may be due to upstream channelization, floodplain complexity, short duration of events, or sedimentload characteristics of low-recurrence interval floods (<2 to 5 years) sampled in this study. Dendrogeomorphic measurements indicated a substantial increase in the mean rate of deposition on the Long Branch Creek floodplain from about 1950 through 1980. Eighty-nine percent of the clay pad monitoring sites and all dendrogeomorphic monitoring sites experienced net positive deposition emphasizing the role of this riparian area as a net sediment storage site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0219:SLAAIA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Heimann, D.C., and Roell, M.J., 2000, Sediment loads and accumulation in a small riparian wetland system in northern Missouri: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 2, p. 219-231, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0219:SLAAIA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"231","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Macon County","otherGeospatial":"Atlanta Conservation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.50428199768066,\n 39.85500387809296\n ],\n [\n -92.48042106628418,\n 39.85500387809296\n ],\n [\n -92.48042106628418,\n 39.88787487783849\n ],\n [\n -92.50428199768066,\n 39.88787487783849\n ],\n [\n -92.50428199768066,\n 39.85500387809296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b898fe4b08c986b316e22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heimann, David C. 0000-0003-0450-2545 dheimann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0450-2545","contributorId":3822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"David","email":"dheimann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roell, Michael J.","contributorId":82897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roell","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022673,"text":"70022673 - 2000 - Isotope hydrology dynamics of riverine wetlands in the Kankakee Watershed, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T15:52:46.173875","indexId":"70022673","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope hydrology dynamics of riverine wetlands in the Kankakee Watershed, Indiana","docAbstract":"Wetland restoration activities may disturb shallow ground-water flow dynamics. There may be unintentional sources of water flowing into a constructed wetland that could compromise the long-term viability of a wetland function. Measurement of naturally-occurring isotopes in the hydrosphere can provide an indication of provenance, flow paths or components, and residence times or ages of wetland ground-water flow systems. Hydraulic head measurements may not provide sufficient detail of shallow flow disturbances and can be complemented by analyzing isotopes in waters flowing through the wetland. Two north-central Indiana wetlands in the Kankakee watershed are being studied to determine the adequacy of wetland restoration activities. The native LaSalle wetland and the restored Hog Marsh wetland have contrasting ground-water flow regimes. The conservative water isotopes 18O, 2H, and 3H, and selected solute isotopes 13C, 14C, 15N, 34S, 87Sr, and 206–208Pb, demonstrate the complexity of ground-water flow in Hog Marsh compared to the established flow regime at the LaSalle wetland.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04305.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Sidle, W., Arihood, L., and Bayless, R., 2000, Isotope hydrology dynamics of riverine wetlands in the Kankakee Watershed, Indiana: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 4, p. 771-790, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04305.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"771","endPage":"790","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Hog Marsh Wetland, Kankakee Watershed, LaSalle Wetland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -86.099853515625,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -86.099853515625,\n 41.75492216766298\n ],\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 41.75492216766298\n ],\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 40.697299008636755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f8ae4b0c8380cd645e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sidle, W.C.","contributorId":93911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidle","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arihood, L.","contributorId":69752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bayless, R.","contributorId":18146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022674,"text":"70022674 - 2000 - Microbial H2 cycling does not affect δ2H values of ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:06:58","indexId":"70022674","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial H2 cycling does not affect δ2H values of ground water","docAbstract":"Stable hydrogen-isotope values of ground water (δ2H) and dissolved hydrogen concentrations (H(2(aq)) were quantified in a petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer to determine whether the production/consumption of H2 by subsurface microorganisms affects ground water &delta2H values. The range of &delta2H observed in monitoring wells sampled (-27.8 ‰c to -15.5 ‰c) was best explained, however, by seasonal differences in recharge temperature as indicated using ground water δ18O values, rather than isotopic exchange reactions involving the microbial cycling of H2 during anaerobic petroleum-hydrocarbon biodegradation. The absence of a measurable hydrogen-isotope exchange between microbially cycled H2 and ground water reflects the fact that the amount of H2 available from the anaerobic decomposition of petroleum hydrocarbons is small relative to the amount of hydrogen present in water, even though milligram per liter concentrations of readily biodegradable contaminants are present at the study site. Additionally, isotopic fractionation calculations indicate that in order for H2 cycling processes to affect δ2H values of ground water, relatively high concentrations of H2 (>0.080 M) would have to be maintained, considerably higher than the 0.2 to 26 nM present at this site and characteristic of anaerobic conditions in general. These observations suggest that the conventional approach of using δ2H and δ18O values to determine recharge history is appropriate even for those ground water systems characterized by anaerobic conditions and extensive microbial H2 cycling.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00223.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., Chapelle, F.H., and Bradley, P., 2000, Microbial H2 cycling does not affect δ2H values of ground water: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 3, p. 376-380, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00223.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"376","endPage":"380","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276302,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00223.x"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a563ee4b0c8380cd6d456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022677,"text":"70022677 - 2000 - Nutrient concentrations and yields in undeveloped stream basins of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T15:58:33.578223","indexId":"70022677","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient concentrations and yields in undeveloped stream basins of the United States","docAbstract":"Data from 85 sites across the United States were used to estimate concentrations and yields of selected nutrients in streams draining relatively undeveloped basins. Flow-weighted concentrations during 1990-1995 were generally low with median basin concentrations of 0.020, 0.087, 0.26, 0.010, and 0.022 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for ammonia as N, nitrate as N, total nitrogen, orthophosphate as P, and total phosphorus, respectively. The flow-weighted concentration of nitrate exceeded 0.6 mg/L in only three basins. Total nitrogen exceeded 1 mg/L in only four basins, and total phosphorus exceeded 0.1 mg/L in only four basins. The median annual basin yield of ammonia as N, nitrate as N, total nitrogen, orthophosphate as P, and total phosphorus was 8.1, 26, 86, 2.8, and 8.5 kilograms per square kilometer, respectively. Concentrations and yields of nitrate tended to be highest in northeastern and mid-Atlantic coastal states and correlated well with areas of high atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Concentrations and yields of total nitrogen were highest in the southeastern part of the nation and in parts of the upper Midwest. In the northeast, nitrate was generally the predominant form of nitrogen, and in the southeast and parts of the upper Midwest, organic nitrogen was the dominant form. Concentrations of total phosphorus were generally highest in the Rocky Mountain and Central Plain states.Data from 85 sites across the United States were used to estimate concentrations and yields of selected nutrients in streams draining relatively undeveloped basins. Flow-weighted concentrations during 1990-1995 were generally low with median basin concentrations of 0.020, 0.087, 0.26, 0.010, and 0.022 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for ammonia as N, nitrate as N, total nitrogen, orthophosphate as P, and total phosphorus, respectively. The flow-weighted concentration of nitrate exceeded 0.6 mg/L in only three basins, Total nitrogen exceeded 1 mg/L in only four basins, and total phosphorus exceeded 0.1 mg/L in only four basins. The median annual basin yield of ammonia as N, nitrate as N, total nitrogen, orthophosphate as P, and total phosphorus was 8.1, 26, 86, 2.8, and 8.5 kilograms per square kilometer, respectively. Concentrations and yields of nitrate tended to be highest in northeastern and mid-Atlantic coastal states and correlated well with areas of high atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Concentrations and yields of total nitrogen were highest in the southeastern part of the nation and in parts of the upper Midwest. In the northeast, nitrate was generally the predominant form of nitrogen, and in the southeast and parts of the upper Midwest, organic nitrogen was the dominant form. Concentrations of total phosphorus were generally highest in the Rocky Mountain and Central Plain states.Data collected across the US from 85 streams draining relatively undeveloped basins were used to identify broad regional and national patterns in nutrient concentrations and yields. The basins of interest were selected from three USGS programs: the Hydrologic Benchmark Network, the National Water-Quality Assessment, and the Research Program. Water samples from most basins were collected on a weekly to bimonthly schedule. While the flow-weighted concentrations of nutrients varied, concentrations were low in most basins. Median flow-weighted concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus were 0.020, 0.087, 0.26, 0.010, and 0.022 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate concentrations tended to be highest in the northeastern US, while southeastern and north-central basins had some of the highest NH3 concentrations. Flow-weighted concentrations of total P were generally highest in the Rocky Mountain and Central Plain states and in parts of the southeast.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04311.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., Mueller, D., and Mast, M., 2000, Nutrient concentrations and yields in undeveloped stream basins of the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 4, p. 849-867, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04311.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"849","endPage":"867","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479306,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.586.3279","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a697de4b0c8380cd73d52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, G. M.","contributorId":90325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, D. K.","contributorId":93525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mast, M.A.","contributorId":67871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022684,"text":"70022684 - 2000 - Atmospheric transport, deposition, and fate of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in pristine areas at Isle Royale National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:29:42","indexId":"70022684","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric transport, deposition, and fate of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in pristine areas at Isle Royale National Park","docAbstract":"Trace concentrations of triazine herbicides, used in the Midwestern United States, are being transported atmospherically hundreds of kilometers and deposited by precipitation onto pristine areas, such as Isle Royale National Park (Lake Superior). Atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and cyanazine were detected in Isle Royale rainfall from mid-May to early July (1992−1994) at concentrations of less than 0.005 to 1.8 μg/L. Analysis of predominant wind direction indicated that the herbicides originated from the upper Midwestern United States. The annual mass of herbicides deposited by rainfall varied between years, from 13.4 μg/m2/yr for 1992, 3.7 μg/m2/yr for 1993, and 54 μg/m2/yr for 1994. Atrazine and deethylatrazine were found also in concentrations of less than 5−22 ng/L in lakes across Isle Royale. Concentrations of atrazine in the surface layer of the lakes increased during deposition periods and decreased later in the year. The fate of triazines in shallow lakes suggests faster degradation and shorter half-lives, while deeper lakes have residence times for atrazine that may exceed 10 years.
Weekly composite rainfall samples were collected in three paired urban and agricultural regions of the Midwestern United States and along the Mississippi River during April–September 1995. The paired sampling sites were located in Mississippi, Iowa, and Minnesota. A background site, removed from dense urban and agriculture areas, was located near Lake Superior in Michigan. Herbicides were the predominant type of pesticide detected at every site. Each sample was analyzed for 47 compounds and 23 of 26 herbicides, 13 of 18 insecticides, and three of three related transformation products were detected in one or more sample from each paired site. The detection frequency of herbicides and insecticides were nearly equivalent at the paired Iowa and Minnesota sites. In Mississippi, herbicides were detected more frequently at the agricultural site and insecticides were detected more frequently at the urban site. The highest total wet depositional amounts (μg pesticide/m2per season) occurred at the agricultural sites in Mississippi (1980 μg/m2) and Iowa (490 μg/m2) and at the urban site in Iowa (696 μg/m2). Herbicides accounted for the majority of the wet depositional loading at the Iowa and Minnesota sites, but methyl parathion (1740 μg/m2) was the dominant compound contributing to the total loading at the agricultural site in Mississippi. Atrazine, CIAT (a transformation product of atrazine and propazine) and dacthal were detected most frequently (76, 53, and 53%, respectively) at the background site indicating their propensity for long-range atmospheric transport.
Sulfonylurea (SU), imidazolinone (IMI), and sulfonamide (SA) herbicides are new classes of low-application-rate herbicides increasingly used by farmers. Some of these herbicides affect both weed and crop species at low dosages and must be carefully used. Less is known about the effect of these compounds on non-crop plant species, but a concentration of 100 ng/l in water has been proposed as the threshold for possible plant toxicity for most of these herbicides. Hence, analytical methods must be capable of detecting SUs, IMIs, and SAs at concentrations less than 100 ng/l in ambient water samples. The authors developed a two-cartridge, solid-phase extraction method for isolating 12 SU, 3 IMI, and 1 SA herbicides by using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) to identify and quantify these herbicides to 10 ng/l. This method was used to analyze 196 surface- and ground-water samples collected from May to August 1998 throughout the Midwestern United States, and more than 100 quality-assurance and quality-control samples. During the 16 weeks of the study, the HPLC/ESI-MS maintained excellent calibration linearity across the calibration range from 5 to 500 ng/l, with correlation coefficients of 0.9975 or greater. Continuing calibration verification standards at 100-ng/l concentration were analyzed throughout the study, and the average measured concentrations for individual herbicides ranged from 93 to 100 ng/l. Recovery of herbicides from 27 reagent-water samples spiked at 50 and 100 ng/l ranged from 39 to 92%, and averaged 73%. The standard deviation of recoveries ranged from 14 to 26%, and averaged 20%. This variability reflects multiple instruments, operators, and the use of automated and manual sample preparation. Spiked environmental water samples had similar recoveries, although for some herbicides, the sample matrix enhanced recoveries by as much as 200% greater than the spiked concentration. This matrix enhancement was sample- and compound-dependent. Concentrations of herbicides in unspiked duplicate environmental samples were typically within 25% of each other. The results demonstrate the usefulness of HPLC/ESI-MS for determining low-application-rate herbicides at ambient concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Furlong, E., Burkhardt, M., Gates, P.M., Werner, S., and Battaglin, W., 2000, Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 135-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208095,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaeace4b0c8380cd8716c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkhardt, M.R.","contributorId":70410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gates, Paul M.","contributorId":31411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, S.L.","contributorId":82734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022731,"text":"70022731 - 2000 - Detection of persistent organic pollutants in the Mississippi Delta using semipermeable membrane devices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:27:28","indexId":"70022731","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of persistent organic pollutants in the Mississippi Delta using semipermeable membrane devices","docAbstract":"From semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) placed in five Mississippi Delta streams in 1996 and 1997, the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) aldrin, chlordane, DCPA, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, nonachlor, and toxaphene were detected. In addition, the insecticides chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, and hexachlorocyclohexanes were detected. Two low-solubility herbicides not detected commonly in surface water, pendimethalin and trifluralin, were also detected.
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has been cited as a major factor in the nitrogen saturation of forests in the north-eastern United States and as a contributor to the eutrophication of coastal waters, including the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Sources of nitrogen emissions and the resulting spatial patterns of nitrogen deposition within the Mississippi River Basin, however, have not been fully documented. An assessment of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin was therefore conducted in 1998-1999 to: (1) evaluate the forms in which nitrogen is deposited from the atmosphere; (2) quantify the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition throughout the basin; and (3) relate locations of emission sources to spatial deposition patterns to evaluate atmospheric transport. Deposition data collected through the NADP/NTN (National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network) and CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) were used for this analysis. NO(x) Tier 1 emission data by county was obtained for 1992 from the US Environmental Protection Agency (Emissions Trends Viewer CD, 1985-1995, version 1.0, September 1996) and NH3 emissions data was derived from the 1992 Census of Agriculture (US Department of Commerce. Census of Agriculture, US Summary and County Level Data, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Geographic Area series, 1995:1b) or the National Agricultural Statistics Service (US Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service Historical Data. Accessed 7/98 at URL, 1998. http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/hisdata.htm). The highest rates of wet deposition of NO3- were in the north-eastern part of the basin, downwind of electric utility plants and urban areas, whereas the highest rates of wet deposition of NH4+ were in Iowa, near the center of intensive agricultural activities in the Midwest. The lowest rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition were on the western (windward) side of the basin, which suggests that most of the nitrogen deposited within the basin is derived from internal sources. Atmospheric transport eastward across the basin boundary is greater for NO3- than NH4+, but a significant amount of NH4+ is likely to be transported out of the basin through the formation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 particles - a process that greatly increases the atmospheric residence time of NH4+. This process is also a likely factor in the atmospheric transport of nitrogen from the Midwest to upland forest regions in the North-East, such as the western Adirondack region of New York, where NH4+ constitutes 38% of the total wet deposition of N.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G., Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W., and Stensland, G., 2000, Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin: Amissions, deposition and transport: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 87-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208185,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec4e4b0c8380cd49f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stensland, G.J.","contributorId":62096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stensland","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022921,"text":"70022921 - 2000 - A new method for collection of nitrate from fresh water and the analysis of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T06:14:08","indexId":"70022921","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new method for collection of nitrate from fresh water and the analysis of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios","docAbstract":"A new method for concentrating nitrate from fresh waters for δ15N and δ18O analysis has been developed and field-tested for four years. The benefits of the method are: (1) elimination of the need to transport large volumes of water to the laboratory for processing; (2) elimination of the need for hazardous preservatives; and (3) the ability to concentrate nitrate from fresh waters. Nitrate is collected by, passing the water-sample through pre-filled, disposable, anion exchanging resin columns in the field. The columns are subsequently transported to the laboratory where the nitrate is extracted, converted to AgNO3 and analyzed for its isotope composition. Nitrate is eluted from the anion exchange columns with 15 ml of 3 M HCl. The nitrate-bearing acid eluant is neutralized with Ag2O, filtered to remove the AgCl precipitate, then freeze-dried to obtain solid AgNO3, which is then combusted to N2 in sealed quartz tubes for δ15N analysis. For δ18O analysis, aliquots of the neutralized eluant are processed further to remove non-nitrate oxygen-bearing anions and dissolved organic matter. Barium chloride is added to precipitate sulfate and phosphate; the solution is then filtered, passed through a cation exchange column to remove excess Ba2+, re-neutralized with Ag2O, filtered, agitated with activated carbon to remove dissolved organic matter and freeze-dried. The resulting AgNO3 is combusted with graphite in a closed tube to produce CO2, which is cryogenically purified and analyzed for its oxygen isotope composition. The 1σanalytical precisions for δ15N and δ18O are ±0.05‰ and ±0.5‰, respectively, for solutions of KNO3 standard processed through the entire column procedure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00205-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Silva, S.R., Kendall, C., Wilkison, D., Ziegler, A., Chang, C.C., and Avanzino, R., 2000, A new method for collection of nitrate from fresh water and the analysis of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios: Journal of Hydrology, v. 228, no. 1-2, p. 22-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00205-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208169,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00205-X"}],"volume":"228","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a7e4b0c8380cd467ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkison, D.H.","contributorId":39800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ziegler, A.C.","contributorId":74398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022917,"text":"70022917 - 2000 - Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:35:47.437414","indexId":"70022917","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995","docAbstract":"In April 1995, the US Geological Survey began a study to determine the occurrence and temporal distribution of 49 pesticides and pesticide metabolites in air and rain samples from an urban and an agricultural sampling site in Mississippi. The study was a joint effort between the National Water-Quality Assessment and the Toxic Substances Programs and was part of a larger study examining the occurrence and temporal distribution of pesticides in air and rain in the Mississippi River basin. Concurrent high-volume air and wet-only deposition samples were collected weekly. The air samplers consisted of a glass-fiber filter to collect particles and tandem polyurethane foam plugs to collect gas-phase pesticides. Every rain and air sample collected from the urban and agricultural sites had detectable levels of multiple pesticides. The magnitude of the total concentration was 5-10 times higher at the agricultural site as compared to the urban site. The pesticide with the highest concentration in rain at both sites was methyl parathion. The pesticide with the highest concentration in the air samples from the agricultural site was also methyl parathion, but from the urban site the highest concentration was diazinon followed closely by chlorpyrifos. More than two decades since p,p'-DDT was banned from use in the United States, p,p'-DDE, a metabolite of p,p'-DDT, was detected in every air sample collected from the agricultural site and in more than half of the air samples from the urban site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00545-8","usgsCitation":"Coupe, R., Manning, M., Foreman, W., Goolsby, D.A., and Majewski, M., 2000, Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 227-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00545-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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