{"pageNumber":"3646","pageRowStart":"91125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185281,"records":[{"id":70019460,"text":"70019460 - 1997 - Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:25:25","indexId":"70019460","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations","docAbstract":"Reanalysis and additional dating of the Devils Hole ??18O paleotemperature record confirm that the last interglaciation in the Great Basin (the continental analog of marine isotopic substage 5e) lasted ???22,000 yr, consistent with the Vostok paleotemperature record which suggests a duration of ???19,000 yr for this event in Antarctica. The three preceding interglaciations in the Devils Hole record (analogs of marine isotopic substages 7e, 9c, and 11c) range from 20,000 to 26,000 yr in duration. A ???20,000-yr duration for the last interglaciation is consistent with TIMS uranium-series dated sea-level high stands. Thus, the widely held view that interglaciations were of 11,000-to 13,000-yr duration and constituted only about 10% of mid-to-late Pleistocene climatic cycles needs reexamination. The warmest portion of each interglaciation in the Devils Hole time series is marked by a ??18O plateau, signifying apparent climatic stability for periods of 10,000-to 15,000-yr duration. ?? 1997 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1997.1918","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Winograd, I., Landwehr, J., Ludwig, K., Coplen, T., and Riggs, A., 1997, Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations: Quaternary Research, v. 48, no. 2, p. 141-154, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1918.","startPage":"141","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266460,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1918"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0419e4b0c8380cd507a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landwehr, J.M.","contributorId":39815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019769,"text":"70019769 - 1997 - Effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the neversink river watershed, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T23:12:11.469772","indexId":"70019769","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the neversink river watershed, New York","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time were examined for a part of the Neversink River watershed in southern New York State. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), the sum of base cation concentrations (SBC), pH and concentrations of total aluminum (Al), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and silicon (Si) were measured during low stream flow at the outlets of nested basins ranging in size from 0·2 to 166·3 km<sup>2</sup>. ANC, SBC, pH, Al and DOC showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0·2 to 3 km<sup>2</sup>, but relatively small variations were observed as basin size increased beyond 3 km<sup>2</sup>. An index of subsurface contact time computed from basin topography and soil hydraulic conductivity also showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0·2 to 3 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and smaller changes as basin size increased beyond 3 km<sup>2</sup>. These results suggest that basin size affects low-flow stream chemistry because of the effects of basin size on subsurface contact time.&nbsp;</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:9<1273::AID-HYP557>3.0.CO;2-S","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., Fan, J., and Lawrence, G., 1997, Effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the neversink river watershed, New York: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 9, p. 1273-1286, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:9<1273::AID-HYP557>3.0.CO;2-S.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1286","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0695e4b0c8380cd51301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fan, J.","contributorId":40744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019241,"text":"70019241 - 1997 - Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in municipal stormwater in the United States, 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019241","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":610,"text":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in municipal stormwater in the United States, 1991-95","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) sampled stormwater in 16 cities and metropolitan areas that are required to obtain permits to discharge stormwater from their municipal storm-sewer system into surface water. Concentrations of 62 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene) compounds, were measured in 592 stormwater samples collected in these cities and metropolitan areas from 1991 through 1995. MTBE was the seventh most frequently detected VOC in municipal stormwater. In decreasing order, the most frequently detected VOCs were toluene, total xylene, chloroform, total trimethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, and naphthalene. MTBE was detected in 6.9 percent (41 of 592) of stormwater samples collected. When detected, concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.2 to 8.7 micrograms per liter (??g/L), with a median of 1.5 ??g/L. All detections of MTBE were less than the lower limit of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) draft drinking water lifetime health advisory (20 ??g/L). Eighty-three percent of all detections of MTBE in stonnwater were in samples collected during October through March of each year (1991-95), which corresponds with the expected seasonal use of oxygenated gasoline in areas where carbon monoxide exceeds established air-quality standards. The median concentration of MTBE and benzene for all samples was statistically different and higher in samples collected during October through March than samples collected during April through September. Sixty-six percent of all MTBE: detections occurred with BTEX compounds, and a proportionate increase in concentrations was found when these compounds occurred together. Detected concentrations of toluene and total xylene ranged from 0.2 to 6.6 ??g/L and 0.2 to 15 ??g/L with median concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 ??g/L, respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00933066","usgsCitation":"Delzer, G., Zogorski, J., and Lopes, T.J., 1997, Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in municipal stormwater in the United States, 1991-95: ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints, v. 37, no. 1, p. 374-376.","startPage":"374","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c40e4b0c8380cd74b1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delzer, G.C.","contributorId":60261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"G.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopes, T. J.","contributorId":9631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019446,"text":"70019446 - 1997 - Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70019446","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","docAbstract":"Modern analytical instrumentation is capable of measuring a variety of trace elements at concentrations down into the single or double digit parts-per-trillion (ng l-1) range. This holds for the three most common sample media currently used in environmental monitoring programs: filtered water, whole-water and separated suspended sediment. Unfortunately, current analytical capabilities have exceeded the current capacity to collect both uncontaminated and representative environmental samples. The success of any trace element monitoring program requires that this issue be both understood and addressed. The environmental monitoring of trace elements requires the collection of calendar- and event-based dissolved and suspended sediment samples. There are unique problems associated with the collection and chemical analyses of both types of sample media. Over the past 10 years, reported ambient dissolved trace element concentrations have declined. Generally, these decreases do not reflect better water quality, but rather improvements in the procedures used to collect, process, preserve and analyze these samples without contaminating them during these steps. Further, recent studies have shown that the currently accepted operational definition of dissolved constituents (material passing a 0.45 ??m membrane filter) is inadequat owing to sampling and processing artifacts. The existence of these artifacts raises questions about the generation of accurate, precise and comparable 'dissolved' trace element data. Suspended sediment and associated trace elements can display marked short- and long-term spatial and temporal variability. This implies that spatially representative samples only can be obtained by generating composites using depth- and width-integrated sampling techniques. Additionally, temporal variations have led to the view that the determination of annual trace element fluxes may require nearly constant (e.g., high-frequency) sampling and subsequent chemical analyses. Ultimately, sampling frequency for flux estimates becomes dependent on the time period of concern (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly) and the amount of acceptable error associated with these estimates.","largerWorkTitle":"Analyst","language":"English","doi":"10.1039/a704604i","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 1997, Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring, <i>in</i> Analyst, v. 122, no. 11, p. 1193-1200, https://doi.org/10.1039/a704604i.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1200","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a704604i"},{"id":226705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92f1e4b08c986b31a1d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020002,"text":"70020002 - 1997 - Response of aluminum solubility to elevated nitrification in soil of a red spruce stand in eastern Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70020002","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of aluminum solubility to elevated nitrification in soil of a red spruce stand in eastern Maine","docAbstract":"Elevated concentrations of soluble Al can impair tree growth and be toxic to aquatic biota, but effects of acidic deposition on Al solubility in forest soils are only partially understood because of complex interactions with H+ and organic matter. We therefore evaluated Al solubility in two red spruce stands in eastern Maine, one of which received dry (NH4)2SO4 at a rate of 1800 equiv ha-1 yr-1 during 19891995. Samples of soil (Spodosol Oa and Bh horizons) and soil solution were collected on five dates from 1992 to 1995. The treatment elevated nitrification, causing an increase in acid input that led to inorganic Al concentrations of greater than 60 ??mol L-1 in both the Oa and Bh horizons. Solubility of Al was also lower in the Bh horizon of the treated stand than in the reference stand, a response related to higher DOC concentrations in the treated stand. Concentrations of CuCl2 and pyrophosphate-extractable Al were higher in the Oa horizon of the treated watershed than the reference stand, a result of accelerated weathering of mineral particles caused by lower solution pH in the treated stand (3.47) than in the reference stand (3.69). Dissolved Al concentrations in these soils are the result of complex mechanisms through which mineral matter, organic matter, and pH interact to control Al solubility; mechanisms that are not incorporated in current Al solubility models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es960515j","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G., and David, M., 1997, Response of aluminum solubility to elevated nitrification in soil of a red spruce stand in eastern Maine: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 3, p. 825-830, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960515j.","startPage":"825","endPage":"830","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205978,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960515j"},{"id":227740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa2de4b0c8380cd861b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, M.B.","contributorId":20089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014829,"text":"1014829 - 1997 - Size- and species-dependent variability consumption and growth rates of larvae and juveniles of three freshwater fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:10","indexId":"1014829","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Size- and species-dependent variability consumption and growth rates of larvae and juveniles of three freshwater fishes","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"97-068/TF","usgsCitation":"Letcher, B., Rice, J., Crowder, L., and Binkowski, F., 1997, Size- and species-dependent variability consumption and growth rates of larvae and juveniles of three freshwater fishes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 54, no. 2, p. 405-414.","productDescription":"p. 405-414","startPage":"405","endPage":"414","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f16ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, J. A.","contributorId":101217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crowder, L.B.","contributorId":104437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Binkowski, F. P.","contributorId":9612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkowski","given":"F.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020143,"text":"70020143 - 1997 - Effect of nitrate, organic carbon, and temperature on potential denitrification rates in nitrate-rich riverbed sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70020143","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of nitrate, organic carbon, and temperature on potential denitrification rates in nitrate-rich riverbed sediments","docAbstract":"A study conducted in 1994 as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program, South Platte River Basin investigation, examined the effect of certain environmental factors on potential denitrification rates in nitrate-rich riverbed sediments. The acetylene block technique was used to measure nitrous oxide (N2O) production rates in laboratory incubations of riverbed sediments to evaluate the effect of varying nitrate concentrations, organic carbon concentrations and type, and water temperature on potential denitrification rates. Sediment incubations amended with nitrate, at concentrations ranging from 357 to 2142 ??mol l-1 (as measured in the field), produced no significant increase (P > 0.05) in N2O production rates, indicating that the denitrification potential in these sediments was not nitrate limited. In contrast, incubations amended with acetate as a source of organic carbon, at concentrations ranging from 0 to 624 ??mol l-1, produced significant increases (P < 0.05) in N2O production rates with increased organic carbon concentration, indicating that the denitrification potential in these sediments was organic carbon limited. Furthermore, N2O production rates also were affected by the type of organic carbon available as an electron donor. Acetate and surface-water-derived fulvic acid supported higher N2O production rates than groundwater-derived fulvic acid or sedimentary organic carbon. Lowering incubation temperatures from 22 to 4??C resulted in about a 77% decrease in the N2O production rates. These results help to explain findings from previous studies indicating that only 15-30% of nitrate in groundwater was denitrified before discharging to the South Platte River and that nitrate concentrations in the river generally were higher in winter than in summer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03052-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Pfenning, K., and McMahon, P., 1997, Effect of nitrate, organic carbon, and temperature on potential denitrification rates in nitrate-rich riverbed sediments: Journal of Hydrology, v. 187, no. 3-4, p. 283-295, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03052-1.","startPage":"283","endPage":"295","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206050,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03052-1"},{"id":228077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"187","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05f6e4b0c8380cd51051","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pfenning, K.S.","contributorId":49945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfenning","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019444,"text":"70019444 - 1997 - Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T01:15:37.722049","indexId":"70019444","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah","docAbstract":"The results of recent and ongoing research into six significant geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front region will be summarized on this field trip, including: (1) surface fault rupture on the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault zone; (2) seismic site response in the Salt Lake Valley, including ground shaking and liquefaction; (3) liquefaction-induced landsliding at the Farmington Siding landslide complex; (4) lake flooding along the shores of Great Salt Lake; (5) debris-flow deposition on alluvial fans at the base of the Wasatch Range; and (6) landsliding in the Ogden area. The trip will provide an opportunity to discuss the scientific, engineering, and administrative aspects involved in geologic-hazard evaluation in this rapidly growing region.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Hylland, M., Black, B., and Lowe, M., 1997, Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 2, p. 299-324.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1978e4b0c8380cd559d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hylland, M.D.","contributorId":70938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hylland","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Black, B.D.","contributorId":24109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowe, Mark","contributorId":93441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020142,"text":"70020142 - 1997 - Application of two direct runoff prediction methods in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T14:33:33.484403","indexId":"70020142","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of two direct runoff prediction methods in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two methods for predicting direct runoff from rainfall data were applied to several basins and the resulting hydrographs compared to measured values. The first method uses a geomorphology-based unit hydrograph to predict direct runoff through its convolution with the excess rainfall hyetograph. The second method shows how the resulting hydraulic routing flow equation from a kinematic wave approximation is solved using a spectral method based on the matrix representation of the spatial derivative with Chebyshev collocation and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta time discretization scheme. The calibrated Green-Ampt (GA) infiltration parameters are obtained by minimizing the sum, over several rainfall events, of absolute differences between the total excess rainfall volume computed from the GA equations and the total direct runoff volume computed from a hydrograph separation technique. The improvement made in predicting direct runoff using a geomorphology-based unit hydrograph with the ephemeral and perennial stream network instead of the strictly perennial stream network is negligible. The hydraulic routing scheme presented here is highly accurate in predicting the magnitude and time of the hydrograph peak although the much faster unit hydrograph method also yields reasonable results.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1997)2:1(10)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., 1997, Application of two direct runoff prediction methods in Puerto Rico: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 2, no. 1, p. 10-17, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1997)2:1(10).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228042,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecbfe4b0c8380cd49465","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, N.","contributorId":56805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019811,"text":"70019811 - 1997 - Modeling structural influences on soil water retention","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T05:42:47","indexId":"70019811","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling structural influences on soil water retention","docAbstract":"A new model quantities the effect of soil structure, considered as the arrangement of particles in the soil, on soil water retention. The model partitions the pore space into texture-related and structure-related components, the textural component being what can be deduced to exist if the arrangement of the particles were random, and the structural component being the remainder. An existing model, based on particle-size distributions, represents the textural component, and a new model, based on aggregate-size distributions, represents the structural component. This new model makes use of generalized properties that vary little from one medium to another, thereby eliminating any need for empirically tilted parameters. It postulates a particular character of the structural pore space that in same ways resembles texture-related pore space, but with pore shape related to the breadth of the aggregate-size distribution. To predict a soil water retention curve, this model requires the soil's porosity and particle- and aggregate-size distributions. Tested with measurements for 17 samples from two sources, it fits the data much better than does a model based on texture alone. Goodness of fit indicated by correlation coefficients ranged from 0.908 to 0.998 for the new model, compared with a range of 0.686 in 0.955 for the texture-based model.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030002x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., 1997, Modeling structural influences on soil water retention: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 61, no. 3, p. 712-719, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030002x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"712","endPage":"719","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c32e4b0c8380cd6facc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019773,"text":"70019773 - 1997 - The future of scientific communication in the earth sciences: The impact of the internet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:15:15","indexId":"70019773","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The future of scientific communication in the earth sciences: The impact of the internet","docAbstract":"Publication on paper of research results following peer-review and editing has been the accepted means of scientific communication for several centuries. Today, the continued growth in the volume of scientific literature, the increased unit costs of archiving paper publications, and the rapidly increasing power and availability of electronic technology are creating tremendous pressures on traditional scientific communication. The earth sciences are not immune from these pressures, and the role of the traditional publication as the primary means of communication is rapidly changing. Electronic publications and network technology are radically altering the relationship between interpretative result and the underlying data. Earth science research institutions, including the Kansas Geological Survey, are experimenting with new forms of on-line publication that assure broad access to research and data and improve application of research results to societal problems. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00032-0","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Carr, T., Buchanan, R., Adkins-Heljeson, D., Mettille, T., and Sorensen, J., 1997, The future of scientific communication in the earth sciences: The impact of the internet: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, no. 5, p. 503-512, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00032-0.","startPage":"503","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266157,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00032-0"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac35e4b08c986b323345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, T.R.","contributorId":37094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchanan, R.C.","contributorId":11783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adkins-Heljeson, D.","contributorId":31134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adkins-Heljeson","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mettille, T.D.","contributorId":59192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mettille","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sorensen, J.","contributorId":97649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019801,"text":"70019801 - 1997 - Commerce geophysical lineament - Its source, geometry, and relation to the Reelfoot rift and New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T12:25:26.463929","indexId":"70019801","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Commerce geophysical lineament - Its source, geometry, and relation to the Reelfoot rift and New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15008915\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The Commerce geophysical lineament is a northeast-trending magnetic and gravity feature that extends from central Arkansas to southern Illinois over a distance of ≈400 km. It is parallel to the trend of the Reelfoot graben, but offset ≈40 km to the northwest of the western margin of the rift floor. Modeling indicates that the source of the aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies is probably a mafic dike swarm. The age of the source of the Commerce geophysical lineament is not known, but the linearity and trend of the anomalies suggest a relationship with the Reelfoot rift, which has undergone episodic igneous activity. The Commerce geophysical lineament coincides with several topographic lineaments, movement on associated faults at least as young as Quaternary, and intrusions of various ages. Several earthquakes (M<sub>b</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>&gt; 3) coincide with the Commerce geophysical lineament, but the diversity of associated focal mechanisms and the variety of surface structural features along the length of the Commerce geophysical lineament obscure its relation to the release of present-day strain. With the available seismicity data, it is difficult to attribute individual earthquakes to a specific structural lineament such as the Commerce geophysical lineament. However, the close correspondence between Quaternary faulting and present-day seismicity along the Commerce geophysical lineament is intriguing and warrants further study.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0580:CGLISG>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., and Hildenbrand, T., 1997, Commerce geophysical lineament - Its source, geometry, and relation to the Reelfoot rift and New Madrid seismic zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 5, p. 580-595, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0580:CGLISG>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"580","endPage":"595","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227768,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7f7e4b0c8380cd4cde3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019776,"text":"70019776 - 1997 - Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T22:14:03.496847","indexId":"70019776","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant","docAbstract":"We studied the effects of timing of spring snowmelt on nesting phenology, nest site selection, and clutch size of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) breeding at the Tutakoke river colony, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. In late springs, brant nested later: however, time between peak arrival at Tutakoke and nest initiation (6 to 12 days) was similar in early and late springs. Nest initiation was more synchronized in late springs than early springs. Height of nests relative to spring meltwater levels was lower in late springs than early springs, indicating that the interval between snowmelt and nest initiation was shorten reduced availability of nest sites and increased nesting synchrony in late years may result in greater competition for available nest sites and reduced site fidelity. Clutch size was greater in late springs than in early springs. This increase in clutch size may result from greater accumulation of endogenous reserves on spring staging areas in late springs, or from demographic changes in the breeding population.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369944","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Lindberg, M.S., Sedinger, J., and Flint, P.L., 1997, Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant: Condor, v. 99, no. 2, p. 381-388, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369944.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1369944","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d9e4b0c8380cd51882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindberg, M. S.","contributorId":94413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindberg","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sedinger, J.S.","contributorId":75471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedinger","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019799,"text":"70019799 - 1997 - Sedimentation and subsidence patterns in the central and north basins of Lake Baikal from seismic stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T12:31:55.270045","indexId":"70019799","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentation and subsidence patterns in the central and north basins of Lake Baikal from seismic stratigraphy","docAbstract":"<p>Comparison of sedimentation patterns, basement subsidence, and faulting histories in the north and central basins of Lake Baikal aids in developing an interbasinal seismic stratigraphy that reveals the early synrift evolution of the central portion of the Baikal rift, a major continental rift system. Although there is evidence that the central and northern rift basins evolved at approximately the same time, their sedimentation histories are markedly different. Primary sediment sources for the initial rift phase were from the east flank of the rift; two major deltas developed adjacent to the central basin: the Selenga delta at the south end and the Barguzin delta at the north end. The Barguzin River system, located at the accommodation zone between the central and north basins, also fed into the southern part of the north basin and facilitated the stratigraphic linkage of the two basins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0746:SASPIT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Moore, T., Klitgord, K.D., Golmshtok, A., and Weber, E., 1997, Sedimentation and subsidence patterns in the central and north basins of Lake Baikal from seismic stratigraphy: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 6, p. 746-766, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0746:SASPIT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"746","endPage":"766","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a5be4b08c986b317162","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, T.C. Jr.","contributorId":83692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golmshtok, A.J.","contributorId":50922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golmshtok","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, E.","contributorId":92321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020010,"text":"70020010 - 1997 - Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70020010","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2152,"text":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3","docAbstract":"The mineral loparite (Ce, NA, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3 is the principal ore of the light-group rare-earth elements (LREE) in Russia. The complex oxide has a perovskite (ABO3) structure with coupled substitutions, polymorphism, defect chemistry and a tendency to become metamict. The A site generally contains weakly bonded, easily exchanged cations of the LREE, Na and Ca. The B site generally contains smaller, highly charged cations of Ti, Nb or Fe+3. Mine production is from Russia's Kola Peninsula. Ore is beneficiated to produce a 95% loparite concentrate containing 30% rare-earth oxides. Loparite concentrate is refined by either a chlorination process or acid decomposition process to recover rare-earths, titanium, niobium and tantalum. Rare-earths are separated by solvent extraction and selective precipitation/dissolution. The concentrate is processed at plants in Russia, Estonia and Kazakstan.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 21st Rare Earth Research Conference. Part 2 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"7 July 1996 through 12 July 1996","conferenceLocation":"Duluth, MN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science S.A.","publisherLocation":"Lausanne, Switzerland","doi":"10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1","issn":"09258388","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J.B., Sinha, S.P., and Kosynkin, V.D., 1997, Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 250, no. 1 -2 pt 2, p. 467-470, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1.","startPage":"467","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206012,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1"},{"id":227861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1 -2 pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49cfe4b0c8380cd688e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, James B.","contributorId":19993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinha, Shyama P.","contributorId":8241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinha","given":"Shyama","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kosynkin, Valery D.","contributorId":92004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosynkin","given":"Valery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020042,"text":"70020042 - 1997 - Impact of an extreme event on the sediment budget: Hurricane Andrew in the Louisiana barrier islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:24:15","indexId":"70020042","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Impact of an extreme event on the sediment budget: Hurricane Andrew in the Louisiana barrier islands","docAbstract":"This paper examines the influence of Hurricane Andrew on the sediment budget of an 80-kilometer section of the Louisiana barrier islands west of the modern Mississippi delta. Because long-term bathymetric change has been extensively studied in this area, excellent baseline data are available for evaluating the impact of Hurricane Andrew. Results show that despite the high intensity of the storm and a storm track optimally positioned to impact the study area, the storm did not have an overwhelming influence on the sediment budget when compared to the changes occurring over the previous 50 years. For the Louisiana barrier islands, a 50-year record appears to be adequate for averaging the long-term contributions of both major and minor storm events to the sediment budget.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Part 1 (of 4)","conferenceDate":"2 September 1996 through 6 September 1996","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"08938717","usgsCitation":"List, J., Hansen, M., Sallenger, and Jaffe, B.E., 1997, Impact of an extreme event on the sediment budget: Hurricane Andrew in the Louisiana barrier islands, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference, v. 3, Orlando, FL, USA, 2 September 1996 through 6 September 1996, p. 2756-2769.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2756","endPage":"2769","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.38427734374999,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.70361328125,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.70361328125,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.38427734374999,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.38427734374999,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38b3e4b0c8380cd6166c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Edge, B.L","contributorId":111972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edge","given":"B.L","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508688,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"List, Jeffrey H. jlist@usgs.gov","contributorId":2416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"Jeffrey H.","email":"jlist@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":384807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, Mark E.","contributorId":49943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Mark E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, Jr.","contributorId":105768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019779,"text":"70019779 - 1997 - The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:04:56","indexId":"70019779","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments","docAbstract":"We report SHRIMP U-Pb ages of 49 zircons from a sand sample from the lower Orinoco River, Venezuela, and Nd model ages of the fine sediment load from the main river and tributaries. The U-Pb ages reflect individual magmatic or metamorphic events, the Sm-Nd model ages reflect average crustal-residence ages of the sediment sources. Together they allow delineation of the crust-formation history of the basement precursors of the sediments. The U-Pb ages range from 2.83 to 0.15 Ga, and most are concordant or nearly so. Discrete age groupings occur at ??? 2.8, ??? 2.1, and ??? 1.1 Ga. The oldest group contains only three samples but is isolated from its closest neighbors by a ??? 600 Ma age gap. Larger age groupings at ??? 2.1 and ??? 1.1 Ga make up about a third and a quarter of the total number of analyses, respectively. The remaining analyses scatter along concordia, and most are younger than 1.6 Ga. The ??? 2.8 and ??? 2.1 Ga ages correspond to periods of crust formation of the Imataca and Trans-Amazonian provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, and record intervals of short but intensive continental growth. These ages coincide with ??? 2.9 and ??? 2.1 Ga Nd model ages of sediments from tributaries draining the Archean and Proterozoic provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, indicating that the U-Pb ages record the geological history of the crystalline basement of the Orinoco basin. Zircons with ages corresponding to the major orogenies of the North Atlantic continents (the Superior at ??? 2.7 Ga and Hudsonian at 1.7-1.9 Ga) were not found in the Orinoco sample. The age distribution may indicate that South and North America were separated throughout their history. Nd model ages of sediments from the lower Orinoco River and Andean tributaries are ??? 1.9 Ga, broadly within the range displayed by major rivers and dusts. This age does not coincide with known thermal events in the region and reflects mixing of sources with different crust-formation ages. The igneous and metamorphic history of these sources, as recorded by the detrital zircons, is that of the Orinoco basin basement. This implies that, despite evidence of fast sedimentary recycling, global similarities in Nd crustal-residence ages, and the probability of cross-continent mixing through continental drift, the sedimentary material carried by individual rivers is mainly derived from the crystalline basement in the basin. The global semblance in Nd isotope ratios in major river sediments and atmospheric dusts results from the averaging effect of large-scale sampling of the continents, which are heterogeneous in age on smaller regional scales. A large portion of the continental crust in the Orinoco basin formed during the Trans-Amazonian orogeny at 2.0-2.1 Ga, and smaller portions formed both earlier, at ??? 2.8 Ga, and later, after 1.6 Ga. These observations, which are consistent with the relative sizes of crustal age provinces in the Orinoco basin, indicate that sediments from the lower Orinoco and Andean tributaries contain 25-35% of material added to the crust since Trans-Amazonian times. Nd model ages of these sediments underestimate the average crust-formation age of the basement of the Orinoco basin by only about 10%. If this relationship holds in other river basins, then Nd model ages of major rivers and wind blown particulates indicate that the mean age of the continental crust is ??? 1.9-2 Ga. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, S., Arndt, N., and Stallard, R., 1997, The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 139, no. 1-4, p. 271-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9.","startPage":"271","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00039-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266041,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9"},{"id":228020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacbbe4b08c986b3236da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldstein, S.L.","contributorId":40357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arndt, N.T.","contributorId":95887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019435,"text":"70019435 - 1997 - A physically-based method for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019435","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A physically-based method for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams","docAbstract":"We analyse a simple, physically-based model of breach formation in natural and constructed earthen dams to elucidate the principal factors controlling the flood hydrograph at the breach. Formation of the breach, which is assumed trapezoidal in cross-section, is parameterized by the mean rate of downcutting, k, the value of which is constrained by observations. A dimensionless formulation of the model leads to the prediction that the breach hydrograph depends upon lake shape, the ratio r of breach width to depth, the side slope ?? of the breach, and the parameter ?? = (V/ D3)(k/???gD), where V = lake volume, D = lake depth, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Calculations show that peak discharge Qp depends weakly on lake shape r and ??, but strongly on ??, which is the product of a dimensionless lake volume and a dimensionless erosion rate. Qp(??) takes asymptotically distinct forms depending on whether ?? < < 1 or ?? > > 1. Theoretical predictions agree well with data from dam failures for which k could be reasonably estimated. The analysis provides a rapid and in many cases graphical way to estimate plausible values of Qp at the breach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., 1997, A physically-based method for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 239, p. 217-224.","startPage":"217","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"239","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d9e4b0c8380cd4698e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019795,"text":"70019795 - 1997 - Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019795","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin","docAbstract":"Paleovalleys incised into the Triassic Spearfish Formation (Chugwater equivalent) are filled with a vertical sequence of eolian, estuarine, and marine sandstones of the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian age) Canyon Springs Sandstone Member of the Sundance Formation. An outcrop exemplifying this is located at Red Canyon in the southern Black Hills, Fall River County, South Dakota. These paleovalleys locally have more than 300 ft of relief and are as much as several miles wide. Because they slope in a westerly direction, and Jurassic seas transgressed into the area from the west there was greater marine-influence and more stratigraphic complexity in the subsurface, to the west, as compared to the Black Hills outcrops. In the subsurface two distinctive reservoir sandstone beds within the Canyon Springs Sandstone Member fill the paleovalleys. These are the eolian lower Canyon Springs unit (LCS) and the estuarine upper Canyon Springs unit (UCS), separated by the marine \"Limestone Marker\" and estuarine \"Brown Shale\". The LCS and UCS contain significant proven hydrocarbon reservoirs in Wyoming (about 500 MMBO in-place in 9 fields, 188 MMBO produced through 1993) and are prospective in western South Dakota, western Nebraska and northern Colorado. Also prospective is the Callovian-age Hulett Sandstone Member which consists of multiple prograding shoreface to foreshore parasequences, as interpreted from the Red Canyon locality. Petrographic, outcrop and subsurface studies demonstrate the viability of both the Canyon Springs Sandstone and Hulett Sandstone members as superior hydrocarbon reservoirs in both stratigraphic and structural traps. Examples of fields with hydrocarbon production from the Canyon Springs in paleovalleys include Lance Creek field (56 MMBO produced) and the more recently discovered Red Bird field (300 MBO produced), both in Niobrara County, Wyoming. At Red Bird field the primary exploration target was the Pennsylvanian \"Leo sands\" of the Minnelusa Formation, and production from the Canyon Springs was not anticipated. Canyon Springs reservoirs are easily bypassed because they are relatively unconsolidated, underpressured, low-resistivity, and difficult to evaluate from petrophysics, drill-stem tests, or well cuttings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T., and Fox, J.E., 1997, Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin: Mountain Geologist, v. 34, no. 3, p. 97-115.","startPage":"97","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56d5e4b0c8380cd6d86a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fox, J. E.","contributorId":79080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"J.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019434,"text":"70019434 - 1997 - New harmony: The great scientific experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019434","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New harmony: The great scientific experiment","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00168556","usgsCitation":"Haney, D.C., and Rice, D., 1997, New harmony: The great scientific experiment: Geotimes, v. 42, no. 7, p. 23-27.","startPage":"23","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a658fe4b0c8380cd72c1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, D.L.","contributorId":53541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019783,"text":"70019783 - 1997 - Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i> bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-28T10:26:24","indexId":"70019783","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i> bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens","docAbstract":"Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were injected intraperitoneally with a bacterin containing killed Renibacterium salmoninarum cells delivered alone or in an oil-based adjuvant. We evaluated the relative abilities of the batterins to prevent the initiation or progression of infection in fish challenged by waterborne exposure to R. salmoninarum. Sixty-one days after vaccination, fish were held for 24 h in water containing either no bacteria or approximately 1.7 x 103, 1.7 x 105, or 5.3 x 106 live R. salmoninarum cells/mL. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor changes in the levels of R. salmoninarum antigen in live fish before and after the immersion challenges. High levels of R. salmoninarum antigens were detected by ELISA in kidney-spleen tissue homogenates from vaccinated fish immediately before the challenges. Levels of those antigens remained high in the tissues of unchallenged fish throughout the study. We found that the ELISA used in this study may be unsuitable for evaluating the efficacy of batterins because it did not distinguish antigens produced by the challenge bacteria during an infection from those of the bacterins. Groups of control and vaccinated fish also were injected with either 1.7 x 104 or 1.7 x 106 R. salmoninarum cells and served as R. salmoninarum virulence controls. Relative survival among the various subgroups in the injection challenge suggests that adverse effects might have been associated with the adjuvant used in this study. The lowest survival at both injection challenge levels was among fish vaccinated with bacteria in adjuvant.","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0099:EBELIA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Pascho, R., Goodrich, T., and McKibben, C., 1997, Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i> bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 9, no. 2, p. 99-107, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0099:EBELIA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c0ae4b0c8380cd529e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodrich, T.D.","contributorId":41166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodrich","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKibben, C.L.","contributorId":51483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKibben","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019430,"text":"70019430 - 1997 - Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T19:38:05","indexId":"70019430","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Spatial change in eelgrass meadows, Zostera marina L., was assessed between 1978 and 1987 and between 1987 and 1995 at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Change in total extent was evaluated through a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1978 Landsat multi-spectral scanner image and 1987 black and white aerial photographs. A ground survey in 1995 was used to assess spatial change from 1987. Eelgrass beds were the predominant vegetation type in the lagoon, comprising 44-47% (15000-16000 ha) of the total area in 1978 and 1987. Izembek Lagoon contains the largest bed of seagrass along the Pacific Coast of North America and largest known single stand of eelgrass in the world. There was a high degree of overlap in the spatial distribution of eelgrass among years of change detection. The overall net change was a 6% gain between, 1978 and 1987 and a <1% gain between 1987 and 1995. The lack of significant change in eelgrass cover suggests that eelgrass meadows in Izembek Lagoon have been stable during the 17-year period of our study.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5","issn":"03043770","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Markon, C.J., and Douglas, D.C., 1997, Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: Aquatic Botany, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 229-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.344970703125,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.344970703125,\n              55.33851784425634\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              55.33851784425634\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a3e4b0c8380cd50141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019784,"text":"70019784 - 1997 - An increase in herbivory of cottonwood in yellowstone national park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70019784","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An increase in herbivory of cottonwood in yellowstone national park","docAbstract":"This study examined an effect of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) on narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia) in northern Yellowstone National Park, where stands consist of old trees and younger, densely-branched bushes. The elk herd increased from a census of 3,172 in 1968 to a census of 18,913 in 1988. The purposes of this study were to: 1) document the height-growth of cottonwood bushes, 2) determine if the height of browsing corresponded with snow depth, and 3) determine if there has been a recent increase in cottonwood herbivory. In 5 stands of different age (ranging ca. 9-45 y old), I measured the height of live previous-year-growth and the height of the oldest stems killed by browsing. The tallest previous-year-growth was 80 cm; all stems taller than 29 cm had been browsed. Stems were killed by browsing closer to the ground in younger stands (respectively, 87, 62, 28, 14, and 9 cm; P < 0.001). There was no change in mid-winter snow depth during the period 1950-1994. The 2 stands established since 1977 had relatively small variances in the height at which stems were killed by browsing (21 and 15 cm2), a uniformity likely caused by intense herbivory since respective stand creation. The large variances in the height of browse-killed stems in older stands (745, 399, and 291 cm2) were likely caused by an initial period of light-to-moderate herbivory followed by an increase in herbivory that killed the stem tips at the heights existing at the time. The bush growth-form apparently results from an increase in herbivory that occurred between 1968 and 1977, a period in which the elk winter census increased from 3,172 to 8,981. The weight of evidence suggests that EuroAmerican influences have caused the northern elk herd to increase in number since the establishment of the park. If herbivory does not decrease, cottonwood may be eliminated from Yellowstone's northern range.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., 1997, An increase in herbivory of cottonwood in yellowstone national park: Northwest Science, v. 71, no. 2, p. 127-136.","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea76e4b0c8380cd48899","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019411,"text":"70019411 - 1997 - A night-lighting technique for at-sea capture of Xantus' Murrelets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T13:10:41","indexId":"70019411","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A night-lighting technique for at-sea capture of Xantus' Murrelets","docAbstract":"<p><span>We captured 575 Xantus' Murrelets (<i>Synthliboramphus hypoleucus</i>) with spotlights and dip nets at 3 islands in the Southern California Channel Islands during April and May of 1995-1997. Working at night (2100-0500 h), 3-person teams in inflatable boats located murrelets with a spotlight and captured them in dip nets from the waters near known breeding colonies at Santa Barbara, Anacapa, and San Clemente Islands. Our average capture rate was 4.7 murrelets hr</span><sup>-1</sup><span>, but we captured up to 12.3 murrelets hr</span><sup>-1</sup><span>. We recaptured 34 murrelets or 6% of the capture total. We recommend this simple, inexpensive, safe and effective night-lighting capture technique for Xantus' Murrelets and other seabirds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521603","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Whitworth, D.L., Takekawa, J.Y., Carter, H., and McIver, W., 1997, A night-lighting technique for at-sea capture of Xantus' Murrelets: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 3, p. 525-531, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521603.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4bce4b0c8380cd468b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitworth, Darrell L.","contributorId":87338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"Darrell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Harry R.","contributorId":79546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Harry R.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McIver, W.R.","contributorId":21907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIver","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019426,"text":"70019426 - 1997 - Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T11:46:21","indexId":"70019426","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","docAbstract":"We investigate the morphology and distribution of a seamount population on a section of seafloor influenced by both superfast seafloor spreading and hotspot volcanism. The population under investigation is part of a broad chain of seamounts extending eastward from the East Pacific Rise, near Easter Island. In order to define the morphological variability of the seamounts, basal shape, cross-sectional area, volume, flatness, and flank slope are plotted against height for 383 seamounts with heights greater than 200 m, based on bathymetry data collected by GLORI-B and SeaBeam 2000, during three cruises onboard the R/V Melville in the spring of 1993. Nearly complete swath mapping coverage of the seamounts is available for the analysis of size and shape distribution. We quantitatively describe the seamount population of this active region, in which seamounts cover ???27% of the seafloor, and account for ???4.2% of the total crustal volume. Over 50% of the total volume (61,000 km3) of seamounts used in this study is made up by the 14 largest seamounts, and the remaining volume is made up by the 369 smaller seamounts (>200 m in height). Our analysis indicates there are at least two seamount populations in the Easter Island-Salas y Gomez Island (25??-29??S, 113??-104??W) study area. One population of seamounts is composed of short seamounts (<1200 m in height) with variable flatness from pointy cones to flattened domes (flatness from 0.01 to 0.57) and predominantly steep flanks (slopes from 5?? to 32??). A second population is of massive (>1200 m), shield-like, pointy cones (flatness < 0.2) and gentle slopes (from 5?? to 15??). An exponential maximum likelihood distribution is fit to the binned raw frequency of height and gives a characteristic height of the seamount population of 308??12m and an expected number of seamounts per 1000 km2 of 2.7??0.15. Many seamounts that have different slope and flatness relationships with height are formed next to each other. We speculate that the larger volcanoes (>???1200 m) originate exclusively from a hotspot source, but only a portion of the smaller volcanoes (<???1200 m) are formed from a hotspot source. The remainder would be presumably formed by a normal mantle or mixed source.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/97JB01634","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Rappaport, Y., Naar, D., Barton, C., Liu, Z., and Hey, R., 1997, Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. 11, p. 24713-24728, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01634.","startPage":"24713","endPage":"24728","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01634","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295554,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB01634"}],"volume":"102","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e4be4b0c8380cd70932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rappaport, Y.","contributorId":47100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rappaport","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naar, D. F.","contributorId":80434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naar","given":"D. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barton, C.C.","contributorId":93063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Z.-J.","contributorId":64820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Z.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hey, R.N.","contributorId":36297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hey","given":"R.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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