{"pageNumber":"3647","pageRowStart":"91150","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185281,"records":[{"id":70020309,"text":"70020309 - 1997 - Volcanism and erosion during the past 930 k.y. at the Tatara-San Pedro complex, Chilean Andes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T00:02:36.978658","indexId":"70020309","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanism and erosion during the past 930 k.y. at the Tatara-San Pedro complex, Chilean Andes","docAbstract":"<p>Geologic mapping, together with 73 new K-Ar and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age determinations of 45 samples from 17 different volcanic units, plus paleomagnetic orientations, geochemical compositions, and terrestrial photogrammetry are used to define the chronostratigraphy of the Tatara–San Pedro complex, an eruptive center at 36°S on the volcanic front of the Andean southern volcanic zone. The Tatara–San Pedro complex preserves ≈55 km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of lavas that erupted from at least three central vent regions. Remnant, unconformity-bound sequences of lavas are separated by lacunae that include significant periods of erosion. Quaternary volcanism commenced ca. 930 ka with eruption of voluminous dacitic magma, followed 100 k.y. later by the only major rhyolitic eruption. From 780 ka onward, more than 80% of the preserved volume is basaltic andesite (52%–57% SiO<sub>2</sub>), but petrographically and geochemically diverse dacitic magmas (63%–69% SiO<sub>2</sub>) erupted sporadically throughout this younger, dominantly mafic phase of activity. A few basaltic lavas (49%–52% SiO<sub>2</sub>) are present, mainly in portions of the complex older than 230 ka. The number of vents, the petrologic and geochemical diversity, and the temporal distribution of mafic and silicic lavas are consistent with emplacement of many separate batches of mafic magma into the shallow crust beneath the Tatara–San Pedro complex over the past million years.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0127:VAEDTP>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Singer, B.S., Thompson, R.A., Dungan, M., Feeley, T., Nelson, S., Pickens, J., Brown, L., Wulff, A., Davidson, J., and Metzger, J., 1997, Volcanism and erosion during the past 930 k.y. at the Tatara-San Pedro complex, Chilean Andes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 2, p. 127-142, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0127:VAEDTP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231211,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc31ce4b08c986b32af76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, B. S.","contributorId":55981,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singer","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, R. A.","contributorId":100420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dungan, M.A.","contributorId":36304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dungan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feeley, T.C.","contributorId":17793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feeley","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelson, S.T.","contributorId":14147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pickens, J.C.","contributorId":100148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickens","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brown, L.L.","contributorId":46907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wulff, A.W.","contributorId":72558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wulff","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Davidson, J.P.","contributorId":16123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Metzger, J.","contributorId":44698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":1003019,"text":"1003019 - 1997 - Longitudinal patterns in abundance of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-10T11:27:21.638453","indexId":"1003019","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Longitudinal patterns in abundance of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"last\">We assessed the abundance of zebra mussels in the upper Mississippi River during 1995, four years after they were first found in the river. Samplers were deployed from May 30 to October 19, 1995, at 19 lock and dam facilities in the upper Mississippi River from Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Muscatine, Iowa. Zebra mussels were found at every lock and dam except the two sites farthest upstream (Minneapolis). Generally, densities of zebra mussels were greatest at sites 161 km and farther downstream of the Minneapolis area. The greatest mean mussel density was 11,432/m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at Fulton, Illinois.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1997.9663531","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Cope, W., Bartsch, M., and Hayden, R., 1997, Longitudinal patterns in abundance of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the upper Mississippi River: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 235-238, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1997.9663531.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131409,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640a8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cope, W.G.","contributorId":71918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartsch, M.R.","contributorId":42908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayden, R.R.","contributorId":52924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayden","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019564,"text":"70019564 - 1997 - Didymoceras puebloense, a new species of heteromorph ammonite from the Upper Campanian of Colorado and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T15:26:54.81639","indexId":"70019564","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1752,"text":"Geobios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<i>Didymoceras puebloense</i>, a new species of heteromorph ammonite from the Upper Campanian of Colorado and Wyoming","title":"Didymoceras puebloense, a new species of heteromorph ammonite from the Upper Campanian of Colorado and Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p><i>Didymoceras puebloense</i><span>&nbsp;nov. sp. is described from the upper Campanian zones of&nbsp;</span><i>Didymoceras nebrascense </i><span>and&nbsp;</span><i>Didymoceras stevensoni</i><span>&nbsp;in Pueblo and Pitkin Counties, Colorado, and Weston County, Wyoming in the United States Western Interior. The species is characterized by a middle helical growth stage in which the succesive whorls are widely separated followed by a terminal pendant U-shaped sector of the adult body chamber. Ornament is of distant, narrow bituberculate ribs usually separated by a nontuberculate rib. Widely separated poorly-defined constrictions with associated collar ribs are occasionally present. The style of coiling in middle and later growth resembles that of those growth stages in upper Campanian&nbsp;</span><i>Didymoceras</i><span>, whereas the ornament recalls that of middle Campanian representatives of the genus in the Western Interior.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80229-X","usgsCitation":"Cobban, W.A., Kennedy, W.J., and Scott, G., 1997, Didymoceras puebloense, a new species of heteromorph ammonite from the Upper Campanian of Colorado and Wyoming: Geobios, v. 30, no. 2, p. 225-230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80229-X.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.24887972517071,\n              44.03218334957532\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58042404937453,\n              44.03218334957532\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58042404937453,\n              43.798378572653434\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.24887972517071,\n              43.798378572653434\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.24887972517071,\n              44.03218334957532\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.28300288162494,\n              40.72801910482258\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28300288162494,\n              40.65086929193777\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.16160864041419,\n              40.65086929193777\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.16160864041419,\n              40.72801910482258\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28300288162494,\n              40.72801910482258\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.8346588528787,\n              39.20221699647388\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.8346588528787,\n              39.26108799539904\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.90820944989555,\n              39.26108799539904\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.90820944989555,\n              39.20221699647388\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.8346588528787,\n              39.20221699647388\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.58703475215192,\n              38.29350486485501\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.35055429890328,\n              38.29350486485501\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.35055429890328,\n              38.44249510439491\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58703475215192,\n              38.44249510439491\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58703475215192,\n              38.29350486485501\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00b9e4b0c8380cd4f8a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, W. J.","contributorId":81873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, G. R.","contributorId":61398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019207,"text":"70019207 - 1997 - Soil development on a Pleistocene terrace sequence, Boise Valley, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019207","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil development on a Pleistocene terrace sequence, Boise Valley, Idaho","docAbstract":"Study of a sequence of terraces in the western Snake River Plain of Idaho reveals a record of at least seven terraces, the ages of which span the Pleistocene. In the Boise Valley, the youngest terraces are less than -14,500 yr and the oldest terraces are -1.7 Ma. Within this sequence, several relationships exist between soil morphology and terrace chronology. On terraces older than -14,500 yr, argillic horizon development generally increases with terrace age with maximum development occurring in soils of the oldest terraces. CaCO3- and SiO2-cemented duripans are found in soils on terraces that are late middle Pleistocene and older. By virtue of their physical and chemical properties, duripans are very resistant to erosion, and therefore provide stable records of CaCO3 and SiO2 accumulation throughout multiple cycles of loess deposition onto the terrace treads, pedogenesis, and partial erosion. Mean duripan thickness increases with age to a maximum of 0.66 m on the oldest terraces. Our results suggest that a geomorphic surface age of approximately 130,000 yr is required to form the initial plugged horizon that is characteristic of a duripan. CaCO3 and SiO2 accumulation is most rapid in duripans occupying geomorphic surfaces with ages ranging from 130,000 to 300,000 yr. After this, apparent accumulation rates decrease and little additional accumulation of these cementing agents occurs with time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Othberg, K., McDaniel, P., and Fosberg, M., 1997, Soil development on a Pleistocene terrace sequence, Boise Valley, Idaho: Northwest Science, v. 71, no. 4, p. 318-329.","startPage":"318","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91fbe4b08c986b319c04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Othberg, K.L.","contributorId":29584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Othberg","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDaniel, P.A.","contributorId":14129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDaniel","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fosberg, M.A.","contributorId":107043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fosberg","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019976,"text":"70019976 - 1997 - Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-12T06:58:32","indexId":"70019976","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Natural surficial accumulations of nitrate-rich salts in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile, and in the Death Valley region of the Mojave Desert, southern California, are well known, but despite many geologic and geochemical studies, the origins of the nitrates have remained controversial. N and O isotopes in nitrate, and S isotopes in coexisting soluble sulfate, were measured to determine if some proposed N sources could be supported or rejected, and to determine if the isotopic signature of these natural deposits could be used to distinguish them from various types of anthropogenic nitrate contamination that might be found in desert groundwaters.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">High-grade calich-a-type nitrate deposits from both localities have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N values that range from −5 to +5‰, but are mostly near 0‰. Values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N near 0‰ are consistent with either bulk atmospheric N deposition or microbial N fixation as major sources of the N in the deposits.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values of those desert nitrates with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N near 0‰ range from about +31 to +50‰ (V-SMOW), significantly higher than that of atmospheric O<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(+23.5‰). Such high values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O are considered unlikely to result entirely from nitrification of reduced N, but rather resemble those of modern atmospheric nitrate in precipitation from some other localities. Assuming that limited modern atmospheric isotope data are applicable to the deposits, and allowing for nitrification of co-deposited ammonium, it is estimated that the fraction of the nitrate in the deposits that could be, accounted for isotopically by atmospheric N deposition may be at least 20% and possibly as much as 100%.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup>S values are less diagnostic but could also be consistent with atmospheric components in some of the soluble sulfates associated with the deposits. The stable isotope data support the hypothesis that some high-grade caliche-type nitrate-rich salt deposits in some of the Earth's hyperarid deserts represent long-term accumulations of atmospheric deposition (possibly in the order of 104 yr for the Death Valley region, 10<sup>7</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>yr for the Atacama Desert) in the relative absence of soil leaching or biologic cycling. The combined N and O isotope signature of the nitrate in these deposits is significantly different from those of many other natural and anthropogenic sources of nitrate.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00124-6","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., Ericksen, G.E., and Revesz, K., 1997, Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 136, no. 1-2, p. 135-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00124-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266043,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00124-6"}],"volume":"136","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9676e4b08c986b31b50c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ericksen, G. E.","contributorId":44538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revesz, K.","contributorId":95202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019552,"text":"70019552 - 1997 - A mechanism for high wall-rock velocities in rockbursts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019552","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A mechanism for high wall-rock velocities in rockbursts","docAbstract":"Considerable evidence has been reported for wall-rock velocities during rockbursts in deep gold mines that are substantially greater than ground velocities associated with the primary seismic events. Whereas varied evidence suggests that slip across a fault at the source of an event generates nearby particle velocities of, at most, several m/s, numerous observations, in nearby damaged tunnels, for instance, imply wall-rock velocities of the order of 10 m/s and greater. The common observation of slab buckling or breakouts in the sidewalls of damaged excavations suggests that slab flexure may be the mechanism for causing high rock ejection velocities. Following its formation, a sidewall slab buckles, causing the flexure to increase until the stress generated by flexure reaches the limit 5 that can be supported by the sidewall rock. I assume here that S is the uniaxial compressive strength. Once the flexural stress exceeds S, presumably due to the additional load imposed by a nearby seismic event, the slab fractures and unflexes violently. The peak wall-rock velocity v thereby generated is given by v=(3 + 1-??2/2)1 2 S/?????E for rock of density ??, Young's modulus E, and Poisson's ratio ??. Typical values of these rock properties for the deep gold mines of South Africa yield v= 26 m/s and for especially strong quartzites encountered in these same mines, v> 50m/s. Even though this slab buckling process leads to remarkably high ejection velocities and violent damage in excavations, the energy released during this failure is only a tiny fraction of that released in the primary seismic event, typically of magnitude 2 or greater.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., 1997, A mechanism for high wall-rock velocities in rockbursts: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 150, no. 3-4, p. 381-391.","startPage":"381","endPage":"391","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"150","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e44be4b0c8380cd46565","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019980,"text":"70019980 - 1997 - Cutthroat trout avoidance of metals and conditions characteristic of a mining waste site: Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T15:05:58","indexId":"70019980","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cutthroat trout avoidance of metals and conditions characteristic of a mining waste site: Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho","docAbstract":"The South Fork basin of the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho has been an area of heavy mining activity since the 1880s. The mining operations have resulted in elevated concentrations of metals in surface water, most notably cadmium, lead, zinc, and, to a lesser extent, copper. The metals affected surface water quality downstream in the Coeur d'Alene basin and are suspected to be one of the primary reasons for the reduction in populations of native westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi. The avoidance response of a surrogate species, Snake River cutthroat trout O. clarki (unnamed subspecies), was evaluated against conditions simulating those in the Coeur d'Alene River basin. Cutthroat trout avoided a metals mixture of these concentrations: Cd (0.30 ??g/L), Cu (6.0 ??g/L), Pb (0.6 ??g/L), and Zn (28 ??g/L). The avoidance response to either Cu or Zn alone was similar to the avoidance response to the mixture, suggesting that avoidance to the mixture was due to these metals. After acclimation to Zn at 55 ??g/L for 90 d, cutthroat trout detected and preferred a lower Zn concentration of 28 ??g/L. The lowest Zn concentrations avoided (28 ??g/L) were 1/6 to 1/78 the Zn concentrations measured in the South Fork and lower Coeur d'Alene River basins. Avoidance of metals-contaminated habitats by cutthroat trout may be, in part, responsible for reduced fish populations.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0699:CTAOMA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.F., Goldstein, J.N., Farag, A.M., and Brumbaugh, W.G., 1997, Cutthroat trout avoidance of metals and conditions characteristic of a mining waste site: Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 4, p. 699-706, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0699:CTAOMA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"699","endPage":"706","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd1ee4b0c8380cd4e637","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Daniel F.","contributorId":75455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, Jack N.","contributorId":176729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":384571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019987,"text":"70019987 - 1997 - Adsorption of SO<sub>2</sub> on bituminous coal char and activated carbon fiber","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-19T16:50:31","indexId":"70019987","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1513,"text":"Energy and Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption of SO<sub>2</sub> on bituminous coal char and activated carbon fiber","docAbstract":"<p>The SO<sub>2</sub> adsorption behaviors of activated carbons produced from Illinois coal and of commercially prepared activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were compared. There was no relation between surface area of coal-based carbons and SO<sub>2</sub> adsorption, whereas adsorption of SO<sub>2</sub> on the series of ACFs was inversely proportional to N<sub>2</sub> BET surface area. Higher surface area ACFs had wider pores and adsorbed less SO<sub>2</sub>; thus, pore size distribution is thought to play a significant role in SO<sub>2</sub> adsorption for these materials. Oxidation with HNO<sub>3</sub> and/or H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, followed by heat treatment at 700&minus;925&deg;C to remove carbon&minus;oxygen complexes, resulted in increased SO<sub>2</sub> adsorption for both coal chars and ACFs. This behavior was explained by an increase in the available number of free sites, previously occupied by oxygen and now available for SO<sub>2</sub> adsorption. The use of nitrogen-containing functional groups on ACFs of proper pore size shows promise for further increasing SO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacities. Knowledge of the relationship among the number of free sites, pore size, and surface chemistry on corresponding SO<sub>2</sub> adsorption should lead to the development of more efficient adsorbents prepared from either coal or ACFs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ef960199u","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"DeBarr, J.A., Lizzio, A.A., and Daley, M.A., 1997, Adsorption of SO<sub>2</sub> on bituminous coal char and activated carbon fiber: Energy and Fuels, v. 11, no. 2, p. 267-271, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef960199u.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6fce4b0c8380cd4778c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeBarr, Joseph A.","contributorId":175599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeBarr","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lizzio, Anthony A.","contributorId":103804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizzio","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daley, Michael A.","contributorId":175600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daley","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019547,"text":"70019547 - 1997 - Aftershocks: Are they earthquakes or afterthoughts?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T12:17:08.178158","indexId":"70019547","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershocks: Are they earthquakes or afterthoughts?","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>We tend to view aftershocks as after-thoughts in their scientific as well as societal importance. The media often ask seismologists: “Was it just an aftershock?” with the “just” implying that aftershocks present little cause for concern. Seismologists themselves tend to dismiss the importance of events that follow a large mainshock. Even appreciable aftershocks typically generate only a fraction of the scientific interest and investigation that the mainshock does. However, consideration of recent earthquake sequences suggests that aftershocks can be even more damaging than mainshocks in some cases. That is, although the aftershocks are still, by definition, smaller events, they could be even more damaging by virtue of proximity to population centers or other circumstances.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97EO00306","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., and Jones, L., 1997, Aftershocks: Are they earthquakes or afterthoughts?: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 78, no. 45, p. 505-508, https://doi.org/10.1029/97EO00306.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"508","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228163,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"45","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d4e4b0c8380cd47ed6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, L.M.","contributorId":61433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020131,"text":"70020131 - 1997 - Fault-zone guided waves from explosions in the San Andreas fault at Parkfield and Cienega Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T00:00:24.661563","indexId":"70020131","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault-zone guided waves from explosions in the San Andreas fault at Parkfield and Cienega Valley, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"136101989\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Fault-zone guided waves were successfully excited by near-surface explosions in the San Andreas fault zone both at Parkfield and Cienega Valley, central California. The guided waves were observed on linear, three-component seismic arrays deployed across the fault trace. These waves were not excited by explosions located outside the fault zone. The amplitude spectra of guided waves show a maximum peak at 2 Hz at Parkfield and 3 Hz at Cienega Valley. The guided wave amplitude decays sharply with observation distance from the fault trace. The explosion-excited fault-zone guided waves are similar to those generated by earthquakes at Parkfield but have lower frequencies and travel more slowly. These observations suggest that the fault-zone wave guide has lower seismic velocities as it approaches the surface at Parkfield. We have modeled the waveforms as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>waves trapped in a low-velocity wave guide sandwiched between high-velocity wall rocks, resulting in Love-type fault-zone guided waves. While the results are nonunique, the Parkfield data are adequately fit by a shallow wave guide 170 m wide with an<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>velocity 0.85 km/sec and an apparent<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>∼ 30 to 40. At Cienega Valley, the fault-zone wave guide appears to be about 120 m wide with an<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>velocity 0.7 km/sec and a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>∼ 30.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870010210","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Li, Y., Ellsworth, W., Thurber, C., Malin, P., and Aki, K., 1997, Fault-zone guided waves from explosions in the San Andreas fault at Parkfield and Cienega Valley, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 1, p. 210-221, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870010210.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.66901999753915,\n              37.09198944946155\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.66901999753915,\n              35.40874868089202\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.80683738035154,\n              35.40874868089202\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.80683738035154,\n              37.09198944946155\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.66901999753915,\n              37.09198944946155\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f21e4b0c8380cd537af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Y.-G.","contributorId":39141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Y.-G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurber, C.H.","contributorId":28617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malin, P.E.","contributorId":108104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aki, K.","contributorId":50303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aki","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019209,"text":"70019209 - 1997 - The Landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:46:14","indexId":"70019209","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts","docAbstract":"Landsat 1 began an era of space-based resource data collection that changed the way science, industry, governments, and the general public view the Earth. For the last 25 years, the Landsat program - despite being hampered by institutional problems and budget uncertainties - has successfully provided a continuous supply of synoptic, repetitive, multi-spectral data of the Earth's land areas. These data have profoundly affected programs for mapping resources, monitoring environmental changes, and assessing global habitability. The societal applications this program generated are so compelling that international systems have proliferated to carry on the tasks initiated with Landsat data.","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Lauer, D.T., Morain, S., and Salomonson, V., 1997, The Landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 63, no. 7, p. 831-838.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"838","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad7ce4b08c986b323c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morain, S.A.","contributorId":9275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morain","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Salomonson, V.V.","contributorId":61968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salomonson","given":"V.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019210,"text":"70019210 - 1997 - Phosphates in some Missouri refractory clays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T18:06:30","indexId":"70019210","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phosphates in some Missouri refractory clays","docAbstract":"<p>This paper describes in detail phosphate minerals occurring in refractory clays of Missouri and their effect on the refractory degree of the clays. The minerals identified include carbonate-fluorapatite (francolite), crandallite, goyazite, wavellite, variscite and strengite. It is emphasized that these phosphates occur only in local isolated concentrations, and not generally in Missouri refractory clays.</p><p>The Missouri fireclay region comprises 2 districts, northern and southern, separated by the Missouri River. In this region, clay constitutes a major part of the Lower Pennsylvanian Cheltenham Formation. The original Cheltenham mud was an argillic residue derived from leaching and dissolution of pre-Pennsylvanian carbonates. The mud accumulated on a karstic erosion surface truncating the pre-Cheltenham rocks. Fireclays of the northern district consist mainly of poorly ordered kaolinite, with variable but minor amounts of illite, chlorite and fine-grained detrital quartz. Clays of the southern district were subjected to extreme leaching that produced well-ordered kaolinite flint clays. Local desilication formed pockets of diaspore, or more commonly, kaolinite, with oolite-like nubs or burls of diaspore (“burley”\" clay).</p><p>The phosphate-bearing materials have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectral analysis (SEM-EDS) and chemical analysis. Calcian goyazite was identified in a sample of diaspore, and francolite in a sample of flint clay. A veinlet of wavellite occurs in flint clay at one locality, and a veinlet of variscite-strengite at another locality.</p><p>The Missouri flint-clay-hosted francolite could not have formed in the same manner as marine francolite. The evidence suggests that the Cheltenham francolite precipitated from ion complexes in pore water, nearly simultaneously with crystallization of kaolinite flint clay from an alumina-silica gel. Calcian goyazite is an early diagenetic addition to its diaspore host. The wavellite and variscite-strengite veinlets are secondary, precipitated from ion complexes in ground water percolating along cracks in the flint clay. The flint clay host of the variscite-strengite veinlet contains strontian crandallite. All of the phosphates contain significant amounts of strontium. The source of P, Ca and Sr was the marine carbonates. Dissolution of these carbonates produced the argillic residue that became the primordial Cheltenham paludal mud, which ultimately altered to fireclay.</p><p>Preliminary firing tests show that the presence of phosphates lowers fusion temperature. However, it is not clear whether poor refractoriness is due to the presence of phosphates, per se, or to Ca, Sr and other alkaline elements present in the phosphates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450306","usgsCitation":"Halley, R., Foord, E.E., Keller, D.J., and Keller, W.D., 1997, Phosphates in some Missouri refractory clays: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 45, no. 3, p. 353-364, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450306.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"364","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78a6e4b0c8380cd7874e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, Eugene E.","contributorId":96319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, David J.","contributorId":74525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, Walter D.","contributorId":14813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1014805,"text":"1014805 - 1997 - Evaluation of an electronic fry counter with striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:18:06.061061","indexId":"1014805","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an electronic fry counter with striped bass","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059%3C0071:TNEOAE%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lemarie, D.P., Weller, D., Theisen, D., and Woods, L., 1997, Evaluation of an electronic fry counter with striped bass: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 59, p. 71-74, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059%3C0071:TNEOAE%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faefc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weller, D.A.","contributorId":25893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weller","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theisen, D.D.","contributorId":32877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theisen","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woods, L.C.I.","contributorId":34091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"L.C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019993,"text":"70019993 - 1997 - Manipulations of the reproductive system of fishes by means of exogenous chemicals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:03:24.594408","indexId":"70019993","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manipulations of the reproductive system of fishes by means of exogenous chemicals","docAbstract":"<p><span>Environmental control of reproductive activity of captive fish is feasible (or potentially feasible) but, with few exceptions, is currently impractical for most species. Therefore, chemical methods of manipulating reproductive activity continue to be widely used in fish production operations worldwide. However, the control of fish reproduction in captivity cannot be exercised without regard to adequate environmental conditions, which can differ markedly for different species. This review provides a synopsis of relevant aspects of fish reproductive physiology and addresses current and promising future chemical methods of sex control, gonadal recrudescence, and spawning. Most research on the control of reproduction in fishes has focused on female physiology because ovarian development and maturation are easily disturbed by environmental stressors. Control of sex ratios by steroid treatment has become a well‐established technique for several fish species, but the technique continues to be problematic in some cases. Final gonadal growth and spawning usually can be achieved by implant treatment with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa), which in some species have to be applied in combination with dopamine antagonists to enhance responsiveness to GnRHa. However, efforts to accelerate gonadal recrudescence and maturational competence by chemical means have yielded mixed results, reflecting a relative lack of understanding of the basic physiological and biochemical mechanisms controlling these processes. The potential benefits of using reproductive pheromones to manipulate gonadal development and spawning has been demonstrated in a few species, but further research is needed to determine whether this technique is applicable to fish culture. Because a reliable supply of young fish is critical for the expansion and diversification of fish culture operations, the use of chemicals in combination with adequate environmental conditions to control gametogenesis and spawning in fishes will continue to be an important tool for the fish culturist.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059%3C0118:MOTRSO%3E2.3.CO;2","issn":"00330779","usgsCitation":"Patino, R., 1997, Manipulations of the reproductive system of fishes by means of exogenous chemicals: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 59, no. 2, p. 118-128, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059%3C0118:MOTRSO%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228224,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ccde4b0c8380cd69eda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patino, R.","contributorId":39915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019535,"text":"70019535 - 1997 - The 1936, 1945-1947, and 1950 earthquake sequences near Lassen Peak, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T14:08:33.175108","indexId":"70019535","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1936, 1945-1947, and 1950 earthquake sequences near Lassen Peak, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Three vigorous earthquake sequences occurred near Lassen Peak in 1936, between 1945 and 1947, and in 1950; the latter two sequences included mainshocks of magnitude 5.0 and 5.5, respectively, and thousands of smaller events. No comparable earthquake sequences have occurred near Lassen Peak since 1950. The epicentral area lies within 20 km of the southern boundary of Lassen Volcanic National Park, in a northwest striking seismic zone that extends from Lake Tahoe to the vicinity of Mount Shasta. In comparing their time history and magnitude distribution with other earthquake sequences that have occurred in regions of Cenozoic volcanism within and east of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, we find that the Lassen earthquake sequences show similar characteristics to two earthquake sequences that occurred on Basin and Range faults near Herlong, California, and Klamath Falls, Oregon. We interpret this similarity as evidence that the Lassen earthquakes were caused by Basin and Range extension and may have occurred on one or more Basin and Range faults in the Lassen region. However, the limitations of the data do not allow other possible sources, such as magmatic injection, to be ruled out. The most important implication of the Lassen earthquake sequences is that earthquakes of&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;5 or greater may occur in the Lassen region, perhaps quite close to Lassen Peak or other volcanoes. The record of Holocene volcanism and fault displacements in the region indicates that earthquake sequences driven by either tectonic or magmatic processes may occur near Lassen Peak, and any significant earthquake sequence should be carefully monitored to assess its nature.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02793","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Norris, R., Meagher, K., and Weaver, C., 1997, The 1936, 1945-1947, and 1950 earthquake sequences near Lassen Peak, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B1, p. 449-457, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02793.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479961,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb02793","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba61ae4b08c986b320ec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, R.D.","contributorId":45735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meagher, K.L.","contributorId":65067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meagher","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014810,"text":"1014810 - 1997 - Prey patchiness and larval fish growth and survival: inferences from an individual-based model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T16:10:15.638363","indexId":"1014810","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prey patchiness and larval fish growth and survival: inferences from an individual-based model","docAbstract":"<p><span>We used an individual-based simulation model to evaluate how prey patchiness and fish swimming behavior affect larval fish survival and mortality source (predation or starvation). Simulations revealed that cohort survival increased linearly with greater average patch residence times and that patch residence times for individual fish with different fates (survived, starved, eaten) diverged substantially during the first few days of feeding. Further, by examining the interaction of patch spatial distribution (uniform random versus clumped) with three possible swimming behaviors, we found that swimming behavior, via its effect on prey encounter and feeding rates, affected both cohort survival rates and whether fish died from predation or starvation, but that the spatial distribution of patches (fine-scale (100s m)) only influenced whether fish died from predation or starvation. Within a particular patch spatial arrangement, however, patch intensity (division of food between patches and non-patches) had a major effect on survival. Except at high food levels, fish did not survive when there were no patches, suggesting that average, well-mixed prey densities will not support sufficiently rapid growth for survival. As patch intensity increased, survival increased to a maximum and then declined, with peak survival occurring at higher patch intensity as average food concentration declined. Finally, the degree of patchiness also determined the intensity of selection on growth rates. In patchier environments, there was stronger selection for fast growth rates leading to eight-fold differences in average cohort growth rates after only three days of growth. In general, survival was not directly related to fast cohort growth the best survival occurred with high average prey densities and weak patchiness. Prey patchiness, by influencing the average as well as the variance in individual growth rates, can have a substantial impact on survival rates of larval fish cohorts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00015-4","usgsCitation":"Letcher, B., and Rice, J., 1997, Prey patchiness and larval fish growth and survival: inferences from an individual-based model: Ecological Modelling, v. 95, p. 29-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00015-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Letcher, Benjamin H. 0000-0003-0191-5678 bletcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":167313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"Benjamin H.","email":"bletcher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, James A.","contributorId":176863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rice","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019217,"text":"70019217 - 1997 - New records for Euhrychiopsis Lecontei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their densities in Wisconsin lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019217","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1855,"text":"Great Lakes Entomologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New records for Euhrychiopsis Lecontei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their densities in Wisconsin lakes","docAbstract":"The native aquatic weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei is currently being researched as a potential biological control for the exotic aquatic macrophyte Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), yet little is known about its specific distribution in North America. In this study, E. lecontei was collected in 25 of 27 lakes surveyed for the weevil in Wisconsin, greatly increasing the known distribution of the species in this state. E. lecontei densities evaluated in 14 Wisconsin lakes ranged from <0.01 to 1.91 weevils per apical stem of milfoil. These new records indicate that E. lecontei is widespread throughout Wisconsin and is associated with natural declines of M. spicatum in some lakes. Additional sampling for E. lecontei and research on its ecology and life history are needed to understand the role of this organism in aquatic ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Lakes Entomologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00900222","usgsCitation":"Jester, L., Bozek, M.A., Sheldon, S., and Helsel, D., 1997, New records for Euhrychiopsis Lecontei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their densities in Wisconsin lakes: Great Lakes Entomologist, v. 30, no. 4, p. 169-176.","startPage":"169","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6603e4b0c8380cd72cd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jester, L.L.","contributorId":28759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jester","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bozek, Michael A.","contributorId":51030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bozek","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheldon, S.P.","contributorId":69724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheldon","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019218,"text":"70019218 - 1997 - Testing prediction methods: Earthquake clustering versus the Poisson model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:42:09.850833","indexId":"70019218","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing prediction methods: Earthquake clustering versus the Poisson model","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Testing earthquake prediction methods requires statistical techniques that compare observed success to random chance. One technique is to produce simulated earthquake catalogs and measure the relative success of predicting real and simulated earthquakes. The accuracy of these tests depends on the validity of the statistical model used to simulate the earthquakes. This study tests the effect of clustering in the statistical earthquake model on the results. Three simulation models were used to produce significance levels for a VLF earthquake prediction method. As the degree of simulated clustering increases, the statistical significance drops. Hence, the use of a seismicity model with insufficient clustering can lead to overly optimistic results. A successful method must pass the statistical tests with a model that fully replicates the observed clustering. However, a method can be rejected based on tests with a model that contains insufficient clustering.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97GL01928","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Michael, A., 1997, Testing prediction methods: Earthquake clustering versus the Poisson model: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 15, p. 1891-1894, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL01928.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1891","endPage":"1894","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226823,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5cce4b08c986b320cae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019220,"text":"70019220 - 1997 - High-temperature hot spots on Io as seen by the Galileo solid state imaging (SSI) experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:41:02.926192","indexId":"70019220","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-temperature hot spots on Io as seen by the Galileo solid state imaging (SSI) experiment","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>High-temperature hot spots on Io have been imaged at ∼50 km spatial resolution by Galileo's CCD imaging system (SSI). Images were acquired during eclipses (Io in Jupiter's shadow) via the SSI clear filter (∼0.4–1.0 µm), detecting emissions from both small intense hot spots and diffuse extended glows associated with Io‧s atmosphere and plumes. A total of 13 hot spots have been detected over ∼70% of Io–s surface. Each hot spot falls precisely on a low-albedo feature corresponding to a caldera floor and/or lava flow. The hot-spot temperatures must exceed ∼700 K for detection by SSI. Observations at wavelengths longer than those available to SSI require that most of these hot spots actually have significantly higher temperatures (∼1000 K or higher) and cover small areas. The high-temperature hot spots probably mark the locations of active silicate volcanism, supporting suggestions that the eruption and near-surface movement of silicate magma drives the heat flow and volcanic activity of Io.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97GL01956","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"McEwen, A.S., Simonelli, D., Senske, D., Klaasen, K., Keszthelyi, L., Johnson, T.V., Geissler, P., Carr, M.H., and Belton, M.J., 1997, High-temperature hot spots on Io as seen by the Galileo solid state imaging (SSI) experiment: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 20, p. 2443-2446, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL01956.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2443","endPage":"2446","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a313fe4b0c8380cd5dd74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senske, D.R.","contributorId":35886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senske","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klaasen, K.P.","contributorId":56806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Geissler, P.E.","contributorId":67636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70019225,"text":"70019225 - 1997 - Natural radionuclides and plutonium in sediments from the western Arctic Ocean: Sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019225","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural radionuclides and plutonium in sediments from the western Arctic Ocean: Sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides","docAbstract":"Sediment cores collected during R.V. Polar Sea AOS94 expedition from the Chukchi Shelf to the North Poke were analyzed for several decay-series natural radionuclides and Pu isotopes to study sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides in the western Arctic Ocean. The measured sedimentation rates vary by more than three orders of magnitude along the transect, from 210Pb based rates of 200-700 cm kyr-1 over the Chukchi Shelf and 89 cm kyr-1 at the Chukchi Slope to 230Th-based rates of 0.02-0.3 cm kyr-1 at various settings in the deep basin. 230Th(ex) profiles in the central western Arctic Basin are characterized by a cyclic pattern and a pronounced sub-surface maximum superimposed on an overall decrease with depth. Sediment inventories of excess 210Pb and 230Th in the deep basin as a whole cannot account for their in situ production and 2610Pb fall-out. The opposite is true at the slope and shallower waters. We contend that, as with other ocean basins, boundary scavenging also exists in the Arctic Ocean. The broad continental shelves and the slope region may have the potential of removing all or moat of the particle-reactive radionuclides unaccounted for in the deep basin. The Pu isotope data are consistent with the notion of boundary scavenging. Sediment inventories and concentrations of Pu decrease rapidly offshore. Isotopic composition of Pu suggests mixing of fall-out Pu, which decreases with increasing latitudes, and fuels reprocessing Pu derived from the Russian and Atlantic sides of the Arctic Ocean. Although fuel reprocessing Pu has impinged on the Chukchi Slope, its existence over the Chukchi Shelf is not evident and probably overshadowed by fall-out Pu.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00040-4","issn":"09670645","usgsCitation":"Huh, C., Pisias, N.G., Kelley, J., Maiti, T., and Grantz, A., 1997, Natural radionuclides and plutonium in sediments from the western Arctic Ocean: Sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 44, no. 8, p. 1725-1743, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00040-4.","startPage":"1725","endPage":"1743","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205818,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00040-4"},{"id":226954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a634fe4b0c8380cd7240f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huh, C.-A.","contributorId":99711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huh","given":"C.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pisias, N. G.","contributorId":93640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pisias","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, J.M.","contributorId":16174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maiti, T.C.","contributorId":16995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maiti","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grantz, A.","contributorId":60378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1014823,"text":"1014823 - 1997 - Sturgeon rivers: An introduction to acipenseriform biogeography and life history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T16:21:11.834456","indexId":"1014823","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sturgeon rivers: An introduction to acipenseriform biogeography and life history","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present an overview of the global distribution of all 27 living species of Acipenseriformes in an attempt to understand their biogeographic history and the range of life history patterns displayed by different species. Our biogeographic analysis (based on the most recent phylogenetic analysis including fossil Acipenseriformes) suggests that Acipenseriformes originated in Europe, and that early diversification took place in Asia. Acipenseriformes do not have a common life history; variation within and between species is the rule rather than exception. The few relatively well-known case studies (e.g., Caspian Sea sturgeons, European Atlantic sturgeons in the Gironde system, and shortnose and North American Atlantic sturgeons in rivers of the east coast of America) greatly influence what we think we know about sturgeon biology. Our present level of phylogenetic understanding does not allow us to determine whether anadromy or potamodromy is the plesiomorphic life history pattern for Acipenseriformes. We propose that rivers in which spawning occurs must be the central unit for biogeographic analysis of living Acipenseriformes. After mapping these rivers, we recognized nine biogeographic provinces for acipenseriforms. Some repeated historical patterns emerge from this analysis, but, again, we are limited by our current understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Acipenser in particular. Distribution and biogeographic data are central to deciding where to make new efforts to update existing status information for acipenseriform species. We single out a widely ranging and highly variable species, Acipenser ruthenus, as particularly intriguing, for it spans three of our nine biogeographic provinces, and apparently has different life history patterns in different river systems. Finally, we note new areas in need of basic research, particularly the need for more detailed descriptions and analyses of life histories of different populations of sturgeons.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/A:1007312524792","usgsCitation":"Bemis, W.E., and Kynard, B., 1997, Sturgeon rivers: An introduction to acipenseriform biogeography and life history: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 48, no. 1-4, p. 167-183, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007312524792.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bemis, W. E.","contributorId":70332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bemis","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kynard, Boyd","contributorId":84234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"Boyd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020092,"text":"70020092 - 1997 - What a = 1/298 and C/Ma<sub>2</sub> = 0.333 really tell us about the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:14:56","indexId":"70020092","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2125,"text":"Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What a = 1/298 and C/Ma<sub>2</sub> = 0.333 really tell us about the Earth","docAbstract":"<p>The discussion in the several versions of The Earth by Jeffreys (third edition, 1952, for example) [1] relative to the ellipticity of the Earth does not demonstrate, as generally believed, that the Earth has the shape of a rotating liquid. His development in conjunction with the work of H. Lamb (1945) [2] shows unequivocally that the Earth is much less oblate than required if it were behaving as a liquid mass. It is not true that the observations of Bouguer in the late 1700's regarding the actual ellipticity of the Earth demonstrated the liquidity of the Earth with mass concentrated towards the center. In fact, proper interpretation of his data would have shown that the Earth's ellipticity results from its great strength, not its weakness. Data available today establish that great strength resides in the lower mantle and has in all probability resided there from the time of the Earth's origin. This strength results in the need for reinterpretation of Earth behavior and operative processes.</p>","language":"English","issn":"10693513","usgsCitation":"Evernden, J., 1997, What a = 1/298 and C/Ma<sub>2</sub> = 0.333 really tell us about the Earth: Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, v. 33, no. 2, p. 162-170.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd02de4b08c986b32eced","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evernden, J. F.","contributorId":40593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evernden","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019534,"text":"70019534 - 1997 - A three component model to estimate sensible heat flux over sparse shrubs in Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:59:36.635337","indexId":"70019534","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3252,"text":"Remote Sensing Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A three component model to estimate sensible heat flux over sparse shrubs in Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>It is now recognized that accurate partitioning of available energy into sensible and latent heat flux is crucial to understanding surface‐atmosphere interactions. This issue is more complicated in arid and semi‐arid regions where the relative contribution to surface fluxes from the soil and vegetation may vary significantly throughout the day and throughout the season. The objective of this paper is to present a three‐component model to estimate sensible heat flux over heterogeneous surfaces. The surface was represented with two adjacent compartments. The first compartment is made up of two components, shrubs and shaded soil; the second compartment consists of bare, unshaded soil. Data collected at two different sites in Nevada during the summers of 1991 and 1992 were used to evaluate model performance. The results show that the present model is sufficiently general to yield satisfactory results for both sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02757259709532333","issn":"02757257","usgsCitation":"Chehbouni, A., Nichols, W.D., Njoku, E., Qi, J., Kerr, Y., and Cabot, F., 1997, A three component model to estimate sensible heat flux over sparse shrubs in Nevada: Remote Sensing Reviews, v. 15, no. 1-4, p. 99-112, https://doi.org/10.1080/02757259709532333.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228043,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e310e4b0c8380cd45dd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chehbouni, A.","contributorId":37095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chehbouni","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Njoku, E.G.","contributorId":98057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Njoku","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Qi, J.","contributorId":48718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kerr, Y.H.","contributorId":38301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"Y.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cabot, F.","contributorId":76478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabot","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70020133,"text":"70020133 - 1997 - Additional studies on mixed uranyl oxide-hydroxide hydrate alteration products of uraninite from the palermo and ruggles granitic pegmatites, grafton county, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70020133","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Additional studies on mixed uranyl oxide-hydroxide hydrate alteration products of uraninite from the palermo and ruggles granitic pegmatites, grafton county, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Additional studies on an incompletely characterized secondary uranium \"mineral\" from the Ruggles and Palermo granitic pegmatites, New Hampshire, referred to as mineral \"A\" by Frondel (1956), reveal a mixture of schoepite-group minerals and related uranyl oxide-hydroxide hydrated compounds. A composite chemical analysis yielded (in wt.%): PbO 4.85 (EMP), UO3 83.5 (EMP), BaO 0.675 (av. of EMP and ICP), CaO 0.167 (av. of EMP and ICP), K2O 2.455 (av. of EMP and ICP), SrO 0.21 (ICP), ThO2 0.85 (ICP), H2O 6.9, ??99.61. Powder-diffraction X-ray studies indicate a close resemblance in patterns between mineral \"A\" and several uranyl oxide-hydroxide hydrated minerals, including the schoepite family of minerals and UO2(OH)2. The powder-diffraction data for mineral \"A\" are most similar to those for synthetic UO2.86??1.5H2O and UO2(OH)2, but other phases are likely present as well. TGA analysis of both mineral \"A\" and metaschoepite show similar weight-loss and first derivative curves. The dominant losses are at 100??C, with secondary events at 400?? and 600??C. IR spectra show the presence of (OH) and H2O. Uraninite from both pegmatites, analyzed by LAM-ICP-MS, shows the presence of Th, Pb, K and Ca.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., Korzeb, S., Lichte, F., and Fitzpatrick, J.J., 1997, Additional studies on mixed uranyl oxide-hydroxide hydrate alteration products of uraninite from the palermo and ruggles granitic pegmatites, grafton county, New Hampshire: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 35, no. 1, p. 145-151.","startPage":"145","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6eee4b0c8380cd47725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Korzeb, S.L.","contributorId":49802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korzeb","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J. J.","contributorId":95078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019532,"text":"70019532 - 1997 - New allocyclic dimensions in a prograding carbonate bank: Evidence for eustatic, tectonic, and paleoceanographic control (late Neogene, Bahamas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:40:54","indexId":"70019532","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2452,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research B: Stratigraphy and Global Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New allocyclic dimensions in a prograding carbonate bank: Evidence for eustatic, tectonic, and paleoceanographic control (late Neogene, Bahamas)","docAbstract":"The deep-sea record, examined recently for the first time in a shallow-depocenter setting, has unveiled remarkable evidence for new sedimentary components and allocyclic complexity in a large, well-studied carbonate bank, the western Great Bahama Bank. The evidence is a composite foraminiferal signature - Paleocene to early Miocene (allogenic or reworked) and late Miocene to late Pliocene (host) planktic taxa, and redeposited middle Miocene shallow benthic faunas. Ages of the oldest and youngest planktic groups range from ??? 66 to ??? 2 Ma. The reworked and redeposited taxa are a proxy for significant sediment components that otherwise have no lithofacies or seismic resolution. The composite signature, reinforced by a distinctive distribution of the reworked and redeposited faunas, documents a much more complex late Neogene depositional system than previously known. The system is more than progradational. The source sequences that supplied the constituent bank-margin grains formed at different water depths and over hundreds of kilometers and tens of millions of years apart. New evidence from the literature and from data obtained during Ocean Drilling Program (OOP) Leg 166 in the Santaren Channel (Bahamas) support early interpretations based on the composite fossil record and provide valuable new dimensions to regional allocyclicity. The middle Miocene taxa were confined to the lower part of the section by the latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene(?) lowstand of sea level. An orderly occurrence of the allogenic taxa is unique to the global reworked geologic record and appears to have been controlled by a combination of Paleogene-early Neogene tectonics at the source, eustatic changes, and late Neogene current activity at the source and across the bank. The allogenic taxa expand the spatial and temporal range of information in the northern Bahamas by nearly an order of magnitude. In essence, some of the major processes active in the region during ??? 64 m.y. of the Cenozoic can be viewed from within a narrow (??? 6 m.y.) late Neogene window. In this case, the fossil record also serves to demonstrate the potential and significance in evaluating reworked and redeposited assemblages. Copyright ?? 1998, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research B: Stratigraphy and Global Studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2110/jsr.68.269","issn":"10731318","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., and McNeill, D., 1997, New allocyclic dimensions in a prograding carbonate bank: Evidence for eustatic, tectonic, and paleoceanographic control (late Neogene, Bahamas): Journal of Sedimentary Research B: Stratigraphy and Global Studies, v. 68, no. 2, p. 269-282, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.68.269.","startPage":"269","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269468,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.68.269"},{"id":228005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6552e4b0c8380cd72b6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNeill, D.F.","contributorId":68901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeill","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}