This study is being conducted to provide the aquatic biology component of a decision support system being developed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. In an attempt to capture the habitat needs of Great Plains fish communities we are looking beyond previous habitat modeling methods. Traditional habitat modeling approaches have relied on one-dimensional hydraulic models and lumped compositional habitat metrics to describe aquatic habitat. A broader range of habitat descriptors is available when both composition and configuration of habitats is considered. Habitat metrics that consider both composition and configuration can be adapted from terrestrial biology. These metrics are most conveniently accessed with spatially explicit descriptors of the physical variables driving habitat composition. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models have advanced to the point that they may provide the spatially explicit description of physical parameters needed to address this problem. This paper reports progress to date on applying two-dimensional hydraulic and habitat models on the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers and uses examples from the Yellowstone River to illustrate the configurational metrics as a new tool for assessing riverine habitats.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Lake Management Society (NALMS) meeting 1997","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"North American Lake Management Society (NALMS) Meeting","conferenceDate":"December 2-4, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"NALMS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX","usgsCitation":"Waddle, T.J., Bovee, K., and Bowen, Z., 1997, Two-dimensional habitat modeling in the Yellowstone/Upper Missouri River system, in North American Lake Management Society (NALMS) meeting 1997, Houston, TX, December 2-4, 1997, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325409,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nalms.org/home/conferences-and-events/past-nalms-symposia/annual-symposium.cmsx"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdbae4b0f1bea0e0f905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddle, T. J.","contributorId":52507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bovee, K.D.","contributorId":15954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowen, Z.H.","contributorId":81045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Z.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175702,"text":"70175702 - 1997 - Book review: Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: Strategies and references","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T11:13:51","indexId":"70175702","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: Strategies and references","docAbstract":"Increasingly, ecosystem managers are attempting to restore riparian ecosystems in the arid West that have been degraded by land and water management practices. This book will fill a vacant niche in the library of these practitioners. Briggs emphasizes several concepts that should be fundamental to restoration projects but that too often are ignored. One of these central concepts is that the underlying causes of degradation need to be identified before restoration projects are undertaken. Briggs advocates considering multiple impacts, interactions between impacts, and site history when assessing causes of site degradation. Causes can be complex and difficult to assess and may include depletion of water availability by ground water pumping, alteration of flood flow regimes, overgrazing by cattle, and increased soil salinity from upstream agricultural activities, to name a few
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","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Ecological Restoration","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09732.x","usgsCitation":"Stromberg, J.C., Shafroth, P.B., and Cornwall, C., 1997, Book review: Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: Strategies and references: Restoration Ecology, v. 5, no. 3, p. 271-271, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09732.x.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"271","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc45e4b03fd6b7d94c20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stromberg, Julie C.","contributorId":71657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromberg","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, Caitlin","contributorId":173821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cornwall","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185273,"text":"70185273 - 1997 - Potential for intrinsic bioremediation of a DNT-contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:40:39","indexId":"70185273","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential for intrinsic bioremediation of a DNT-contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"Microorganisms indigenous to a shallow aquifer, which underlies an explosives-contaminated site, mineralized 28% of [U-ring-14C] 2,4–dinitrotoluene to 14CO2 within 28 days under aerobic conditions. Approximately 20% of added 2,4–dinitrotoluene remained undegraded at the end of the incubation while approximately 22% and 6% were transformed to 4–amino-2–nitrotoluene and 2–amino-4–nitrotoluene, respectively. In aquifer microcosms containing 2,6–dinitrotoluene, approximately 67% of the substrate remained undegraded and approximately 14% was transformed to 2–amino-6–nitrotoluene. The radiolabeled study indicated that about 8% of the 2,6–dinotrotoluene was mineralized to CO2. The demonstrated degradation and subsequent mineralization of dinitrotoluene compounds by aquifer microorganisms are consistent with the decline in dissolved dinitrotoluene concentrations observed along the general ground-water flowpath at the site. The results indicate that intrinsic bioremediation may be a viable alternative for remediating contaminated ground water at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00054.x","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Chapelle, F.H., Landmeyer, J., and Schumacher, J., 1997, Potential for intrinsic bioremediation of a DNT-contaminated aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 12-17, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00054.x.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00054.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf5a0e4b0849ce97f0d0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schumacher, J.G.","contributorId":54398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015711,"text":"1015711 - 1997 - Sustainable grizzly bear mortality calculated from counts of females with cubs-of-the-year: An evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T20:26:53","indexId":"1015711","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Sustainable grizzly bear mortality calculated from counts of females with cubs-of-the-year: An evaluation","title":"Sustainable grizzly bear mortality calculated from counts of females with cubs-of-the-year: An evaluation","docAbstract":"Unduplicated counts of female grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis with cubs-of-the-year are currently used to estimate minimum population sizes used, in turn, to calculate allowable (assumed to equal sustainable) mortality for grizzly bear populations in the contiguous United States of America. This calculation assumes that unduplicated counts are an unbiased and accurate indicator of population size and that the ratios of minimum population size and known mortality to their respective totals are equal. Neither of these assumptions can be directly tested. However in this paper I use data from the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1977–1990, to evaluate two directly related but alternate hypotheses: (1) annual variation in unduplicated counts is explained by factors extraneous to the number of adult females in the population (i.e. search effort and sightability of females with cubs); and (2) there is >10% risk of allowing unsustainable mortality (actual mortality rate >6%) given a plausible, uniform range of population and mortality ratios. My results are consistent with accepting both of these hypotheses. I therefore concluded that unduplicated counts varied without a known relationship to population size and that, by normal standards, the method currently adopted for management of grizzly bear populations in the contiguous United States was not a conservative basis for calculating maximum allowable mortality. I suggest that using lower mortality rates and conservative bounds of confidence limits for the estimated parameters used in calculations of allowable mortality could substantially reduce the risk of unintentionally allowing excessive mortality.
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Meeting of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Meeting of the American Fisheries Society","conferenceLocation":"Monterey, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Thompson, J., 1997, Impacts of the Asian Clam on San Francisco Bay, California, in Proceedings of the Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, Monterey, CA.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db54e4b0589fa1c7e8e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175090,"text":"70175090 - 1997 - Selenium trends in north San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-10T18:15:05.637456","indexId":"70175090","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium trends in north San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Estuary","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., and Linville, R., 1997, Selenium trends in north San Francisco Bay: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 10, p. 25-26.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"North San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.76123046875,\n 37.814123701604466\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 37.814123701604466\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 38.23386541556985\n ],\n [\n -122.76123046875,\n 38.23386541556985\n ],\n [\n -122.76123046875,\n 37.814123701604466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cb4e4b0589fa1c980d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":120222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linville, R.","contributorId":173243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Linville","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174530,"text":"70174530 - 1997 - Forecasting spring runoff pulses from the Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T15:10:16.077628","indexId":"70174530","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasting spring runoff pulses from the Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., Peterson, D.H., Diaz, H., and Cayan, D., 1997, Forecasting spring runoff pulses from the Sierra Nevada: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 10, no. 3, p. 32-35.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.91625976562499,\n 35.63051198300061\n ],\n [\n -118.46557617187499,\n 37.67512527892127\n ],\n [\n -119.893798828125,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -120.50903320312501,\n 39.96870074491696\n ],\n [\n -121.025390625,\n 40.82212357516945\n ],\n [\n -121.92626953124999,\n 40.522150985623796\n ],\n [\n -121.5087890625,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -119.17968749999999,\n 36.62434536776987\n ],\n [\n -118.817138671875,\n 35.7019167328534\n ],\n [\n -118.71826171875,\n 35.22767235493586\n ],\n [\n -118.27880859375001,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -117.91625976562499,\n 35.63051198300061\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579dcfe6e4b0589fa1cbd8ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diaz, H.F","contributorId":172857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diaz","given":"H.F","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70175110,"text":"70175110 - 1997 - Effects of reduced wastewater phosphate concentrations in South San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-10T18:17:44.776013","indexId":"70175110","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of reduced wastewater phosphate concentrations in South San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Hager, S., and Schemel, L., 1997, Effects of reduced wastewater phosphate concentrations in South San Francisco Bay: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 10, no. 3, p. 11-12.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -121.81640625000001,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -121.81640625000001,\n 37.82280243352759\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.82280243352759\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.400710068740565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2caee4b0589fa1c980a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, S.W.","contributorId":51746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schemel, L. 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The distribution of technical chlordane in riverine environments may be due in part to resuspension and aqueous transport of contaminated bed sediment. To test this hypothesis, the Mississippi River was sampled for suspended sediment five times over a two- year period, at up to 17 sites from St. Louis to below New Orleans, including major tributaries. The ratio of chlordane to nonachlor concentrations averaged 3.6 during May-June 1988 for the Mississippi River below its confluence with the Ohio River. During March-April 1989, the ratio was 0.6, suggesting weathered technical chlordane contributions to the suspended sediment. During June 1989, the ratio averaged 1.1, indicating some input of less weathered technical chlordane. During February-March and May-June 1990, the ratios again shifted, from 0.8 to 1.3. This shifting ratio is likely due to resuspension of weathered technical chlordane associated with bed sediment during spring runoff. Annual transport by suspended sediment from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico was estimated to be 110 kg of chlordane and 100 kg of nonachlor.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900266","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C., 1997, Concentration and transport of chlordane and nonachlor associated with suspended sediment in the Mississippi River, May 1988 to June 1990: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 369-377, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900266.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"377","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -93.779296875,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -92.021484375,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 36.70365959719456\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 32.509761735919426\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 31.316101383495624\n ],\n [\n -91.49414062499999,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -89.7802734375,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 46.76996843356982\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f97ce4b0c8380cd4d61f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019821,"text":"70019821 - 1997 - The interplay between transpiration and Runoff formulations in land surface schemes used with atmospheric models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019821","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The interplay between transpiration and Runoff formulations in land surface schemes used with atmospheric models","docAbstract":"The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) has shown that different land surface models (LSMs) driven by the same meteorological forcing can produce markedly different surface energy and water budgets, even when certain critical aspects of the LSMs (vegetation cover, albedo, turbulent drag coefficient, and snowcover) are carefully controlled. To help explain these differences, the authors devised a monthly water balance model that successfully reproduces the annual and seasonal water balances of the different PILPS schemes. Analysis of this model leads to the identification of two quantities that characterize an LSM's formulation of soil water balance dynamics: 1) the efficiency of the soil's evaporation sink integrated over the active soil moisture range, and 2) the fraction of this range over which runoff is generated. Regardless of the LSM's complexity, the combination of these two derived parameters with rates of interception loss, potential evaporation, and precipitation provides a reasonable estimate for the LSM's simulated annual water balance. The two derived parameters shed light on how evaporation and runoff formulations interact in an LSM, and the analysis as a whole underscores the need for compatibility in these formulations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Koster, R., and Milly, P., 1997, The interplay between transpiration and Runoff formulations in land surface schemes used with atmospheric models: Journal of Climate, v. 10, no. 7, p. 1578-1591.","startPage":"1578","endPage":"1591","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad58e4b08c986b323b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koster, R.D.","contributorId":15356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koster","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019819,"text":"70019819 - 1997 - Occurrence of selected herbicides and herbicide degradation products in Iowa's Ground Water, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-08T16:31:44","indexId":"70019819","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of selected herbicides and herbicide degradation products in Iowa's Ground Water, 1995","docAbstract":"Herbicide compounds were prevalent in ground water across Iowa, being detected in 70% of the 106 municipal wells sampled during the summer of 1995. Herbicide degradation products were three of the four most frequently detected compounds for this study. The degradation product alachlor ethanesulfonic acid was the most frequently detected compound (65.1%), followed by atrazine (40.6%), and the degradation products deethylatrazine (34.9%), and cyanazine amide (19.8%). The corn herbicide acetochlor, first registered for widespread use in the United States in March 1994, was detected in a single water sample. No reported herbicide compound concentrations for this study exceeded currem U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water, although the herbicide degradation products examined have yet to have such levels established.
\nThe occurrence of herbicide compounds had a significant, inverse relation to well depth and a significant, positive relation to dissolved-oxygen concentration. It is felt that both well depth and dissolved oxygen are acting as rough surrogates to ground-water age, with younger ground water being more likely to contain herbicide compounds. The occurrence of herbicide compounds was substantially different among the major aquifer types across Iowa, being detected in 82.5% of the alluvial, 81.8% of the bedrock/ karst region, 40.0% of the glacial-drift, and 25.0% of the bedrock/nonkarst region aquifers. The observed distribution was partially attributed to variations in general ground-water age among these aquifer types. A significant, inverse relation was determined between total herbicide compound concentrations in ground water and the average soil slope within a 2-km radius of sampled wells. Steeper soil slopes may increase the likelihood of surface runoff occurring rather than ground-water infiltration–decreasing the transport of herbicide compounds to ground water. As expected, a significant positive relation was determined between intensity of herbicide use and herbicide concentrations in ground water.
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\"}}]}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c2ee4b0c8380cd74abd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. 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Throughout the 54-d study, the 48 fish with transmitters in their stomachs (gastric fish) consistently grew more slowly than fish with surgically implanted transmitters (surgery fish), fish with surgery but no implanted transmitter (sham-surgery fish), or fish exposed only to handling (control fish). Growth rates of surgery fish were also slightly impaired at day 21, but by day 54 they were growing at rates comparable with those of control fish. Despite differences in growth, overall health was similar among all test fish. However, movement of the transmitter antenna caused abrasions at the corner of the mouth in all gastric fish, whereas only 22% of the surgery fish had inflammation around the antenna exit wound. Feeding activity was similar among groups, but gastric fish exhibited a coughing behavior and appeared to have difficulty retaining swallowed food. Because growth and feeding behavior were less affected by the presence of surgically implanted transmitters than by gastric implants, we recommend surgically implanting transmitters for biotelemetry studies of juvenile chinook salmon between 114 and 159 mm fork length.","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0128:EOSAGI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Adams, N., Rondorf, D., Evans, S., and Kelly, J., 1997, Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile chinook salmon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 127, no. 1, p. 128-136, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0128:EOSAGI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07eee4b0c8380cd518d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, N.S.","contributorId":93175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"N.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":389554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, S.D.","contributorId":69282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelly, J.E.","contributorId":20216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001121,"text":"1001121 - 1997 - Population and movement characteristics of radio-collared striped skunks in North Dakota during an epizootic of rabies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T09:33:23","indexId":"1001121","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population and movement characteristics of radio-collared striped skunks in North Dakota during an epizootic of rabies","docAbstract":"We observed a total of 102 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) from March to July of both 1991 and 1992 in Stutsman County, North Dakota (USA) during an experiment with food supplementation. Twenty-three apparently healthy skunks in 1991 and 56 in 1992 were equipped with radio-collars. In 1991, one of the 23 was tested and found to be rabid. In 1992, 50 of 56 were tested; 35 (70%) were rabid. Of skunks with ages estimated, 19 (66%) of 29 were first year animals in 1991 compared with nine (22%) of 41 first year animals in 1992. All 18 females captured in 1991 were pregnant or parous compared with 21 (60%) of 35 in 1992. The estimated survival rate of skunks was 0.85 during April to June 1991, but only 0.17 during April to July 1992. In 1992, the survival rate of first year skunks was 0.08, compared with 0.35 for older animals. Eleven (31%) of 36 skunks found dead of rabies or in late clinical stage were located below ground. We detected no differences in 1992 between healthy and rabid skunks in estimated mean (±SE) rate of travel (232 ± 14 m/hr), distance traveled (2,047 ± 141 m/night), or home range size (1.6 ± 0.4 km2) during half-month periods from April through June. Among rabid skunks, mean rate of travel tended to decrease from 298 ± 48 m/hr during the 14 days preceding the clinical period of rabies (pre-clinical) to 174 ± 48 m/hr during the clinical period of rabies (14 days immediately before death). Similar decrease occurred in distance traveled in a night (2,318 ± 281 m, pre-clinical; 1,497 ± 281 m, clinical). Mean home range size of males (2.8 ± 0.4) was greater than of females (1.2 ± 0.4) during the pre-clinical period, but during the clinical period home range sizes of males (1.8 ± 0.4) and females (1.8 ± 0.4) were similar. Mean home range size of females did not differ between pre-clinical (1.2 ± 0.4) and clinical (1.8 ± 0.4) periods (P= 0.22). Deaths of skunks from rabies in 1992 tended to be more spatially clumped than expected had they been random, mostly due to deaths detected before 8 May. We detected no correlation between locations of animals found dead of rabies and dates of death.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-33.2.226","usgsCitation":"Greenwood, R.J., Newton, W.E., Pearson, G.L., and Schamber, G.J., 1997, Population and movement characteristics of radio-collared striped skunks in North Dakota during an epizootic of rabies: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 33, no. 2, p. 226-241, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-33.2.226.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"226","endPage":"241","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.437255859375,\n 46.53619267489863\n ],\n [\n -98.272705078125,\n 46.53619267489863\n ],\n [\n -98.272705078125,\n 47.25686404408872\n ],\n [\n -99.437255859375,\n 47.25686404408872\n ],\n [\n -99.437255859375,\n 46.53619267489863\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e80c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenwood, Raymond J.","contributorId":174570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenwood","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newton, Wesley E. 0000-0002-1377-043X wnewton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-043X","contributorId":3661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"Wesley","email":"wnewton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearson, Gary L.","contributorId":76676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schamber, George J.","contributorId":174752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schamber","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001120,"text":"1001120 - 1997 - Occurrence of zebra mussels in near-shore areas of western Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T00:26:55.391612","indexId":"1001120","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of zebra mussels in near-shore areas of western Lake Erie","docAbstract":"We measured biomass, percent coverage, and length-frequency of zebra mussels in near-shore areas of western Lake Erie between 16 September and 10 November 1993 as part of a larger study on the ecological relationship between diving ducks and zebra mussels. Wet weight biomass of zebra mussels, determined by SCUBA diving, ranged from 0 to 3,611 g/m2 and averaged ( ± 1 SE) 1,270 ± 380 g/m2 (n = 11). Percent coverage of lake bottom by zebra mussels ranged from 0 to 70% and averaged 17 ± 4.0% (n = 27). Percent coverage of zebra mussels was relatively high in the northern portion (28–70% coverage) and in the southwestern portion (18–40%), but relatively low ( < 5%) in the southeastern portion of the study area. Percent coverage by zebra mussels, determined from underwater videography, was highly correlated (r2 = 0.96) with zebra mussel biomass. Analysis of length-frequency data indicated that there was prominent recruitment of juvenile zebra mussels at only three of eight sites. Average shell length ranged from 11 mm to 15 mm at the other five sites. The non-uniform distribution of zebra mussels, as determined from biomass and videography, may have important ramifications when assessing zebra mussel impacts on waterfowl. These data may also be used when assessing impact of zebra mussels on other aquatic organisms in the near-shore areas of western Lake Erie.
Branchinecta sandiegonensis (Crustacea: Anostraca) is a narrow range endemic fairy shrimp discontinuously distributed in ephemeral pools on coastal mesas in San Diego County, USA. Ten populations across the range of the species were subjected to allozyme analysis for eleven loci. The species exhibits low variability (P95 =9.1–45.5) and one third of the loci tested did not conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations. The species also exhibited a high degree of genetic differentiation between populations. F ST values (fixation index) for most pairs of populations were above 0.25 (0.036–0.889).Low genetic variability and high genetic structure may result from low gene flow and founder effects due to habitat fragmentation and the lack of potential vectors for cyst dispersal. The unpredictable rainfall of the region also creates potential for variable population sizes which could affect structure and variability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1003150517472","usgsCitation":"Davies, C.P., Simovich, M.A., and Hathaway, S.A., 1997, Population genetic structure of a California endemic Branchiopod, Branchinecta sandiegonensis: Hydrobiologia, v. 359, no. 1-3, p. 149-158, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003150517472.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"359","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, Cathleen P.","contributorId":124592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davies","given":"Cathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simovich, Marie A.","contributorId":168434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simovich","given":"Marie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34010,"text":"University of San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":324852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hathaway, Stacie A. 0000-0002-4167-8059 sahathaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-8059","contributorId":3420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"Stacie","email":"sahathaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019827,"text":"70019827 - 1997 - Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:23:21","indexId":"70019827","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes","docAbstract":"In the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes phase 2a experiment, meteorological data for the year 1987 from Cabauw, the Netherlands, were used as inputs to 23 land-surface flux schemes designed for use in climate and weather models. Schemes were evaluated by comparing their outputs with long-term measurements of surface sensible heat fluxes into the atmosphere and the ground, and of upward longwave radiation and total net radiative fluxes, and also comparing them with latent heat fluxes derived from a surface energy balance. Tuning of schemes by use of the observed flux data was not permitted. On an annual basis, the predicted surface radiative temperature exhibits a range of 2 K across schemes, consistent with the range of about 10 W m-2 in predicted surface net radiation. Most modeled values of monthly net radiation differ from the observations by less than the estimated maximum monthly observational error (±10 W m-2). However, modeled radiative surface temperature appears to have a systematic positive bias in most schemes; this might be explained by an error in assumed emissivity and by models' neglect of canopy thermal heterogeneity. Annual means of sensible and latent heat fluxes, into which net radiation is partitioned, have ranges across schemes of 30 W m-2 and 25 W m-2, respectively. Annual totals of evapotranspiration and runoff, into which the precipitation is partitioned, both have ranges of 315 mm. These ranges in annual heat and water fluxes were approximately halved upon exclusion of the three schemes that have no stomatal resistance under non-water-stressed conditions. Many schemes tend to underestimate latent heat flux and overestimate sensible heat flux in summer, with a reverse tendency in winter. For six schemes, root-mean-square deviations of predictions from monthly observations are less than the estimated upper bounds on observation errors (5 W m-2 for sensible heat flux and 10 W m-2 for latent heat flux). Actual runoff at the site is believed to be dominated by vertical drainage to groundwater, but several schemes produced significant amounts of runoff as overland flow or interflow. There is a range across schemes of 184 mm (40% of total pore volume) in the simulated annual mean root-zone soil moisture. Unfortunately, no measurements of soil moisture were available for model evaluation. A theoretical analysis suggested that differences in boundary conditions used in various schemes are not sufficient to explain the large variance in soil moisture. However, many of the extreme values of soil moisture could be explained in terms of the particulars of experimental setup or excessive evapotranspiration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Chen, T., Henderson-Sellers, A., Milly, P., Pitman, A., Beljaars, A., Polcher, J., Abramopoulos, F., Boone, A., Chang, S., Chen, F., Dai, Y., Desborough, C., Dickinson, R., Dumenil, L., Ek, M., Garratt, J., Gedney, N., Gusev, Y., Kim, J., Koster, R., Kowalczyk, E., Laval, K., Lean, J., Lettenmaier, D., Liang, X., Mahfouf, J., Mengelkamp, H., Mitchell, K., Nasonova, O., Noilhan, J., Robock, A., Rosenzweig, C., Schaake, J., Schlosser, C., Schulz, J., Shao, Y., Shmakin, A., Verseghy, D., Wetzel, P., Wood, E., Xue, Y., Yang, Z., and Zeng, Q., 1997, Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes: Journal of Climate, v. 10, no. 6, p. 1194-1215, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1194","endPage":"1215","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:cerftp>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278566,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2e8e4b0c8380cd4b498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, T.H.","contributorId":13112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson-Sellers, A.","contributorId":41293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson-Sellers","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milly, P. 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is necessary for the determination of reliable heat‐flow and rock thermal properties. In conjunction with independent thermal‐conductivity determinations, thermal logging data also allow the separation of heat conduction effects from thermal convection effects by fluid flow driven by various pressure differences such as pore fluid pressure. The Earth's thermal field is related intimately to geothermal resources and hydrocarbon resources. Therefore, the characterization of temperature in the subsurface and its relationship to lithology is of critical importance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1444211","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Forster, A., Schrotter, J., Merriam, D.F., and Blackwell, D., 1997, Application of optical-fiber temperature logging - An example in a sedimentary environment: Geophysics, v. 62, no. 4, p. 1107-1113, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444211.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1107","endPage":"1113","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228213,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecabe4b0c8380cd49409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forster, A.","contributorId":14580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forster","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schrotter, J.","contributorId":105458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrotter","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blackwell, D.D.","contributorId":20905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019800,"text":"70019800 - 1997 - From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T09:10:28","indexId":"70019800","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment was isolated from water samples collected from the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL, eight times over a 5-year period from May 1988 through September 1993 in order to evaluate the transport of lipophilic halogenated organic compounds associated with the suspended sediment. Two hydrologic extremes were included-the 1988 drought and the 1993 flood. Halogenated organic compounds included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, DCPA (dacthal), trifluralin, aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane components. Sediment transport of most of these organic compounds was substantially higher during the 1993 flood then at other sampling times. The extreme transports during the flood were due to unusually high concentrations of some contaminants on the suspended sediment, low to average concentrations of suspended sediment being transported, and unusually high water discharges.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960513z","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C., 1997, From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1308-1312, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960513z.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1308","endPage":"1312","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205974,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019794,"text":"70019794 - 1997 - A hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate from playa lake sediments, Salines Lake, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019794","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate from playa lake sediments, Salines Lake, Spain","docAbstract":"Sediments of playa Lake Salines, SE, Spain, contain a carbonate mineral characterized by X-ray diffraction peaks very similar to, but systematically shifted from those of pure magnesite. Analyses (SEM, IR and Raman spectroscopy, DTA, TGA, and ICP) indicate the mineral is a hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate with the chemical formula (Mg0.92,Ca0.08)CO3??3H2O. Thermal characteristics of the mineral are similar to those of other known hydrated magnesium carbonates. X-ray and electron diffraction data suggests a monoclinic system (P21/n space group) with unit-cell parameters of a = 6.063(6), b = 10.668(5), and c = 6.014(4) A?? and ?? = 107.28??.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Queralt, I., Julia, R., Plana, F., and Bischoff, J.L., 1997, A hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate from playa lake sediments, Salines Lake, Spain: American Mineralogist, v. 82, no. 7-8, p. 812-819.","startPage":"812","endPage":"819","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e42be4b0c8380cd4646f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Queralt, I.","contributorId":69736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Queralt","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julia, R.","contributorId":34655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julia","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plana, F.","contributorId":60799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plana","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019793,"text":"70019793 - 1997 - U-Pb zircon date from Avalonian Cape Breton Island and geochronologic calibration of the early Ordovician","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T20:48:03.187719","indexId":"70019793","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon date from Avalonian Cape Breton Island and geochronologic calibration of the early Ordovician","docAbstract":"A U–Pb zircon date of 483 ± 1 Ma is recorded from an uppermost Tremadoc K-bentonite from the Chesley Drive Group on McLeod Brook, eastern Cape Breton Island. The associated fauna, with the trilobite Peltocare rotundifrons, is also known from the Reversing Falls section in Saint John, New Brunswick, and the traditional reference of the latter section to the Arenig is incorrect. A 483 ± 1 Ma age is significantly older than a U – Pb zircon age reported from the classical base of the Arenig Series in north Wales and about 10 Ma older than strata regarded herein as upper Arenig in central Newfoundland. If the global standard for the base of the Arenig is defined at the Tetragraptus approximatus Zone base, then the base of the type Arenig in Wales is younger than the latter horizon. The McLeod Brook occurrence is from an uppermost Tremadoc (Hunnebergian Stage) interval that has been removed below the unconformity in north Wales. The age of the Tremadoc –Arenig series boundary remains uncertain; however, a tentative estimate that it is significantly younger than 483 Ma is suggested by fossil evidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e17-059","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Landing, E., Bowring, S., Fortey, R., and Davidek, K., 1997, U-Pb zircon date from Avalonian Cape Breton Island and geochronologic calibration of the early Ordovician: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, no. 5, p. 724-730, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-059.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"724","endPage":"730","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Nova Scotia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Bourinot Belt, Cape Breton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -60.807290916100186,\n 45.97450730476584\n ],\n [\n -60.81056064824972,\n 45.956325176282036\n ],\n [\n -60.82690930899582,\n 45.9153935674654\n ],\n [\n -60.7615146660098,\n 45.9153935674654\n ],\n [\n -60.70265948732208,\n 45.83343970926023\n ],\n [\n -60.77786332675673,\n 45.79241745723209\n ],\n [\n -60.77132386245765,\n 45.72169718990881\n ],\n [\n -60.88576448768357,\n 45.6486016092131\n ],\n [\n -60.86614609478791,\n 45.591429229409215\n ],\n [\n -60.77459359460717,\n 45.591429229409215\n ],\n [\n -60.7451660052629,\n 45.55709781829083\n ],\n [\n -60.656883237231725,\n 45.55709781829083\n ],\n [\n -60.64707404078389,\n 45.58685292055148\n ],\n [\n -60.55552154060315,\n 45.61201800202491\n ],\n [\n -60.42146252248155,\n 45.623452944346354\n ],\n [\n -60.35606787949553,\n 45.65088729182682\n ],\n [\n -60.30048243295734,\n 45.685161338271655\n ],\n [\n -60.25143645071822,\n 45.685161338271655\n ],\n [\n -60.199120736328766,\n 45.73995616192707\n ],\n [\n -60.16969314698531,\n 45.7741756460251\n ],\n [\n -60.107568236148026,\n 45.7741756460251\n ],\n [\n -60.04544332531154,\n 45.812932360288215\n ],\n [\n -60.12718662904447,\n 45.86760183778168\n ],\n [\n -60.032364396714186,\n 45.85166212232619\n ],\n [\n -59.921193503637795,\n 45.8926407298454\n ],\n [\n -59.774055556918825,\n 45.95405199061753\n ],\n [\n -59.81329234271092,\n 46.02220699960617\n ],\n [\n -59.91792377148825,\n 46.01993651796997\n ],\n [\n -60.03890386101247,\n 46.03128799376779\n ],\n [\n -60.2252785935235,\n 46.19449080823807\n ],\n [\n -60.19585100417923,\n 46.25782805988152\n ],\n [\n -60.241627254269616,\n 46.291728670396736\n ],\n [\n -60.30375216510686,\n 46.35044005206112\n ],\n [\n -60.43454145107893,\n 46.201280437851864\n ],\n [\n -60.4508901118258,\n 46.16053007574166\n ],\n [\n -60.49339662976665,\n 46.151470338040696\n ],\n [\n -60.522824219110106,\n 46.10841621452121\n ],\n [\n -60.70919895162115,\n 46.03128799376779\n ],\n [\n -60.807290916100186,\n 45.97450730476584\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d3e4b08c986b327e30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landing, E.","contributorId":53964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landing","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowring, S. A.","contributorId":55164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowring","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fortey, R.A.","contributorId":99321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortey","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davidek, K.L.","contributorId":17388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidek","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019792,"text":"70019792 - 1997 - Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019792","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil","docAbstract":"The molecular and elemental composition of immature kerogens isolated from Upper Cretaceous marine carbonates from Sergipe Basin, Brazil were investigated using combined pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and organic petrographic techniques. The kerogens are predominantly composed of reddish-fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and variable amounts of yellow-fluorescing alginite and liptodetrinite. The abundance of organic sulfur in the kerogens inferred from the ratio 2-ethyl-5-methylthiophene/(1,2-dimethylbenzene + dec-1-ene) in the pyrolyzates is variable and may be related to changes in the type of primary organic input and/or to variations in rates of bacterial sulfate reduction. A concomitant increase in S/C and O/C ratios determined in situ using the electron microprobe is observed in AOM and alginites and may be related to a progressive oxidation of the organic matter during sulfurization. The S/C ratio of the AOM is systematically higher than the S C ratio of the alginites. Combined with a thiophene distribution characteristic of pyrolyzates of Type II organic matter, the higher S/C of AOM in Sergipe kerogens suggests that sulfurization and incorporation of low-molecular weight lipids derived from normal marine organic matter into the kerogen structure predominated over direct sulfurization of highly aliphatic algal biomacromolecules.The molecular and elemental composition of immature kerogens isolated from Upper Cretaceous marine carbonates from Sergipe Basin, Brazil were investigated using combined pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and organic petrographic techniques. The kerogens are predominantly composed of reddish-fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and variable amounts of yellow-fluorescing alginite and liptodetrinite. The abundance of organic sulfur in the kerogens inferred from the ratio 2-ethyl-5-methylthiophene/(1,2-dimethylbenzene+dec-1-ene) in the pyrolyzates is variable and may be related to changes in the type of primary organic input and/or to variations in rates of bacterial sulfate reduction. A concomitant increase in S/C and O/C ratios determined in situ using the electron microprobe is observed in AOM and alginites and may be related to a progressive oxidation of the organic matter during sulfurization. The S/C ratio of the AOM is systematically higher than the S/C ratio of the alginites. Combined with a thiophene distribution characteristic of pyrolyzates of Type II organic matter, the higher S/C of AOM in Sergipe kerogens suggests that sulfurization and incorporation of low-molecular weight lipids derived from normal marine organic matter into the kerogen structure predominated over direct sulfurization of highly aliphatic algal biomacromolecules.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Spring National Meeting of the American Chemical Society","conferenceDate":"24 March 1996 through 28 March 1996","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Carmo, A., Stankiewicz, B., Mastalerz, M., and Pratt, L., 1997, Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil, in Organic Geochemistry, v. 26, no. 9-10, New Orleans, LA, USA, 24 March 1996 through 28 March 1996, p. 587-603, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X.","startPage":"587","endPage":"603","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X"},{"id":228253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ebce4b0c8380cd535ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carmo, A.M.","contributorId":85347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmo","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stankiewicz, B.A.","contributorId":83676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stankiewicz","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pratt, L.M.","contributorId":41004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019791,"text":"70019791 - 1997 - Strontium 87/strontium 86 as a tracer of mineral weathering reactions and calcium sources in an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:08:13","indexId":"70019791","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium 87/strontium 86 as a tracer of mineral weathering reactions and calcium sources in an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado","docAbstract":"Sr isotopic ratios of atmospheric deposition, surface and subsurface water, and geologic materials were measured in an alpine/subalpine watershed to characterize weathering reactions and identify sources of dissolved Ca in stream water. Previous studies have noted an excess of Ca in stream water above that expected from stoichiometric weathering of the dominant bedrock minerals. Mixing calculations based on 87Sr/86Sr indicate that on an annual basis, 26 ± 7% of Ca export in streams is atmospherically derived, 23 ± 1% is from weathering of plagioclase, and the remainder is from weathering of calcite present in trace amounts in the bedrock. A potential source of error when applying Sr isotopes in catchment studies is determination of the 87Sr/86Sr of Sr released by mineral weathering, which is complicated by the wide range of mineral isotopic compositions, particularly in older rocks, and the variable rates at which the minerals weather. In this study, base-flow stream chemistry was used to represent the 87Sr/86Sr of Sr derived from mineral weathering because it effectively integrates the potentially variable isotopic composition of Sr released by weathering in the alpine environment.
A single hydrothermal vent, ‘F’ vent, occurring on very young crust at 9°16.8′N, East Pacific Rise, was sampled in 1991 and 1994. In 1991, at the measured temperature of 388°C and seafloor pressure of 258 bar, the fluids from this vent were on the two-phase curve for seawater. These fluids were very low in chlorinity and other dissolved species, and high in gases compared to seawater and most sampled seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids. In 1994, when this vent was next sampled, it had cooled to 351°C and was venting fluids ∼ 1.5 times seawater chlorinity. This is the first reported example of a single seafloor hydrothermal vent evolving from vapor to brine. The 1991 and 1994 fluids sampled from this vent are compositionally conjugate pairs to one another. These results support the hypothesis that vapor-phase fluids vent in the early period following a volcanic eruption, and that the liquid-phase brines are stored within the oceanic crust, and vent at a later time, in this case 3 years. These results demonstrate that the venting of brines can occur in the same location, in fact from the same sulfide edifice, where the vapor-phase fluids vented previously.
The importance of mineral weathering was assessed and compared for five mid-Atlantic watersheds receiving similar atmospheric inputs but underlain by differing bedrock. Annual solute mass balances and volume-weighted mean solute concentrations were calculated for each watershed for each year of record. In addition, primary and secondary mineralogy were determined for each of the watersheds through analysis of soil samples and thin sections using petrographic, scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction techniques. Mineralogical data were also compiled from the literature. These data were input to NETPATH, a geochemical program that calculates the masses of minerals that react with precipitation to produce stream water chemistry. The feasibilities of the weathering scenarios calculated by NETPATH were evaluated based on relative abundances and reactivities of minerals in the watershed. In watersheds underlain by reactive bedrocks, weathering reactions explained the stream base cation loading. In the acid-sensitive watersheds on unreactive bedrock, calculated weathering scenarios were not consistent with the abundance of reactive minerals in the underlying bedrock, and alternative sources of base cations are discussed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<719::AID-HYP522>3.0.CO;2-2","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Rice, K.C., Bricker, O.P., Kennedy, M.M., and Anderson, R.T., 1997, Use of geochemical mass balance modelling to evaluate the role of weathering in determining stream chemistry in five mid-Atlantic watersheds on different lithologies: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 7, p. 719-744, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<719::AID-HYP522>3.0.CO;2-2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"744","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"11","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf17e4b08c986b329957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, Anne K.","contributorId":52955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kennedy, Margaret M.","contributorId":178170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, R. Todd","contributorId":178195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019782,"text":"70019782 - 1997 - Strand-plain evidence for late Holocene lake-level variations in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T13:18:51.683292","indexId":"70019782","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strand-plain evidence for late Holocene lake-level variations in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Lake level is a primary control on shoreline behavior in Lake Michigan. The historical record from lake-level gauges is the most accurate source of information on past lake levels, but the short duration of the record does not permit the recognition of long-term patterns of lake-level change (longer than a decade or two). To extend the record of lake-level change, the internal architecture and timing of development of five strand plains of late Holocene beach ridges along the Lake Michigan coastline were studied. Relative lake-level curves for each site were constructed by determining the elevation of foreshore (swash zone) sediments in the beach ridges and by dating basal wetland sediments in the swales between ridges. These curves detect long-term (30+ yr) lake-level variations and differential isostatic adjustments over the past 4700 yr at a greater resolution than achieved by other studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0666:SPEFLH>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T., and Baedke, S., 1997, Strand-plain evidence for late Holocene lake-level variations in Lake Michigan: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 6, p. 666-682, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0666:SPEFLH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.57368963464215,\n 40.74327503710697\n ],\n [\n -84.03658025964224,\n 40.74327503710697\n ],\n [\n -84.03658025964224,\n 46.40393981670465\n ],\n [\n -89.57368963464215,\n 46.40393981670465\n ],\n [\n -89.57368963464215,\n 40.74327503710697\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b989ce4b08c986b31c0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T.A.","contributorId":73226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baedke, S.J.","contributorId":14585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedke","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}