Yucca Mountain, in southern Nevada, is being investigated by the U.S. Department of Energy as a potential site for a repository for high-level radioactive waste. This report documents the results of surface-based geologic, pneumatic, hydrologic, and geochemical studies conducted during 1992 to 1996 by the U.S. Geological Survey in the vicinity of the North Ramp of the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) that are pertinent to understanding multiphase fluid flow within the deep unsaturated zone. Detailed stratigraphic and structural characteristics of the study area provided the hydrogeologic framework for these investigations.
\nMultiple lines of evidence indicate that gas flow and liquid flow within the welded tuffs of the unsaturated zone occur primarily through fractures. Fracture densities are highest in the Tiva Canyon welded (TCw) and Topopah Spring welded (TSw) hydrogeologic units. Although fracture density is much lower in the intervening nonwelded and bedded tuffs of the Paintbrush nonwelded hydrogeologic unit (PTn), pneumatic and aqueous-phase isotopic evidence indicates that substantial secondary permeability is present locally in the PTn, especially in the vicinity of faults. Borehole air-injection tests indicate that bulk air-permeability ranges from 3.5x10-14 to 5.4x10-11 square meters for the welded tuffs and from 1.2x10-13 to 3.0x10-12 square meters for the non welded and bedded tuffs of the PTn. Analyses of in-situ pneumatic-pressure data from monitored boreholes produced estimates of bulk permeability that were comparable to those determined from the air-injection tests. In many cases, both sets of estimates are two to three orders of magnitude larger than estimates based on laboratory analyses of unfractured core samples. The in-situ pneumatic-pressure records also indicate that the unsaturated-zone pneumatic system consists of four subsystems that coincide with the four major hydrogeologic units of the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain. In descending order, these hydrogeologic units are the Tiva Canyon welded (TCw), Paintbrush nonwelded (PTn), Topopah Spring welded (TSw ), and Calico Hills nonwelded (CHn).
\nDeep percolation takes place as episodic pulses of inflow that propagate rapidly to depth and apparently bypass most of the rock matrix. Field-scale and core-scale water potentials throughout much of the PTn and TSw are very high, generally greater than -0.3 megapascals, and are nearly depth invariant. Thus, the imbibition capacity of the densely welded tuffs, at least near fractures, is very small because of low matrix permeabilities and low water-potential gradients across the fracture-matrix interface. The combination of high fracture permeability, high water potentials, high matrix saturations, and low matrix permeabilities results in a percolation environment that favors deep fracture flow. The episodic pulses of inflow are evidenced in the sporadic but nevertheless commonplace occurrence of water with concentrations of radioactive isotopes indicative of origins postdating the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. High concentrations of tritium have been detected at many horizons within the PTn and in the top of the TSw. Much lower concentrations of tritium, indicating the mixing of a bomb-pulse component with older water, have been detected in the deeper sections of the TSw and in the CHn.
\nEvidence for fracture flow also is apparent in the widespread occurrence of perched water with chemical and isotopic signatures that indicate a fracture-flow origin for at least some of this water. In the North Ramp area, perched water has been detected at the base of the Topopah Spring Tuff or in the top of the underlying non welded to partially welded tuffs of the Calico Hills Formation in every dry-drilled borehole of sufficient depth to penetrate the Topopah Spring Tuff-Calico Hills Formation contact. The concentrations of the major ions of the perched water are similar to that of TSw pore water at borehole UZ-14, CHn pore water, and saturated-zone water at boreholes NRG-7 a and SD-9. The absolute chloride concentration of the perched water, however, is much lower than the chloride concentration of pore water from either the PTn or the TSw. The chemical and isotopic compositions of perched water indicate that this water was derived primarily from fracture flow, with little or no contribution from water in the matrix of the overlying rock. Carbon-14 ages of perched water range from 3,000 to 7,000 years. Strontium-87 isotope ratios indicate dissolution of surficial pedogenic calcite and calcite fracture fillings, which supports a fracture-flow origin for perched water. Moreover, carbon-13 and deuterium isotope values indicate rapid infiltration into fractures with little or no prior evaporation.
\nEvidence for deep fracture flow into the Calico Hills Formation at UZ-14 is indicated by carbon-14 values that are from 65 and 95 percent modem carbon, equivalent to apparent ages of about 3,500 to 500 years. Some of these ages are younger than age estimates for perched water in the overlying Topopah Spring Tuff and are much younger than any that could be derived from a matrix-flow model.
\nEvidence is lacking for extensive lateral flow within the PTn or for interception and diversion of this flow downward along structural pathways (faults), two key features of the original conceptual model for unsaturated flow at Yucca Mountain. Where data are available to infer lateral flow in the PTn, it is not certain that fracture flow could not have produced the same results. Pneumatic data, derived primarily from analysis of the interference effects from excavation of the North Ramp tunnel, indicate that faults within the Topopah Spring Tuff are open over substantial distances and are very permeable. Tunnel-boring-induced pneumatic disturbances have been propagated along these faults over distances that exceed 500 meters. These disturbances also have been detected in the pneumatic-pressure record of the overlying PTn in the vicinity of these faults. In spite of the apparent high permeability of faults, the existing data have neither confirmed nor refuted the hypothetical role of these faults in intercepting lateral flow from within or from above the PTn and diverting this flow downward into the deeper subsurface.
\nOn the basis of measured temperature gradients within the TSw, deep percolation appears to be greatest beneath active channels of major drainages, diminishing toward the margins and hillslopes bordering these channels. Numerical simulations indicate that this downward percolation is accompanied by lateral spreading as the percolation front moves downward through the PTn and across the contact between the PTn and underlying TSw. Temperature data from a well-documented site in Pagany Wash indicate the presence of a significant heat-flow deficit between the PTn and underlying TSw that most likely is due to nonconductive heat-flow processes with substantial capacity to extract heat. Percolation fluxes on the order of 10 to 20 millimeters per year beneath the Pagany Wash channel and on the order of 5 millimeters per year or less beneath the hillslopes bordering this drainage accounted for the apparent heat-flow deficit. Analyses of borehole temperature gradients in Drill Hole Wash indicate similar percolation fluxes and flux distributions within that drainage. An analysis of residence times estimated from uncorrected carbon-14 activities of perched-water samples and estimates for the volume of the structurally controlled reservoir, however, showed that the perched-water reservoir intersected by borehole UZ-14 under Drill Hole Wash could be sustained by percolation fluxes through the TSw of as little as 0.001 to 0.29 millimeter per year.
\nThe significance and implications of these findings with respect to waste isolation are discussed in the appendix of this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survery","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/wri984050","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, under Interagency Agreement DE-AI08-97NV12033, Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000","usgsCitation":"Kwicklis, E.M., and Gillies, D.C., 1999, Hydrogeology of the unsaturated zone, North Ramp area of the Exploratory Studies Facility, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4050, xiii, 244 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984050.","productDescription":"xiii, 244 p.","numberOfPages":"260","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":687,"text":"Yucca Mountain Project Branch","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290197,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4050/report.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 11","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.31,33.19 ], [ -119.31,40.0 ], [ -113.0,40.0 ], [ -113.0,33.19 ], [ -119.31,33.19 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842d7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rousseau, Joseph P.","contributorId":22030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rousseau","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504031,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwicklis, Edward M.","contributorId":25970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504032,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gillies, Daniel C.","contributorId":39824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillies","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504033,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Kwicklis, Edward M.","contributorId":25970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillies, Daniel C.","contributorId":39824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillies","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30852,"text":"wri994263 - 1999 - Laboratory and field hydrologic characterization of the shallow subsurface at an Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory waste-disposal site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T20:52:47.038736","indexId":"wri994263","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4263","title":"Laboratory and field hydrologic characterization of the shallow subsurface at an Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory waste-disposal site","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994263","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., Shakofsky, S.M., Kaminsky, J.F., and Lords, G.S., 1999, Laboratory and field hydrologic characterization of the shallow subsurface at an Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory waste-disposal site: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4263, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994263.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394615,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40319.htm"},{"id":95865,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4263/report.pdf","size":"2622","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4263/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.071,\n 43.51\n ],\n [\n -113.025,\n 43.51\n ],\n [\n -113.025,\n 43.49\n ],\n [\n -113.071,\n 43.49\n ],\n [\n -113.071,\n 43.51\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. 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S.","contributorId":52617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lords","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27375,"text":"wri994182 - 1999 - Learning to live with geologic and hydrologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri994182","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4182","title":"Learning to live with geologic and hydrologic hazards","docAbstract":"The Seattle, Washington, area is known for its livability and its magnificent natural setting. The city and nearby communities are surrounded by an abundance of rivers and lakes and by the bays of Puget Sound. Two majestic mountain ranges, the Olympics and the Cascades, rim the region. These splendid natural features are products of dynamic forces -- landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, glaciers, volcanoes, and floods. The same processes that formed this beautiful landscape pose hazards to the ever-growing population of the region. To maintain the Seattle area's livability, public and private policymakers must learn to manage the area's vulnerability to natural hazards to protect its three million residents from loss and damage from future disasters. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is working with other Federal and State agencies, the city of Seattle, and other local governments to provide necessary scientific information that will help communities manage the natural hazards. This information will be useful in planning future development, siting public facilities and businesses, and developing effective emergency plans. -- Gori, et.al., 1999","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri994182","usgsCitation":"Gori, P.L., Driedger, C.L., and Randall, S.L., 1999, Learning to live with geologic and hydrologic hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4182, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) :col. ill., col. map ;28 x 44 cm. folded to 28 x 22 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994182.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) :col. ill., col. map ;28 x 44 cm. folded to 28 x 22 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2208,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Hazards/Publications/WRI99-4182/framework.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8134","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gori, Paula L.","contributorId":10027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gori","given":"Paula","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driedger, Carolyn L. 0000-0002-4011-4112 driedger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-4112","contributorId":537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"Carolyn","email":"driedger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randall, Sharon L.","contributorId":16049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29016,"text":"wri994259 - 1999 - User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2): A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T19:45:14","indexId":"wri994259","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4259","title":"User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2): A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","docAbstract":"PHREEQC version 2 is a computer program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of low-temperature aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations; (2) batch-reaction and one-dimensional (1D) transport calculations involving reversible reactions, which include aqueous, mineral, gas, solid-solution, surface-complexation, and ion-exchange equilibria, and irreversible reactions, which include specified mole transfers of reactants, kinetically controlled reactions, mixing of solutions, and temperature changes; and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for differences in composition between waters, within specified compositional uncertainty limits.New features in PHREEQC version 2 relative to version 1 include capabilities to simulate dispersion (or diffusion) and stagnant zones in 1D-transport calculations, to model kinetic reactions with user-defined rate expressions, to model the formation or dissolution of ideal, multicomponent or nonideal, binary solid solutions, to model fixed-volume gas phases in addition to fixed-pressure gas phases, to allow the number of surface or exchange sites to vary with the dissolution or precipitation of minerals or kinetic reactants, to include isotope mole balances in inverse modeling calculations, to automatically use multiple sets of convergence parameters, to print user-defined quantities to the primary output file and (or) to a file suitable for importation into a spreadsheet, and to define solution compositions in a format more compatible with spreadsheet programs. This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium, kinetic, transport, and inverse-modeling calculations in PHREEQC; describes the input for the program; and presents examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994259","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., and Appelo, C., 1999, User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2): A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4259, xiv, 312 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994259.","productDescription":"xiv, 312 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4259/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57881,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603e69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Appelo, C.A.J.","contributorId":106539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appelo","given":"C.A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28021,"text":"wri984078 - 1999 - Quantification of metal loading in French Gulch, Summit County, Colorado, using a tracer-injection study, July 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-27T19:05:27.317379","indexId":"wri984078","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4078","title":"Quantification of metal loading in French Gulch, Summit County, Colorado, using a tracer-injection study, July 1996","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984078","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., and Gerner, L.J., 1999, Quantification of metal loading in French Gulch, Summit County, Colorado, using a tracer-injection study, July 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4078, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984078.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416453,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19393.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95692,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4078/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Summit County","otherGeospatial":"French Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.03,\n 39.494\n ],\n [\n -106.03,\n 39.475\n ],\n [\n -105.974,\n 39.475\n ],\n [\n -105.974,\n 39.494\n ],\n [\n -106.03,\n 39.494\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68622f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerner, Linda J.","contributorId":54250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5367,"text":"fs13499 - 1999 - Tracing and dating young ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-02T19:42:05","indexId":"fs13499","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"134-99","displayTitle":"Tracing and Dating Young Ground Water","title":"Tracing and dating young ground water","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs13499","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., and Friedman, L., 1999, Tracing and dating young ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 134-99, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13499.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_134_99.jpg"},{"id":444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-134-99","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6272a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Linda C.","contributorId":98702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Linda C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29662,"text":"wri994228 - 1999 - Ground-water system, estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, and effects of pumping on ground-water flow in Triassic sedimentary rocks in and near Lansdale, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T08:55:22","indexId":"wri994228","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4228","displayTitle":"Ground-Water System, Estimation of Aquifer Hydraulic Properties, and Effects of Pumping on Ground-Water Flow in Triassic Sedimentary Rocks in and near Lansdale, Pennsylvania","title":"Ground-water system, estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, and effects of pumping on ground-water flow in Triassic sedimentary rocks in and near Lansdale, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Ground water in Triassic-age sedimentary fractured-rock aquifers in the area of Lansdale, Pa., is used as drinking water and for industrial supply. In 1979, ground water in the Lansdale area was found to be contaminated with trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and other man-made organic compounds, and in 1989, the area was placed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) National Priority List as the North Penn Area 6 site. To assist the USEPA in the hydrogeological assessment of the site, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study in 1995 to describe the ground-water system and to determine the effects of changes in the well pumping patterns on the direction of ground-water flow in the Lansdale area. This determination is based on hydrologic and geophysical data collected from 1995-98 and on results of the simulation of the regional ground-water-flow system by use of a numerical model.
Correlation of natural-gamma logs indicate that the sedimentary rock beds strike generally northeast and dip at angles less than 30 degrees to the northwest. The ground-water system is confined or semi-confined, even at shallow depths; depth to bedrock commonly is less than 20 feet (6 meters); and depth to water commonly is about 15 to 60 feet (5 to 18 meters) below land surface. Single-well, aquifer-interval-isolation (packer) tests indicate that vertical permeability of the sedimentary rocks is low. Multiple-well aquifer tests indicate that the system is heterogeneous and that flow appears primarily in discrete zones parallel to bedding. Preferred horizontal flow along strike was not observed in the aquifer tests for wells open to the pumped interval. Water levels in wells that are open to the pumped interval, as projected along the dipping stratigraphy, are drawn down more than water levels in wells that do not intersect the pumped interval. A regional potentiometric map based on measured water levels indicates that ground water flows from Lansdale towards discharge areas in three drainages, the Wissahickon, Towamencin, and Neshaminy Creeks.
Ground-water flow was simulated for different pumping patterns representing past and current conditions. The three-dimensional numerical flow model (MODFLOW) was automatically calibrated by use of a parameter estimation program (MODFLOWP). Steady-state conditions were assumed for the calibration period of 1996. Model calibration indicates that estimated recharge is 8.2 inches (208 millimeters) and the regional anisotropy ratio for the sedimentary-rock aquifer is about 11 to 1, with permeability greatest along strike. The regional anisotropy is caused by up- and down-dip termination of high-permeability bed-oriented features, which were not explicitly simulated in the regional-scale model. The calibrated flow model was used to compare flow directions and capture zones in Lansdale for conditions corresponding to relatively high pumping rates in 1994 and to lower pumping rates in 1997. Comparison of the 1994 and 1997 simulations indicates that wells pumped at the lower 1997 rates captured less ground water from known sites of contamination than wells pumped at the 1994 rates. Ground-water flow rates away from Lansdale increased as pumpage decreased in 1997.
A preliminary evaluation of the relation between ground-water chemistry and conditions favorable for the degradation of chlorinated solvents was based on measurements of dissolved-oxygen concentration and other chemical constituents in water samples from 92 wells. About 18 percent of the samples contained less than or equal to 5 milligrams per liter dissolved oxygen, a concentration that indicates reducing conditions favorable for degradation of chlorinated solvents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Goode, D., 1999, Ground-water system, estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, and effects of pumping on ground-water flow in Triassic sedimentary rocks in and near Lansdale, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4228, viii, 112 p. :], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994228.","productDescription":"viii, 112 p. :]","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4228/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2429,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4228/wri19994228.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4228"}],"scale":"24000","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994091","usgsCitation":"Kimbrough, R.A., 1999, Water-quality conditions, hydrologic budget, and sources and fate of selected trace elements and nutrients in Boulder Reservoir, Boulder, Colorado, 1997-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4091, v, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994091.","productDescription":"v, 88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56860,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407463,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22634.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4091/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Boulder","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.23855209350586,\n 40.06953315718623\n ],\n [\n -105.20722389221191,\n 40.06953315718623\n ],\n [\n -105.20722389221191,\n 40.08943223463241\n ],\n [\n -105.23855209350586,\n 40.08943223463241\n ],\n [\n -105.23855209350586,\n 40.06953315718623\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimbrough, Robert A. rakimbro@usgs.gov","contributorId":1627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"Robert","email":"rakimbro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28460,"text":"wri994108 - 1999 - Summary of hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data and hydrogeologic framework at selected well sites, Adams County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:41:37","indexId":"wri994108","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4108","title":"Summary of hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data and hydrogeologic framework at selected well sites, Adams County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Rapid population growth in Adams County has increased the demand for ground water and led Adams County planning officials to undertake an effort to evaluate the capabilities of existing community water systems to meet future, projected growth and to begin wellhead-protection programs for public-supply wells. As part of this effort, this report summarizes ground-water data on a countywide scale and provides hydrogeologic information needed to delineate wellheadprotection areas in three hydrogeologic units (Gettysburg Lowland, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont Lowland).
Reported yields, specific capacities, well depths, and reported overburden thickness can vary by hydrogeologic unit, geologic formation, water use (domestic and nondomestic), and topographic setting. The reported yields of domestic wells drilled in the Gettysburg Lowland (median reported yield of 10 gallons per minute) are significantly greater than the reported yields from the Blue Ridge, Piedmont Lowland, and Piedmont Upland (median reported yields of 7.0, 8.0, and 7.0 gallons per minute, respectively). Reported yields of domestic wells completed in the diabase and the New Oxford Formation of the Gettysburg Lowland, and in the metarhyolite and metabasalt of the Blue Ridge, are significantly lower than reported yields of wells completed in the Gettysburg Formation. For nondomestic wells, reported yields from the Conestoga Formation of the Piedmont Lowland are significantly greater than in the diabase. Reported yields of nondomestic wells drilled in the Gettysburg, New Oxford, and Conestoga Formations, and the metarhyolite are significantly greater than those for domestic wells drilled in the respective geologic formations. Specific capacities of nondomestic wells in the Conestoga and Gettysburg Formations are significantly greater than their domestic counterparts. Specific capacities of nondomestic wells in the Conestoga Formation are significantly greater than the specific capacities of nondomestic wells in the metarhyolite, diabase, and Gettysburg and New Oxford Formations.Well depths do not vary considerably by hydrogeologic unit; instead, the greatest variability is by water use. Nondomestic wells drilled in the metarhyolite, Kinzers, Conestoga, Gettysburg, and New Oxford Formations are completed at significantly greater depths than their domestic counterparts. The reported thickness of overburden varies significantly by geologic formation and water use, but not by topographic setting. The median overburden thickness of the Blue Ridge (35 feet) is greater than in any other hydrologic unit.
Except where adversely affected by human activities, ground water in Adams County is suitable for most purposes. Calcium and magnesium are the dominant cations, and bicarbonate is the dominant anion. In general, the pH and hardness of ground water is lower in areas that are underlain by crystalline rocks (Blue Ridge and Piedmont Upland) than in areas underlain by sedimentary rocks, especially where limestone or dolomite is dominant (Piedmont Lowland). Dissolved nitrate (as N) and dissolved nitrite (as N) concentrations in the water from 9 of 69 wells and 3 of 80 wells sampled exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant levels (MCL) of 10 and 1.0 mg/L (milligrams per liter), respectively. Sulfate concentrations greater than the proposed USEPA MCL of 500 mg/L were reported from the water in 3 of 110 wells sampled. Iron concentrations in the water from 13 of 67 wells sampled and manganese in the water from 9 of 64 wells sampled exceeded the USEPA secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) of 300 and 50 mg/L (micrograms per liter), respectively. Aluminum concentrations in the water from 16 of 22 wells sampled exceeded the lower USEPA SMCL threshold of 50 µg/L. Pesticides were detected in the water from seven wells but at concentrations that did not exceed USEPA MCL's. Most volatile organic compounds detected in the ground water were confined to USEPA Superfund sites or the immediate area around the sites.
The hydrogeologic framework in the vicinity of four public-supply well fields (Gettysburg, Abbottstown, Fairfield, and Littlestown) consists of two zones—an upper zone and a lower zone. In general, the upper zone is thin (5 to 60 feet or more) and dominated by saturated regolith and deeply weathered bedrock. The upper zone is bounded at the top by the water table and below by bedrock in which secondary porosity and permeability are considerably lower. Ground water is generally unconfined, and recharge rates are rapid. Ground-water flow is influenced more strongly by the topography of the ground surface and bedrock surface than by geologic structure. The lower zone is relatively thick (400 to 1,000 feet) and consists of slightly weathered to highly competent bedrock. Ground-water flow paths in the lower zone are generally greater and recharge rates are longer than in the upper zone; confined conditions are common, especially at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994108","collaboration":"Adams County Office of Planning and Development","usgsCitation":"Low, D.J., and Dugas, D.L., 1999, Summary of hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data and hydrogeologic framework at selected well sites, Adams County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4108, viii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994108.","productDescription":"viii, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2311,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4108/wri19994108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.97 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4108"},{"id":159423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4108/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
The potential effects of using ground water as a supplemental source of supply in Kings and Queens Counties were evaluated through a 4-layer finite-difference ground-water-flow model with a uniform grid spacing of 1,333 feet. Hydraulic properties and boundary conditions of an existing regional ground-water-flow model of Long Island with a uniform grid spacing of 4,000 feet were refined for use in the finer grid model of Kings and Queens Counties. The model is calibrated to average pumping stresses that correspond to presumed steady-state conditions of 1983 and 1991. A transient-state simulation of the year-by- year transition between these two conditions was also conducted.
Pumping scenarios representing public-supply withdrawals of 100, 150, and 400 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) were simulated to determine the duration of sustainable pumpage, defined as the length of time before a particular pumping rate induces landward hydraulic gradients from areas of salty ground water. The simulations indicate the following hydrologically feasible scenarios:
(1) Pumpage of 100 Mgal/d could be sustained for about 10 months, followed by a 46-month period of pumping at reduced (1991) rates, to allow water levels to recover to 90 percent of 1991 levels.
(2) Pumpage of 150 Mgal/d could be sustained for about 6 months, followed by a 79-month period of pumping at a reduced (1991) rate.
(3) Pumpage of 400 Mgal/d could be sustained for about 3 months from an initial condition of maximum aquifer storage.
Each of these scenarios could be modified by injecting surplus water from upstate reservoirs, available from January to May, into the proposed wells. Injection at half the pumpage rate during the recovery period reduces the recovery period to 14 months in scenario 1, 6 months in scenario 2, and 9 months in scenario 3.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":" Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984071","collaboration":" Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Misut, P.E., and Monti, J., 1999, Simulation of ground-water flow and pumpage in Kings and Queens Counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4071, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984071.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4071/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2303,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4071/wri19984071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4071"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Kings County, Queens County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-73.855,40.6511],[-73.8571,40.644],[-73.8666,40.6398],[-73.8723,40.6448],[-73.8691,40.6389],[-73.8828,40.6286],[-73.9015,40.6247],[-73.914,40.6307],[-73.8913,40.6142],[-73.8945,40.6069],[-73.9075,40.6052],[-73.9056,40.6023],[-73.8822,40.6019],[-73.8764,40.5853],[-73.8814,40.5789],[-73.8942,40.5767],[-73.9014,40.5856],[-73.9117,40.5811],[-73.9459,40.5829],[-73.9314,40.5772],[-73.9519,40.5738],[-74.0111,40.5739],[-74.0073,40.5808],[-73.992,40.5794],[-74.012,40.6012],[-74.0321,40.6058],[-74.0418,40.6243],[-74.0345,40.6439],[-74.005,40.6653],[-74.0161,40.6644],[-74.0183,40.6808],[-73.9958,40.7039],[-73.9808,40.7061],[-73.9746,40.7021],[-73.97,40.7072],[-73.9611,40.7417],[-73.936,40.7698],[-73.9354,40.7779],[-73.9272,40.7778],[-73.9094,40.7911],[-73.8941,40.7845],[-73.8889,40.7741],[-73.875,40.7819],[-73.8728,40.785],[-73.8908,40.79],[-73.8892,40.7989],[-73.8683,40.7881],[-73.8699,40.7798],[-73.8554,40.7714],[-73.8611,40.7654],[-73.8471,40.7611],[-73.8434,40.7643],[-73.8504,40.7701],[-73.8508,40.7819],[-73.8576,40.7836],[-73.8522,40.7949],[-73.8407,40.797],[-73.8319,40.7889],[-73.8193,40.8009],[-73.7947,40.795],[-73.7943,40.7903],[-73.7825,40.7907],[-73.7782,40.7969],[-73.7581,40.7677],[-73.7492,40.7817],[-73.7057,40.7499],[-73.7042,40.7358],[-73.7288,40.7239],[-73.7251,40.6517],[-73.741,40.6469],[-73.7442,40.6375],[-73.7656,40.6289],[-73.7714,40.62],[-73.7788,40.6267],[-73.7906,40.6078],[-73.8003,40.6117],[-73.7858,40.6314],[-73.8196,40.6465],[-73.8228,40.6583],[-73.8263,40.649],[-73.8392,40.645],[-73.848,40.6442],[-73.855,40.6511]]],[[[-73.8653,40.6275],[-73.8656,40.6206],[-73.8781,40.6158],[-73.8772,40.6219],[-73.8653,40.6275]]],[[[-74.0144,40.6931],[-74.0122,40.6889],[-74.0256,40.6847],[-74.0144,40.6931]]],[[[-73.7656,40.6142],[-73.7455,40.6121],[-73.7374,40.594],[-73.8211,40.5822],[-73.941,40.5422],[-73.94,40.5539],[-73.9258,40.5618],[-73.8766,40.5698],[-73.8522,40.5814],[-73.8197,40.5872],[-73.7886,40.6031],[-73.7909,40.5964],[-73.7803,40.6089],[-73.7739,40.6058],[-73.7822,40.5981],[-73.7736,40.5986],[-73.769,40.6089],[-73.7725,40.6106],[-73.7656,40.6142]]],[[[-73.8225,40.6367],[-73.8111,40.599],[-73.815,40.6046],[-73.8206,40.5944],[-73.8342,40.595],[-73.8339,40.5886],[-73.8375,40.5894],[-73.8439,40.5931],[-73.8259,40.5999],[-73.82,40.6092],[-73.8378,40.6156],[-73.8336,40.6372],[-73.8261,40.6361],[-73.825,40.6403],[-73.8225,40.6367]]],[[[-73.7994,40.6261],[-73.8035,40.6157],[-73.8068,40.6216],[-73.7994,40.6261]]],[[[-73.7994,40.61],[-73.795,40.605],[-73.8028,40.6039],[-73.7994,40.61]]],[[[-73.8408,40.6124],[-73.8417,40.6041],[-73.8487,40.6055],[-73.8463,40.6124],[-73.8408,40.6124]]],[[[-73.8586,40.6025],[-73.8522,40.5972],[-73.86,40.596],[-73.8586,40.6025]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kings\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The Highland Lakes, located in central Texas, are a series of seven reservoirs on the Colorado River (Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake Lyndon B. Johnson, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Town Lake). The reservoirs provide hydroelectric power for the area. In addition, Lake Austin and Town Lake also provide the public water supply for the Austin metropolitan area. Saline water released from Natural Dam Salt Lake during 1987–89 caused increased concern among water managers that high-salinity water entering the Highland Lakes could result in waterquality problems, necessitating additional treatment of the water.
\nThe maximum dissolved solids concentrations for the reservoirs after the saline inflow were about two to three times the average concentrations before the inflow. The maximum concentrations of chloride and sulfate after the inflow were about three to five times the average concentrations before the inflow. The concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake Lyndon B. Johnson, and Lake Marble Falls were less than the concentrations of the applicable water-quality standards by the end of 1990. Concentrations of these constituents in Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Town Lake did not decrease to previous levels, which were less than the concentrations of the applicable waterquality standards, until the end of 1991. Constituent concentrations for Lake Buchanan and Inks Lake; for Lake Lyndon B. Johnson and Lake Marble Falls; and for Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Town Lake were similar because of the relative storage capacities and location of tributary inflows. From the initial increase in constituent concentrations in Lake Buchanan (summer 1987) in response to the saline inflow, the high-salinity water passed through the entire Highland Lakes in about 3.5 years.
\nA mathematical mass-balance model was used to simulate the input and movement of highsalinity water through the Highland Lakes and to estimate monthly mean concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate for wet, average, and dry hydrologic conditions. The simulated median monthly concentrations during the 10-year simulation period for each reservoir generally are larger for the average condition than for the wet condition and generally are larger for the dry condition than for the average condition. The simulated concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate decreased to levels less than the concentrations of the applicable water-quality standards in about 2 to 5 years after the saline water inflow of 1987–89 was simulated for the three hydrologic conditions.
\nResults from the simulations indicate that saline inflows to the Highland Lakes similar to those of the releases from Natural Dam Salt Lake during 1987–89 are unlikely to cause large increases in future concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in the Highland Lakes. The results also indicate that high-salinity water will continue to be diluted as it is transported downstream through the Highland Lakes, even during extended dry periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri994087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Colorado River Authority and the City of Austin","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., and Rast, W., 1999, Characterization and simulation of the quantity and quality of water in the Highland Lakes, Texas, 1983-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4087, iv, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994087.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri994087.JPG"},{"id":2246,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri99-4087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Highland Lakes","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c2e4b07f02db5d410e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rast, Walter","contributorId":79514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rast","given":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26951,"text":"wri994098 - 1999 - Channel-pattern adjustments and geomorphic characteristics of Elkhead Creek, Colorado, 1937-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri994098","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4098","title":"Channel-pattern adjustments and geomorphic characteristics of Elkhead Creek, Colorado, 1937-97","docAbstract":"Onsite channel surveys and sediment measurements made in 1997, aerial photographs taken from 1937 through 1993, and streamflowgaging- station record from 1954 to 1996 were used to determine the probable cause of accelerated streambed and streambank erosion in the lower reaches of Elkhead Creek, a perennial, meandering tributary of the Yampa River. Concern about the possible effects of Elkhead Reservoir, constructed in 1974, has been expressed by landowners living downstream. Evidence cited as an indication of reservoirrelated effects include the trapping of bedloadtransported sediment in the reservoir, vertical incision of the streambed, and lateral erosion causing loss of agricultural land. A large deltaic deposit composed of approximately 163 acre-ft of bedload-transported sediment formed in Elkhead Reservoir between 1974 and 1993, the contemporary bankfull stage of Elkhead Creek is several feet below the elevation of a broad terrace that previously was the flood plain, and lateral erosion at meander bends occurs at a higher rate than in previous periods at some locations.Elkhead Creek meander migration rates were used as a measure of lateral instability in the study reaches. Meander migration rates based on changes in channel centerline position were calculated for three periods from five sets of rectified aerial photographs for reaches upstream and downstream from the reservoir. The creek upstream from Elkhead Reservoir was unaffected by impoundment and was used as the control reach. Mean meander migration rates in the downstream study reach were 1.2 ft/yr from 1938 to 1953, 2.5 ft/yr from 1954 to 1970, and 4.8 ft/yr from 1978 to 1993, compared to rates of 0.5 ft/yr, 1.6 ft/yr, and 6.6 ft/yr for the same periods in the upstream study reach. Sediment and channel-geometry measurements and estimated hydraulic conditions at eight cross sections indicate that most of the sediment sizes represented in the streambed are mobile at frequently occurring streamflows; those streamflows are less than or equal to the bankfull discharge of approximately 1,800 to 2,200 cubic feet per second. Discharge data from 1954 through 1996 recorded at a site upstream from the reservoir were examined to determine the effect of hydrology on meander migration rates. The discharge data were assumed to be representative of the total streamflow and flood hydrology of both the upstream and downstream reaches because Elkhead Reservoir normally has a full pool. Mean annual streamflow increased 122 percent, and the mean annual flood increased 130 percent from the pre-regulation period (1954 to 1970) to the post-regulation period (1978 to 1993), a possible explanation for much of the increase observed in meander migration rate in both the upstream and downstream reaches in the period after reservoir construction. Channel instability, quantified by meander migration rates, has increased throughout Elkhead Creek since 1977. The most probable cause is a combination of external factors affecting the 2 Channel-Pattern Adjustments and Geomorphic Characteristics of Elkhead Creek, Colorado, 1937-97 entire watershed, such as changes in annual runoff and flood magnitude and sedimentation in Elkhead Reservoir. Local land-use practices, such as intentional meander cutoff and riparian vegetation removal, also can decrease channel stability, but these factors were not addressed in this study. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994098","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., and Gyetvai, S., 1999, Channel-pattern adjustments and geomorphic characteristics of Elkhead Creek, Colorado, 1937-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4098, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994098.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2035,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994098","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e5f90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gyetvai, Stevan","contributorId":58684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gyetvai","given":"Stevan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27114,"text":"wri994083 - 1999 - Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T14:17:55","indexId":"wri994083","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4083","title":"Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"North Fish Creek, a Wisconsin tributary to Lake Superior, is an important recreational fishery that is potentially limited by the loss of aquatic habitat caused by accelerated flooding and sedimentation. A study of the historical flooding and sedimentation characteristics of North Fish Creek was done to determine how North Fish Creek responded to human-caused changes in land cover since European settlement of the region in the 1870's. Geomorphic field evidence combined with hydrologic and sediment-transport modeling indicate that historical clear-cut logging, followed by agricultural activity, significantly altered the hydrologic and geomorphic conditions of North Fish Creek. The geomorphic responses to land-cover changes were especially sensitive to the location of the reaches along the main stem and on the timing of large floods.
\nOn the basis of geomorphic evidence in flood-plain deposits and abandoned channels, the size of floods and sediment loads also increased in North Fish Creek after conversion of forested land to cropland and pasture. Changes in channel characteristics were particularly noticeable after record floods in 1941 and 1946. The upper main stem channel bed eroded downward at least 3 meters and the channel capacity at least doubled after European settlement. In the lower stem, the post-settlement sedimentation rate on the flood plain and in the channel is 4 to 6 times pre-settlement rates. The water table also appears to be rising near the mouth of North Fish Creek, perhaps consistent with (1) elevated local streambed elevations caused by sedimentation and (2) a slow relative rise in the local level of Lake Superior due to crustal rebound from glaciation. Along a transitional reach of the main stem between the upper and lower main stem, there is evidence of accelerated flood-plain sedimentation initially following European settlement. Since at least the 1940's, however, the channel bed in the transitional reach has eroded about 1 meter and the channel capacity has at least doubled.
\nResults from hydrologic and sediment-transport modeling indicate that modern flood peaks and sediment loads in North Fish Creek may be double that expected under pre-settlement forest cover. During maximum agricultural activity in the mid-1920's to mid-1930's, flood peaks probably were about 3 times larger and sediment loads were about 5 times larger than expected under pre-settlement forest cover. These results indicate that future changes from pasture or cropland to forest will help reduce flood peaks, thereby reducing erosion and sedimentation. The addition of detention basins (to decrease flood peaks) on tributaries to North Fish Creek, or bank and instream restoration (to decrease erosion) in the upper main stem, also may help reduce the contribution of sediment from the upper main stem to the transitional section and lower main stem of the creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994083","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Knox, J.C., and Whitman, H.E., 1999, Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4083, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994083.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Chequamegon Bay, Fish Creek, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.4056700993737\n ],\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.64377960861833\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 46.64377960861833\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 46.4056700993737\n ],\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.4056700993737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6809a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knox, James C.","contributorId":62247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitman, Heather E.","contributorId":64293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28472,"text":"wri994104 - 1999 - Hydrogeology, water use, and simulation of flow in the High Plains aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma, southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, northeastern New Mexico, and northwestern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri994104","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4104","title":"Hydrogeology, water use, and simulation of flow in the High Plains aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma, southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, northeastern New Mexico, and northwestern Texas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, began a three-year study of the High Plains aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma in 1996. The primary purpose of this study was to develop a ground-water flow model to provide the Water Board with the information it needs to manage the quantity of water withdrawn from the aquifer. The study area consists of about 7,100 square miles in Oklahoma and about 20,800 square miles in adjacent states to provide appropriate hydrologic boundaries for the flow model.\r\n\r\nThe High Plains aquifer includes all sediments from the base of the Ogallala Formation to the potentiometric surface. The saturated thickness in Oklahoma ranges from more than 400 feet to less than 50 feet. Natural recharge to the aquifer from precipitation occurs throughout the area but is extremely variable. Dryland agricultural practices appear to enhance recharge from precipitation, and part of the water pumped for irrigation also recharges the aquifer. Natural discharge occurs as discharge to streams, evapotranspiration where the depth to water is shallow, and diffuse ground-water flow across the eastern boundary. Artificial discharge occurs as discharge to wells.\r\n\r\nIrrigation accounted for 96 percent of all use of water from the High Plains aquifer in the Oklahoma portion of the study area in 1992 and 93 percent in 1997. Total estimated water use in 1992 for the Oklahoma portion of the study area was 396,000 acre-feet and was about 3.2 million acre-feet for the entire study area.\r\n\r\nSince development of the aquifer, water levels have declined more than 100 feet in small areas of Texas County, Oklahoma, and more than 50 feet in areas of Cimarron County. Only a small area of Beaver County had declines of more than 10 feet, and Ellis County had rises of more than 10 feet.\r\n\r\nA flow model constructed using the MODFLOW computer code had 21,073 active cells in one layer and had a 6,000- foot grid in both the north-south and east-west directions. The model was used to simulate the period before major development of the aquifer and the period of development. The model was calibrated using observed conditions available as of 1998.\r\n\r\nThe predevelopment-period model integrated data or estimates on the base of aquifer, hydraulic conductivity, streambed and drain conductances, and recharge from precipitation to calculate the predevelopment altitude of the water table, discharge to the rivers and streams, and other discharges. Hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and streambed conductance were varied during calibration so that the model produced a reasonable representation of the observed water table altitude and the estimated discharge to streams. Hydraulic conductivity was reduced in the area of salt dissolution in underlying Permianage rocks. Recharge from precipitation was estimated to be 4.0 percent of precipitation in greater recharge zones and 0.37 percent in lesser recharge zones. Within Oklahoma, the mean difference between water levels simulated by the model and measured water levels at 86 observation points is -2.8 feet, the mean absolute difference is 44.1 feet, and the root mean square difference is 52.0 feet. The simulated discharge is much larger than the estimated discharge for the Beaver River, is somewhat larger for Cimarron River and Wolf Creek, and is about the same for Crooked Creek.\r\n\r\nThe development-period model added specific yield, pumpage, and recharge due to irrigation and dryland cultivation to simulate the period 1946 through 1997. During calibration, estimated specific yield was reduced by 15 percent in Oklahoma east of the Cimarron-Texas County line. Simulated recharge due to irrigation ranges from 24 percent for the 1940s and 1950s to 2 percent for the 1990s. Estimated recharge due to dryland cultivation is about 3.9 percent of precipitation. The mean difference between the simulated and observed waterlevel changes from predevelopment to 1998 at 162 observation points in","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994104","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R., and Becker, M.F., 1999, Hydrogeology, water use, and simulation of flow in the High Plains aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma, southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, northeastern New Mexico, and northwestern Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4104, v, 68 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994104.","productDescription":"v, 68 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2315,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db61476d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, Richard L.","contributorId":82359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Becker, Mark F.","contributorId":40180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25581,"text":"wri984202 - 1999 - Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T10:13:40","indexId":"wri984202","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4202","title":"Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia","docAbstract":"In 1995, the U.S. Navy requested that the U.S. Geological Survey conduct an investigation to describe the hydrogeology of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base, southeast and adjacent to Albany, Georgia. The study area encompasses about 90 square miles in the Dougherty Plain District of the Coastal Plain physiographic province, in Dougherty and Worth Counties-the Marine Corps Logistics Base encompasses about 3,600 acres in the central part of the study area.\r\n\r\nThe Upper Floridan aquifer is the shallowest, most widely used source of drinking water for domestic use in the Albany area. The hydrogeologic framework of this aquifer was delineated by description of the geologic and hydrogeologic units that compose the aquifer; evaluation of the lithologic and hydrologic heterogeneity of the aquifer; comparison of the geologic and hydrogeologic setting beneath the base with those of the surrounding area; and determination of ground-water-flow directions, and vertical hydraulic conductivities and gradients in the aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe Upper Floridan aquifer is composed of the Suwannee Limestone and Ocala Limestone and is divided into an upper and lower water-bearing zone. The aquifer is confined below by the Lisbon Formation and is semi-confined above by a low-permeability clay layer in the undifferentiated overburden. The thickness of the aquifer ranges from about 165 feet in the northeastern part of the study area, to about 325 feet in the southeastern part of the study area. Based on slug tests conducted by a U.S. Navy contractor, the upper water-bearing zone has low horizontal hydraulic conductivity (0.0224 to 2.07 feet per day) and a low vertical hydraulic conductivity (0.0000227 to 0.510 feet per day); the lower water-bearing zone has a horizontal hydraulic conductivity that ranges from 0.0134 to 2.95 feet per day.\r\n\r\nWater-level hydrographs of continuously monitored wells on the Marine Corps Logistics Base show excellent correlation between ground-water level and stage of the Flint River. Ground-water-flow direction in the southwestern part of the base generally is southeast to northwest; whereas, in the northeastern part of the base, flow directions generally are east to west, as well as from west to east, thus creating a ground-water low. Ground-water flow in the larger study area generally is east to west towards the Flint River, with a major ground-water-flow path existing from the Pelham Escarpment to the Flint River and a seasonal cone of depression the size of which is dependent upon the magnitude of irrigation pumping during the summer months.\r\n\r\nCalculated vertical hydraulic gradients (based upon data from 11 well-cluster sites on the Marine Corps Logistics Base) range from 0.0016 to 0.1770 foot per foot, and generally are highest in the central and eastern parts of the base. The vertical gradient is downward at all well-cluster sites. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984202","usgsCitation":"McSwain, K.B., 1999, Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4202, v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984202.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4202/report.pdf","size":"7883","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13473,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir98-4202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Marine Corps Logistics Base, Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.21045241900757\n ],\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.668577131274454\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 31.668577131274454\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 31.21045241900757\n ],\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.21045241900757\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6844a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McSwain, Kristen Bukowski kmcswain@usgs.gov","contributorId":1606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSwain","given":"Kristen","email":"kmcswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bukowski","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28850,"text":"wri994150 - 1999 - Hydrology, geomorphology, and flood profiles of the Mendenhall River, Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T17:30:10","indexId":"wri994150","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4150","title":"Hydrology, geomorphology, and flood profiles of the Mendenhall River, Juneau, Alaska","docAbstract":"Water-surface-profile elevations for the 2-, 20-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year floods were computed for the Mendenhall River near Juneau, Alaska, using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System model. The peak discharges for the selected recurrence intervals were determined using the standard log-Pearson type III method. Channel cross sections were surveyed at 60 locations to define hydraulic characteristics over a 5.5-mile reach of river beginning at Mendenhall Lake outlet and extending to the river mouth. A peak flow of 12,400 cubic feet per second occurred on the Mendenhall River on October 20, 1998. This discharge is equivalent to about a 10-year flood on the Mendenhall River and floodmarks produced by this flood were surveyed and used to calibrate the model. The study area is currently experiencing land-surface uplift rates of about 0.05 foot per year. This high rate of uplift has the potential to cause incision or downcutting of the river channel through lowering of the base level. Vertical datum used in the study area was established about 37 years before the most recent surveys of river-channel geometry. The resulting difference between land-surface elevations and sea level continues to increase. Continuing incision of the river channel combined with increased land-surface elevations with respect to sea level may result in computed flood profiles that are higher than actual existing conditions in the tidally influenced reach of the river.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/wri994150","collaboration":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game, City and Borough of Juneau","usgsCitation":"Neal, E., and Host, R.H., 1999, Hydrology, geomorphology, and flood profiles of the Mendenhall River, Juneau, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4150, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 11 illus.; 2 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994150.","productDescription":"35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 11 illus.; 2 tables","startPage":"1","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":326806,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4150/1999_wrir99-4150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 99-4150"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -134.747314453125,\n 59.2377959767454\n ],\n [\n -137.48840332031247,\n 58.430481925680034\n ],\n [\n -135.8953857421875,\n 57.15709923882379\n ],\n [\n -135.90087890625,\n 56.891003302784604\n ],\n [\n -134.615478515625,\n 56.108810038002154\n ],\n [\n -132.8851318359375,\n 56.935984453472\n ],\n [\n -133.7091064453125,\n 58.38731772556939\n ],\n [\n -134.38476562499997,\n 58.77104825721716\n ],\n [\n -134.747314453125,\n 59.2377959767454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67ca22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, Edward G.","contributorId":68775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Edward G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Host, Randy H.","contributorId":53778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Host","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29965,"text":"wri994140 - 1999 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the upper Floridan aquifer, western Albany area, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T10:48:09","indexId":"wri994140","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4140","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the upper Floridan aquifer, western Albany area, Georgia","docAbstract":"Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data were collected to refine the hydrogeologic framework conceptual model of the Upper Floridan aquifer, and to qualitatively evaluate the potential of human activities to impact water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the western Albany area, Georgia. Ground-water age dating was conducted by using chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and tritium concentrations in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer to determine if recharge and possible contaminant migration to the aquifer is recent or occurred prior to the introduction of CFCs and tritium in the early 1950's into the global natural water system. Data were collected from core holes and wells installed during this study and previously existing wells in the Albany area.\r\n\r\nHydrogeologic data collected during this study compare well to the regional hydrogeologic conceptual model developed during previous studies. However, the greater data density available from this study shows the dynamic and local variability in the hydrologic character of the Upper Floridan aquifer in more detail. The occurrence of sediment sizes from clay to gravel in the overburden, the absence of overburden because of erosion or sinkhole collapse, and large areas lacking surface drainage west of the Flint River provide potential areas for recharge and contaminant migration from the surface to the Upper Floridan aquifer throughout the study area. Ground-water ages generally range from 9 to 34 years, indicating that recharge consisting of 'modern' water (post early-1950's) is present in the aquifer. Ground-water ages and hydraulic heads in the Upper Floridan aquifer have an irregular distribution, indicating that localized areas of recharge to the aquifer are present in the study area.\r\n\r\nGenerally, water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is calcium-bicarbonate rich, having low concentrations of magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is oxygenated, having dissolved-oxygen concentrations greater than 2 milligrams per liter. Nitrite-plus-nitrate as nitrogen, is present in the aquifer at concentrations ranging from less than 0.02 to 5.5 milligrams per liter. Areas of higher nitrate concentrations in the aquifer, coupled with widely distributed localized recharge to the aquifer indicates that suburban residential and agricultural land use in the western Albany area may affect water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer. However, concentrations exceeding drinking water criteria were not detected in the study area.\r\n\r\nGenerally, water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is calcium-bicarbonate rich, having low concentrations of magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is oxygenated, having dissolved-oxygen concentrations greater than 2 milligrams per liter. Nitrite-plus-nitrate as nitrogen, is present in the aquifer at concentrations ranging from less than 0.02 to 5.5 milligrams per liter. Areas of higher nitrate concentrations in the aquifer, coupled with widely distributed localized recharge to the aquifer indicates that suburban residential and agricultural land use in the western Albany area may affect water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer. However, concentrations exceeding drinking water criteria were not detected in the study area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994140","usgsCitation":"Stewart, L.M., Warner, D., and Dawson, B.J., 1999, Hydrogeology and water quality of the upper Floridan aquifer, western Albany area, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4140, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994140.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2432,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri99-4140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,31 ], [ -86,34 ], [ -82,34 ], [ -82,31 ], [ -86,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Lisa M.","contributorId":82741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warner, Debbie 0000-0002-5195-6657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-6657","contributorId":104106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, Barbara J. 0000-0002-0209-8158 bjdawson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-8158","contributorId":1102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"bjdawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25482,"text":"wri984269 - 1999 - Environmental setting of the Yellowstone River basin, Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"wri984269","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4269","title":"Environmental setting of the Yellowstone River basin, Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming","docAbstract":"Natural and anthropogenic factors influence water-quality conditions in the Yellowstone River Basin. Physiography parallels the structural geologic setting that is generally composed of several uplifts and structural basins. Contrasts in climate and vegetation reflect topographic controls and the midcontinental location of the study unit. Surface-water hydrology reflects water surpluses in mountainous areas that are dominated by snowmelt runoff, and arid to semiarid conditions in the plains that are dissected by typically irrigated valleys in the remainder of the study unit. Principal shallow aquifers are Tertiary sandstones and unconsolidated Quaternary deposits. Human population, though sparsely distributed in general, is growing most rapidly in a few urban centers and resort areas, mostly in the northwestern part of the basin. Land use is areally dominated by grazing in the basins and plains and economically dominated by mineral-extraction activities. Forests are the dominant land cover in mountainous areas. Cropland is a major land use in principal stream valleys. Water use is dominated by irrigated agriculture overall, but mining and public-supply facilities are major users of ground water. Coal and hydrocarbon production and reserves distinguish the Yellowstone River Basin as a principal energy-minerals resources region. Current metallic ore production or reserves are nationally significant for platinum-group elements and chromium.The study unit was subdivided as an initial environmental stratification for use in designing the National Water-Quality Assessment Program investigation that began in 1997. Ecoregions, geologic groups, mineral-resource areas, and general land-cover and land-use categories were used in combination to define 18 environmental settings in the Yellowstone River Basin. It is expected that these different settings will be reflected in differing water-quality or aquatic-ecological characteristics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984269","usgsCitation":"Zelt, R.B., Boughton, G., Miller, K.A., Mason, J.P., and Gianakos, L., 1999, Environmental setting of the Yellowstone River basin, Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4269, vi, 112 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984269.","productDescription":"vi, 112 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1851,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984269","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6021de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zelt, Ronald B. 0000-0001-9024-855X rbzelt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-855X","contributorId":300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"Ronald","email":"rbzelt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boughton, G.K.","contributorId":70428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boughton","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, K. A.","contributorId":81848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mason, J. P.","contributorId":27491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"J.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gianakos, L.M.","contributorId":61859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gianakos","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":30648,"text":"wri984201 - 1999 - A precipitation-runoff model for part of the Ninemile Creek watershed near Camillus, Onondaga County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T21:37:49.277919","indexId":"wri984201","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4201","title":"A precipitation-runoff model for part of the Ninemile Creek watershed near Camillus, Onondaga County, New York","docAbstract":"A precipitation-runoff model, HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran), of a 41.7 square mile part of the Ninemile Creek watershed near Camillus, in central New York, was developed and calibrated to predict the hydrological effects of future suburban development on streamflow, and the effects of stormwater detention on flooding of Ninemile Creek at Camillus. Development was represented in the model in two ways: (1) as a pervious area (open and residential land) that simulates the hydrologic response from mixed pervious and impervious areas that drain to pervious areas, or (2) as an impervious area that drains to channels. Simulations indicate that peak discharges for 30 non-winter storms in 1995-96 would increase by an average of 10 to 37 percent in response to a 10- to 100-percent buildup of developable land represented as open/residential land and by 40 to 68 percent in response to 10 to 100 percent buildup of developable area represented as impervious area. A 10 to 100 percent buildup of developable area represents an impervious area of about 1 to 7 percent of the watershed. A log Pearson Type-III analysis of peak annual discharge for October 1989 through September 1996 for simulations with full development represented as impervious area indicates that stormflows that formerly occurred once every 2 years on average will occur once every 1.5 years, and stormflows that formerly occurred once every 5 years will occur once every 3.3 years.
Simulations of a hypothetical 147-acre residential development in the lower part of the watershed with and without stormwater detention indicate that detention basins could cause either increase or decrease downstream flooding of Ninemile Creek at Camillus, depending on the basin.s available storage relative to its inflows and, hence, the timing of its peak outflow in relation to that of the peak discharge in Ninemile Creek; and the degree of flow retention by wetlands and other channel storage that affect the timing of peak discharges. Design and management of detention basins in the watershed will require analysis of each basin.s hydraulic characteristics and location relative to Ninemile Creek to predict their effect on downstream flooding. The runoff model described herein can be used to evaluate alternative detention basin designs and locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984201","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Camillus","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., 1999, A precipitation-runoff model for part of the Ninemile Creek watershed near Camillus, Onondaga County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4201, vii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984201.","productDescription":"vii, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4201/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3005,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4201/wri19984201.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4201"},{"id":400771,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49039.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Onondaga County","city":"Camillus","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.4,\n 42.875\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 42.875\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -76.4,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -76.4,\n 42.875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
A model that simulates lake stage was developed to test the current understanding of the hydrology of Shell Lake, Wisconsin and to provide a tool for predicting the effects of withdrawing lake water on future lake stages. The model code is written in Fortran and simulates daily lake stage by summing estimates of hydrologic-budget components - precipitation falling on the lake surface, water evaporating from the lake surface, runoff (consisting of overland flow to the lake and intermittent streams flowing into the lake), and ground-water flow out of the lake.
\nThe model was calibrated to intermittent lake stage measurements for the period 1948-98. The hydrologic budget model was coupled to UCODE, a parameter estimation model, to aid in estimating runoff coefficients. Trends in stage simulated by the calibrated model compare reasonably well with historical stage trends. The root mean square of the differences of simulated and measured daily lake stage for the period 1948-98 is 0.54 foot.
\nPredictive simulations indicate that withdrawing lake water is an effective way of reducing lake stage. Several years of pumping for at least 200 days per year at rates of 1,000 to 2,000 gallons per minute would have been required to reduce 1990's high stages by about one foot.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994209","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Shell Lake, Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Krohelski, J.T., Feinstein, D.T., and Lenz, B.N., 1999, Simulation of stage and hydrologic budget for Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4209, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994209.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2172,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994209","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56972,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Washburn County","otherGeospatial":"Shell Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.02423095703124,\n 45.64380813508572\n ],\n [\n -92.02423095703124,\n 45.82114340079471\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 45.82114340079471\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 45.64380813508572\n ],\n [\n -92.02423095703124,\n 45.64380813508572\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a2e4b07f02db5bea00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feinstein, Daniel T. 0000-0003-1151-2530 dtfeinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-2530","contributorId":1907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"Daniel","email":"dtfeinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, Bernard N.","contributorId":85170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28936,"text":"wri994073 - 1999 - Geohydrology and numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system of Kona, Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-26T15:47:59.897503","indexId":"wri994073","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4073","displayTitle":"Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System of Kona, Island of Hawaii","title":"Geohydrology and numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system of Kona, Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"Prior to the early 1990's, ground-water in the Kona area, which is in the western part of the island of Hawaii, was withdrawn from wells located within about 3 mi from the coast where water levels were less than 10 feet above sea level. In 1990, exploratory drilling in the uplands east of the existing coastal wells first revealed the presence of high water levels (greater than 40 feet above sea level) in the Kona area. Measured water levels from 16 wells indicate that high water levels exist in a zone parallel to and inland of the Kona coast, between Kalaoa and Honaunau. Available hydrologic and geophysical evidence is generally consistent with the concept that the high ground-water levels are associated with a buried dike complex. \r\n\r\nA two-dimensional (areal), steady-state, freshwater-saltwater, sharp-interface ground-water flow model was developed for the Kona area of the island of Hawaii, to enhance the understanding of (1) the distribution of aquifer hydraulic properties, (2) the conceptual framework of the ground-water flow system, and (3) the regional effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels and coastal discharge. The model uses the finite-difference code SHARP. \r\n\r\nTo estimate the hydraulic characteristics, average recharge, withdrawals, and water-level conditions for the period 1991-93 were simulated. The following horizontal hydraulic-conductivity values were estimated: (1) 7,500 feet per day for the dike-free volcanic rocks of Hualalai and Mauna Loa, (2) 0.1 feet per day for the buried dike complex of Hualalai, (3) 10 feet per day for the northern marginal dike zone (north of Kalaoa), and (4) 0.5 feet per day for the southern marginal dike zone between Palani Junction and Holualoa. The coastal leakance was estimated to be 0.05 feet per day per foot. \r\n\r\nMeasured water levels indicate that ground water generally flows from inland areas to the coast. Model results are in general agreement with the limited set of measured water levels in the Kona area. Model results indicate, however, that water levels do not strictly increase in an inland direction and that a ground-water divide exists within the buried dike complex. Data are not available, however, to verify model results in the area near and inland of the model-calculated ground-water divide. \r\n\r\nThree simulations to determine the effects of proposed withdrawals from the high water-level area on coastal discharge and water levels, relative to model-calculated, steady-state coastal discharge and water levels for 1997 withdrawal rates, show that the effects are widespread. During 1997, the total withdrawal of ground water from the high water-level area between Palani Junction and Holualoa was about 1 million gallons per day. Model results indicate that it may not be possible to withdraw 25.6 million gallons per day of freshwater from this area between Palani Junction and Holualoa, but that it may be possible to withdraw between 5 to 8 million gallons per day from the same area. For a proposed withdrawal rate of 5.0 million gallons per day uniformly distributed to 12 sites between Palani Junction and Holualoa, the model-calculated drawdown of 0.01 foot or more extends about 9 miles north-northwest and about 7 miles south of the proposed well sites. In all scenarios, freshwater coastal discharge is reduced by an amount equal to the additional freshwater withdrawal. \r\n\r\nAdditional data needed to improve the understanding of the ground-water flow system in the Kona area include: (1) a wider spatial distribution and longer temporal distribution of water levels, (2) improved information about the subsurface geology, (3) independent estimates of hydraulic conductivity, (4) improved recharge estimates, and (5) information about the vertical distribution of salinity in ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994073","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 1999, Geohydrology and numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system of Kona, Island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4073, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994073.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4073/report.pdf","size":"9541","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 18.79191774423444\n ],\n [\n -154.632568359375,\n 18.79191774423444\n ],\n [\n -154.632568359375,\n 20.427012814257385\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 20.427012814257385\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 18.79191774423444\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8da8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26037,"text":"wri994017 - 1999 - A dynamic water-quality modeling framework for the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T13:05:19","indexId":"wri994017","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4017","title":"A dynamic water-quality modeling framework for the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina","docAbstract":"As a result of fish kills in the Neuse River estuary in 1995, nutrient reduction strategies were developed for point and nonpoint sources in the basin. However, because of the interannual variability in the natural system and the resulting complex hydrologic-nutrient inter- actions, it is difficult to detect through a short-term observational program the effects of management activities on Neuse River estuary water quality and aquatic health. A properly constructed water-quality model can be used to evaluate some of the potential effects of manage- ment actions on estuarine water quality. Such a model can be used to predict estuarine response to present and proposed nutrient strategies under the same set of meteorological and hydrologic conditions, thus removing the vagaries of weather and streamflow from the analysis.\r\n\r\nA two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic and water-quality modeling framework was developed for the Neuse River estuary by using previously collected data. Development of the modeling framework consisted of (1) computational grid development, (2) assembly of data for model boundary conditions and model testing, (3) selection of initial values of model parameters, and (4) limited model testing.\r\n\r\nThe model domain extends from Streets Ferry to Oriental, N.C., includes seven lateral embayments that have continual exchange with the main- stem of the estuary, three point-source discharges, and three tributary streams. Thirty-five computational segments represent the mainstem of the estuary, and the entire framework contains a total of 60 computa- tional segments. Each computational cell is 0.5 meter thick; segment lengths range from 500 meters to 7,125 meters.\r\n\r\nData that were used to develop the modeling framework were collected during March through October 1991 and represent the most comprehensive data set available prior to 1997. Most of the data were collected by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality, the University of North Carolina Institute of Marine Sciences, and the U.S. Geological Survey.\r\n\r\nLimitations in the modeling framework were clearly identified. These limitations formed the basis for a set of suggestions to refine the Neuse River estuary water-quality model.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994017","usgsCitation":"Bales, J.D., and Robbins, J.C., 1999, A dynamic water-quality modeling framework for the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4017, iv, 35 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994017.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95575,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4017/report.pdf","size":"7285","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4017/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Neuse River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 35.380092992092145\n ],\n [\n -78.914794921875,\n 36.37706783983682\n ],\n [\n -79.332275390625,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -79.925537109375,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -79.859619140625,\n 35.84453450421662\n ],\n [\n -79.310302734375,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 34.6060845921693\n ],\n [\n -77.36572265625,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -76.04736328125,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -76.475830078125,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 35.380092992092145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, Jeanne C. 0000-0001-7804-0764 jrobbins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7804-0764","contributorId":1586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Jeanne","email":"jrobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30256,"text":"wri974082A - 1999 - Environmental setting of the Willamette basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:43:43","indexId":"wri974082A","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4082","chapter":"A","title":"Environmental setting of the Willamette basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Willamette Basin, Oregon, is one of more than 50 large river basins and aquifer systems (referred to as study units) across the United States where the status and trends of water quality and the factors controlling water quality are being studied by the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The 12,000-square-mile Willamette Basin Study Unit consists of the Willamette and Sandy River Basins, which are tributary to the Columbia River. The Willamette River is the 13th largest in the conterminous United States in terms of discharge and is the largest of all major United States rivers in terms of discharge per square mile of drainage area. The environmental setting of a study unit includes all natural and human related, land based factors that have the potential to influence the physical, chemical, and/or biological quality of its surface and ground water resources. For the Willamette Basin, these include primarily ecoregions, hydrogeology, climate, hydrology, land use/land cover, and crop types.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974082A","usgsCitation":"Uhrich, M.A., and Wentz, D.A., 1999, Environmental setting of the Willamette basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4082, vi, 20 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974082A.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4082a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59045,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4082a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://oregon.usgs.gov/pubs_dir/Pdf/97-4082a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fec42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uhrich, Mark A. 0000-0002-5202-8086 mauhrich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-8086","contributorId":1149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uhrich","given":"Mark","email":"mauhrich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wentz, Dennis A. dawentz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"Dennis","email":"dawentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25830,"text":"wri994025 - 1999 - Water-quality assessment of the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska — Environmental setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:12:04.553021","indexId":"wri994025","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4025","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska — Environmental setting","docAbstract":"The Cook Inlet Basin in Alaska is one of 59 study units selected for study for water-quality assessment as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program. The Cook Inlet Basin study unit encompasses the fresh surface and ground waters in the 39,325 square-mile area that drains to Cook Inlet, but does not include the marine waters of Cook Inlet. This report describes the natural factors (climate, physiography, geology, soils, land cover) and the human factors (population, land use, water use) that affect water quality, which is the first step in designing and conducting a multidisciplinary regional water-quality assessment. The surface- and ground-water hydrology, and the aquatic ecosystems of the Cook Inlet Basin are described. The report provides an overview of existing water-quality conditions and summarizes the results of selected water-quality studies of the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994025","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., Nelson, G.L., Dorava, J.M., and Milner, A.M., 1999, Water-quality assessment of the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska — Environmental setting: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4025, viii, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994025.","productDescription":"viii, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393472,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22534.htm"},{"id":54578,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4025/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 58.10110549730587\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 58.10110549730587\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 61.87687021463305\n ],\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 61.87687021463305\n ],\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 58.10110549730587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6ed7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Gordon L.","contributorId":55443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorava, Joseph M.","contributorId":87125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milner, Alexander M.","contributorId":90341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milner","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}