A new approach is presented to condition geostatistical simulation of high‐permeability zones in fractured rock to hydraulic‐connection data. A simulated‐annealing algorithm generates three‐dimensional (3‐D) realizations conditioned to borehole data, inferred hydraulic connections between packer‐isolated borehole intervals, and an indicator (fracture zone or background‐K bedrock) variogram model of spatial variability. We apply the method to data from the U.S. Geological Survey Mirror Lake Site in New Hampshire, where connected high‐permeability fracture zones exert a strong control on fluid flow at the hundred‐meter scale. Single‐well hydraulic‐packer tests indicate where permeable fracture zones intersect boreholes, and multiple‐well pumping tests indicate the degree of hydraulic connection between boreholes. Borehole intervals connected by a fracture zone exhibit similar hydraulic responses, whereas intervals not connected by a fracture zone exhibit different responses. Our approach yields valuable insights into the 3‐D geometry of fracture zones at Mirror Lake. Statistical analysis of the realizations yields maps of the probabilities of intersecting specific fracture zones with additional wells. Inverse flow modeling based on the assumption of equivalent porous media is used to estimate hydraulic conductivity and specific storage and to identify those fracture‐zone geometries that are consistent with hydraulic test data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900073","usgsCitation":"Day-Lewis, F.D., Hsieh, P.A., and Gorelick, S.M., 2000, Identifying fracture‐zone geometry using simulated annealing and hydraulic‐connection data: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1707-1721, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900073.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1707","endPage":"1721","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900073","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a384de4b0c8380cd61508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023202,"text":"70023202 - 2000 - Timescales for migration of atmospherically derived sulphate through an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T10:27:51","indexId":"70023202","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timescales for migration of atmospherically derived sulphate through an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado","docAbstract":"Sulphur 35, a cosmogenically produced radioisotope with a short half‐life (87 days), was measured in snowpack during 1993–1997 and at four locations within the Loch Vale watershed during 1995–1997. The four sites include the two main drainages in the watershed, Andrews Creek and Icy Brook, a small south facing catchment flowing into Andrews Creek (Andrews Spring 1), and a similar north facing catchment flowing out of a scree field into Icy Brook (Spring 19). Concentrations ranged from a high of almost 50 mBq/L for a sample from Spring 19 in June 1996 to a concentration near the detection limit for a sample from Andrews Creek in April 1997. Sulphur 35 concentrations were normalized to sulphate (as mBq/mg SO4−2) and were decay‐corrected to a Julian day of 90 (April 1) for each year. Snowpack had the highest 35S concentration with an average concentration of 53 mBq/mg SO4−2. Concentrations in the streams were much lower, even when corrected for decay relative to JD 90. The large 35S concentrations found in Spring 19 were the result of increases in concentration due to sublimation and/or evapotranspiration and were lower than snowpack when normalized to sulphate. Using 35S concentrations found in snowpack as of JD 90 as a beginning concentration, the fraction of sulphate in streamflow that was derived from atmospheric deposition within the prior water year was estimated. For Icy Brook and Andrews Creek the fraction of the sulphate in streamflow derived from that year's snowpack and precipitation was low prior to the beginning of the main spring melt, reached a maximum during the period of maximum flow, and decreased as the summer progressed. A calculation of the seasonal flux indicated that about 40% of the sulphate that flowed out of the watershed was derived from atmospheric sulphate deposited during the previous year. This suggests that more than half of the sulphate deposited in the watershed by atmospheric processes during the previous year was removed during the following summer. Thus sulphate retention in alpine watersheds like Loch Vale is very limited, and changes in sulphate deposition should be quickly reflected in stream chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900276","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., Campbell, D.H., Clow, D.W., and Turk, J.T., 2000, Timescales for migration of atmospherically derived sulphate through an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 27-36, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900276.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900276","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale","volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3e2e4b08c986b326047","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":396817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023183,"text":"70023183 - 2000 - Tritium/3He measurements in young groundwater: Progress in applications to complex hydrogeological systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:34:21","indexId":"70023183","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Tritium/3He measurements in young groundwater: Progress in applications to complex hydrogeological systems","docAbstract":"Tritium/3He dating has been applied to many problems in groundwater hydrology including, for example, determination of circulation patterns, mean residence times, recharge rates, or bank infiltration. Here, we discuss recent progress in the application of the tritium/3He dating method to sites with complex hydrogeological settings. Specifically, we report on tritium/3He dating at sites with (a) river infiltration into the basaltic fractured rock aquifer of the Eastern Snake River Plain, and (b) river infiltration through sinkholes into the karstic limestone Upper Floridian aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia.Tritium/3He dating has been applied to many problems in groundwater hydrology including, for example, determination of circulation patterns, mean residence times, recharge rates, or bank infiltration. Here, we discuss recent progress in the application of the tritium/3He dating method to sites with complex hydrogeological settings. Specifically, we report on tritium/3He dating at sites with (a) river infiltration into the basaltic fractured rock aquifer of the Eastern Snake River Plain, and (b) river infiltration through sinkholes into the karstic limestone Upper Floridian aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","conferenceTitle":"TraM'2000: The International Conference on 'Tracers and Modelling in Hydrology'","conferenceDate":"May 23-26, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Liege, Belgium","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX, United States","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Schlosser, P., Shapiro, S., Stute, M., and Plummer, N., 2000, Tritium/3He measurements in young groundwater: Progress in applications to complex hydrogeological systems, in IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 262, Liege, Belgium, May 23-26, 2000, p. 481-486.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"486","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"262","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb877e4b08c986b327890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlosser, Peter","contributorId":50936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, Stephanie D.","contributorId":29350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Stephanie D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stute, Martin","contributorId":131127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stute","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7254,"text":"Columbia University - Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022914,"text":"70022914 - 2000 - Occurrence and distribution of microbiological indicators in groundwater and stream water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T16:10:53.838458","indexId":"70022914","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3711,"text":"Water Environment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and distribution of microbiological indicators in groundwater and stream water","docAbstract":"A total of 136 stream water and 143 groundwater samples collected in five important hydrologic systems of the United States were analyzed for microbiological indicators to test monitoring concepts in a nationally consistent program. Total coliforms were found in 99%, Escherichia coli in 97%, and Clostridium perfringens in 73% of stream water samples analyzed for each bacterium. Total coliforms were found in 20%, E. coli in less than 1%, and C. perfringens in none of the groundwater samples analyzed for each bacterium. Although coliphage analyses were performed on many of the samples, contamination in the laboratory and problems discerning discrete plaques precluded quantification. Land use was found to have the most significant effect on concentrations of bacterial indicators in stream water. Presence of septic systems on the property near the sampling site and well depth were found to be related to detection of coliforms in groundwater, although these relationships were not statistically significant. A greater diversity of sites, more detailed information about some factors, and a larger dataset may provide further insight to factors that affect microbiological indicators.
","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA, United States","doi":"10.2175/106143000X137220","issn":"10614303","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., Helsel, D., and Nally, R.A., 2000, Occurrence and distribution of microbiological indicators in groundwater and stream water: Water Environment Research, v. 72, no. 2, p. 152-161, https://doi.org/10.2175/106143000X137220.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n 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R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nally, Rebecca A.","contributorId":94068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nally","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023136,"text":"70023136 - 2000 - Reactive transport of metal contaminants in alluvium: Model comparison and column simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:21:43","indexId":"70023136","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactive transport of metal contaminants in alluvium: Model comparison and column simulation","docAbstract":"A comparative assessment of two reactive-transport models, PHREEQC and HYDROGEOCHEM (HGC), was done to determine the suitability of each for simulating the movement of acidic contamination in alluvium. For simulations that accounted for aqueous complexation, precipitation and dissolution, the breakthrough and rinseout curves generated by each model were similar. The differences in simulated equilibrium concentrations between models were minor and were related to (1) different units in model output, (2) different activity coefficients, and (3) ionic-strength calculations. When adsorption processes were added to the models, the rinseout pH simulated by PHREEQC using the diffuse double-layer adsorption model rose to a pH of 6 after pore volume 15, about 1 pore volume later than the pH simulated by HGC using the constant-capacitance model. In PHREEQC simulation of a laboratory column experiment, the inability of the model to match measured outflow concentrations of selected constituents was related to the evident lack of local geochemical equilibrium in the column. The difference in timing and size of measured and simulated breakthrough of selected constituents indicated that the redox and adsorption reactions in the column occurred slowly when compared with the modeled reactions. MINTEQA2 and PHREEQC simulations of the column experiment indicated that the number of surface sites that took part in adsorption reactions was less than that estimated from the measured concentration of Fe hydroxide in the alluvium.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00004-9","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., Bassett, R., and Glynn, P.D., 2000, Reactive transport of metal contaminants in alluvium: Model comparison and column simulation: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 1, p. 35-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00004-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208109,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00004-9"},{"id":233556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a958be4b0c8380cd81aae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J. G.","contributorId":28263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassett, R.L.","contributorId":13233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022211,"text":"70022211 - 2000 - Spatial and temporal variability of picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T06:52:14","indexId":"70022211","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variability of picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"We collected samples monthly, from April to August 1998, to measure the abundance of autotrophic picoplankton in San Francisco Bay. Samples taken along a 160-km transect showed that picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus sp.) was a persistent component of the San Francisco Bay phytoplankton in all the estuarine habitats, from freshwater to seawater and during all months of the spring-summer transition. Abundance ranged from 4.6 X 106 to 5.2 X 108 cells L-1, with peak abundance during the spring bloom (April and May) and during July with a persistent spatial pattern of smallest abundance near the coastal ocean and highest abundance in the landward domains of the estuary. The picocyanobacterial component (as estimated percentage of chlorophyll a concentration) was, on average, 15% of total phytoplankton biomass during the summer-autumn nonbloom periods and only 2% of chlorophyll biomass during the spring bloom. This result is consistent with the emerging concept of a gradient of increasing importance of picocyanobacteria along the gradient of decreasing nutrient concentrations from estuaries to the open ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0695","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Ning, X., Cloern, J., and Cole, B., 2000, Spatial and temporal variability of picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. in San Francisco Bay: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 45, no. 3, p. 695-702, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0695.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"702","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9452e4b08c986b31a9e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ning, X.","contributorId":88116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ning","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023122,"text":"70023122 - 2000 - Ground-penetrating radar methods used in surface-water discharge measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T20:26:17.844803","indexId":"70023122","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ground-penetrating radar methods used in surface-water discharge measurements","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates a network of about 7,000 streamflow-gaging stations that monitor open-channel water discharge at locations throughout the United States. The expense, technical difficulties, and concern for the safety of operational personnel under some field conditions have led to the search for alternate measurement methods. Ground- penetrating radar (GPR) has been used by the USGS in hydrologic, geologic, environmental, and bridge-scour studies by floating antennas on water or mounting antennas in boats. GPR methods were developed to measure and monitor remotely the cross-sectional area of rivers by suspending a 100-megahertz (MHz) radar antenna from a cableway car or bridge at four unstable streams that drained the slopes of Mount St. Helens in Washington. Based on the success of these initial efforts, an experiment was conducted in 1999 to see if a combination of complementary radar methods could be used to calculate the discharge of a river without having any of the measuring equipment in the water. The cross-sectional area of the 183- meter (m) wide Skagit River in Washington State was measured using a GPR system with a single 100-MHz antenna suspended 0.5 to 3 m above the water surface from a cableway car. A van- mounted, side-looking pulsed-Doppler (10 gigahertz) radar system was used to collect water-surface velocity data across the same section of the river. The combined radar data sets were used to calculate the river discharge and the results compared closely to the discharge measurement made by using the standard in-water measurement techniques. The depth to the river bottom, which was determined from the GPR data by using a radar velocity of 0.04 meters per nanosecond in water, was about 3 m, which was within 0.25 m of the manually measured values.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Volume 4084, Eighth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","conferenceTitle":"GPR 2000: The 8th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","conferenceDate":"May 23-26, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Goldcoast, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers","publisherLocation":"Bellingham, WA","doi":"10.1117/12.383618","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., Buursink, M.L., Costa, J.E., Melcher, N.B., Cheng, R.T., and Plant, W.J., 2000, Ground-penetrating radar methods used in surface-water discharge measurements, in Proceedings Volume 4084, Eighth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, v. 4084, Goldcoast, Australia, May 23-26, 2000, p. 494-500, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.383618.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"494","endPage":"500","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233371,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.19033771004008,\n 46.13935248664433\n ],\n [\n -122.18551118264205,\n 46.130035340865675\n ],\n [\n -122.13517739691886,\n 46.14030800221113\n ],\n [\n -122.12586909407966,\n 46.16968201138769\n ],\n [\n -122.12862710973562,\n 46.192119871585334\n ],\n [\n -122.15034648302714,\n 46.22051211430639\n ],\n [\n -122.18206366307197,\n 46.24054486225876\n ],\n [\n -122.23308695270896,\n 46.25055849437294\n ],\n [\n -122.2565300857857,\n 46.224566951055834\n ],\n [\n -122.25928810144163,\n 46.188062638964425\n ],\n [\n -122.24963504664555,\n 46.16633941896265\n ],\n [\n -122.19033771004008,\n 46.13935248664433\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4084","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2b73e4b0c8380cd5b9b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buursink, Marc L. 0000-0001-6491-386X mbuursink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-386X","contributorId":3362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buursink","given":"Marc","email":"mbuursink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Costa, John E.","contributorId":105743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Melcher, Nick B.","contributorId":73587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Nick","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Plant, William J.","contributorId":21632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70023118,"text":"70023118 - 2000 - Aerobic microbial mineralization of dichloroethene as sole carbon substrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T09:51:20","indexId":"70023118","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aerobic microbial mineralization of dichloroethene as sole carbon substrate","docAbstract":"Microorganisms indigenous to the bed sediments of a black- water stream utilized 1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE) as a sole carbon substrate for aerobic metabolism. Although no evidence of growth was observed in the minimal salts culture media used in this study, efficient aerobic microbial mineralization of 1,2-DCE as sole carbon substrate was maintained through three sequential transfers (107 final dilution) of the original environmental innoculum. These results indicate that 1,2-DCE can be utilized as a primary substrate to support microbial metabolism under aerobic conditions.Microorganisms indigenous to the bed sediments of a black-water stream utilized 1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE) as a sole carbon substrate for aerobic metabolism. Although no evidence of growth was observed in the minimal salts culture media used in this study, efficient aerobic microbial mineralization of 1,2-DCE as sole carbon substrate was maintained through three sequential transfers (107 final dilution) of the original environmental innoculum. These results indicate that 1,2-DCE can be utilized as a primary substrate to support microbial metabolism under aerobic conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es990785c","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., and Chapelle, F.H., 2000, Aerobic microbial mineralization of dichloroethene as sole carbon substrate: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 1, p. 221-223, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990785c.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"223","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208237,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990785c"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-11-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e71fe4b0c8380cd4786d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023115,"text":"70023115 - 2000 - Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:37:06","indexId":"70023115","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay","docAbstract":"An annual water budget for Florida Bay, the large, seasonally hypersaline estuary in the Everglades National Park, was constructed using physically based models and long‐term (31 years) data on salinity, hydrology, and climate. Effects of seasonal and interannual variations of the net freshwater supply (runoff plus rainfall minus evaporation) on salinity variation within the bay were also examined. Particular attention was paid to the effects of runoff, which are the focus of ambitious plans to restore and conserve the Florida Bay ecosystem. From 1965 to 1995 the annual runoff from the Everglades into the bay was less than one tenth of the annual direct rainfall onto the bay, while estimated annual evaporation slightly exceeded annual rainfall. The average net freshwater supply to the bay over a year was thus approximately zero, and interannual variations in salinity appeared to be affected primarily by interannual fluctuations in rainfall. At the annual scale, runoff apparently had little effect on the bay as a whole during this period. On a seasonal basis, variations in rainfall, evaporation, and runoff were not in phase, and the net freshwater supply to the bay varied between positive and negative values, contributing to a strong seasonal pattern in salinity, especially in regions of the bay relatively isolated from exchanges with the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Changes in runoff could have a greater effect on salinity in the bay if the seasonal patterns of rainfall and evaporation and the timing of the runoff are considered. One model was also used to simulate spatial and temporal patterns of salinity responses expected to result from changes in net freshwater supply. Simulations in which runoff was increased by a factor of 2 (but with no change in spatial pattern) indicated that increased runoff will lower salinity values in eastern Florida Bay, increase the variability of salinity in the South Region, but have little effect on salinity in the Central and West Regions.
VS2DI is a graphical software package for simulating flow and transport in variably saturated porous media in one or two dimensions using cartesian or radial coordinate systems. This software package consists of three components: (i) VS2DTI, for simulating fluid flow and solute transport, (ii) VS2DHI, for simulating fluid flow and energy (heat) transport, and (iii) VS2POST, a standalone postprocessor, for viewing results saved from previous simulation runs. Both VS2DTI and VS2DHI combine a graphical user interface with a numerical model to create an integrated, window-based modeling environment. Users can easily specify or change the model domain, hydraulic and transport properties, initial and boundary conditions, grid spacing, and other model parameters. Simulation results can be displayed as contours of pressure head, moisture content, saturation, concentration or temperature, and velocity or flux for each time step, thus creating a simple animation. The numerical models used for flow and transport calculations are the U.S. Geological Survey’s computer models VS2DT (for solute transport) and VS2DH (for energy transport). Although these models are integrated into the software package, their source codes are maintained as individual Fortran programs that can be compiled and run separately from the graphical user interface. This report provides an overview of the features and capabilities of the VS2DI software package. Detailed instructions on how to use the software are provided by on-line help manuals and tutorials that are included in the software.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994130","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., Wingle, W., and Healy, R.W., 2000, VS2DI—A graphical software package for simulating fluid flow and solute or energy transport in variably saturated porous media: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4130, Report: iii, 16 p.; Software Release, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994130.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 16 p.; Software Release","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466643,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466644,"rank":3,"type":{"id":35,"text":"Software Release"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/software/vs2di-version-13","text":"VS2DI Version 1.3"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602d27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wingle, W.L.","contributorId":42644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingle","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174259,"text":"70174259 - 2000 - Recent research on the hydrodynamics of the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta and north San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T13:51:53","indexId":"70174259","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent research on the hydrodynamics of the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta and north San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"This article presents an overview of recent findings from hydrodynamic research on circulation and mixing in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) (Figure 1) and North San Francisco Bay (North Bay) (Figure 2). For the purposes of this article, North Bay includes San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay. The findings presented are those gained from field studies carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of the Interagency Ecological Program (IEP), and Stanford University beginning about 1993. The premise behind these studies was that a basic understanding of circulation and mixing patterns in the Bay and Delta is an essential part of understanding how biota and water quality are affected by natural hydrologic variability, water appropriation, and development activities. Data collected for the field studies described in this article have significantly improved our understanding of Bay and Delta hydrodynamics. Measured flows ,in the Delta have provided valuable information on how water moves through the Delta's network of channels and how export pumping affects flows. Studies of the shallows and shallow-channel exchange processes conducted in Honker Bay have shown that the water residence time in Honker Bay is much shorter than previously reported (on the order of hours to several tidal cycles instead ofweeks). Suisun Bay studies have provided data on hydrodynamic transport and accumulation mechanisms that operate primarily in the channels. The Suisun Bay studies have caused us to revise our understanding of residual circulation in the channels of North Bay and of \"entrapment\" mechanisms in the low salinity zone. Finally, detailed tidal and residual (tidally averaged) time-scale studies of the mechanisms that control gravitational circulation in the estuary show that density-driven transport in the channels is governed by turbulence time-scale (seconds) interactions between the mean flow and stratification. The hydrodynamic research summarized in this article spans a range of estuarine environments (deep water channels to shallow water habitats and brackish water to freshwater) at time scales that range from seconds to years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary","usgsCitation":"Burau, J.R., Monismith, S., Stacey, M., Oltmann, R.N., Lacy, J., and Schoellhamer, D., 2000, Recent research on the hydrodynamics of the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta and north San Francisco Bay: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 11, no. 2, p. 45-55.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Environmental-Services/Interagency-Ecological-Program/Files/Newsletters/IEP-Newsletter-2000-Vol13-Issue3.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.41241455078125,\n 38.15723682167875\n ],\n [\n -122.50167846679686,\n 38.120512892298976\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 38.04917251752295\n ],\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.98100996893789\n ],\n [\n -122.50717163085938,\n 37.95286091815649\n ],\n [\n -122.51678466796874,\n 37.923617790524716\n ],\n [\n -122.50167846679686,\n 37.859675659210005\n ],\n [\n -122.46322631835938,\n 37.78156937014928\n ],\n [\n -122.40554809570311,\n 37.79784832917947\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 37.71750400999666\n ],\n [\n -122.39318847656249,\n 37.66099365286694\n ],\n [\n -122.36709594726562,\n 37.590295170521955\n ],\n [\n -122.26547241210936,\n 37.55111016010861\n ],\n [\n -122.16796875,\n 37.48684571271661\n ],\n [\n -122.09930419921876,\n 37.425797766419976\n ],\n [\n -122.02239990234375,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -121.93450927734375,\n 37.42688834526727\n ],\n [\n -121.91253662109376,\n 37.45632796865522\n ],\n [\n -122.0416259765625,\n 37.51626173528878\n ],\n [\n -122.13912963867188,\n 37.609879943747146\n ],\n [\n -122.20504760742186,\n 37.73053874574077\n ],\n [\n -122.30392456054688,\n 37.860759886765194\n ],\n [\n -122.31628417968749,\n 37.91603433975963\n ],\n [\n -122.39456176757811,\n 37.94311450175187\n ],\n [\n -122.34924316406251,\n 37.990751356571195\n ],\n [\n -122.21466064453125,\n 38.05782354290831\n ],\n [\n -122.24212646484375,\n 38.09241741843045\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 38.155077102180655\n ],\n [\n -122.41241455078125,\n 38.15723682167875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577e2bb1e4b0ef4d2f445a3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stacey, Mark T.","contributorId":13367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"Mark T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oltmann, Richard N.","contributorId":63377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oltmann","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lacy, Jessica","contributorId":71277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":25770,"text":"wri004136 - 2000 - Simulation of the shallow hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic elements and parameter estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T19:03:07.560559","indexId":"wri004136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4136","title":"Simulation of the shallow hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic elements and parameter estimation","docAbstract":"Middle Genesee Lake is a ground-water flow-through lake located in a developing area in southeastern Wisconsin. Because the lake is in good connection with the shallow ground-water system, hydrologic stresses to the shallow ground-water system could adversely affect the lake system. In order to assess the effects of potential stresses on the lake, a study was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Middle Genesee Lake Management District. The objective of the study was to identify areas that contribute ground water to the lake and estimate the hydrologic budget of the lake and hydraulic parameters affecting ground-water flow. A two-dimensional, steady-state analytic element model of the lake and surrounding area was developed using the computer code GFLOW. A parameter estimation model, UCODE, was used to optimize the calibration to measured water levels and streamflow.
\nThe calibrated model was used to evaluate the effect of three hypothetical stress scenarios on the stage of Middle Genesee Lake; the simulations were linked to UCODE, which formally incorporated parameter uncertainty into 95-percent confidence intervals around the simulated value. The scenarios included: (1) pumping from upgradient irrigation wells, (2) pumping from Lower Genesee Lake to lower lake levels, and (3) reduction in recharge resulting from development. The results of the simulations demonstrated that lake levels could be affected by hydrologic stresses in the shallow hydrologic system, with effects ranging from a 2.7 feet decline in lake stage resulting from pumping in Lower Genesee Lake to a 0.1 feet decline in lake stage from development in part of the upgradient recharge area. The range of lake stage decline increased when parameter uncertainty was included, from a decline of 3.1 feet for pumping from Lower Genesee Lake to no reduction in lake stage for the development in the recharge area. Whereas these simulated effects are within the natural variation in lake stage, they represent a systematic reduction of ground-water flow to the lake. Therefore, these hypothetical stresses are expected to establish a new, lower, baseline lake stage over which the natural variation due to climatic effects are added and subtracted.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Middle Genesee Lake Management District, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Lin, Y., Krohelski, J.T., and Juckem, P., 2000, Simulation of the shallow hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic elements and parameter estimation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4136, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004136.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407534,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_33859.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54524,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4136/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","otherGeospatial":"Middle Genesee Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.49942207336426,\n 43.032258770888234\n ],\n [\n -88.49942207336426,\n 43.06844885742919\n ],\n [\n -88.4538459777832,\n 43.06844885742919\n ],\n [\n -88.4538459777832,\n 43.032258770888234\n ],\n [\n -88.49942207336426,\n 43.032258770888234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, Y.","contributorId":13272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Juckem, P. F.","contributorId":24819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45053,"text":"wri004140 - 2000 - A hydrologic primer for New Jersey watershed management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-29T11:23:52","indexId":"wri004140","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4140","title":"A hydrologic primer for New Jersey watershed management","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the N.J. Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), and many other agencies and organizations are striving to educate the public about New Jersey’s water resources. In 1996, the NJDEP began implementing a “watershed management approach” to maintain the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of New Jersey’s waters. This approach concentrates on managing individual watershed areas by (1) defining the physical geographic boundaries of the watersheds, (2) basing water policy on sound scientific principles, and (3) developing partnerships with the public--the people most affected by watershed-management policies.
\nNew Jersey can be divided into five water regions as defined by the NJDEP: the Northeast, Raritan, Northwest, Lower Delaware, and Atlantic Coastal water regions (fig. 1). Each water region has been divided into three to five “watershed-management areas,” each of which encompasses a particular group of major rivers (fig. 2a-e). Each watershed management area consists of many smaller watersheds.
\nHydrologic data collected by Federal and State government agencies are invaluable as resources to policymakers who make decisions that affect the use of water in a particular watershed. The purpose of this report is to educate water-resource managers, policymakers, government officials, and the public about hydrologic concepts and the water-resource data needed to make informed decisions about water-management issues. (“Hydrologic” means relating to the occurrence, distribution, movement, and chemistry of all waters of the Earth (Fetter, 1980)). The first part of the report describes basic hydrologic concepts and includes explanations of the hydrologic cycle, the water budget, the surfacewater and ground-water flow systems, water-quality concepts and standards, and water use. The second part of the report summarizes the types of waterresource data that are available from Federal and State government agencies. Instructions on how to obtain the data and contact the appropriate Federal and State agencies, as well as suggestions for additional reading, also are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004140","usgsCitation":"Watt, M.K., 2000, A hydrologic primer for New Jersey watershed management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4140, vi, 108 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004140.","productDescription":"vi, 108 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2000_4140.jpg"},{"id":3908,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae39c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watt, Martha K. 0000-0001-5651-3428 mwatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-3428","contributorId":3275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Martha","email":"mwatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24614,"text":"ofr0082 - 2000 - Hydrologic, Water-Quality, Sediment Transport, and Bulk Atmospheric-Deposition Data, Guanella Pass Area, Colorado, October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:22","indexId":"ofr0082","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-82","title":"Hydrologic, Water-Quality, Sediment Transport, and Bulk Atmospheric-Deposition Data, Guanella Pass Area, Colorado, October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1997","docAbstract":"The hydrology and water quality of streams and lakes in the Guanella Pass area could be affected by the proposed reconstruction of the existing road over Guanella Pass between Georgetown and Grant, Colo. Data were collected during water years 1995 through 1997 (October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1997) that describe the preconstruction hydrology, water quality, sediment transport, and bulk atmospheric deposition in the Guanella Pass study area with most data being collected primarily during water years 1996-97. Data were collected at 17 stream sites, 7 road-runoff sites, 10 ground-water sites, 3 lake sites, 1 reservoir site, 2 snow-precipitation sites, and 4 bulk atmospheric-deposition sites. Data include onsite measurements of streamflow, specific conductance, pH, water temperature, turbidity, barometric pressure, and dissolved oxygen; concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements; organic carbon and trace organic compounds; suspended-sediment concentration and particle-size analyses; field measurement and depth profiles, and chlorophyll concentrations in lakes and reservoirs; trace element, nutrient, and trace organic (semi-volatiles, PCBs, and insecticides) analyses of lake and reservoir bottom sediment; and bulk atmospheric deposition rates of solids. Daily values for streamflow, maximum and minimum water temperature, specific conductance, and suspended sediment were computed at seven streamflow-monitoring stations located along South Clear Creek, Leavenworth Creek, Duck Creek, Geneva Creek, and Deer Creek. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr0082","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stevens, M.R., 2000, Hydrologic, Water-Quality, Sediment Transport, and Bulk Atmospheric-Deposition Data, Guanella Pass Area, Colorado, October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-82, iv, 24 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0082.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53662,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a84c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28984,"text":"wri004199 - 2000 - A decision support system for prioritizing forested wetland restoration in the Yazoo Backwater Area, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri004199","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4199","title":"A decision support system for prioritizing forested wetland restoration in the Yazoo Backwater Area, Mississippi","docAbstract":"A working prototype decision support system (DSS) was developed for the Yazoo Backwater Area, Mississippi, to help planners and managers prioritize, plan, conduct, and optimize forested wetland restoration activities. The DSS comprises geographic information system (GIS) spatial data themes, application programs that provide a cumulative analysis of the relative ability of sites to function as wetlands, and output data that are specific to a given restoration analysis scenario. The DSS input includes GIS data themes such as geomorphology, soils, land use, elevation, farmed wetlands, flood frequency, topographic depressions, streams, public lands, roads, and permanent water bodies, which can be used as spatial templates to define areal hydrologic settings. These GIS data themes can then be ranked and combined to estimate the relative suitability of a potential wetland restoration site, thereby, determining relative wetland equivalence on the landscape. The GIS applications used in this DSS perform the following three functions: assess the ecology (the Eco-Assessor); reclassify land-use in areas selected for restoration (the Tree-Translator); and generate output data to compare restoration scenarios (the Parameter-Generator). Areas selected for reforestation are translated (in the GIS) into ?forested? land use, and the tree species that are ?planted? on the landscape (in the DSS) either compose an ecologically optimal or an economically optimal community of tree species. Output from the DSS can be compared and analyzed by using economic, statistical, graphical, and tabular methods. Output data for seven selected scenarios were generated for the Yazoo Backwater Area and are presented as examples to illustrate the flexibility of the DSS to identify areas that meet restoration objectives. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004199","usgsCitation":"O'Hara, C., Davis, A.A., and Kleiss, B., 2000, A decision support system for prioritizing forested wetland restoration in the Yazoo Backwater Area, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4199, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004199.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2268,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ms.water.usgs.gov/ms_proj/wetlands/restoration_dss/wrir00-4199.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af1da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Hara, Charles G.","contributorId":83911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Hara","given":"Charles G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Angela A.","contributorId":22001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kleiss, Barbara A.","contributorId":87536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleiss","given":"Barbara A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50347,"text":"ofr00248 - 2000 - Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1997 to 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-27T16:50:03.457778","indexId":"ofr00248","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-248","title":"Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1997 to 1999","docAbstract":"The Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) Subsurface Disposal Area (SDA) at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) has been used for burial of radioactive waste since 1952. In 1985, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, began a multi-phase study of the geohydrology of the RWMC to provide a basis for estimating the extent of and the potential for migration of radionuclides in the unsaturated zone beneath the waste trenches and pits. This is the final phase in a study to provide hydrologic and meteorological data collected at a designated test trench area established by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1985 adjacent to the northern boundary of the RWMC SDA.
Soil-moisture content measurements were collected approximately monthly during the 1997-99 period from 13 neutron-probe access holes with a neutron moisture gage. A meteorological station inside the test trench area provides data for the determination of evapotranspiration rates. This station measures soil surface temperature, net radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, windspeed, wind direction, soil heat flux, and precipitation, and also calculates vapor pressure. Meteorological data for the test trench area are available for 1997 and part of 1998. The meteorological and soil-moisture data are contained in files on a compact disk included with this report. The data are presented in simple American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format with tab-delimited fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00248","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Perkins, K.S., 2000, Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1997 to 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-248, Report: iii, 18 p.; 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00248.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 18 p.; 1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":433216,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0248/ofr00248.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":431761,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0248/report.pdf"},{"id":170461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0248/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.09051513671875,\n 43.44494295526125\n ],\n [\n -112.99644470214842,\n 43.44494295526125\n ],\n [\n -112.99644470214842,\n 43.509717009288075\n ],\n [\n -113.09051513671875,\n 43.509717009288075\n ],\n [\n -113.09051513671875,\n 43.44494295526125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"The USGS does not provide technical support for the software associated with this publication.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683ad8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, Kimberlie S.","contributorId":79945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kimberlie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50376,"text":"ofr00100 - 2000 - Effects of wastewater-lagoon discharge through wetlands on water quality in Bonifas Creek, Gogebic County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T19:17:18","indexId":"ofr00100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-100","title":"Effects of wastewater-lagoon discharge through wetlands on water quality in Bonifas Creek, Gogebic County, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Lac Vieux Desert Band of the Superior Chippewa (LVD) recently constructed a wastewater-treatment facility that discharges effluent twice annually from settling lagoons to wooded wetland areas adjoining the channel of Bonifas Creek, a small stream that flows near the LVD community in Watersmeet, Michigan. This report describes the hydrology of the site and the results of analyses of water samples from Bonifas Creek and the settling lagoons. Water samples were collected from sites on the creek upstream and downstream of the effluent-receiving area, before and after discharge from the lagoons. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate increased from the upstream to the downstream site, but the concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulfate decreased. These changes in water chemistry, however, were similar both before and after the release from the lagoons, and are consistent with known pattern of influxes of ground water into Bonifas Creek. Therefore, it appears that the discharge of wastewater into the area adjoining Bonifas Creek is unlikely to have any immediate effect on the quality of water in the creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr00100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lac Vieux Desert Band of the Superior Chippewa","usgsCitation":"Aichele, S., and Ellis, J.M., 2000, Effects of wastewater-lagoon discharge through wetlands on water quality in Bonifas Creek, Gogebic County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-100, v, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00100.","productDescription":"v, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00100.JPG"},{"id":4179,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/OF/OF00-100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Gogebic County","otherGeospatial":"Bonifas Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.18563842773436,\n 46.26830821231432\n ],\n [\n -89.18563842773436,\n 46.30093177319756\n ],\n [\n -89.13482666015625,\n 46.30093177319756\n ],\n [\n -89.13482666015625,\n 46.26830821231432\n ],\n [\n -89.18563842773436,\n 46.26830821231432\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679e22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aichele, Stephen S. 0000-0002-3397-7921 saichele@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-7921","contributorId":194508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aichele","given":"Stephen S.","email":"saichele@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":430,"text":"National Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, James M.","contributorId":29506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29394,"text":"wri004209 - 2000 - Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T22:03:12.660385","indexId":"wri004209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4209","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Little St. Germain Lake, which is in Vilas County. Wisconsin, just northeast of St. Germain (fig. 1), is one of 21 impoundments operated by Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company (WVIC) to provide storage for power and recreational use. The level of the lake, which was originally dammed in 1882, has been maintained by the WVIC at about 5 feet above its natural level since 1929, and it is annually drawn down about 1.5 feet from December through March. In the interest of protecting and improving the water quality of the lake, the Little St. Germain Lake Improvement Association was established in 1959. Later, the I .ittle St. Germain Lake District was formed. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), in collaboration with the Lake District, did a study during 1983-85 to document the water quality of the lake and examine management alternatives (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1985). Results of the study indicated that, because of relatively high phosphorus loading to the lake, most of the lake was eutrophic (relatively productive), with the possible exception of the West Bay. The results also indicated monitoring of the lake should continue, and that actions should be taken to decrease nutrient loading to the lake by controlling erosion, fertilizer runoff, and leakage from septic systems.
\nThe lake was monitored in detail again during 1991-94 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of a cooperative study with the Lake District. This study demonstrated water-quality variation among the basins of Little St. Germain Lake and extensive areas of winter anoxia (absence of oxygen). Further in-depth studies were then conducted during 1994-2000 to define the extent of winter anoxia, refine the hydrologic and phosphorus budgets of the lake, quantify the effects of annual drawdowns, and provide information needed to develop a comprehensive lake-management plan. This report presents the results of the studies since 1991.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004209","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W., 2000, Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4209, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004209.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395415,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34256.htm"},{"id":58246,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4209/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Vilas County","otherGeospatial":"Little St. Germain Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.49600219726562,\n 45.895026211452226\n ],\n [\n -89.42115783691406,\n 45.895026211452226\n ],\n [\n -89.42115783691406,\n 45.9399295336733\n ],\n [\n -89.49600219726562,\n 45.9399295336733\n ],\n [\n -89.49600219726562,\n 45.895026211452226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27048,"text":"wri20004260 - 2000 - Microbiological and chemical quality of ground water used as a source of public supply in southern Missouri — Phase II, April–July, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T21:27:08.93116","indexId":"wri20004260","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4260","title":"Microbiological and chemical quality of ground water used as a source of public supply in southern Missouri — Phase II, April–July, 1998","docAbstract":"The protection of public health through quality public ground-water systems is the responsibility of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Missouri, through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Program. Approximately 95 percent of the public-water supplies in Missouri use ground water as their source of drinking water through more than 3,700 public wells. Karst terrain, intensive agricultural operations, extensive numbers of on-site sewage systems, and poor well construction can lead to chemical and microbiological contamination of the contributing aquifers. Sitespecific studies and routine regulatory monitoring have produced information on the overall quality and potability of the State's public-drinking-water supplies, but little is known about the presence of viruses.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, sampled 109 public-water supplies to characterize the physical, chemical, bacterial, and viral conditions in southern Missouri. During April to July 1998, these wells were sampled for nutrients, total organic carbon, optical brighteners, indicator bacteria, enteric viruses, and ribonucleic acid and somatic coli phages. These constituents indicate possible surface contamination of the sampled aquifer. Selection of the wells to be sampled depended on the age of the well (pre-1970), land use, geohydrology, and well construction.\r\n\r\nNone of the physical or chemical constituents measured or analyzed exceeded Missouri's Drinking Water Standards set by the Public Drinking Water Program of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. The majority of ammonia plus organic nitrogen, nitrite, and phosphorus concentrations were below the laboratory's minimum reporting levels. There were a greater number of detects above the minimum reporting level with respect to the nitrite plus nitrate, ammonia, orthophosphate, and total organic carbon concentrations. Analyses included comparing and contrasting the data by grouping according to well age and construction, karst type, geohydrology, soil type, and land use. There was little variation in well construction between selected wells. The results indicated several groupings of similar and dissimilar concentrations, most expected because of hydrological, physical, or land use differences. Dissolved oxygen values indicated distinct variation in the different groupings. There were significant differences in dissolved oxygen values between the secondary and non-karst areas, the Ozark confined and Ozark unconfined geohydrologic groups, and between agricultural and other land uses. In groupings by soil and geohydrology, the Missouri bootheel region differed with respect to ammonia, total organic carbon, and phosphorus when compared with the other groups.\r\n\r\nLess than 10 percent of the wells sampled tested positive for bacterial contamination. E. coli was the most frequently detected bacterium. The public wells at Monett and West Plains, Missouri, had plates with colonies too numerous to count for all three indicator bacteria. Further analyses by rRNA (ribosomal RiboNucleic Acid) hybridization techniques detennined that much of the bacteria present were from ruminant and human sources. No enteric viruses were detected in the 109 samples. Both ribonucleic acid and somatic coliphage were detected at two wells. One additional well had ribonucleic acid coliphage and another had somatic coliphage for a total of four wells with coliphage selects.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20004260","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Quality, Public Drinking Water Program","usgsCitation":"Femmer, S.R., 2000, Microbiological and chemical quality of ground water used as a source of public supply in southern Missouri — Phase II, April–July, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4260, iv, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004260.","productDescription":"iv, 62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4260/report.pdf","size":"8188","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395496,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34519.htm"},{"id":13936,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri00-4260/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158881,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4260/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.607,\n 36.433\n ],\n [\n -89.417,\n 36.433\n ],\n [\n -89.417,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -94.607,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -94.607,\n 36.433\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e1d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Femmer, Suzanne R. sfemmer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Femmer","given":"Suzanne","email":"sfemmer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44665,"text":"fs12799 - 2000 - Ground-water recharge in the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-22T12:08:03","indexId":"fs12799","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"127-99","title":"Ground-water recharge in the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs12799","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., 2000, Ground-water recharge in the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 127-99, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12799.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":81966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0127/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0127/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Southern High Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.65576171875,\n 31.409912194070973\n ],\n [\n -100.32714843749999,\n 31.409912194070973\n ],\n [\n -100.32714843749999,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n -104.65576171875,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n -104.65576171875,\n 31.409912194070973\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667130","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44935,"text":"wri004211 - 2000 - Unconsolidated Aquifers in Tompkins County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:57","indexId":"wri004211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4211","title":"Unconsolidated Aquifers in Tompkins County, New York","docAbstract":"Unconsolidated aquifers consisting of saturated sand and gravel are capable of supplying large quantities of good-quality water to wells in Tompkins County, but little published geohydrologic inform ation on such aquifers is available. In 1986, the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS) began collecting geohydrologic information and well data to construct an aquifer map showing the extent of unconsolidated aquifers in Tompkins county. Data sources included (1) water-well drillers. logs; (2) highway and other construction test-boring logs; (3) well data gathered by the Tompkins County Department of Health, (4) test-well logs from geohydrologic consultants that conducted projects for site-specific studies, and (5) well data that had been collected during past investigations by the USGS and entered into the National Water Information System (NWIS) database. In 1999, the USGS, in cooperation with the Tompkins County Department of Planning, compiled these data to construct this map. \r\n\r\nMore than 600 well records were entered into the NWIS database in 1999 to supplement the 350 well records already in the database; this provided a total of 950 well records. The data were digitized and imported into a geographic information system (GIS) coverage so that well locations could be plotted on a map, and well data could be tabulated in a digital data base through ARC/INFO software. Data on the surficial geology were used with geohydrologic data from well records and previous studies to delineate the extent of aquifers on this map. \r\n\r\nThis map depicts (1) the extent of unconsolidated aquifers in Tompkins County, and (2) locations of wells whose records were entered into the USGS NWIS database and made into a GIS digital coverage. The hydrologic information presented here is generalized and is not intended for detailed site evaluations. Precise locations of geohydrologic-unit boundaries, and a description of the hydrologic conditions within the units, would require additional detailed, site-specific information.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri004211","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., 2000, Unconsolidated Aquifers in Tompkins County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4211, 1 map : col. ; 64 x 57 cm., on sheet 72 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004211.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 64 x 57 cm., on sheet 72 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3811,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri004211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":99350,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4211/report.pdf","size":"936","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99351,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4211/plate-1.pdf","size":"10508","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4211/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f64c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Todd S. tsmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"tsmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50370,"text":"ofr00478 - 2000 - Hydrologic data for water years 1933-97 used in the River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River basin, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:19","indexId":"ofr00478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-478","title":"Hydrologic data for water years 1933-97 used in the River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River basin, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"Title II of Public Law 101-618, the Truckee?Carson?Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act of 1990, provides direction, authority, and a mechanism for resolving conflicts over water rights in the Truckee and Carson River Basins. The Truckee Carson Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, to support implementation of Public Law 101-618, has developed an operations model to simulate lake/reservoir and river operations for the Truckee River Basin including diversion of Truckee River water to the Truckee Canal for transport to the Carson River Basin. Several types of hydrologic data, formatted in a chronological order with a daily time interval called 'time series,' are described in this report. Time series from water years 1933 to 1997 can be used to run the operations model. Auxiliary hydrologic data not currently used by the model are also described. The time series of hydrologic data consist of flow, lake/reservoir elevation and storage, precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, municipal and industrial (M&I) demand, and streamflow and lake/reservoir level forecast data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr00478","usgsCitation":"Berris, S.N., Hess, G.W., and Bohman, L.R., 2000, Hydrologic data for water years 1933-97 used in the River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River basin, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-478, 43 p.; map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00478.","productDescription":"43 p.; map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4176,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr00478","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db6077d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berris, Steven N. snberris@usgs.gov","contributorId":1736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berris","given":"Steven","email":"snberris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, Glen W.","contributorId":19136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohman, Larry R. lrbohman@usgs.gov","contributorId":4769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohman","given":"Larry","email":"lrbohman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53981,"text":"wri004075 - 2000 - Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Sediment Transport of the San Miguel River, Southwest Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T21:41:29","indexId":"wri004075","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4075","title":"Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Sediment Transport of the San Miguel River, Southwest Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
The Ground Water Atlas of the United States presents a comprehensive summary of the Nation's ground-water resources and is a basic reference for the location, geography, geology, and hydrologic characteristics of the major aquifers in the Nation. The information was collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies during the course of many years of study. Results of the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, a systematic study of the Nation's major aquifers by the U.S. Geological Survey, were used as a major, but not exclusive, source of information of the Atlas.
The Atlas, which is designed in a graphical format that is supported by descriptive discussions, includes 13 chapters, each representing areas that collectively cover the 50 States and Puerto Rico, as well as the U.S. Virgin Islands. Each chapter of the Atlas presents and describes hydrogeologic and hydrologic conditions for the major aquifers in each regional area. The scale of the Atlas does not allow portrayal of minor features of the geology or hydrology of each aquifer presented, nor does it include detailed discussion of minor aquifers. Those readers who seek detailed local information for the aquifers will find extensive lists of references at the end of each chapter. The introductory chapter in this volume presents an overview of ground-water conditions Nationwide and gives an example of an aquifer in each of six hydrogeologic settings.
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MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":258767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ [ -66.28243, 18.51476 ], [ -67.10068, 18.5206 ], [ -67.24243, 18.37446 ], [ -67.18416, 17.94655 ], [ -66.59993, 17.98182 ], [ -65.84716, 17.97591 ], [ -65.591, 18.22803 ], [ -65.7713, 18.42668 ], [ -66.28243, 18.51476 ] ] ], [ [ [ -155.54211, 19.08348 ], [ -155.22217, 19.23972 ], [ -154.83147, 19.45328 ], [ -154.80741, 19.50871 ], [ -155.06226, 19.8591 ], [ -155.22452, 19.99302 ], [ -155.40214, 20.07975 ], [ -155.78505, 20.2487 ], [ -155.86108, 20.26721 ], [ -155.91907, 20.17395 ], [ -155.85008, 19.97729 ], [ -156.02368, 19.81422 ], [ -156.07347, 19.70294 ], [ -155.90806, 19.33888 ], [ -155.93665, 19.05939 ], [ -155.68817, 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