Pre-Ordovician, probable Early Cambrian metavolcanic and somewhat younger meta-intrusive rocks form a linear belt in the central Virginia Piedmont. On the basis of the geologic and geochemical features of these rocks in the Fredericksburg area, and insofar as this area is representative of the entire belt, it is concluded that this belt constitutes an ancient island-arc sequence. The westernmost Chopawamsic Formation consists of a tholeiitic island-arc suite and associated calcalkaline metavolcanic rocks. Prior to Upper Ordovician time, low-potassic tonalitic plutons of plagiogranitic (pretectonic) and trondhjemitic (late-tectonic) affinities were intruded into the Chopawamsic terrane. The tholeiitic amphibolites of the Ta River Metamorphic Suite are considered to be an eastern, oceanward facies of the Chopawamsic Formation.
The James Run Formation of Maryland is probably a northern lateral equivalent of the central Virginia volcanic-plutonic belt. It may have formed as part of the ancient Virginia belt or along a penecontemporaneous but independent volcanic arc. The metavolcanic rocks and associated plutons of the Carolina slate belt in the southeast Piedmont are considered to have formed independently of the central Virginia volcanic-plutonic belt and perhaps in a different tectonic environment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the geology of the Virginia Piedmont","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1231A","usgsCitation":"Pavlides, L., 1981, The central Virginia volcanic-plutonic belt: An island arc of Cambrian(?) age: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1231, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1231A.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392930,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74472.htm"},{"id":60453,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1231a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1231a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.875,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -77.375,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -77.375,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -77.875,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -77.875,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669561","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavlides, Louis","contributorId":79444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlides","given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":208748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32600,"text":"pp1184 - 1981 - Bimodal Silurian and Lower Devonian volcanic rock assemblages in the Machias-Eastport area, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"pp1184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1184","title":"Bimodal Silurian and Lower Devonian volcanic rock assemblages in the Machias-Eastport area, Maine","docAbstract":"Exposed in the Machias-Eastport area of southeastern Maine is the thickest (at least 8,000 m), best exposed, best dated, and most nearly complete succession of Silurian and Lower Devonian volcanic strata in the coastal volcanic belt, remnants of which crop out along the coasts of southern New Brunswick, Canada, and southeastern New England in the United States. The volcanics were erupted through the 600-700-million-year-old Avalonian sialic basement. To test the possibility that this volcanic belt was a magmatic arc above a subduction zone prior to presumed Acadian continental collision, samples representing the entire section in the Machias-Eastport area of Maine were chemically analyzed. \r\n\r\nThree strongly bimodal assemblages of volcanic rocks and associated intrusives are recognized, herein called the Silurian, older Devonian, and younger Devonian assemblages. The Silurian assemblage contains typically nonporphyritic high-alumina tholeiitic basalts, basaltic andesites, and diabase of continental characterand calc-alkalic rhyolites, silicic dacites, and one known dike of andesite. These rocks are associated with fossiliferous, predominantly marine strata of the Quoddy, Dennys, and Edmunds Formations, and the Leighton Formation of the Pembroke Group (the stratigraphic rank of both is revised herein for the Machias-Eastport area), all of Silurian age. The shallow marine Hersey Formation (stratigraphic rank also revised herein) of the Pembroke Group, of latest Silurian age (and possibly earliest Devonian, as suggested by an ostracode fauna), contains no known volcanics; and it evidently was deposited during a volcanic hiatus that immediately preceded emergence of the coastal volcanic belt and the eruption of the older Devonian assemblage. The older Devonian assemblage, in the lagoonal to subaerial Lower Devonian Eastport Formation, contains tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites, typically with abundant plagioclase phenocrysts and typically richer in iron and titanium and poorer in magnesium and nickel than the Silurian basalts; and the Eastport Formation has rhyolites and silicic dacites that have higher average SiO2 and K2O contents and higher ratios of FeO* to MgO than the Silurian ones. The younger Devonian assemblage is represented by one sample of basalt from a flow in red beds of the post-Acadian Upper Devonian Perry Formation, and by three samples from pre-Acadian diabases that intrude the Leighton and Hersey Formations. These rocks are even richer in titanium and iron and poorer in magnesium and nickel than the older Devonian basalts. Post-Acadian granitic plutons exposed along the coastal belt for which analyses are available are tentatively included in the younger Devonian assemblage. The most conspicuous features of the coastal volcanics and associated intrusives are the preponderance of rocks of basaltic composition ( < 52 percent SiO2 ) in the Silurian assemblage, and the near absence in all assemblages of intermediate rocks having 57-67 percent SiO2 (calculated without volatiles). \r\n\r\nAll the rocks are variably altered spilites and keratophyres. The basaltic types are adequately defined, however, by eight samples of least altered basalts having calcic plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and 0.5 percent or less CO2 , The more altered basalts are variably enriched or depleted in Na2O, K2O, and CaO relative to the least altered ones. In the silicic rocks no primary ferromagnesian minerals are preserved. The Na2O and K2O contents of the silicic rocks are erratic; they are approximately reciprocal, possibly owing to alkali exchange while the rocks were still glassy. \r\n\r\nWe propose that the coastal volcanic belt extended along an axis of thermal swelling in the Earth's mantle and upward intrusion of partially melted mantle into the sialic Avalonian crust. These processes were accompanied by shoaling and emergence of the belt, and they produced the bimodal volcanism. Tholeiitic basaltic melts segregated from mantle material ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1184","usgsCitation":"Gates, O., and Moench, R.H., 1981, Bimodal Silurian and Lower Devonian volcanic rock assemblages in the Machias-Eastport area, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1184, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1184.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1184/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60457,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1184/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625ee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gates, Olcott","contributorId":42638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Olcott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moench, R. H.","contributorId":8853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":36704,"text":"fwsobs80_24 - 1981 - Coal surface mining reclamation and fish and wildlife relationships in the eastern United States. Vol. I, past findings, the surface Mining Law of 1977 (P.L. 95-87), future planning and management considerations, and information sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:57","indexId":"fwsobs80_24","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"80/24","title":"Coal surface mining reclamation and fish and wildlife relationships in the eastern United States. Vol. I, past findings, the surface Mining Law of 1977 (P.L. 95-87), future planning and management considerations, and information sources","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Leedy, D.L., 1981, Coal surface mining reclamation and fish and wildlife relationships in the eastern United States. Vol. I, past findings, the surface Mining Law of 1977 (P.L. 95-87), future planning and management considerations, and information sources: FWS/OBS 80/24, 2 v. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"2 v. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leedy, Daniel L.","contributorId":37787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leedy","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36715,"text":"fwsobs80_25 - 1981 - Coal surface mining reclamation and fish and wildlife relationships in the eastern United States. Vol. II, opportunities and approaches for fish and wildlife planning and management in coal surface mining, reclamation and postmining land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:57","indexId":"fwsobs80_25","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"80/25","title":"Coal surface mining reclamation and fish and wildlife relationships in the eastern United States. Vol. II, opportunities and approaches for fish and wildlife planning and management in coal surface mining, reclamation and postmining land use","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Leedy, D.L., and Franklin, T., 1981, Coal surface mining reclamation and fish and wildlife relationships in the eastern United States. Vol. II, opportunities and approaches for fish and wildlife planning and management in coal surface mining, reclamation and postmining land use: FWS/OBS 80/25, 2 v. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"2 v. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leedy, Daniel L.","contributorId":37787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leedy","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franklin, Thomas M.","contributorId":24397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"Thomas M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":37025,"text":"naf73 - 1981 - Birds of the St. Croix River valley: Minnesota and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:02:32","indexId":"naf73","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":58,"text":"North American Fauna","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"73","title":"Birds of the St. Croix River valley: Minnesota and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The St. Croix River Valley encompasses nearly 11,550 km2 in east-central Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin. A wide range of habitats are available for birds including upland oak, lowland deciduous, maple-basswood, lowland and upland coniferous forests, natural basin wetlands, and grasslands. Situated in the north-central region of the United States, the valley is a biological 'crossroads' for many species. Because of the mixed affinities of plant communities, the valley includes the northern and southern range limits for a number of species. Also, because the valley lies near the forest-prairie transition zone, many typical western breeding species (e.g. pintail, western meadowlark, yellow-headed blackbird) breed in proximity to typical eastern species such as tufted titmouse, eastern meadowlark, and cardinal. \r\nFrom 1966 to 1980, I conducted extensive surveys of avian distribution and abundance in the St. Croix River Valley. I have supplemented the results of these surveys with published and unpublished observations contributed by many ornithologists. These additional data include compilations from Christmas Bird Counts sponsored by the National Audubon Society and from the Breeding Bird Survey coordinated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Three hundred fourteen species have been recorded in the study area; data are presented on the migration period, nesting season distribution, winter distribution, relative abundance, and habitat use of each species. \r\n\r\nRecognizing the uniqueness of the area, and its importance not only to wildlife but also to man, the U.S. Congress designated the St. Croix a National Scenic Riverway. This action provided a considerable degree of protection to lands along and directly adjacent to the river. Unfortunately, no similar legal measure exists to protect lands away from the river. With the exception of the northern quarter of the St. Croix River Valley, agricultural interests have made significant inroads into the habitat base. The continuing expansion of the nearby Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan region has degraded or destroyed many woodlots, upland fields, and wetlands. In numerous instances, degradation of natural habitats has influenced the abundance and distribution of bird species. Because of these changes, both the Federal government and State Departments of Natural Resources have listed several species in various categories based on their current status. In the St. Croix River Valley, seven species are endangered, eight are threatened, and 29 are watch or priority status in either or both states. Data presented in this report are of value to land managers, land use specialists, and ornithologists, in assessing current and projected habitat alterations on the avifauna of this valley. \r\n\r\nThe St. Croix River bisects a large region of western Wisconsin and east central Minnesota that exhibits a wide range of habitat types. This region supports not only birds, but many mammals, fishes, reptiles and amphibians, and several thousand species of vascular and nonvascular plants. The river itself is relatively clean through most of its course, and its natural flow is interrupted by only two small dams. \r\n\r\nBecause the river lies within a 1-day drive of nearly 10 million people (Waters 1977), use of the area for recreational purposes is extremely heavy. Recreational pursuits include sunbathing, boating, and wild river kayaking in the summer, and ice fishing and cross-country skiing in the winter. The large number of unique and highly fragile habitats that exist there may never be compatible with the uses and abuses of the land that go with expanding human populations. \r\n\r\nThrough the efforts of a number of citizens concerned with the quality of their environment and the foresightedness of several local, State, and Federal legislators, a portion of the upper St. Croix River Valley (hereafter termed 'the Valley') was established as a National Wild and Scenic River. Through establishment of t","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/nafa.73.0001","usgsCitation":"Faanes, C.A., 1981, Birds of the St. Croix River valley: Minnesota and Wisconsin: North American Fauna 73, 196 p., https://doi.org/10.3996/nafa.73.0001.","productDescription":"196 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700971/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":165088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.80975341796875,\n 45.77901739936284\n ],\n [\n -92.43072509765625,\n 45.77901739936284\n ],\n [\n -92.43072509765625,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -92.80975341796875,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -92.80975341796875,\n 45.77901739936284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61207d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faanes, Craig A.","contributorId":72433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faanes","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26960,"text":"wri8129 - 1981 - Analysis of stream-aquifer system interrelationships in the Big Blue and Little Blue River basins in Gage and Jefferson Counties, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-08T13:01:49","indexId":"wri8129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-29","title":"Analysis of stream-aquifer system interrelationships in the Big Blue and Little Blue River basins in Gage and Jefferson Counties, Nebraska","docAbstract":"Seepage measurements made during the fall of 1978 at 21 sites in the Big Blue River basin and at 35 sites in the Little Blue River basin were used to determine stream gains or losses in 20 drainage areas in the Big Blue River basin and 31 drainage areas in the Little Blue River basin. Analyses of data from these seepage measurements and of available hydrogeologic data indicate that the most significant ground-water contributions to streamflow in the Big Blue and Little Blue River drainage basins in Gage and Jefferson Counties, Nebr., occur where a direct hydraulic connection exists between a stream and buried coarse-grained deposits of Quaternary age. These deposits occur in two buried bedrock valleys that trend east-northeasterly across the area.
The largest ground-water contributions to streamflow in the Big Blue River occur in the reaches of the river between the mouth of Mud Creek and the dam at Blue Springs (about 13 cubic feet per second) and between the mouth of Turkey Creek and the Beatrice gaging station (about 22 cubic feet per second). Ground-water contributions to streamflow also occur in two tributaries of the Big Blue River: Bear Creek (4.39 cubic feet per second) and Big Indian Creek (6.23 cubic feet per second). In the Little Blue River basin the largest contributions to streamflow occur between the mouths of Big Sandy and Little Sandy Creeks (about 6.5 cubic feet per second) and in the vicinity of Fairbury (about 16 cubic feet per second). A ground-water contribution to streamflow of about 6.5 cubic feet per second also occurs in Rose Creek, a tributary of the Little Blue River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8129","usgsCitation":"Ellis, M.J., 1981, Analysis of stream-aquifer system interrelationships in the Big Blue and Little Blue River basins in Gage and Jefferson Counties, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-29, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8129.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":356327,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Gage County, Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.4638,40.5227],[-96.4627,40.3502],[-96.4634,40.2626],[-96.4636,40.0026],[-96.4672,40.0026],[-96.8067,40.0022],[-96.9184,40.0023],[-97.0012,40.0025],[-97.3338,40.0034],[-97.3687,40.0035],[-97.3711,40.0035],[-97.3686,40.3514],[-97.254,40.3503],[-96.916,40.3503],[-96.9136,40.3502],[-96.9122,40.5226],[-96.7966,40.5229],[-96.5709,40.5233],[-96.4638,40.5227]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Gage\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6801d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, M. J.","contributorId":27840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38159,"text":"ofr81423 - 1981 - Hydrology of Area 33, eastern region, Interior Coal Province, Indiana and Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-03T11:54:45.501973","indexId":"ofr81423","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-423","title":"Hydrology of Area 33, eastern region, Interior Coal Province, Indiana and Kentucky","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81423","usgsCitation":"Wangsness, D.J., 1981, Hydrology of Area 33, eastern region, Interior Coal Province, Indiana and Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-423, v, 149 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81423.","productDescription":"v, 149 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":97383,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0423/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0423/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":388818,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12032.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.7060,\n 37.3230\n ],\n [\n -86.3230,\n 37.3230\n ],\n [\n -86.3230,\n 38.3640\n ],\n [\n -87.7060,\n 38.3640\n ],\n [\n -87.7060,\n 37.3230\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wangsness, David J.","contributorId":81475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wangsness","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18067,"text":"ofr81526 - 1981 - Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis: 1974-1978","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18067,"text":"ofr81526 - 1981 - Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis: 1974-1978","indexId":"ofr81526","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis: 1974-1978"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":988,"text":"wsp2191 - 1982 - Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho — Emphasis: 1974–1978","indexId":"wsp2191","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho — Emphasis: 1974–1978"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":988,"text":"wsp2191 - 1982 - Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho — Emphasis: 1974–1978","indexId":"wsp2191","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho — Emphasis: 1974–1978"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T19:22:07.181971","indexId":"ofr81526","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-526","title":"Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis: 1974-1978","docAbstract":"The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) site covers about 890 square miles of the eastern Snake River Plain and overlies the Snake River Plain aquifer. Low concentrations of aqueous chemical and radio-active wastes have been discharged to shallow ponds and to shallow or deep wells on the site since 1952. The regional water table ranges from about 200 feet to more than 1,000 feet below land surface within the INEL boundaries. The gradient of the water table averages about 4 feet per mile to the south-southwest. During the latest period of record, 1974 through 1978, the position of the water table has shown a net decline that ranges from 0.2 foot near the northern boundary of the INEL to more than 10 feet in the central and southern parts of the site. Recharge from surface water has been minimal or non-existent during the latter part of this period.
A large body of perched ground water has formed in the basalt underlying the waste disposal ponds in the Test Reactor Area. This perched zone contains tritium, chromium-51, cobalt-60, strontium-90, and several nonradioactive ions. Tritium is the only mappable waste constituent in that portion of the Snake River Plain aquifer directly underlying this perched zone.
Low concentrations of chemical and low-level radioactive wastes enter directly into the Snake River Plain aquifer through the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) disposal well. From 1974 through 1978, this 600-foot well was used to discharge a total of 1,861 million gallons of waste water which contained 1,697 curies of radioactivity, ninety-five percent of which was tritium. Tritium has been discharged to the well since 1953 and has formed the largest waste plume, about 28 square miles in area, in the regional aquifer, and minute concentrations have migrated downgradient a horizontal distance of 7.5 miles.
Other waste plumes south of the ICPP contain sodium, chloride, nitrate, and the resultant specific conductance. These plumes have similar configurations, flow southward, and the contaminants are in general laterally dispersed in that portion of the aquifer underlying the INEL. Other waste plumes, containing strontium-90 and iodine-129, cover small areas near their points of discharge because strontium-90 is sorbed from solution as it moves through the aquifer and iodine-129 is discharged in very low quantities. Cesium-137 is also discharged through the well but it is strongly sorbed from solution and has never been detected in a sample of ground water at the INEL. Radionuclide plume size and concentrations therein are controlled by aquifer flow conditions, the quantity discharged, radioactive decay, sorption, dilution by dispersion, and perhaps other chemical reactions. Distributions of non-radoactive chemical wastes are subject to the same processes except for radioactive decay.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81526","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Barraclough, J.T., Lewis, B.D., and Jensen, R.G., 1981, Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis: 1974-1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-526, v, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81526.","productDescription":"v, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405122,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0526/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0526/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.09625244140625,\n 43.51370083689698\n ],\n [\n -111.98501586914062,\n 43.51370083689698\n ],\n [\n -111.98501586914062,\n 43.57641143300888\n ],\n [\n -112.09625244140625,\n 43.57641143300888\n ],\n [\n -112.09625244140625,\n 43.51370083689698\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611676","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barraclough, Jack T.","contributorId":8822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barraclough","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, Barney D.","contributorId":93873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jensen, Rodger G.","contributorId":27420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":40231,"text":"ofr81760 - 1981 - Complete Bouguer gravity map of the southern Black Hills: Parts of southwestern South Dakota and eastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T23:25:32.870595","indexId":"ofr81760","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-760","title":"Complete Bouguer gravity map of the southern Black Hills: Parts of southwestern South Dakota and eastern Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81760","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., and Kucks, R., 1981, Complete Bouguer gravity map of the southern Black Hills: Parts of southwestern South Dakota and eastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-760, 1 Plate: 34.51 × 29.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81760.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 34.51 × 29.06 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393037,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12155.htm"},{"id":71002,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0760/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":176905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"southern Black Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.5,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -102.5,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -102.5,\n 44.25\n ],\n [\n -104.5,\n 44.25\n ],\n [\n -104.5,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a836d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kucks, R.P.","contributorId":53758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"R.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27826,"text":"wri8153 - 1981 - Hydrologic and chemical evaluation of the ground-water resources of northwest Elkhart County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T18:05:32.65912","indexId":"wri8153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-53","title":"Hydrologic and chemical evaluation of the ground-water resources of northwest Elkhart County, Indiana","docAbstract":"A 3-year study in northwest Elkhart County, Indiana, was done to (1) de-fine the general flow and quality of water in the outwash aquifer system, (2) determine if a well field proposed for a site at the Elkhart Municipal Airport would draw leachate from the Himco landfill, and (3) define the areal extent of the ground water affected by the landfill and an east-side industrial-park area.
The outwash aquifers are mainly composed of sand and gravel and are separated by a silt and clay bed. The saturated thickness of these deposits averages 175 feet and ranges from 85 to 500 feet. Where present, the silt and clay bed confines the underlying aquifer. The confining bed is absent in the area underlying the landfill and part of the airport. Average hydraulic conductivities of the sand, and the sand and gravel, are 80 and 400 feet per day, respectively. Regional ground-water flow is toward the St. Joseph River.
A quasi-three-dimensional ground-water flow model, calibrated to match measured water levels and river seepages, was used to simulate proposed pumpings in the airport area. Drawdowns for simulated pumpings of 7.5-, 10-, and 20-million gallons per day were small percentages of the saturated thick-nesses of the unconfined aquifer underlying the airport area. Model-simulated streamflow reductions in Christiana Creek for these pumpings were 9, 12, and 23 percent of base flow, respectively. The model-simulated, steady-state water-level maps for the 7.5- and 10-million-gallons-per-day pumping experiments indicated that these pumpings would not draw water from the land-fill area to the pumping center at the airport. The simulated map for the 20-million-gallons-per-day pumping indicated that only a small part of the flow into the pumping center could come from the landfill area.
The general quality of ground water in the study area, defined by analyses of 68 water samples from 35 observation wells, included slightly basic pH (7-8), average hardness greater than 200 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, average alkalinity greater than 150 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, and, in more than 90 percent of the analyses, a calcium bicarbonate water type.
Eight volatile organic compounds were detected in water from 8 of 19 wells sampled in the industrial-park area. The health-effects advisory limit for chronic exposure to trichloroethylene was exceeded in samples from six of these wells. Areally, the results did not define a plume or a source of the volatile organic compounds.
Concentrations of dissolved solids, bicarbonate, bromide, chloride, sulfate, ammonia, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and dis-solved organic carbon in the leachate were at least five times their back-ground concentrations. Concentrations of bromide and dissolved solids were the best indicators of leachate. Bromide concentrations plotted areally indicated that the landfill was the source of the leachate, the leachate plume extended between 3,100 and 5,600 feet downgradient from the landfill, and the plume had not spread laterally much farther than the original width of the landfill. Bromide and dissolved-solids concentrations plotted in cross section indicated that the leachate plume was sinking as it spread downgradient in the shallow unconfined aquifer and the leachate was present in deep wells under and immediately downgradient from the landfill. All chemical constituents were attenuated within approximately 1 mile downgradient from the landfill.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources and the Elkhart Water Works","usgsCitation":"Imbrigiotta, T., and Martin, A., 1981, Hydrologic and chemical evaluation of the ground-water resources of northwest Elkhart County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-53, ix, 140 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8153.","productDescription":"ix, 140 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0053/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Elkhart County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.7874,41.7615],[-85.7591,41.7613],[-85.6606,41.7608],[-85.6589,41.699],[-85.6575,41.6122],[-85.6554,41.5251],[-85.6542,41.4733],[-85.6552,41.4384],[-85.7704,41.4377],[-85.8874,41.4379],[-86.0008,41.4375],[-86.059,41.4367],[-86.0594,41.4644],[-86.0593,41.474],[-86.0593,41.479],[-86.0592,41.4935],[-86.0598,41.4999],[-86.0624,41.7619],[-85.932,41.7623],[-85.7874,41.7615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Elkhart\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. 0000-0003-1716-4768 timbrig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":2466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas E.","email":"timbrig@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Angel Jr.","contributorId":42571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Angel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27307,"text":"wri8143 - 1981 - Saline ground-water discharge to the Smoky Hill River between Salina and Abilene, central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-08T14:03:37","indexId":"wri8143","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-43","title":"Saline ground-water discharge to the Smoky Hill River between Salina and Abilene, central Kansas","docAbstract":"Saline water discharges from the alluvial aquifer into the Smoky Hill and Solomon Rivers between New Cambria and Sand Springs, Kansas. During relatively stable base flow in 1976-77, the discharge was about 32 cubic feet per second. Chloride concentrations at base flow increased about 800 milligrams per liter in the Smoky Hill River and 550 milligrams per liter in the Solomon River.
The source of the saline water is the underlying Wellington aquifer, a zone of dissolution, subsidence, and collapse along the eastern margin of the Wellington Formation. Locally, brine from the aquifer moves upward through collapse structures in the confining layer at the base of the alluvium. The brine discharge ranges from 0.3 to 0.8 cubic foot per second, and the chloride load ranges from 150 to 370 tons per day.
Results from a mathematical model of the fl ow system indicated that recharge from periodic flooding, as in 1973, was sufficient to reverse the normal (197677) hydraulic gradient between aquifers. Although brine discharge was temporarily reduced, saline-water discharge to the rivers increased.
The discharge of brine could be intercepted by pumping wells completed in the Wellington aquifer to lower the potentiometric head and reduce upward flow. The intercepted brine could be discharged into formations underlying the area at depth or piped to a storage reservoir from which the brine would be evaporated or released to the rivers during peak flows. Also, the freshwater in upstream base flow could be diverted by canal, and the saline-water discharge could be retained by low-head dams in the river channel for release during peak flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8143","usgsCitation":"Gillespie, J.B., and Hargadine, G.D., 1981, Saline ground-water discharge to the Smoky Hill River between Salina and Abilene, central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-43, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8143.","productDescription":"71 p.","numberOfPages":"75","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356337,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0043/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","city":"Abilene, Salina","otherGeospatial":"Smoky Hill River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.64305114746094,\n 38.66889221556877\n ],\n [\n -97.086181640625,\n 38.66889221556877\n ],\n [\n -97.086181640625,\n 39.02825225286664\n ],\n [\n -97.64305114746094,\n 39.02825225286664\n ],\n [\n -97.64305114746094,\n 38.66889221556877\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe07c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillespie, Joe B.","contributorId":21194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hargadine, Gerald D.","contributorId":27499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargadine","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27596,"text":"wri8114 - 1981 - The surficial aquifer in east-central St. Johns County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-10T09:54:31","indexId":"wri8114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-14","title":"The surficial aquifer in east-central St. Johns County, Florida","docAbstract":"The surficial aquifer, a composite of confined and unconfined water-bearing zones overlying the Miocene Hawthorn Formation, is an important source of water in St. Johns County, Fla. The water from wells open to the surficial aquifer generally meets quality standards recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for public water supplies, except for concentrations of iron that for most wells are substantially greater than the recommended limit of 0.3 milligrams per liter. Data from 12 test wells drilled to the top of the Hawthorn formation, about 100 feet below land surface, indicate that the productive zones and confining beds in the surficial aquifer are discontinuous. Test well yields from individual zones range from less than 1 to 42 gallons per minute from depths between 20 and 100 feet below land surface. The most productive zones were generally found in the Tillman Ridge area, about 10 square miles in the west-central part of the area of investigation. Analysis of an aquifer test on a well in the Tillman Ridge area indicates a transmissivity of about 6,500 to 7,000 feet squared per day. The best local source of good quality water for development of a relatively large water supply is in the vicinity of Tillman Ridge. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri8114","usgsCitation":"Hayes, E.C., 1981, The surficial aquifer in east-central St. Johns County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-14, v, 19 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8114.","productDescription":"v, 19 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":365428,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"St. Johns County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6159a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Eugene C.","contributorId":46918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207340,"text":"70207340 - 1981 - Hard mineral resources around the U.S continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T12:38:05","indexId":"70207340","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T12:31:20","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hard mineral resources around the U.S continental margin","docAbstract":"The territorial waters surrounding the United States contain vast quantities of hard mineral resources. Some, such as sand and gravel in the New York Bight, Beaufort Sea, portions of southern California, and submerged lands near Hawaii are relatively well known and characterized by local need and immediate mining potential with available technology. Commoditie of interest to industry and having nearterm economic potential that might require new or innovative technology, inlcude phosphorites such as those in the south eastern Atlantic margin, and manganese nodules on the Blake Plateau (which have potential for catalyst material, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and platinum). Commodities having significant potential, but which are poorly known and which may require innovative recovery technology, include chrome, gold, platinum, and tin placer deposits, with special emphasis on the continental margins of northern California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska; rock salt and evaporite minerals in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic; titanium and other heavy minerals in the Atlantic continental margin, and calcium carbonate. A. U.S. Department of the Interior moratorium on offshore leasing in federal waters has existed since 1968. Leasing and regulatory systems will be required to begin commercial mining or intensive exploration of the above resources
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"13th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 1981","conferenceDate":"May 4-7, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"Offshore Technology Conference","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F.T., and Hess, H., 1981, Hard mineral resources around the U.S continental margin, in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, May 4-7, 1981, p. 129-134.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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unconformity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T15:55:06.305968","indexId":"70221742","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T10:51:17","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Facies changes in the Hatchetigbee Formation in Alabama-Georgia and the Wilcox-Claiborne Group unconformity","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","usgsCitation":"Gibson, T.G., and Bybell, L.M., 1981, Facies changes in the Hatchetigbee Formation in Alabama-Georgia and the Wilcox-Claiborne Group unconformity: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 31, p. 301-306.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"306","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.4306640625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -80.91430664062499,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -81.112060546875,\n 32.16631295696736\n ],\n [\n -81.39770507812499,\n 32.602361666817515\n ],\n [\n -81.529541015625,\n 33.03629817885956\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 33.696922692957685\n ],\n [\n -82.694091796875,\n 34.134541681937364\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -85.616455078125,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -88.099365234375,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -87.528076171875,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -87.42919921875,\n 30.391830328088137\n ],\n [\n -87.418212890625,\n 30.62845887475364\n ],\n [\n -87.615966796875,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -87.57202148437499,\n 31.024694128525137\n ],\n [\n -85.01220703125,\n 31.090574094954192\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 30.704058230919504\n ],\n [\n -82.19970703125,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -82.11181640625,\n 30.35391637229704\n ],\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 30.72294882477251\n ],\n [\n -81.968994140625,\n 30.817346256492073\n ],\n [\n -81.4306640625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, T. G.","contributorId":260729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188761,"text":"70188761 - 1981 - Temporal and spatial variations in suspended matter in continental shelf and slope waters off the north-eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T12:41:30","indexId":"70188761","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial variations in suspended matter in continental shelf and slope waters off the north-eastern United States","docAbstract":"Seston in waters of Georges Bank originates primarily from biological production and from resuspension of bottom sediments. The concentrations of suspended matter observed on the central shoals are more influenced by storms than by seasonal changes. Winter storms produce highest concentrations of non-combustible material throughout the water column, and summer storms appear to increase biological production by mixing additional nutrients into the photic zone. On the south-east flank of the bank, in water depths between 80 and 200 in, the concentrations of total suspended matter and non-combustible material show little variation compared with the central shoals, and storm effects are far less noticeable.
Highest concentrations (>15 mg 1−1) of suspended matter occur in bottom waters south of Nantucket Island after winter storms and appear to be primarily resuspended bottom sediment. Resuspended sediment is also common in near-bottom waters of the south-western Gulf of Maine, and occasionally near the intersection of the shelf/slope water mass front and the bottom.
Seasonal variations were observed in the distribution and species composition of phytoplankton. Coccoliths are predominant on the central bank during the winter, but during the spring and summer they are concentrated on the eastern flank at deeper depths.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0302-3524(81)80077-1","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Parmenter, C.M., and Milliman, J., 1981, Temporal and spatial variations in suspended matter in continental shelf and slope waters off the north-eastern United States: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 13, no. 2, p. 213-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0302-3524(81)80077-1.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -65,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -65,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594cd743e4b062508e3951fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":699817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parmenter, Carol M.","contributorId":9284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmenter","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":699818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milliman, John D.","contributorId":76735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milliman","given":"John D.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":699819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186542,"text":"70186542 - 1981 - Proterozoic zircon from augen gneiss, Yukon-Tanana Upland, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T15:32:41.221491","indexId":"70186542","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic zircon from augen gneiss, Yukon-Tanana Upland, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"U-Th-Pb analyses of zircons from an ortho-augen gneiss body in the Yukon-Tanana Upland of east-central Alaska yield strong evidence for the presence of early Proterozoic material in this area. U-Pb data define a chord that intersects concordia at about 2,300 and 345 m.y. We consider two interpretations: (1) the protolith was intruded during the Proterozoic and was subsequently metamorphosed in the Paleozoic or, more likely, (2) the protolith was intruded in the Paleozoic and incorporated material of Proterozoic age. An Sm-Nd model age of about 1,900 m.y. on a whole-rock sample of augen gneiss is additional evidence for the presence of Proterozoic material in the gneiss. K-Ar and U-Th-Pb dating of mica and sphene, respectively, reveal that younger thermal events occurred at least as recently as 110 m.y. ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<469:PZFAGY>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Dusel-Bacon, C., Foster, H.L., and Futa, K., 1981, Proterozoic zircon from augen gneiss, Yukon-Tanana Upland, east-central Alaska: Geology, v. 9, no. 10, p. 469-473, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<469:PZFAGY>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"473","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana Upland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.02027601699135,\n 66.3079185928409\n ],\n [\n -153.02027601699135,\n 63.24952491845639\n ],\n [\n -140.99256333560837,\n 63.24952491845639\n ],\n [\n -140.99256333560837,\n 66.3079185928409\n ],\n [\n -153.02027601699135,\n 66.3079185928409\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60286e4b09da6799ac6f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188941,"text":"70188941 - 1981 - Radiometric and paleomagnetic evidence for the Emperor reversed polarity event at 0.46 ± 0.05 M.Y. in basalt lava flows from the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T16:26:00","indexId":"70188941","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric and paleomagnetic evidence for the Emperor reversed polarity event at 0.46 ± 0.05 M.Y. in basalt lava flows from the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"K-Ar and paleomagnetic data from cores through a sequence of basalt flows in the eastern Snake River Plain provide evidence for a brief (0.005 to 0.01 m.y.) reversal of the geomagnetic field 0.46 ± 0.05 m.y. ago. This reversed polarity event has also been found in sea-floor magnetic anomalies and in sediment cores and is probably the Emperor event of Ryan [1972].
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL008i010p01055","usgsCitation":"Champion, D.E., Dalrymple, G.B., and Kuntz, M., 1981, Radiometric and paleomagnetic evidence for the Emperor reversed polarity event at 0.46 ± 0.05 M.Y. in basalt lava flows from the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 8, no. 10, p. 1055-1058, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i010p01055.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1058","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343042,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.740478515625,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -117.39990234375,\n 43.28520334369384\n ],\n [\n -116.87255859374999,\n 42.96446257387128\n ],\n [\n -116.3671875,\n 42.91620643817353\n ],\n [\n -116.08154296875001,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 42.80346172417078\n ],\n [\n -115.71899414062499,\n 42.70665956351041\n ],\n [\n -115.42236328124999,\n 42.633958722673135\n ],\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 42.431565872579185\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -114.444580078125,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -114.224853515625,\n 42.382894009614034\n ],\n [\n -113.79638671875,\n 42.25291778330197\n ],\n [\n -113.73046875,\n 42.3016903282445\n ],\n [\n -113.51074218749999,\n 42.56926437219384\n ],\n [\n -112.708740234375,\n 42.867912483915305\n ],\n [\n -112.401123046875,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -112.137451171875,\n 43.28520334369384\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -110.830078125,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -110.401611328125,\n 44.88701247981298\n ],\n [\n -110.775146484375,\n 44.879228141635245\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -111.456298828125,\n 44.512176171071054\n ],\n [\n -112.47802734375,\n 44.268804788566165\n ],\n [\n -112.4560546875,\n 44.09547572946637\n ],\n [\n -112.752685546875,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -112.862548828125,\n 43.91372326852401\n ],\n [\n -113.411865234375,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -113.587646484375,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 43.30919109985686\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -115.367431640625,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -115.87280273437499,\n 43.41302868475145\n ],\n [\n -116.35620117187499,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 44.14279782818058\n ],\n [\n -116.64184570312501,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -116.817626953125,\n 44.378839759088585\n ],\n [\n -117.103271484375,\n 44.25306865928177\n ],\n [\n -117.39990234375,\n 44.33170718680922\n ],\n [\n -117.76245117187499,\n 44.4808302785626\n ],\n [\n -118.19091796875,\n 44.512176171071054\n ],\n [\n -118.23486328125,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -118.19091796875,\n 44.26093725039923\n ],\n [\n -118.14697265625,\n 44.12702800650004\n ],\n [\n -117.784423828125,\n 43.98491011404692\n ],\n [\n -117.740478515625,\n 43.77902662160831\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536ee2e4b062508e3c7b2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":701422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. Brent","contributorId":54564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuntz, Mel A. 0000-0001-8828-5474","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8828-5474","contributorId":6446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuntz","given":"Mel A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207173,"text":"70207173 - 1981 - Geodetic measurement of crustal deformation on the San Andreas, Hayward, and Calaveras faults near San Francisco, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-01T12:34:06.568108","indexId":"70207173","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-11T11:46:55","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic measurement of crustal deformation on the San Andreas, Hayward, and Calaveras faults near San Francisco, California","docAbstract":"Analysis of a geodetic network of 115 lines crossing the San Andreas, Hayward, and Calaveras faults in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay and measured repeatedly between 1970 and 1980 has revealed details about the accommodation of relative plate motion in this area. The most striking result is that the deformation is not uniformly distributed across the area. In the east bay, along the Hayward and Calaveras faults, all motion appears to take place as slip directly on the fault, with no accumulation of strain in the adjacent crust. On both the Calaveras and the Hayward faults the rate obtained for the 1970 to 1980 period agrees with geologic rates spanning a few million years and with creep rates spanning a few decades. The Hayward fault slip rate is 7 ± 1 mm/yr. The Calaveras fault slip rate is 7 ± 1 mm/yr, with perhaps half of this slip distributed across a zone a few kilometers wide, probably as inelastic deformation of weak near‐surface material. The absence of strain accumulation in the east bay is surprising since the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been the site of large earthquakes in the past. A block located east of the Calaveras fault and south of the Las Positas fault has been rotating clockwise at a rate of 0.3 ± 0.1 μrad/yr with very little internal deformation. Along the San Francisco peninsula no detectable slip occurs (less than 1.5 mm/yr) at the surface, but appreciable strain is accumulating. Near fault shear strain rates are 0.6 ± 0.1 μstrain/yr (engineering) with direction N47°W ± 9. The slip rate near the San Andreas fault is 12.2 ± 3.9 mm/yr distributed across a broad zone. The relative motion across the whole region during the period 1970–1980 is 32.1 ± 7.4 mm/yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10853","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W., Lisowski, M., and Savage, J.C., 1981, Geodetic measurement of crustal deformation on the San Andreas, Hayward, and Calaveras faults near San Francisco, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10853-10869, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10853.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"10853","endPage":"10869","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 36.78289206199065\n ],\n [\n -121.09130859375,\n 36.78289206199065\n ],\n [\n -121.09130859375,\n 38.21660403859855\n ],\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 38.21660403859855\n ],\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 36.78289206199065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011697,"text":"70011697 - 1981 - Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:58:07.673717","indexId":"70011697","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","docAbstract":"Independent geological and geophysical investigations of the Mid-Ocean Ridge system have begun to focus on the nature of the magma chamber system underlying its central axis. Thermal models predict the existence of a steady-state chamber beneath a thin crustal lid ranging in thickness from 2 to 13 kilometers. The only aspect of the system that these models fail to account for is the extremely slow spreading rates. Seismological studies reveal the existence of a low-velocity zone beneath segments of the East Pacific Rise, which is thought to correspond to a chamber system having a half-width of approximately 5 to 10 kilometers. These estimates compare favorably with those derived separately through petrological investigations of deep-sea drilling results, various sampling programs, and field and laboratory studies of ophiolites. The chamber is thought to be wing-shaped and to remain continuously open; it is thought to be fed from the center while simultaneously solidifying at the sides as spreading carries the two halves apart. Progressive fractionation occurs by crystal settling coupled with repeated replenishment and magma mixing in an open steady-state system. Near-bottom studies reveal that the zone of extrusion above the chamber is narrow, but its eruptive history is cyclic in nature, in conflict with the predictions of a steady-state model. On-bottom gravity data at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise reveal a negative gravity anomaly that may be related to the uppermost part of the chamber. The anomaly is only 2 kilometers wide and 1 kilometer below the sea floor. This feature may be associated with a short-term upper magma reservoir. The cyclic volcanic activity is directly related to the active phase of hydrothermal circulation responsible for the observed negative thermal anomaly. The volume of water associated with this circulation is equal to the entire ocean volume passing through the accretion zone approximately every 8 million years. This is about 0.5 percent of the world's rivers, but the effective transport rates of elements are comparable to those of rivers in that anomalies for individual elements are frequently between 100 and 1000 times the average river composition. The degree of subsurface dilution determines the final exit temperature and composition of the hydrothermal fluids, ranging from manganese domination at extreme dilution to iron at intermediate levels to sulfide deposition when low dilution occurs. The discovery of massive sulfide deposits on the East Pacific Rise is destined to have a profound impact on our understanding of ore-forming processes. Whether it will have any economic significance remains to be seen.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4503.31","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ballard, R.D., Craig, H., Edmond, J., Einaudi, M., Holcomb, R., Holland, H., Hopson, C., Luyendyk, B., Macdonald, K., Morton, J., Orcutt, J., and Sleep, N., 1981, Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge: Science, v. 213, no. 4503, p. 31-40, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4503","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce1e4b0c8380cd4e4ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballard, Richard D.","contributorId":40729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craig, H.","contributorId":78878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmond, J.","contributorId":44291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmond","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Einaudi, M.","contributorId":14575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einaudi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holcomb, R.","contributorId":23276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holland, H.D.","contributorId":19288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hopson, C.A.","contributorId":13244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Luyendyk, B.P.","contributorId":53074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luyendyk","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Macdonald, K.","contributorId":23690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morton, J.","contributorId":53523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Orcutt, J.","contributorId":51457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orcutt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sleep, N.","contributorId":88484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70011970,"text":"70011970 - 1981 - State of stress and intraplate earthquakes in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:09:02.415771","indexId":"70011970","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State of stress and intraplate earthquakes in the United States","docAbstract":"Recently compiled data on the state of stress have been used to define stress provinces in the conterminous United States in which the orientation and relative magnitude of the horizontal principal stresses are fairly uniform. The observed patterns of stress constrain mechanisms for generating intraplate lithospheric stresses. Coupled with new information on geologic structure and tectonism in seismically active areas of the Midcontinent and East, these data help to define some characteristics common to these areas and to identify key questions regarding why certain faults seem to be seismically active.
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Lou","contributorId":10029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mary Lou","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70211096,"text":"70211096 - 1981 - Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T18:13:21.296525","indexId":"70211096","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-23T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption","docAbstract":"Dormant since 1857, Mount St. Helens Volcano in southwestern Washington stirred from its repose to erupt on March 27, 1980, following a week of premonitory earthquake activity. The eruption was the first in the conterminous United States since the 1914-1921 activity of Lassen Peak, California. The eruptive activity through May 17 was intermittent and relatively mild, but the accompanying seismic activity remained intense. On May 18, a catastrophic eruption, triggered by a magnitude 5.0 earthquake, produced a massive landslide/debris avalanche, a devastating lateral \"blast,\" pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and an ash column that rose more than 20 km into the stratosphere. Winds carried the ash easterly, and more than 7 cm of ash was deposited locally in parts of eastern Washington. The landslide/debris avalanche and associated mudflows caused flooding of the Toutle and Cowlitz River valleys, which carried sediment as far as the confluence with the Columbia, where it choked off the channel to navigation. Smaller but significant explosive eruptions followed in May, June, July, August, and October, 1980, with lava domes being extruded in the crater following the June, August, and October eruptions. Subsequently in December 1980 and February 1981, lava domes were extruded without significant preceding explosive activity. Except for the latter two, each dome was partly or wholly destroyed by succeeding explosive events. Scientists expect similar activity to continue for months or years--possibly even decades. The Mount St. Helens eruptions severely tested the ability of scientists to respond swiftly and effectively in assisting public officials during a geologic disaster. At the same time, they shall continue to provide an unprecedented opportunity for the systematic investigation of volcanic phenomena, and hopefully, the insight to meet possible future eruptions there and elsewhere in the Cascade Range with equal success.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Technical Symposium East","conferenceDate":"April 21-22, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.931919","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1981, Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 278, Washington, D.C., April 21-22, 1981, p. 3-10, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931919.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.42683410644533,\n 46.03272582161419\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 46.03272582161419\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 46.33697302866841\n ],\n [\n -122.42683410644533,\n 46.33697302866841\n ],\n [\n -122.42683410644533,\n 46.03272582161419\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"278","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208961,"text":"70208961 - 1981 - Permian and Triassic rocks near Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T13:07:36","indexId":"70208961","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-09T12:49:28","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permian and Triassic rocks near Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Permian and Triassic rocks near Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada, consist of four structural blocks: (1) a Lower Permian volcanic block; (2) a Permian(?) chert-arenite block; (3) a Lower Permian limestone block; and (4) a Permian and Triassic block. The contacts between the Permian volcanic block and the others are interpreted as thrust faults or glide surfaces. None of these rocks are metamorphosed, in contrast to those of the surrounding mountain ranges. Each of the blocks is lithically similar in some respects to rocks of the Osgood Mountains area 80 km to the southeast. The fusulinid and brachiopod faunas of two of the blocks display affinities to those of the McCloud Limestone of northern California and the Coyote Butte Limestone of central Oregon, and the fauna of another block has elements in common with autochthonous rocks of eastern Nevada and Utah.
All four blocks probably are allochthonous with respect to the rocks exposed in the surrounding mountain ranges, but their points of origin remain obscure. The rocks at Quinn River Crossing provide a link among the Permian rocks of north-central Nevada, northern California, and central Oregon and a possible key to their original relations, but more comparative data are needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<123:PATRNQ>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., and Wardlaw, B.R., 1981, Permian and Triassic rocks near Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada: Geology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 123-126, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<123:PATRNQ>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Humboldt","otherGeospatial":"Quinn River 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Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":784205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":784206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011988,"text":"70011988 - 1981 - Smooth seaward-dipping horizons — An important factor in sea-floor stability?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:00:57.412161","indexId":"70011988","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Smooth seaward-dipping horizons — An important factor in sea-floor stability?","docAbstract":"Mass movement has influenced in varying degrees the morphology of the United States east coast continental margin seaward of the Baltimore Canyon trough as revealed by detailed geophysical studies using high-resolution 3.5-kHz, and seismic reflection data. Each of three areas studied is along the slope within a distance of 225 km, and is seaward of a nonglaciated shelf but near major land drainage systems. Thick sequences of material believed to be Pleistocene were deposited on the slope in all three areas. Sediment failure in the form of large block movement involving block thicknesses of more than 100 m, however, has taken place in only two of the areas. A factor common to the two areas where failure took place, but absent in the area where no failure took place, is smooth seaward-dipping sub-bottom horizons. Whatever the triggering mechanism, a smooth slip surface that has a seward slope may contribute to mass movement by reducing the internal friction. This may be one of several factors that should be considered in assessing slope stability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90070-0","usgsCitation":"McGregor, B., 1981, Smooth seaward-dipping horizons — An important factor in sea-floor stability?: Marine Geology, v. 39, no. 3-4, p. M89-M98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90070-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"M89","endPage":"M98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220731,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91a7e4b08c986b3199ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGregor, B.A.","contributorId":57072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGregor","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70122697,"text":"70122697 - 1981 - Deep structure and evolution of the continental margin off the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T12:55:50","indexId":"70122697","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T12:50:01","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2930,"text":"Oceanologica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep structure and evolution of the continental margin off the eastern United States","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oceanologica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Gauthier-Villars","publisherLocation":"Montreuil, France","usgsCitation":"Grow, J.A., and Sheridan, R.E., 1981, Deep structure and evolution of the continental margin off the eastern United States: Oceanologica Acta, v. 4, p. 11-19.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0d2e4b01f35f8fd6969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grow, J. A.","contributorId":27858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheridan, R. E.","contributorId":36681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126187,"text":"70126187 - 1981 - Seismic stratigraphic characteristics of upper Louisiana continental slope: an area east of Green Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T14:53:44","indexId":"70126187","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T10:22:27","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seismic stratigraphic characteristics of upper Louisiana continental slope: an area east of Green Canyon","docAbstract":"A high-resolution seismic reflection survey was conducted in a small area of the upper Louisiana Continental Slope known as Green Canyon Area. This area includes tracts 427, 428, 471, 472, 515, and 516, that will be offered for sale in March 1982 as part of Lease Sale 67.
The sea floor of this region is, slightly hummocky and is underlain by salt diapirs that are mantled by early Tertiary shale. Most of the shale is overlain by younger Tertiary and Quaternary deposits, although locally some of the shale protrudes the sea floor. Because of proximity to older Mississippi River sources, the sediments are thick. The sediment cover shows an abundance of geologic phenomena such as horsts, grabens, growth faults, normal faults, and consolidation faults, zones with distinct and indistinct parallel reflections, semi-transparent zones, distorted zones, and angular unconformities.
The major feature of this region is a N-S linear zone of uplifted and intruded sedimentary deposits formed due to diapiric intrusion.
Small scale graben development over the crest of the structure can be attributed to extension and collapse. Large scale undulations of reflections well off the flanks of the uplifted structure suggest sediment creep and slumping. Dipping of parallel reflections show block faulting and tilting.
Air gun (5 and 40 cubic inch) records reveal at least five major sequences that show masked onlap and slumping in their lower parts grading into more distinct parallel reflections in their upper parts. Such sequences can be related to local uplift and sea level changes. Minisparker records of this area show similar sequences but on a smaller scale. The distinct parallel reflections often onlap the diapir flanks. The highly reflective parts of these sequences may represent turbidite-type deposition, possibly at times of lower sea level. The acoustically more transparent parts of each sequence may represent deposits containing primarily hemipelagic and pelagic sediment.
A complex ridge system is present along the west side of the area and distinct parallel reflections onlap onto this structure primarily from the east. Much of this deposition may be ascribed to sedimentation within a submarine canyon whose position is controlled by this ridge.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Thirteenth annual Offshore Technology Conference: 1981 proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Offshore Technology Conference","publisherLocation":"Dallas, TX","usgsCitation":"Bouma, A.H., Feeley, M.H., Kindinger, J.L., Stelting, C.E., and Hilde, T.W., 1981, Seismic stratigraphic characteristics of upper Louisiana continental slope: an area east of Green Canyon, in Thirteenth annual Offshore Technology Conference: 1981 proceedings, v. 3, p. 283-291.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Louisiana Continental Slope","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.22,25.54 ], [ -94.22,31.05 ], [ -87.14,31.05 ], [ -87.14,25.54 ], [ -94.22,25.54 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541d45a4e4b0f68901ec30ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouma, Arnold H.","contributorId":48172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouma","given":"Arnold","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feeley, Mary H.","contributorId":94238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feeley","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stelting, Charles E.","contributorId":11525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelting","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hilde, Thomas W.C.","contributorId":77072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilde","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}