Variations in hydraulic conductivity can greatly modify hillslope ground-water flow fields, effective-stress fields, and slope stability. In materials with uniform texture, hydraulic conductivities can vary over one to two orders of magnitude, yet small variations can be difficult to determine. The destabilizing effects caused by small (one order of magnitude or less) hydraulic conductivity variations using ground-water flow modeling, finite-element deformation analysis, and limit-equilibrium analysis are examined here. Low hydraulic conductivity materials that impede downslope ground-water flow can create unstable areas with locally elevated pore-water pressures. The destabilizing effects of small hydraulic heterogeneities can be as great as those induced by typical variations in the frictional strength (approximately 4°–8°) of texturally similar materials. Common “worst-case” assumptions about ground-water flow, such as a completely saturated “hydrostatic” pore-pressure distribution, do not account for locally elevated pore-water pressures and may not provide a conservative slope stability analysis. In site characterization, special attention should be paid to any materials that might impede downslope ground-water flow and create unstable regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(717)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., 1997, Slope instability caused by small variations in hydraulic conductivity: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 123, no. 8, p. 717-725, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(717).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"725","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9160e4b08c986b319886","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019464,"text":"70019464 - 1997 - Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:33:57.409776","indexId":"70019464","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams","docAbstract":"The possibility of a contaminant being accidentally or intentionally spilled in a river is a constant concern to those using the water. Methods are developed to estimate: (1) the velocity of a contaminant in a river; (2) the rate of attenuation of the peak concentration of a conservative contaminant; and (3) the time required for a contaminant plume to pass a point. The methods are based on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in almost a hundred different rivers representing a wide range of sizes, slopes, and geomorphic types. Although the accuracy of the predictions can be greatly increased by performing time-of-travel studies, the emphasis of this paper is on providing methods for making estimates where few data are available. It is shown that the unit-peak concentration is well correlated with travel time and that the travel time of the leading edge averages 89% of the travel time of the peak concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H., 1997, Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, no. 11, p. 971-978, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"971","endPage":"978","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81dce4b0c8380cd7b795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019799,"text":"70019799 - 1997 - Sedimentation and subsidence patterns in the central and north basins of Lake Baikal from seismic stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T12:31:55.270045","indexId":"70019799","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentation and subsidence patterns in the central and north basins of Lake Baikal from seismic stratigraphy","docAbstract":"Comparison of sedimentation patterns, basement subsidence, and faulting histories in the north and central basins of Lake Baikal aids in developing an interbasinal seismic stratigraphy that reveals the early synrift evolution of the central portion of the Baikal rift, a major continental rift system. Although there is evidence that the central and northern rift basins evolved at approximately the same time, their sedimentation histories are markedly different. Primary sediment sources for the initial rift phase were from the east flank of the rift; two major deltas developed adjacent to the central basin: the Selenga delta at the south end and the Barguzin delta at the north end. The Barguzin River system, located at the accommodation zone between the central and north basins, also fed into the southern part of the north basin and facilitated the stratigraphic linkage of the two basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0746:SASPIT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Moore, T., Klitgord, K.D., Golmshtok, A., and Weber, E., 1997, Sedimentation and subsidence patterns in the central and north basins of Lake Baikal from seismic stratigraphy: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 6, p. 746-766, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0746:SASPIT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"746","endPage":"766","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a5be4b08c986b317162","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, T.C. Jr.","contributorId":83692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golmshtok, A.J.","contributorId":50922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golmshtok","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, E.","contributorId":92321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019795,"text":"70019795 - 1997 - Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019795","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin","docAbstract":"Paleovalleys incised into the Triassic Spearfish Formation (Chugwater equivalent) are filled with a vertical sequence of eolian, estuarine, and marine sandstones of the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian age) Canyon Springs Sandstone Member of the Sundance Formation. An outcrop exemplifying this is located at Red Canyon in the southern Black Hills, Fall River County, South Dakota. These paleovalleys locally have more than 300 ft of relief and are as much as several miles wide. Because they slope in a westerly direction, and Jurassic seas transgressed into the area from the west there was greater marine-influence and more stratigraphic complexity in the subsurface, to the west, as compared to the Black Hills outcrops. In the subsurface two distinctive reservoir sandstone beds within the Canyon Springs Sandstone Member fill the paleovalleys. These are the eolian lower Canyon Springs unit (LCS) and the estuarine upper Canyon Springs unit (UCS), separated by the marine \"Limestone Marker\" and estuarine \"Brown Shale\". The LCS and UCS contain significant proven hydrocarbon reservoirs in Wyoming (about 500 MMBO in-place in 9 fields, 188 MMBO produced through 1993) and are prospective in western South Dakota, western Nebraska and northern Colorado. Also prospective is the Callovian-age Hulett Sandstone Member which consists of multiple prograding shoreface to foreshore parasequences, as interpreted from the Red Canyon locality. Petrographic, outcrop and subsurface studies demonstrate the viability of both the Canyon Springs Sandstone and Hulett Sandstone members as superior hydrocarbon reservoirs in both stratigraphic and structural traps. Examples of fields with hydrocarbon production from the Canyon Springs in paleovalleys include Lance Creek field (56 MMBO produced) and the more recently discovered Red Bird field (300 MBO produced), both in Niobrara County, Wyoming. At Red Bird field the primary exploration target was the Pennsylvanian \"Leo sands\" of the Minnelusa Formation, and production from the Canyon Springs was not anticipated. Canyon Springs reservoirs are easily bypassed because they are relatively unconsolidated, underpressured, low-resistivity, and difficult to evaluate from petrophysics, drill-stem tests, or well cuttings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T., and Fox, J.E., 1997, Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin: Mountain Geologist, v. 34, no. 3, p. 97-115.","startPage":"97","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56d5e4b0c8380cd6d86a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fox, J. E.","contributorId":79080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"J.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019241,"text":"70019241 - 1997 - Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in municipal stormwater in the United States, 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019241","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":610,"text":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in municipal stormwater in the United States, 1991-95","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) sampled stormwater in 16 cities and metropolitan areas that are required to obtain permits to discharge stormwater from their municipal storm-sewer system into surface water. Concentrations of 62 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene) compounds, were measured in 592 stormwater samples collected in these cities and metropolitan areas from 1991 through 1995. MTBE was the seventh most frequently detected VOC in municipal stormwater. In decreasing order, the most frequently detected VOCs were toluene, total xylene, chloroform, total trimethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, and naphthalene. MTBE was detected in 6.9 percent (41 of 592) of stormwater samples collected. When detected, concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.2 to 8.7 micrograms per liter (??g/L), with a median of 1.5 ??g/L. All detections of MTBE were less than the lower limit of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) draft drinking water lifetime health advisory (20 ??g/L). Eighty-three percent of all detections of MTBE in stonnwater were in samples collected during October through March of each year (1991-95), which corresponds with the expected seasonal use of oxygenated gasoline in areas where carbon monoxide exceeds established air-quality standards. The median concentration of MTBE and benzene for all samples was statistically different and higher in samples collected during October through March than samples collected during April through September. Sixty-six percent of all MTBE: detections occurred with BTEX compounds, and a proportionate increase in concentrations was found when these compounds occurred together. Detected concentrations of toluene and total xylene ranged from 0.2 to 6.6 ??g/L and 0.2 to 15 ??g/L with median concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 ??g/L, respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00933066","usgsCitation":"Delzer, G., Zogorski, J., and Lopes, T.J., 1997, Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in municipal stormwater in the United States, 1991-95: ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints, v. 37, no. 1, p. 374-376.","startPage":"374","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c40e4b0c8380cd74b1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delzer, G.C.","contributorId":60261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"G.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopes, T. J.","contributorId":9631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019786,"text":"70019786 - 1997 - Geostatistical analysis of regional hydraulic conductivity variations in the Snake River Plain aquifer, eastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T13:14:10.172961","indexId":"70019786","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geostatistical analysis of regional hydraulic conductivity variations in the Snake River Plain aquifer, eastern Idaho","docAbstract":"The regional spatial correlation structure of bulk horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kb) estimated from published transmissivity data from 79 open boreholes in the fractured basalt aquifer of the eastern Snake River Plain was analyzed with geostatistical methods. The two-dimensional spatial correlation structure of ln Kb shows a pronounced 4:1 range anisotropy, with a maximum correlation range in the north-northwest–south-southeast direction of about 6 km. The maximum variogram range of ln Kb is similar to the mean length of flow groups exposed at the surface. The ln Kb range anisotropy is similar to the mean width/length ratio of late Quaternary and Holocene basalt lava flows and the orientations of the major volcanic structural features on the eastern Snake River Plain. The similarity between ln Kb correlation scales and basalt flow dimensions and between basalt flow orientations and correlation range anisotropy suggests that the spatial distribution of zones of high hydraulic conductivity may be controlled by the lateral dimensions, spatial distribution, and interconnection between highly permeable zones which are known to occur between lava flows within flow groups. If hydraulic conductivity and lithology are eventually shown to be cross correlative in this geologic setting, it may be possible to stochastically simulate hydraulic conductivity distributions, which are conditional on a knowledge of volcanic stratigraphy.
The Carboniferous succession along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) corridor in the Atigun Gorge area of the central Brooks Range consists of the Kayak Shale (Kinderhookian) and the Lisburne Group (Kinderhookian through Chesterian). The Kayak Shale is at least 210 m thick; it is chiefly black, noncalcareous shale with several limestone beds of pelmatozoan-bryozoan packstone and formed in an open-marine setting. The Lisburne Group is a carbonate rock succession about 650 m thick and consists mainly of skeletal packstone, wackestone, and milestone which contain locally abundant calcispheres, ostracodes, algae, and sponge spicules; it accumulated largely in a shallow water platform environment with restricted circulation. This restriction was probably produced by a coeval belt of skeletal sand shoals recognized 70 km to the west in the Shainin Lake area. Significant and apparently abrupt shifts in the age and lithofacies of Carboniferous strata occur across the central and eastern Brooks Range. These shifts are most marked in a zone roughly coincident with what is interpreted by many workers to be the leading edge of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. Notable lithologie contrasts are also observed, however, between sections in the northern and southern parts of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. This suggests that considerable tectonic shortening has taken place within the allochthon, as well as between it and parautochthonous rocks to the northeast. The Carboniferous section near Mount Doonerak is more similar in age and lithofacies to coeval sections in the central Brooks Range that are considered allochthonous than to parautochthonous sections to the northeast.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB02350","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., Watts, K., and Harris, A., 1997, Stratigraphic contrasts and tectonic relationships between Carboniferous successions in the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect corridor and adjacent areas, northern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20709-20726, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB02350.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"20709","endPage":"20726","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479943,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb02350","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98d9e4b08c986b31c161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, K.F.","contributorId":45368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019582,"text":"70019582 - 1997 - Potential error with in situ surveys of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, as determined by radio-telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019582","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential error with in situ surveys of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, as determined by radio-telemetry","docAbstract":"In situ surveys using scuba are important tools in the management of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in boreal, clear lakes of North America. Population estimates that are derived from such surveys may be erroneous if the size composition of the fish observed by divers differs from that of the entire population. Forty-four adult smallmouth bass of three size classes were radio-tagged and tracked during the summer of 1993 (mid June to early September) in Green Lake, Maine, USA, to investigate possible size-related error from observations by divers being towed along the lake shore. Our results indicate that scuba divers may fail to count a significant portion of large smallmouth bass during late summer (mid July to early September), compared to small- or medium-sized fish. The results suggest that scuba surveys should be conducted during early summer (mid June to mid July) to derive more accurate population estimates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00047-7","issn":"01657836","usgsCitation":"Cole, M., and Moring, J., 1997, Potential error with in situ surveys of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, as determined by radio-telemetry: Fisheries Research, v. 31, no. 3, p. 269-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00047-7.","startPage":"269","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206057,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00047-7"},{"id":228125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ef9e4b0c8380cd7a851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, M.B.","contributorId":36500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moring, J.R.","contributorId":29587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019784,"text":"70019784 - 1997 - An increase in herbivory of cottonwood in yellowstone national park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70019784","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An increase in herbivory of cottonwood in yellowstone national park","docAbstract":"This study examined an effect of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) on narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia) in northern Yellowstone National Park, where stands consist of old trees and younger, densely-branched bushes. The elk herd increased from a census of 3,172 in 1968 to a census of 18,913 in 1988. The purposes of this study were to: 1) document the height-growth of cottonwood bushes, 2) determine if the height of browsing corresponded with snow depth, and 3) determine if there has been a recent increase in cottonwood herbivory. In 5 stands of different age (ranging ca. 9-45 y old), I measured the height of live previous-year-growth and the height of the oldest stems killed by browsing. The tallest previous-year-growth was 80 cm; all stems taller than 29 cm had been browsed. Stems were killed by browsing closer to the ground in younger stands (respectively, 87, 62, 28, 14, and 9 cm; P < 0.001). There was no change in mid-winter snow depth during the period 1950-1994. The 2 stands established since 1977 had relatively small variances in the height at which stems were killed by browsing (21 and 15 cm2), a uniformity likely caused by intense herbivory since respective stand creation. The large variances in the height of browse-killed stems in older stands (745, 399, and 291 cm2) were likely caused by an initial period of light-to-moderate herbivory followed by an increase in herbivory that killed the stem tips at the heights existing at the time. The bush growth-form apparently results from an increase in herbivory that occurred between 1968 and 1977, a period in which the elk winter census increased from 3,172 to 8,981. The weight of evidence suggests that EuroAmerican influences have caused the northern elk herd to increase in number since the establishment of the park. If herbivory does not decrease, cottonwood may be eliminated from Yellowstone's northern range.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., 1997, An increase in herbivory of cottonwood in yellowstone national park: Northwest Science, v. 71, no. 2, p. 127-136.","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea76e4b0c8380cd48899","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019783,"text":"70019783 - 1997 - Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-28T10:26:24","indexId":"70019783","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens","docAbstract":"Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were injected intraperitoneally with a bacterin containing killed Renibacterium salmoninarum cells delivered alone or in an oil-based adjuvant. We evaluated the relative abilities of the batterins to prevent the initiation or progression of infection in fish challenged by waterborne exposure to R. salmoninarum. Sixty-one days after vaccination, fish were held for 24 h in water containing either no bacteria or approximately 1.7 x 103, 1.7 x 105, or 5.3 x 106 live R. salmoninarum cells/mL. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor changes in the levels of R. salmoninarum antigen in live fish before and after the immersion challenges. High levels of R. salmoninarum antigens were detected by ELISA in kidney-spleen tissue homogenates from vaccinated fish immediately before the challenges. Levels of those antigens remained high in the tissues of unchallenged fish throughout the study. We found that the ELISA used in this study may be unsuitable for evaluating the efficacy of batterins because it did not distinguish antigens produced by the challenge bacteria during an infection from those of the bacterins. Groups of control and vaccinated fish also were injected with either 1.7 x 104 or 1.7 x 106 R. salmoninarum cells and served as R. salmoninarum virulence controls. Relative survival among the various subgroups in the injection challenge suggests that adverse effects might have been associated with the adjuvant used in this study. The lowest survival at both injection challenge levels was among fish vaccinated with bacteria in adjuvant.","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0099:EBELIA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Pascho, R., Goodrich, T., and McKibben, C., 1997, Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 9, no. 2, p. 99-107, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0099:EBELIA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c0ae4b0c8380cd529e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodrich, T.D.","contributorId":41166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodrich","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKibben, C.L.","contributorId":51483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKibben","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019779,"text":"70019779 - 1997 - The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:04:56","indexId":"70019779","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments","docAbstract":"We report SHRIMP U-Pb ages of 49 zircons from a sand sample from the lower Orinoco River, Venezuela, and Nd model ages of the fine sediment load from the main river and tributaries. The U-Pb ages reflect individual magmatic or metamorphic events, the Sm-Nd model ages reflect average crustal-residence ages of the sediment sources. Together they allow delineation of the crust-formation history of the basement precursors of the sediments. The U-Pb ages range from 2.83 to 0.15 Ga, and most are concordant or nearly so. Discrete age groupings occur at ??? 2.8, ??? 2.1, and ??? 1.1 Ga. The oldest group contains only three samples but is isolated from its closest neighbors by a ??? 600 Ma age gap. Larger age groupings at ??? 2.1 and ??? 1.1 Ga make up about a third and a quarter of the total number of analyses, respectively. The remaining analyses scatter along concordia, and most are younger than 1.6 Ga. The ??? 2.8 and ??? 2.1 Ga ages correspond to periods of crust formation of the Imataca and Trans-Amazonian provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, and record intervals of short but intensive continental growth. These ages coincide with ??? 2.9 and ??? 2.1 Ga Nd model ages of sediments from tributaries draining the Archean and Proterozoic provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, indicating that the U-Pb ages record the geological history of the crystalline basement of the Orinoco basin. Zircons with ages corresponding to the major orogenies of the North Atlantic continents (the Superior at ??? 2.7 Ga and Hudsonian at 1.7-1.9 Ga) were not found in the Orinoco sample. The age distribution may indicate that South and North America were separated throughout their history. Nd model ages of sediments from the lower Orinoco River and Andean tributaries are ??? 1.9 Ga, broadly within the range displayed by major rivers and dusts. This age does not coincide with known thermal events in the region and reflects mixing of sources with different crust-formation ages. The igneous and metamorphic history of these sources, as recorded by the detrital zircons, is that of the Orinoco basin basement. This implies that, despite evidence of fast sedimentary recycling, global similarities in Nd crustal-residence ages, and the probability of cross-continent mixing through continental drift, the sedimentary material carried by individual rivers is mainly derived from the crystalline basement in the basin. The global semblance in Nd isotope ratios in major river sediments and atmospheric dusts results from the averaging effect of large-scale sampling of the continents, which are heterogeneous in age on smaller regional scales. A large portion of the continental crust in the Orinoco basin formed during the Trans-Amazonian orogeny at 2.0-2.1 Ga, and smaller portions formed both earlier, at ??? 2.8 Ga, and later, after 1.6 Ga. These observations, which are consistent with the relative sizes of crustal age provinces in the Orinoco basin, indicate that sediments from the lower Orinoco and Andean tributaries contain 25-35% of material added to the crust since Trans-Amazonian times. Nd model ages of these sediments underestimate the average crust-formation age of the basement of the Orinoco basin by only about 10%. If this relationship holds in other river basins, then Nd model ages of major rivers and wind blown particulates indicate that the mean age of the continental crust is ??? 1.9-2 Ga. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, S., Arndt, N., and Stallard, R., 1997, The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 139, no. 1-4, p. 271-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9.","startPage":"271","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00039-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266041,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9"},{"id":228020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacbbe4b08c986b3236da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldstein, S.L.","contributorId":40357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arndt, N.T.","contributorId":95887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019776,"text":"70019776 - 1997 - Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T22:14:03.496847","indexId":"70019776","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant","docAbstract":"We studied the effects of timing of spring snowmelt on nesting phenology, nest site selection, and clutch size of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) breeding at the Tutakoke river colony, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. In late springs, brant nested later: however, time between peak arrival at Tutakoke and nest initiation (6 to 12 days) was similar in early and late springs. Nest initiation was more synchronized in late springs than early springs. Height of nests relative to spring meltwater levels was lower in late springs than early springs, indicating that the interval between snowmelt and nest initiation was shorten reduced availability of nest sites and increased nesting synchrony in late years may result in greater competition for available nest sites and reduced site fidelity. Clutch size was greater in late springs than in early springs. This increase in clutch size may result from greater accumulation of endogenous reserves on spring staging areas in late springs, or from demographic changes in the breeding population.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369944","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Lindberg, M.S., Sedinger, J., and Flint, P.L., 1997, Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant: Condor, v. 99, no. 2, p. 381-388, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369944.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1369944","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d9e4b0c8380cd51882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindberg, M. S.","contributorId":94413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindberg","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sedinger, J.S.","contributorId":75471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedinger","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019773,"text":"70019773 - 1997 - The future of scientific communication in the earth sciences: The impact of the internet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:15:15","indexId":"70019773","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The future of scientific communication in the earth sciences: The impact of the internet","docAbstract":"Publication on paper of research results following peer-review and editing has been the accepted means of scientific communication for several centuries. Today, the continued growth in the volume of scientific literature, the increased unit costs of archiving paper publications, and the rapidly increasing power and availability of electronic technology are creating tremendous pressures on traditional scientific communication. The earth sciences are not immune from these pressures, and the role of the traditional publication as the primary means of communication is rapidly changing. Electronic publications and network technology are radically altering the relationship between interpretative result and the underlying data. Earth science research institutions, including the Kansas Geological Survey, are experimenting with new forms of on-line publication that assure broad access to research and data and improve application of research results to societal problems. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00032-0","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Carr, T., Buchanan, R., Adkins-Heljeson, D., Mettille, T., and Sorensen, J., 1997, The future of scientific communication in the earth sciences: The impact of the internet: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, no. 5, p. 503-512, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00032-0.","startPage":"503","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266157,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00032-0"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac35e4b08c986b323345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, T.R.","contributorId":37094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchanan, R.C.","contributorId":11783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adkins-Heljeson, D.","contributorId":31134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adkins-Heljeson","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mettille, T.D.","contributorId":59192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mettille","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sorensen, J.","contributorId":97649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019256,"text":"70019256 - 1997 - The modern atmospheric background dust load: Recognition in Central Asian snowpack, and compositional constraints","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:39:35.988458","indexId":"70019256","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The modern atmospheric background dust load: Recognition in Central Asian snowpack, and compositional constraints","docAbstract":"Dusts in strata of snowpack in the Alai-Pamir range, Kirghizstan, Central Asia, have chemical compositions that are in the same restricted range as those of the dusts found in snowpacks at three other locations: central south Greenland, the St. Elias range (Alaska), and coastal Antarctica, where special-type local dust sources certainly cannot dominate. This similarity at the four widely separated sites appears to indicate that there is a modern atmospheric background dust that is the same on a regional, hemispheric, or global scale. The common compositional range is that of average crustal rock, or of moderately ferromagnesian volcanic rock. It is not that of carbonate, nor highly siliciceous rocks. Previously, the existence of an atmospheric background dust has been postulated only on the basis of its particle size distribution, and only from observations in polar regions. The present study partially determines the chemical composition of the background dust, and confirms its existence in snowpack at four localities worldwide, including the center of the earth's largest continent where dusts of local source have considerable influence.
The effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time were examined for a part of the Neversink River watershed in southern New York State. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), the sum of base cation concentrations (SBC), pH and concentrations of total aluminum (Al), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and silicon (Si) were measured during low stream flow at the outlets of nested basins ranging in size from 0·2 to 166·3 km2. ANC, SBC, pH, Al and DOC showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0·2 to 3 km2, but relatively small variations were observed as basin size increased beyond 3 km2. An index of subsurface contact time computed from basin topography and soil hydraulic conductivity also showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0·2 to 3 km2 and smaller changes as basin size increased beyond 3 km2. These results suggest that basin size affects low-flow stream chemistry because of the effects of basin size on subsurface contact time.
Three-dimensional seismic P-wave traveltime tomography is used to image the magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii. High-velocity bodies (>6.4 km/s) in the upper 9 km of the crust beneath the summits and rift zones of the volcanoes correlate with zones of high magnetic intensities and are interpreted as solidified gabbro-ultramafic cumulates from which the surface volcanism is derived. The proximity of these high-velocity features to the rift zones is consistent with a ridge-spreading model of the volcanic flank. Southeast of the Hilina fault zone, along the south flank of Kilauea, low-velocity material (<6.0 km/s) is observed extending to depths of 9–11 km, indicating that the Hilina fault may extend possibly as deep as the basal decollement. Along the southeast flank of Mauna Loa, a similar low-velocity zone associated with the Kaoiki fault zone is observed extending to depths of 6–8 km. These two upper crustal low-velocity zones suggest common stages in the evolution of the Hawaiian shield volcanoes in which these fault systems are formed as a result of upper crustal deformation in response to magma injection within the volcanic edifice.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA Publications","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Okubo, P.G., Benz, H.M., and Chouet, B.A., 1997, Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii: Geology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 867-870, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"867","endPage":"870","ipdsId":"IP-010041","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3889e4b0c8380cd615e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okubo, Paul G. 0000-0002-0381-6051 pokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":2730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Paul","email":"pokubo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019444,"text":"70019444 - 1997 - Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T01:15:37.722049","indexId":"70019444","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah","docAbstract":"The results of recent and ongoing research into six significant geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front region will be summarized on this field trip, including: (1) surface fault rupture on the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault zone; (2) seismic site response in the Salt Lake Valley, including ground shaking and liquefaction; (3) liquefaction-induced landsliding at the Farmington Siding landslide complex; (4) lake flooding along the shores of Great Salt Lake; (5) debris-flow deposition on alluvial fans at the base of the Wasatch Range; and (6) landsliding in the Ogden area. The trip will provide an opportunity to discuss the scientific, engineering, and administrative aspects involved in geologic-hazard evaluation in this rapidly growing region.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Hylland, M., Black, B., and Lowe, M., 1997, Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 2, p. 299-324.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1978e4b0c8380cd559d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hylland, M.D.","contributorId":70938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hylland","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Black, B.D.","contributorId":24109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowe, Mark","contributorId":93441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019579,"text":"70019579 - 1997 - Lignin phenols in sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Application to paleoenvironmental studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T13:58:16","indexId":"70019579","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Lignin phenols in sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Application to paleoenvironmental studies","docAbstract":"Sediments from three cores obtained from distinct depositional environments in Lake Baikal, Siberia were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and lignin phenol concentration and composition. Results were used to examine changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during climatic cycles of the late Quaternary (< 125 ka). Average organic carbon, and total nitrogen concentrations, atomic C/N ratios and organic carbon accumulation rates were significantly higher in the Holocene compared with the late Pleistocene, reflecting overall warmer temperatures and increased runoff during the Holocene. A Holocene maximum in organic carbon was observed at about 6 ka, and may represent the warmest wettest period of the Holocene. At one site (Academician Ridge) pronounced late Pleistocene maxima in organic carbon and biogenic silica were observed at about 80-85 ka, probably indicative of an interstadial period with enhanced aquatic productivity. Total sedimentary lignin phenol contents were generally lower in the late Pleistocene compared to the Holocene, but with several peaks in concentration during the late Pleistocene. These late Pleistocene peaks in total sedimentary lignin content (dated at about 80, 50 and 30 ka) directly precede or occur during peaks in sedimentary biogenic silica contents. These periods likely represent relatively warm interstadial times, with increased precipitation producing the observed increase in terrestrial runoff and aquatic productivity. Lignin phenol ratios (S/V, C/V and P/V) were used to examine changes in terrestrial vegetation type resulting from changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during the late Pleistocene. A degree of caution must be used in the interpretation of these ratios with regard to vegetation sources and paleoenvironmental conditions, because of potential compositional changes in lignin resulting from biodegradation. Nevertheless, results show that long glacial periods were characterized by terrestrial vegetation composed of a mix of non-woody angiosperm vegetation and minor gymnosperm forest. Shorter interstadial periods are defined by a change to dominant gymnosperm forest and were observed at about 80, 75, 63, 50 and 30 ka, ranging from about 2-6 kyr in duration. These interstadial periods of the late Pleistocene defined by lignin phenol ratios generally occur during longer periods of enhanced sedimentary biogenic silica content (about 10-15 ka in duration), providing corroborative evidence of these warm interstadial periods.Sediments obtained in Lake Baikal were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and lignin phenol composition and used to study changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during climatic cycles of the late Quaternary. The organic carbon, total nitrogen concentrations, atomic C/N ratios and organic carbon accumulation rates were higher in the Holocene showing overall warmer temperatures and increased runoff. Total lignin phenol contents were lower in the Pleistocene representing relatively warm interstadial times with increased precipitation, runoff and aquatic productivity. Lignin phenol was used to examine vegetation changes due to paleoenvironmental conditions and showed that long glacial periods were characterized by terrestrial vegetation.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 V.M. Goldschmidt Conference on Organic Geochemistry of Paleoclimatic Markers: Production, Preservation and Modeling","conferenceDate":"25 May 1995 through 25 May 1995","conferenceLocation":"University Park, PA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00079-X","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Orem, W., Colman, S.M., and Lerch, H., 1997, Lignin phenols in sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Application to paleoenvironmental studies, in Organic Geochemistry, v. 27, no. 3-4, University Park, PA, USA, 25 May 1995 through 25 May 1995, p. 153-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00079-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","state":"Siberia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 109.720458984375,\n 55.85681658243853\n ],\n [\n 109.2041015625,\n 55.28537238249355\n ],\n [\n 108.69873046875,\n 54.6992335284814\n ],\n [\n 108.094482421875,\n 53.891391285752874\n ],\n [\n 107.3583984375,\n 53.38332836757156\n ],\n [\n 106.74316406249999,\n 53.06102475986279\n ],\n [\n 107.347412109375,\n 53.199451902831555\n ],\n [\n 107.808837890625,\n 53.38988075156031\n ],\n [\n 107.6220703125,\n 53.186287573913305\n ],\n [\n 106.89697265625,\n 52.95525697845468\n ],\n [\n 105.919189453125,\n 52.482780222078226\n ],\n [\n 105.3369140625,\n 51.9781134854881\n ],\n [\n 103.765869140625,\n 51.73383267274113\n ],\n [\n 103.89770507812499,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n 104.67773437499999,\n 51.50190410761811\n ],\n [\n 106.051025390625,\n 51.81540697949439\n ],\n [\n 106.32568359375,\n 52.16045455774706\n ],\n [\n 106.292724609375,\n 52.308478623663355\n ],\n [\n 106.54541015625,\n 52.415822612378776\n ],\n [\n 106.776123046875,\n 52.328625488430184\n ],\n [\n 106.9189453125,\n 52.482780222078226\n ],\n [\n 107.64404296875,\n 52.769539220673074\n ],\n [\n 108.12744140625,\n 52.91552722044141\n ],\n [\n 108.358154296875,\n 53.126998061776156\n ],\n [\n 108.69873046875,\n 53.31774904749089\n ],\n [\n 108.97338867187499,\n 53.461890432859114\n ],\n [\n 108.91845703124999,\n 53.57293832648609\n ],\n [\n 108.56689453125,\n 53.474969999548556\n ],\n [\n 108.8525390625,\n 53.85252660044951\n ],\n [\n 109.05029296875,\n 53.96254944195083\n ],\n [\n 109.10522460937499,\n 53.585983654559826\n ],\n [\n 109.368896484375,\n 53.98839506479995\n ],\n [\n 109.53369140625,\n 54.25238930276849\n ],\n [\n 109.94018554687499,\n 55.49752723542657\n ],\n [\n 109.918212890625,\n 55.7765730186677\n ],\n [\n 109.720458984375,\n 55.85681658243853\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4779e4b0c8380cd67887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lerch, H.E.","contributorId":100371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019762,"text":"70019762 - 1997 - Bathymetric comparisons adjacent to the Louisiana barrier islands: Processes of large-scale change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T12:21:38","indexId":"70019762","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bathymetric comparisons adjacent to the Louisiana barrier islands: Processes of large-scale change","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes the results of a comparative bathymetric study encompassing 150 km of the Louisiana barrier-island coast. Bathymetric data surrounding the islands and extending to 12 m water depth were processed from three survey periods: the 1880s, the 1930s, and the 1980s. Digital comparisons between surveys show large-scale, coherent patterns of sea-floor erosion and accretion related to the rapid erosion and disintegration of the islands. Analysis of the sea-floor data reveals two primary processes driving this change: massive longshore transport, in the littoral zone and at shoreface depths; and increased sediment storage in ebb-tidal deltas. Relative sea-level rise, although extraordinarily high in the study area, is shown to be an indirect factor in causing the area's rapid shoreline retreat rates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"List, J.H., Jaffe, B.E., Sallenger, A.H., and Hansen, M.E., 1997, Bathymetric comparisons adjacent to the Louisiana barrier islands: Processes of large-scale change: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 3, p. 670-678.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"670","endPage":"678","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345053,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298662"},{"id":227766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.0634765625,\n 24.16680208530324\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 24.16680208530324\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n -100.0634765625,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n -100.0634765625,\n 24.16680208530324\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f000e4b0c8380cd4a566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, B. E.","contributorId":88327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, M. E.","contributorId":71157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019618,"text":"70019618 - 1997 - Crustal structure along the west flank of the Cascades, western Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T13:48:16.727259","indexId":"70019618","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure along the west flank of the Cascades, western Washington","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the crustal structure of the Washington Cascades and adjacent Puget Lowland is important to both earthquake hazards studies and geologic studies of the evolution of this tectonically active region. We present a model for crustal velocity structure derived from analysis of seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection data collected in 1991 in western Washington. The 280-km-long north-south transect skirts the west flank of the Cascades as it crosses three tectonic provinces including the Northwest Cascades Thrust System (NWCS), the Puget Lowland, and the volcanic arc of the southern Cascades. Within the NWCS, upper crustal velocities range from 4.2 to 5.7 km s-1 and are consistent with the presence of a diverse suite of Mesozoic and Paleozoic metasediments and metavolcanics. In the upper 2-3 km of the Puget Lowland velocities drop to 1.7-3.5 km s-1 and reflect the occurrence of Oligocene to recent sediments within the basin. In the southern Washington Cascades, upper crustal velocities range from 4.0 to 5.5 km s-1 and are consistent with a large volume of Tertiary sediments and volcanics. A sharp change in velocity gradient at 5-10 km marks the division between the upper and middle crust. From approximately 10 to 35 km depth the velocity field is characterized by a velocity increase from ???6.0 to 7.2 km s-1. These high velocities do not support the presence of marine sedimentary rocks at depths of 10-20 km beneath the Cascades as previously proposed on the basis of magnetotelluric data. Crustal thickness ranges from 42 to 47 km along the profile. The lowermost crust consists of a 2 to 8-km-thick transitional layer with velocities of 7.3-7.4 km s-1. The upper mantle velocity appears to be an unusually low 7.6-7.8 km s-1. When compared to velocity models from other regions, this model most closely resembles those found in active continental arcs. Distinct seismicity patterns can be associated with individual tectonic provinces along the seismic transect. In the NWCS and Puget Lowland, most of the seismicity occurs below the base of the upper crust as defined by a seismic boundary at 5-10 km depth and continues to 20-30 km depth. The region of transition between the NWCS and the Puget Lowland appears as a gap in seismicity with notably less seismic activity north of the boundary between the two. Earthquakes within the Cascades are generally shallower (0-20 km) and are dominated by events associated with the Rainier Seismic Zone.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/97JB00882","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Miller, K., Keller, G.R., Gridley, J., Luetgert, J.H., Mooney, W.D., and Thybo, H., 1997, Crustal structure along the west flank of the Cascades, western Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B8, p. 17857-17873, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00882.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"17857","endPage":"17873","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487269,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb00882","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -119.4873046875,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -119.4873046875,\n 49.081062364320736\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 49.081062364320736\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 45.55252525134013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce5e4b0c8380cd4e4cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, K.C.","contributorId":81118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gridley, J.M.","contributorId":62772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gridley","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":383337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thybo, H.","contributorId":57599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thybo","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019411,"text":"70019411 - 1997 - A night-lighting technique for at-sea capture of Xantus' Murrelets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T13:10:41","indexId":"70019411","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A night-lighting technique for at-sea capture of Xantus' Murrelets","docAbstract":"We captured 575 Xantus' Murrelets (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) with spotlights and dip nets at 3 islands in the Southern California Channel Islands during April and May of 1995-1997. Working at night (2100-0500 h), 3-person teams in inflatable boats located murrelets with a spotlight and captured them in dip nets from the waters near known breeding colonies at Santa Barbara, Anacapa, and San Clemente Islands. Our average capture rate was 4.7 murrelets hr-1, but we captured up to 12.3 murrelets hr-1. We recaptured 34 murrelets or 6% of the capture total. We recommend this simple, inexpensive, safe and effective night-lighting capture technique for Xantus' Murrelets and other seabirds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521603","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Whitworth, D.L., Takekawa, J.Y., Carter, H., and McIver, W., 1997, A night-lighting technique for at-sea capture of Xantus' Murrelets: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 3, p. 525-531, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521603.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4bce4b0c8380cd468b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitworth, Darrell L.","contributorId":87338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"Darrell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Harry R.","contributorId":79546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Harry R.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McIver, W.R.","contributorId":21907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIver","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019446,"text":"70019446 - 1997 - Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70019446","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","docAbstract":"Modern analytical instrumentation is capable of measuring a variety of trace elements at concentrations down into the single or double digit parts-per-trillion (ng l-1) range. This holds for the three most common sample media currently used in environmental monitoring programs: filtered water, whole-water and separated suspended sediment. Unfortunately, current analytical capabilities have exceeded the current capacity to collect both uncontaminated and representative environmental samples. The success of any trace element monitoring program requires that this issue be both understood and addressed. The environmental monitoring of trace elements requires the collection of calendar- and event-based dissolved and suspended sediment samples. There are unique problems associated with the collection and chemical analyses of both types of sample media. Over the past 10 years, reported ambient dissolved trace element concentrations have declined. Generally, these decreases do not reflect better water quality, but rather improvements in the procedures used to collect, process, preserve and analyze these samples without contaminating them during these steps. Further, recent studies have shown that the currently accepted operational definition of dissolved constituents (material passing a 0.45 ??m membrane filter) is inadequat owing to sampling and processing artifacts. The existence of these artifacts raises questions about the generation of accurate, precise and comparable 'dissolved' trace element data. Suspended sediment and associated trace elements can display marked short- and long-term spatial and temporal variability. This implies that spatially representative samples only can be obtained by generating composites using depth- and width-integrated sampling techniques. Additionally, temporal variations have led to the view that the determination of annual trace element fluxes may require nearly constant (e.g., high-frequency) sampling and subsequent chemical analyses. Ultimately, sampling frequency for flux estimates becomes dependent on the time period of concern (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly) and the amount of acceptable error associated with these estimates.","largerWorkTitle":"Analyst","language":"English","doi":"10.1039/a704604i","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 1997, Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring, in Analyst, v. 122, no. 11, p. 1193-1200, https://doi.org/10.1039/a704604i.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1200","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a704604i"},{"id":226705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92f1e4b08c986b31a1d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019266,"text":"70019266 - 1997 - Occurrence and significance of Silurian K-bentonite beds at Arisaig, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T22:26:04.853454","indexId":"70019266","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and significance of Silurian K-bentonite beds at Arisaig, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada","docAbstract":"The most extensive succession of K-bentonite beds known in the Silurian of North America occurs at Arisaig on the northern coast of Nova Scotia. At least 40 ash beds are present in the Llandoverian Ross Brook Formation and at least four in the early Ludlovian McAdam Brook Formation. Most of the beds are thin (< 5 cm), but one bed (the Smith Brook K-bentonite bed) in the late Llandoverian crenulata Zone and another (the McAdam Brook K-bentonite bed) in the early Ludlovian nilssoni Zone each reach a thickness of 20 cm. New graptolite collections provide critical information on the biostratigraphic position of the K-bentonite beds in the Ross Brook Formation. Geochemical data show that the Arisaig ash beds represent calc-alkaline magmas from plate margin, subduction-related volcanic vents. Differences in K-bentonite stratigraphic distribution, combined with paleogeographic considerations, suggest that the volcanoes were located much farther to the south in the Iapetus than the source volcanoes of the British–Baltoscandian Llandoverian K-bentonites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e17-131","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Bergstrom, S., Huff, W., Kolata, D.R., and Melchin, M.J., 1997, Occurrence and significance of Silurian K-bentonite beds at Arisaig, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, no. 12, p. 1630-1643, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-131.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1630","endPage":"1643","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Nova Scotia","city":"Arisaig","otherGeospatial":"Arisaig Provincial Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -62.202848618569064,\n 45.74427522683703\n ],\n [\n -62.20350113520516,\n 45.731675329841835\n ],\n [\n -62.19371338567392,\n 45.71527602644031\n ],\n [\n -62.17805298642375,\n 45.69477012758577\n ],\n [\n -62.13781446057358,\n 45.68139926979791\n ],\n [\n -62.122154061323414,\n 45.68307080181137\n ],\n [\n -62.09714933828745,\n 45.69719497203303\n ],\n [\n -62.054735756985366,\n 45.71648507955243\n ],\n [\n -62.04755807399593,\n 45.753224179967475\n ],\n [\n -62.0640884954267,\n 45.772950081139726\n ],\n [\n -62.08540403884959,\n 45.78948411501139\n ],\n [\n -62.09780185492272,\n 45.785692338734464\n ],\n [\n -62.11259223199227,\n 45.785540662318255\n ],\n [\n -62.117812365075935,\n 45.785995690328264\n ],\n [\n -62.13129770887413,\n 45.78083848872541\n ],\n [\n -62.13717035859307,\n 45.77552910639659\n ],\n [\n -62.150438196845926,\n 45.77158466654245\n ],\n [\n -62.16131347410317,\n 45.76688131594511\n ],\n [\n -62.1656635850062,\n 45.76399842116052\n ],\n [\n -62.1691436737278,\n 45.76384668572891\n ],\n [\n -62.175451334536646,\n 45.76157060473338\n ],\n [\n -62.17349378463089,\n 45.75929443088032\n ],\n [\n -62.17348536997619,\n 45.75702403509612\n ],\n [\n -62.18088055851095,\n 45.7535335794893\n ],\n [\n -62.19175583576735,\n 45.74989113217836\n ],\n [\n -62.202848618569064,\n 45.74427522683703\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b7be4b0c8380cd7470a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergstrom, Stig M.","contributorId":80832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstrom","given":"Stig M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huff, W.D.","contributorId":48327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolata, Dennis R.","contributorId":79495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolata","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Melchin, Michael J.","contributorId":86125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melchin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}