We studied the chronology and success of nesting Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) along the lower Kashunuk River on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta from 1991-1995. Nest initiation dates ranged from 16 May-22 June. Median nest initiation dates were correlated with the break-up of ice on the Kashunuk River. Clutch sizes declined seasonally, and mean clutch size varied among years ranging from 4.8-5.6 eggs. The frequency of nests containing inviable eggs (24% of successful nests, x = 0.6 unhatched eggs per successful nest) did not differ among years or nest initiation dates, and may be related to exposure to contaminants. The rate of partial depredation also did not vary among years or initiation dates (23% of nests, x = 0.5 eggs taken/successful nest). We detected no effect of marking or visitation on daily survival rate of nests. Nests initiated early in the year were more successful than late nests; thus, early nesting females laid larger clutches and were more likely to nest successfully than late nesters. Nest success varied among years and declined from 73% in 1991 to 18% in 1994. Nest success increased to 76% in 1995 when we reduced the Mew Gull (Larus canus) population on the study area. While inviability and partial depredation averaged over 1 egg per successful nest, the production lost in nests that were abandoned or completely destroyed by predators was much greater. Our data indicate that Spectacled Eiders nesting on our study area experience relatively high production; however, without information regarding annual survival and recruitment. it is not possible to draw conclusions about population growth rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1370143","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Grand, J., and Flint, P.L., 1997, Productivity of nesting spectacled eiders on the lower Kashunuk River, Alaska: Condor, v. 99, no. 4, p. 926-932, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370143.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"926","endPage":"932","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231287,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8df3e4b0c8380cd7ef22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":385603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019675,"text":"70019675 - 1997 - Cretaceous anuran and dinosaur footprints from the Patuxent Formation of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019675","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3147,"text":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cretaceous anuran and dinosaur footprints from the Patuxent Formation of Virginia","docAbstract":"Footprints of an anuran (gen. et sp. indet.), a theropod dinosaur (Megalosauropus sp.), and an ornithopod dinosaur (Amblydactylus sp.) have been recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Patuxent Formation in Stafford County, Virginia. These footprints are the first record of terrestrial vertebrates from Cretaceous strata in Virginia, and their discovery suggests that the scarcity of bones and teeth in the Patuxent probably is an artifact of preservation. The anuran trackway provides the oldest known direct evidence for hopping locomotion among these amphibians.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0006324X","usgsCitation":"Weems, R., and Bachman, J., 1997, Cretaceous anuran and dinosaur footprints from the Patuxent Formation of Virginia: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, v. 110, no. 1, p. 1-17.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fca8e4b0c8380cd4e380","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, R.E.","contributorId":44920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bachman, J.M.","contributorId":59194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019673,"text":"70019673 - 1997 - Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T17:53:26.695298","indexId":"70019673","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado","docAbstract":"The San Juan sag, concealed by the vast San Juan volcanic field of south-central Colorado, has only recently benefited from oil and gas wildcat drilling and evaluations. Sound geochemical analyses and maturation modeling are essential elements for successful exploration and development. Oil has been produced in minor quantities from an Oligocene sill in the Mancos Shale within the sag, and major oil and gas production occurs from stratigraphically equivalent rocks in the San Juan basin to the southwest and in the Denver basin to the northeast.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/522B4A05-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Gries, R.R., Clayton, J., and Leonard, C., 1997, Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1133-1160, https://doi.org/10.1306/522B4A05-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1133","endPage":"1160","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan sag","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2755e4b0c8380cd597a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gries, R. R.","contributorId":46241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gries","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leonard, C.","contributorId":61590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019658,"text":"70019658 - 1997 - Geochemical mole-balance modeling with uncertain data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-08T16:15:35","indexId":"70019658","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical mole-balance modeling with uncertain data","docAbstract":"Geochemical mole-balance models are sets of chemical reactions that quantitatively account for changes in the chemical and isotopic composition of water along a flow path. A revised mole-balance formulation that includes an uncertainty term for each chemical and isotopic datum is derived. The revised formulation is comprised of mole-balance equations for each element or element redox state, alkalinity, electrons, solvent water, and each isotope; a charge-balance equation and an equation that relates the uncertainty terms for pH, alkalinity, and total dissolved inorganic carbon for each aqueous solution; inequality constraints on the size of the uncertainty terms; and inequality constraints on the sign of the mole transfer of reactants. The equations and inequality constraints are solved by a modification of the simplex algorithm combined with an exhaustive search for unique combinations of aqueous solutions and reactants for which the equations and inequality constraints can be solved and the uncertainty terms minimized. Additional algorithms find only the simplest mole-balance models and determine the ranges of mixing fractions for each solution and mole transfers for each reactant that are consistent with specified limits on the uncertainty terms. The revised formulation produces simpler and more robust mole-balance models and allows the significance of mixing fractions and mole transfers to be evaluated. In an example from the central Oklahoma aquifer, inclusion of up to 5% uncertainty in the chemical data can reduce the number of reactants in mole-balance models from seven or more to as few as three, these being cation exchange, dolomite dissolution, and silica precipitation. In another example from the Madison aquifer, inclusion of the charge-balance constraint requires significant increases in the mole transfers of calcite, dolomite, and organic matter, which reduce the estimated maximum carbon 14 age of the sample by about 10,000 years, from 22,700 years to 12,600 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01125","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., 1997, Geochemical mole-balance modeling with uncertain data: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 8, p. 1957-1970, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01125.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1957","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01125","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1689e4b0c8380cd551ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019650,"text":"70019650 - 1997 - Fault-related folding during extension: Plunging basement-cored folds in the Basin and Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-17T01:02:57.878219","indexId":"70019650","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault-related folding during extension: Plunging basement-cored folds in the Basin and Range","docAbstract":"Folds are able to form in highly extended areas where stratified cover rocks respond to basement fault offsets. The response of cover rocks to basement faulting can be studied especially well in plunging structures that expose large structural relief. The southern Basin and Range province contains plunging folds kilometres in amplitude at the corners of domino-like tilt blocks of basement rocks, where initially steep transverse and normal faults propagated upward toward the layered cover rocks. Exposed tilted cross sections, as much as 8 km thick, display transitions from faulted basement to folded cover that validate laboratory models of forced folds. The folded cover masks a deeper extensional style of brittle segmentation and uniform steep tilting.
The International Geosphere Biosphere Programme Data and Information System (IGBP-DIS), through the mapping expertise of the U.S. Geological Survey and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, recently guided the completion of a 1-km resolution global land cover data set from advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data. The 1-km resolution land cover product, “DISCover,” was based on monthly normalized difference vegetation index composites from 1992 and 1993. The development of DISCover was coordinated by the IGBP-DIS Land Cover Working Group as part of the IGBP-DIS Focus 1 activity. DISCover is a 17-class land cover data set based on the scientific requirements of IGBP elements. The mapping used unsupervised classification and postclassification refinement using ancillary data. The development of this data set was motivated by the need for global land cover data with higher spatial resolution, unproved temporal specificity, and known classification accuracy. The completed DISCover data set will soon be validated to determine the accuracy of the global classification.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00050-2","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., and Belward, A., 1997, The International Geosphere Biosphere Programme Data and Information System global land cover data set (DISCover): Acta Astronautica, v. 41, no. 4-10, p. 681-689, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00050-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"681","endPage":"689","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad56e4b08c986b323b4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belward, A.S.","contributorId":6197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belward","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014614,"text":"1014614 - 1997 - Changes in gill morphology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts due to addition of acid and aluminum to stream water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T11:22:23.691114","indexId":"1014614","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Changes in gill morphology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts due to addition of acid and aluminum to stream water","title":"Changes in gill morphology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts due to addition of acid and aluminum to stream water","docAbstract":"One-year-old Atlantic salmon smolts were held in three artificial channels adjacent to a softwater (mean sp. cond. 30 μS cm−1, circumneutral stream. Water in one channel was untreated (mean pH 6.25); the others received additions of acid (to mean pH 5.6), or acid plus aluminum (to mean pH 5.5; mean exchangeable Al 158 μg litre−1). Gills were sampled after 16 and 23 days of exposure for morphometric examination. On primary lamellae, chloride cells were more numerous in both experimental treatments than in controls. In contrast, numbers of chloride cells on secondary lamellae were elevated only in fish exposed to acid without added Al. Chloride cell size and shape also varied with time and treatment. Fewer gill mucous cells were found in fish exposed to acid plus Al than in controls. Chloride cell proliferation and structural changes may represent an attempt to compensate for increased ionic effluxes with low pH stress by increasing uptake. However, if Al concentrations are high, chloride cells do not proliferate along the secondary lamellae, or proliferating cells are damaged and lost. This may limit the potential to increase ionic uptake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00069-9","usgsCitation":"Jagoe, C.H., and Haines, T., 1997, Changes in gill morphology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts due to addition of acid and aluminum to stream water: Environmental Pollution, v. 97, no. 1-2, p. 137-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00069-9.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Hancock County","otherGeospatial":"Baker Brook, Narraguagus River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.06128938975448,\n 44.75134392491739\n ],\n [\n -68.0947931491917,\n 44.75156838982778\n ],\n [\n -68.11407361452852,\n 44.73360844217186\n ],\n [\n -68.10901644329276,\n 44.700143166787825\n ],\n [\n -68.05686454600394,\n 44.66418585070829\n ],\n [\n -68.00502854083615,\n 44.634279262897365\n ],\n [\n -67.95529294673963,\n 44.59641364378203\n ],\n [\n -67.91072662522338,\n 44.53831754047758\n ],\n [\n -67.88386040303293,\n 44.53088245804446\n ],\n [\n -67.88038359780816,\n 44.54890526151266\n ],\n [\n -67.89681940432503,\n 44.580206614742394\n ],\n [\n -67.91704808926808,\n 44.61711604903323\n ],\n [\n -67.9247636323927,\n 44.65257830309801\n ],\n [\n -67.9247636323927,\n 44.69037505361024\n ],\n [\n -67.9652830251845,\n 44.75505870035508\n ],\n [\n -68.00422373747993,\n 44.8114576147523\n ],\n [\n -68.06421345658526,\n 44.90247579137923\n ],\n [\n -68.0636871602083,\n 44.947185777055466\n ],\n [\n -68.09736561408506,\n 45.00525712138179\n ],\n [\n -68.16051271510406,\n 45.01083780529447\n ],\n [\n -68.18156174877721,\n 44.96096442870456\n ],\n [\n -68.11262663006416,\n 44.843181238467054\n ],\n [\n -68.06128938975448,\n 44.75134392491739\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jagoe, C. H.","contributorId":97456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagoe","given":"C.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019466,"text":"70019466 - 1997 - Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T13:35:19","indexId":"70019466","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Three-dimensional seismic P-wave traveltime tomography is used to image the magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii. High-velocity bodies (>6.4 km/s) in the upper 9 km of the crust beneath the summits and rift zones of the volcanoes correlate with zones of high magnetic intensities and are interpreted as solidified gabbro-ultramafic cumulates from which the surface volcanism is derived. The proximity of these high-velocity features to the rift zones is consistent with a ridge-spreading model of the volcanic flank. Southeast of the Hilina fault zone, along the south flank of Kilauea, low-velocity material (<6.0 km/s) is observed extending to depths of 9–11 km, indicating that the Hilina fault may extend possibly as deep as the basal decollement. Along the southeast flank of Mauna Loa, a similar low-velocity zone associated with the Kaoiki fault zone is observed extending to depths of 6–8 km. These two upper crustal low-velocity zones suggest common stages in the evolution of the Hawaiian shield volcanoes in which these fault systems are formed as a result of upper crustal deformation in response to magma injection within the volcanic edifice.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA Publications","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Okubo, P.G., Benz, H.M., and Chouet, B.A., 1997, Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii: Geology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 867-870, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"867","endPage":"870","ipdsId":"IP-010041","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3889e4b0c8380cd615e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okubo, Paul G. 0000-0002-0381-6051 pokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":2730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Paul","email":"pokubo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019464,"text":"70019464 - 1997 - Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:33:57.409776","indexId":"70019464","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams","docAbstract":"The possibility of a contaminant being accidentally or intentionally spilled in a river is a constant concern to those using the water. Methods are developed to estimate: (1) the velocity of a contaminant in a river; (2) the rate of attenuation of the peak concentration of a conservative contaminant; and (3) the time required for a contaminant plume to pass a point. The methods are based on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in almost a hundred different rivers representing a wide range of sizes, slopes, and geomorphic types. Although the accuracy of the predictions can be greatly increased by performing time-of-travel studies, the emphasis of this paper is on providing methods for making estimates where few data are available. It is shown that the unit-peak concentration is well correlated with travel time and that the travel time of the leading edge averages 89% of the travel time of the peak concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H., 1997, Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, no. 11, p. 971-978, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"971","endPage":"978","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81dce4b0c8380cd7b795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019460,"text":"70019460 - 1997 - Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:25:25","indexId":"70019460","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations","docAbstract":"Reanalysis and additional dating of the Devils Hole ??18O paleotemperature record confirm that the last interglaciation in the Great Basin (the continental analog of marine isotopic substage 5e) lasted ???22,000 yr, consistent with the Vostok paleotemperature record which suggests a duration of ???19,000 yr for this event in Antarctica. The three preceding interglaciations in the Devils Hole record (analogs of marine isotopic substages 7e, 9c, and 11c) range from 20,000 to 26,000 yr in duration. A ???20,000-yr duration for the last interglaciation is consistent with TIMS uranium-series dated sea-level high stands. Thus, the widely held view that interglaciations were of 11,000-to 13,000-yr duration and constituted only about 10% of mid-to-late Pleistocene climatic cycles needs reexamination. The warmest portion of each interglaciation in the Devils Hole time series is marked by a ??18O plateau, signifying apparent climatic stability for periods of 10,000-to 15,000-yr duration. ?? 1997 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1997.1918","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Winograd, I., Landwehr, J., Ludwig, K., Coplen, T., and Riggs, A., 1997, Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations: Quaternary Research, v. 48, no. 2, p. 141-154, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1918.","startPage":"141","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266460,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1918"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0419e4b0c8380cd507a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landwehr, J.M.","contributorId":39815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019446,"text":"70019446 - 1997 - Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70019446","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","docAbstract":"Modern analytical instrumentation is capable of measuring a variety of trace elements at concentrations down into the single or double digit parts-per-trillion (ng l-1) range. This holds for the three most common sample media currently used in environmental monitoring programs: filtered water, whole-water and separated suspended sediment. Unfortunately, current analytical capabilities have exceeded the current capacity to collect both uncontaminated and representative environmental samples. The success of any trace element monitoring program requires that this issue be both understood and addressed. The environmental monitoring of trace elements requires the collection of calendar- and event-based dissolved and suspended sediment samples. There are unique problems associated with the collection and chemical analyses of both types of sample media. Over the past 10 years, reported ambient dissolved trace element concentrations have declined. Generally, these decreases do not reflect better water quality, but rather improvements in the procedures used to collect, process, preserve and analyze these samples without contaminating them during these steps. Further, recent studies have shown that the currently accepted operational definition of dissolved constituents (material passing a 0.45 ??m membrane filter) is inadequat owing to sampling and processing artifacts. The existence of these artifacts raises questions about the generation of accurate, precise and comparable 'dissolved' trace element data. Suspended sediment and associated trace elements can display marked short- and long-term spatial and temporal variability. This implies that spatially representative samples only can be obtained by generating composites using depth- and width-integrated sampling techniques. Additionally, temporal variations have led to the view that the determination of annual trace element fluxes may require nearly constant (e.g., high-frequency) sampling and subsequent chemical analyses. Ultimately, sampling frequency for flux estimates becomes dependent on the time period of concern (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly) and the amount of acceptable error associated with these estimates.","largerWorkTitle":"Analyst","language":"English","doi":"10.1039/a704604i","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 1997, Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring, in Analyst, v. 122, no. 11, p. 1193-1200, https://doi.org/10.1039/a704604i.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1200","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a704604i"},{"id":226705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92f1e4b08c986b31a1d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019444,"text":"70019444 - 1997 - Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T01:15:37.722049","indexId":"70019444","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah","docAbstract":"The results of recent and ongoing research into six significant geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front region will be summarized on this field trip, including: (1) surface fault rupture on the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault zone; (2) seismic site response in the Salt Lake Valley, including ground shaking and liquefaction; (3) liquefaction-induced landsliding at the Farmington Siding landslide complex; (4) lake flooding along the shores of Great Salt Lake; (5) debris-flow deposition on alluvial fans at the base of the Wasatch Range; and (6) landsliding in the Ogden area. The trip will provide an opportunity to discuss the scientific, engineering, and administrative aspects involved in geologic-hazard evaluation in this rapidly growing region.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Hylland, M., Black, B., and Lowe, M., 1997, Geologic hazards of the Wasatch Front, Utah: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 2, p. 299-324.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1978e4b0c8380cd559d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hylland, M.D.","contributorId":70938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hylland","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Black, B.D.","contributorId":24109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowe, Mark","contributorId":93441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019435,"text":"70019435 - 1997 - A physically-based method for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019435","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A physically-based method for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams","docAbstract":"We analyse a simple, physically-based model of breach formation in natural and constructed earthen dams to elucidate the principal factors controlling the flood hydrograph at the breach. Formation of the breach, which is assumed trapezoidal in cross-section, is parameterized by the mean rate of downcutting, k, the value of which is constrained by observations. A dimensionless formulation of the model leads to the prediction that the breach hydrograph depends upon lake shape, the ratio r of breach width to depth, the side slope ?? of the breach, and the parameter ?? = (V/ D3)(k/???gD), where V = lake volume, D = lake depth, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Calculations show that peak discharge Qp depends weakly on lake shape r and ??, but strongly on ??, which is the product of a dimensionless lake volume and a dimensionless erosion rate. Qp(??) takes asymptotically distinct forms depending on whether ?? < < 1 or ?? > > 1. Theoretical predictions agree well with data from dam failures for which k could be reasonably estimated. The analysis provides a rapid and in many cases graphical way to estimate plausible values of Qp at the breach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., 1997, A physically-based method for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 239, p. 217-224.","startPage":"217","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"239","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d9e4b0c8380cd4698e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019434,"text":"70019434 - 1997 - New harmony: The great scientific experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019434","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New harmony: The great scientific experiment","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00168556","usgsCitation":"Haney, D.C., and Rice, D., 1997, New harmony: The great scientific experiment: Geotimes, v. 42, no. 7, p. 23-27.","startPage":"23","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a658fe4b0c8380cd72c1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, D.L.","contributorId":53541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019430,"text":"70019430 - 1997 - Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T19:38:05","indexId":"70019430","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Spatial change in eelgrass meadows, Zostera marina L., was assessed between 1978 and 1987 and between 1987 and 1995 at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Change in total extent was evaluated through a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1978 Landsat multi-spectral scanner image and 1987 black and white aerial photographs. A ground survey in 1995 was used to assess spatial change from 1987. Eelgrass beds were the predominant vegetation type in the lagoon, comprising 44-47% (15000-16000 ha) of the total area in 1978 and 1987. Izembek Lagoon contains the largest bed of seagrass along the Pacific Coast of North America and largest known single stand of eelgrass in the world. There was a high degree of overlap in the spatial distribution of eelgrass among years of change detection. The overall net change was a 6% gain between, 1978 and 1987 and a <1% gain between 1987 and 1995. The lack of significant change in eelgrass cover suggests that eelgrass meadows in Izembek Lagoon have been stable during the 17-year period of our study.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5","issn":"03043770","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Markon, C.J., and Douglas, D.C., 1997, Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: Aquatic Botany, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 229-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 54.939765758658936\n ],\n [\n -162.344970703125,\n 54.939765758658936\n ],\n [\n -162.344970703125,\n 55.33851784425634\n ],\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 55.33851784425634\n ],\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 54.939765758658936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a3e4b0c8380cd50141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019426,"text":"70019426 - 1997 - Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T11:46:21","indexId":"70019426","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","docAbstract":"We investigate the morphology and distribution of a seamount population on a section of seafloor influenced by both superfast seafloor spreading and hotspot volcanism. The population under investigation is part of a broad chain of seamounts extending eastward from the East Pacific Rise, near Easter Island. In order to define the morphological variability of the seamounts, basal shape, cross-sectional area, volume, flatness, and flank slope are plotted against height for 383 seamounts with heights greater than 200 m, based on bathymetry data collected by GLORI-B and SeaBeam 2000, during three cruises onboard the R/V Melville in the spring of 1993. Nearly complete swath mapping coverage of the seamounts is available for the analysis of size and shape distribution. We quantitatively describe the seamount population of this active region, in which seamounts cover ???27% of the seafloor, and account for ???4.2% of the total crustal volume. Over 50% of the total volume (61,000 km3) of seamounts used in this study is made up by the 14 largest seamounts, and the remaining volume is made up by the 369 smaller seamounts (>200 m in height). Our analysis indicates there are at least two seamount populations in the Easter Island-Salas y Gomez Island (25??-29??S, 113??-104??W) study area. One population of seamounts is composed of short seamounts (<1200 m in height) with variable flatness from pointy cones to flattened domes (flatness from 0.01 to 0.57) and predominantly steep flanks (slopes from 5?? to 32??). A second population is of massive (>1200 m), shield-like, pointy cones (flatness < 0.2) and gentle slopes (from 5?? to 15??). An exponential maximum likelihood distribution is fit to the binned raw frequency of height and gives a characteristic height of the seamount population of 308??12m and an expected number of seamounts per 1000 km2 of 2.7??0.15. Many seamounts that have different slope and flatness relationships with height are formed next to each other. We speculate that the larger volcanoes (>???1200 m) originate exclusively from a hotspot source, but only a portion of the smaller volcanoes (Most of the sediment components that accumulated in Elk Lake, northwestern Minnesota, during the Holocene are autochthonous or biogenic, delivered to the sediment-water interface on a seasonal schedule, preserved in distinct annual laminae (varves). The main allochthonous component is detrital clastic material, as measured by bulk-sediment concentrations of aluminum, sodium, potassium, titanium, and quartz, that enters the lake mostly as eolian dust. The eolian clastic influx to Elk Lake was considerably greater during the mid-Holocene (8–4 ka) than it has been for the past 4000 yr, when periods of increased eolian activity correspond to the time of the Little Ice age and the dust bowl. Geochemical records of eolian activity exhibit distinct cyclicities with dominant periodicities of 400 and 84 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0331:RTACOH>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., 1997, Rates, timing, and cyclicity of Holocene eolian activity in north-central United States: Evidence from varved lake sediments: Geology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 331-334, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0331:RTACOH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"334","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502527,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/300","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a954ce4b0c8380cd81921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019421,"text":"70019421 - 1997 - Rapid and widespread dispersal of flood sediment on the northern California margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T12:09:05.176285","indexId":"70019421","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid and widespread dispersal of flood sediment on the northern California margin","docAbstract":"The dispersal of flood sediment from small river systems is a poorly studied, yet potentially important aspect of active continental-margin sedimentation. In January 1995, during a flood with a 30 yr return period, the Eel River (northern California) delivered an estimated 25 ± 3 × 106 t (metric tons) of fine-grained (<62 µm) sediment to the ocean. The flood formed a distinct layer on the sea bed that was centered on the 70 m isobath, extended for 30 km along shelf and 8 km across shelf, and was as thick as 8.5 cm, but contained only 6 × 106 t of sediment. Thus, 75% of the flood-derived sediment did not form a recognizable deposit, but was instead rapidly and widely dispersed over the continental margin. Stratigraphic models of, and compilations of sediment flux to, active continental margins need to take the dispersive nature of small river systems into account.
We captured 575 Xantus' Murrelets (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) with spotlights and dip nets at 3 islands in the Southern California Channel Islands during April and May of 1995-1997. Working at night (2100-0500 h), 3-person teams in inflatable boats located murrelets with a spotlight and captured them in dip nets from the waters near known breeding colonies at Santa Barbara, Anacapa, and San Clemente Islands. Our average capture rate was 4.7 murrelets hr-1, but we captured up to 12.3 murrelets hr-1. We recaptured 34 murrelets or 6% of the capture total. We recommend this simple, inexpensive, safe and effective night-lighting capture technique for Xantus' Murrelets and other seabirds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521603","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Whitworth, D.L., Takekawa, J.Y., Carter, H., and McIver, W., 1997, A night-lighting technique for at-sea capture of Xantus' Murrelets: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 3, p. 525-531, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521603.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4bce4b0c8380cd468b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitworth, Darrell L.","contributorId":87338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"Darrell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Harry R.","contributorId":79546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Harry R.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McIver, W.R.","contributorId":21907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIver","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019278,"text":"70019278 - 1997 - Crustal structure, evolution, and volcanic unrest of the Alban Hills, Central Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T01:33:04.972207","indexId":"70019278","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure, evolution, and volcanic unrest of the Alban Hills, Central Italy","docAbstract":"The Alban Hills, a Quaternary volcanic center lying west of the central Apennines, 15-25 km southeast of Rome, last erupted 19ka and has produced approximately 290 km3 of eruptive deposits since the inception of volcanism at 580 ka. Earthquakes of moderate intensity have been generated there at least since the Roman age. Modern observations show that intermittent periods of swarm activity originate primarily beneath the youngest features, the phreatomagmatic craters on the west side of the volcano. Results from seismic tomography allow identification of a low-velocity region, perhaps still hot or partially molten, more than 6 km beneath the youngest craters and a high-velocity region, probably a solidified magma body, beneath the older central volcanic construct. Thirty centimeters of uplift measured by releveling supports the contention that high levels of seismicity during the 1980s and 1990s resulted from accumulation of magma beneath these craters. The volume of magma accumulation and the amount of maximum uplift was probably at least 40 ?? 106 m3 and 40 cm, respectively. Comparison of newer levelings with those completed in 1891 and 1927 suggests earlier episodes of uplift. The magma chamber beneath the western Alban Hills is probably responsible for much of the past 200 ka of eruptive activity, is still receiving intermittent batches of magma, and is, therefore, continuing to generate modest levels of volcanic unrest. Bending of overburden is the most likely cause of the persistent earthquakes, which generally have hypocenters above the 6-km-deep top of the magma reservoir. In this view, the most recent uplift and seismicity are probably characteristic and not precursors of more intense activity.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050183","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Chiarabba, C., Amato, A., and Delaney, P., 1997, Crustal structure, evolution, and volcanic unrest of the Alban Hills, Central Italy: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 59, no. 3, p. 161-170, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050183.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Alban Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 10.934552886213424,\n 42.747277394557614\n ],\n [\n 10.934552886213424,\n 40.91378550510643\n ],\n [\n 15.526838042462913,\n 40.91378550510643\n ],\n [\n 15.526838042462913,\n 42.747277394557614\n ],\n [\n 10.934552886213424,\n 42.747277394557614\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf0e4b0c8380cd4e526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiarabba, C.","contributorId":39994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiarabba","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amato, A.","contributorId":40084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amato","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019276,"text":"70019276 - 1997 - Eustatic and tectonic control of deposition of the lower and middle Pennsylvanian strata of the Central Appalachian Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T09:14:51","indexId":"70019276","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eustatic and tectonic control of deposition of the lower and middle Pennsylvanian strata of the Central Appalachian Basin","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic analysis of Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian rocks of part of the Central Appalachian Basin reveals two orders of cycles and one overall trend in the vertical sequence of coal-bearing rocks. The smallest order cycle, the coal-clastic cycle, begins at the top of a major-resource coal bed and is composed of a vertical sequence of shale, siltstone, sandstone, seat rock, and overlying coal, which, in turn, is overlain by the next coal-clastic sequence. The average duration of the coal-clastic cycle has been calculated to be about 0.4 m.y. The major marine-transgression cycle is composed of five to seven coal-clastic cycles and is distinguished by the occurrence of widespread, relatively thick (generally thicker than 5 m) marine strata at its base. The duration of this cycle has been calculated to be about 2.5 m.y. The Breathitt coarsening-upward trend describes the general upward coarsening of the Middle Pennsylvanian part of the Breathitt Group. The Breathitt Group includes eight major marine-transgression cycles, and was deposited during a period of approximately 20 m.y. The average duration of coal-clastic cycles is of the same order of magnitude (105 year) as the Milankovitch orbital-eccentricity cycles, and matches the 0.4 m.y. second-order eccentricity cycle (Long Earth-Eccentricity cycle). These orbital periodicities are thought to modulate glacial stages and glacio-eustatic levels. The calculated periodicities of the coal-clastic cycles can be used as evidence for glacio-eustatic control of the coal-bearing rocks of the Appalachian Basin. The 2.5-m.y. periodicity of the major marine-transgression cycle does not match any known orbital or tectonic cycle; the cause of this cycle is unknown, but it might represent episodic thrusting in the orogen, propagation of intraplate stresses, or an unidentified orbital cycle. The Breathitt coarsening-upward trend is interpreted to represent the increasing intensity and proximity of the Alleghenian Orogeny. Previously, tectonic subsidence of the basin was considered to be the dominant control on deposition of the coal-bearing rocks of the basin. However, new calculations show that eustatic rates are more significant than averaged subsidence rates for the Pennsylvanian Appalachian Basin. Accordingly, sea-level changes are considered to be a dominant control on coastal sedimentation during the Pennsylvanian. However, tectonic subsidence created the accommodation space for preservation of various orders of cyclic sedimentation; the preserved order of cycles was dependent upon the rate of subsidence from basin margin to axis.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Chesnut, D., 1997, Eustatic and tectonic control of deposition of the lower and middle Pennsylvanian strata of the Central Appalachian Basin: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, no. 157 PART 2, p. 39-41.","startPage":"39","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"157 PART 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bcfe4b0c8380cd528b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chesnut, D.R. Jr.","contributorId":100548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesnut","given":"D.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019275,"text":"70019275 - 1997 - Grain-size-induced weakening of H2O ices I and II and associated anisotropic recrystallization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T16:56:47.524184","indexId":"70019275","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Grain-size-induced weakening of H2O ices I and II and associated anisotropic recrystallization","title":"Grain-size-induced weakening of H2O ices I and II and associated anisotropic recrystallization","docAbstract":"Grain-size-dependent flow mechanisms tend to be favored over dislocation creep at low differential stresses and can potentially influence the rheology of low-stress, low-strain rate environments such as those of planetary interiors. We experimentally investigated the effect of reduced grain size on the solid-state flow of water ice I, a principal component of the asthenospheres of many icy moons of the outer solar system, using techniques new to studies of this deformation regime. We fabricated fully dense ice samples of approximate grain size 2±1 μm by transforming “standard” ice I samples of 250±50 μm grain size to the higher-pressure phase ice II, deforming them in the ice II field, and then rapidly releasing the pressure deep into the ice I stability field. At T≤200 K, slow growth and rapid nucleation of ice I combine to produce a fine grain size. Constant-strain rate deformation tests conducted on these samples show that deformation rates are less stress sensitive than for standard ice and that the fine-grained material is markedly weaker than standard ice, particularly during the transient approach to steady state deformation. Scanning electron microscope examination of the deformed fine-grained ice samples revealed an unusual microstructure dominated by platelike grains that grew normal to the compression direction, with c axes preferentially oriented parallel to compression. In samples tested at T≥220 K the elongation of the grains is so pronounced that the samples appear finely banded, with aspect ratios of grains approaching 50:1. The anisotropic growth of these crystallographically oriented neoblasts likely contributes to progressive work hardening observed during the transient stage of deformation. We have also documented remarkably similar microstructural development and weak mechanical behavior in fine-grained ice samples partially transformed and deformed in the ice II field.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03894","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stern, L., Durham, W., and Kirby, S.H., 1997, Grain-size-induced weakening of H2O ices I and II and associated anisotropic recrystallization: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B3, p. 5313-5325, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03894.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5313","endPage":"5325","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226286,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29c0e4b0c8380cd5abe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}