The Commerce geophysical lineament is a northeast-trending magnetic and gravity feature that extends from central Arkansas to southern Illinois over a distance of ≈400 km. It is parallel to the trend of the Reelfoot graben, but offset ≈40 km to the northwest of the western margin of the rift floor. Modeling indicates that the source of the aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies is probably a mafic dike swarm. The age of the source of the Commerce geophysical lineament is not known, but the linearity and trend of the anomalies suggest a relationship with the Reelfoot rift, which has undergone episodic igneous activity. The Commerce geophysical lineament coincides with several topographic lineaments, movement on associated faults at least as young as Quaternary, and intrusions of various ages. Several earthquakes (Mb > 3) coincide with the Commerce geophysical lineament, but the diversity of associated focal mechanisms and the variety of surface structural features along the length of the Commerce geophysical lineament obscure its relation to the release of present-day strain. With the available seismicity data, it is difficult to attribute individual earthquakes to a specific structural lineament such as the Commerce geophysical lineament. However, the close correspondence between Quaternary faulting and present-day seismicity along the Commerce geophysical lineament is intriguing and warrants further study.
The possibility of a contaminant being accidentally or intentionally spilled in a river is a constant concern to those using the water. Methods are developed to estimate: (1) the velocity of a contaminant in a river; (2) the rate of attenuation of the peak concentration of a conservative contaminant; and (3) the time required for a contaminant plume to pass a point. The methods are based on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in almost a hundred different rivers representing a wide range of sizes, slopes, and geomorphic types. Although the accuracy of the predictions can be greatly increased by performing time-of-travel studies, the emphasis of this paper is on providing methods for making estimates where few data are available. It is shown that the unit-peak concentration is well correlated with travel time and that the travel time of the leading edge averages 89% of the travel time of the peak concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H., 1997, Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, no. 11, p. 971-978, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"971","endPage":"978","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81dce4b0c8380cd7b795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019466,"text":"70019466 - 1997 - Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T13:35:19","indexId":"70019466","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Three-dimensional seismic P-wave traveltime tomography is used to image the magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii. High-velocity bodies (>6.4 km/s) in the upper 9 km of the crust beneath the summits and rift zones of the volcanoes correlate with zones of high magnetic intensities and are interpreted as solidified gabbro-ultramafic cumulates from which the surface volcanism is derived. The proximity of these high-velocity features to the rift zones is consistent with a ridge-spreading model of the volcanic flank. Southeast of the Hilina fault zone, along the south flank of Kilauea, low-velocity material (<6.0 km/s) is observed extending to depths of 9–11 km, indicating that the Hilina fault may extend possibly as deep as the basal decollement. Along the southeast flank of Mauna Loa, a similar low-velocity zone associated with the Kaoiki fault zone is observed extending to depths of 6–8 km. These two upper crustal low-velocity zones suggest common stages in the evolution of the Hawaiian shield volcanoes in which these fault systems are formed as a result of upper crustal deformation in response to magma injection within the volcanic edifice.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA Publications","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Okubo, P.G., Benz, H.M., and Chouet, B.A., 1997, Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii: Geology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 867-870, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"867","endPage":"870","ipdsId":"IP-010041","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3889e4b0c8380cd615e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okubo, Paul G. 0000-0002-0381-6051 pokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":2730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Paul","email":"pokubo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019795,"text":"70019795 - 1997 - Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019795","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin","docAbstract":"Paleovalleys incised into the Triassic Spearfish Formation (Chugwater equivalent) are filled with a vertical sequence of eolian, estuarine, and marine sandstones of the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian age) Canyon Springs Sandstone Member of the Sundance Formation. An outcrop exemplifying this is located at Red Canyon in the southern Black Hills, Fall River County, South Dakota. These paleovalleys locally have more than 300 ft of relief and are as much as several miles wide. Because they slope in a westerly direction, and Jurassic seas transgressed into the area from the west there was greater marine-influence and more stratigraphic complexity in the subsurface, to the west, as compared to the Black Hills outcrops. In the subsurface two distinctive reservoir sandstone beds within the Canyon Springs Sandstone Member fill the paleovalleys. These are the eolian lower Canyon Springs unit (LCS) and the estuarine upper Canyon Springs unit (UCS), separated by the marine \"Limestone Marker\" and estuarine \"Brown Shale\". The LCS and UCS contain significant proven hydrocarbon reservoirs in Wyoming (about 500 MMBO in-place in 9 fields, 188 MMBO produced through 1993) and are prospective in western South Dakota, western Nebraska and northern Colorado. Also prospective is the Callovian-age Hulett Sandstone Member which consists of multiple prograding shoreface to foreshore parasequences, as interpreted from the Red Canyon locality. Petrographic, outcrop and subsurface studies demonstrate the viability of both the Canyon Springs Sandstone and Hulett Sandstone members as superior hydrocarbon reservoirs in both stratigraphic and structural traps. Examples of fields with hydrocarbon production from the Canyon Springs in paleovalleys include Lance Creek field (56 MMBO produced) and the more recently discovered Red Bird field (300 MBO produced), both in Niobrara County, Wyoming. At Red Bird field the primary exploration target was the Pennsylvanian \"Leo sands\" of the Minnelusa Formation, and production from the Canyon Springs was not anticipated. Canyon Springs reservoirs are easily bypassed because they are relatively unconsolidated, underpressured, low-resistivity, and difficult to evaluate from petrophysics, drill-stem tests, or well cuttings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T., and Fox, J.E., 1997, Middle Jurassic incised valley fill (eolian/estuarine) and nearshore marine petroleum reservoirs, Powder River Basin: Mountain Geologist, v. 34, no. 3, p. 97-115.","startPage":"97","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56d5e4b0c8380cd6d86a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fox, J. E.","contributorId":79080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"J.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019579,"text":"70019579 - 1997 - Lignin phenols in sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Application to paleoenvironmental studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T13:58:16","indexId":"70019579","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Lignin phenols in sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Application to paleoenvironmental studies","docAbstract":"Sediments from three cores obtained from distinct depositional environments in Lake Baikal, Siberia were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and lignin phenol concentration and composition. Results were used to examine changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during climatic cycles of the late Quaternary (< 125 ka). Average organic carbon, and total nitrogen concentrations, atomic C/N ratios and organic carbon accumulation rates were significantly higher in the Holocene compared with the late Pleistocene, reflecting overall warmer temperatures and increased runoff during the Holocene. A Holocene maximum in organic carbon was observed at about 6 ka, and may represent the warmest wettest period of the Holocene. At one site (Academician Ridge) pronounced late Pleistocene maxima in organic carbon and biogenic silica were observed at about 80-85 ka, probably indicative of an interstadial period with enhanced aquatic productivity. Total sedimentary lignin phenol contents were generally lower in the late Pleistocene compared to the Holocene, but with several peaks in concentration during the late Pleistocene. These late Pleistocene peaks in total sedimentary lignin content (dated at about 80, 50 and 30 ka) directly precede or occur during peaks in sedimentary biogenic silica contents. These periods likely represent relatively warm interstadial times, with increased precipitation producing the observed increase in terrestrial runoff and aquatic productivity. Lignin phenol ratios (S/V, C/V and P/V) were used to examine changes in terrestrial vegetation type resulting from changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during the late Pleistocene. A degree of caution must be used in the interpretation of these ratios with regard to vegetation sources and paleoenvironmental conditions, because of potential compositional changes in lignin resulting from biodegradation. Nevertheless, results show that long glacial periods were characterized by terrestrial vegetation composed of a mix of non-woody angiosperm vegetation and minor gymnosperm forest. Shorter interstadial periods are defined by a change to dominant gymnosperm forest and were observed at about 80, 75, 63, 50 and 30 ka, ranging from about 2-6 kyr in duration. These interstadial periods of the late Pleistocene defined by lignin phenol ratios generally occur during longer periods of enhanced sedimentary biogenic silica content (about 10-15 ka in duration), providing corroborative evidence of these warm interstadial periods.Sediments obtained in Lake Baikal were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and lignin phenol composition and used to study changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during climatic cycles of the late Quaternary. The organic carbon, total nitrogen concentrations, atomic C/N ratios and organic carbon accumulation rates were higher in the Holocene showing overall warmer temperatures and increased runoff. Total lignin phenol contents were lower in the Pleistocene representing relatively warm interstadial times with increased precipitation, runoff and aquatic productivity. Lignin phenol was used to examine vegetation changes due to paleoenvironmental conditions and showed that long glacial periods were characterized by terrestrial vegetation.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 V.M. Goldschmidt Conference on Organic Geochemistry of Paleoclimatic Markers: Production, Preservation and Modeling","conferenceDate":"25 May 1995 through 25 May 1995","conferenceLocation":"University Park, PA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00079-X","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Orem, W., Colman, S.M., and Lerch, H., 1997, Lignin phenols in sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Application to paleoenvironmental studies, in Organic Geochemistry, v. 27, no. 3-4, University Park, PA, USA, 25 May 1995 through 25 May 1995, p. 153-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00079-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","state":"Siberia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 109.720458984375,\n 55.85681658243853\n ],\n [\n 109.2041015625,\n 55.28537238249355\n ],\n [\n 108.69873046875,\n 54.6992335284814\n ],\n [\n 108.094482421875,\n 53.891391285752874\n ],\n [\n 107.3583984375,\n 53.38332836757156\n ],\n [\n 106.74316406249999,\n 53.06102475986279\n ],\n [\n 107.347412109375,\n 53.199451902831555\n ],\n [\n 107.808837890625,\n 53.38988075156031\n ],\n [\n 107.6220703125,\n 53.186287573913305\n ],\n [\n 106.89697265625,\n 52.95525697845468\n ],\n [\n 105.919189453125,\n 52.482780222078226\n ],\n [\n 105.3369140625,\n 51.9781134854881\n ],\n [\n 103.765869140625,\n 51.73383267274113\n ],\n [\n 103.89770507812499,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n 104.67773437499999,\n 51.50190410761811\n ],\n [\n 106.051025390625,\n 51.81540697949439\n ],\n [\n 106.32568359375,\n 52.16045455774706\n ],\n [\n 106.292724609375,\n 52.308478623663355\n ],\n [\n 106.54541015625,\n 52.415822612378776\n ],\n [\n 106.776123046875,\n 52.328625488430184\n ],\n [\n 106.9189453125,\n 52.482780222078226\n ],\n [\n 107.64404296875,\n 52.769539220673074\n ],\n [\n 108.12744140625,\n 52.91552722044141\n ],\n [\n 108.358154296875,\n 53.126998061776156\n ],\n [\n 108.69873046875,\n 53.31774904749089\n ],\n [\n 108.97338867187499,\n 53.461890432859114\n ],\n [\n 108.91845703124999,\n 53.57293832648609\n ],\n [\n 108.56689453125,\n 53.474969999548556\n ],\n [\n 108.8525390625,\n 53.85252660044951\n ],\n [\n 109.05029296875,\n 53.96254944195083\n ],\n [\n 109.10522460937499,\n 53.585983654559826\n ],\n [\n 109.368896484375,\n 53.98839506479995\n ],\n [\n 109.53369140625,\n 54.25238930276849\n ],\n [\n 109.94018554687499,\n 55.49752723542657\n ],\n [\n 109.918212890625,\n 55.7765730186677\n ],\n [\n 109.720458984375,\n 55.85681658243853\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4779e4b0c8380cd67887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lerch, H.E.","contributorId":100371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019582,"text":"70019582 - 1997 - Potential error with in situ surveys of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, as determined by radio-telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019582","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential error with in situ surveys of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, as determined by radio-telemetry","docAbstract":"In situ surveys using scuba are important tools in the management of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in boreal, clear lakes of North America. Population estimates that are derived from such surveys may be erroneous if the size composition of the fish observed by divers differs from that of the entire population. Forty-four adult smallmouth bass of three size classes were radio-tagged and tracked during the summer of 1993 (mid June to early September) in Green Lake, Maine, USA, to investigate possible size-related error from observations by divers being towed along the lake shore. Our results indicate that scuba divers may fail to count a significant portion of large smallmouth bass during late summer (mid July to early September), compared to small- or medium-sized fish. The results suggest that scuba surveys should be conducted during early summer (mid June to mid July) to derive more accurate population estimates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00047-7","issn":"01657836","usgsCitation":"Cole, M., and Moring, J., 1997, Potential error with in situ surveys of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, as determined by radio-telemetry: Fisheries Research, v. 31, no. 3, p. 269-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00047-7.","startPage":"269","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206057,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00047-7"},{"id":228125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ef9e4b0c8380cd7a851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, M.B.","contributorId":36500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moring, J.R.","contributorId":29587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019783,"text":"70019783 - 1997 - Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-28T10:26:24","indexId":"70019783","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens","docAbstract":"Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were injected intraperitoneally with a bacterin containing killed Renibacterium salmoninarum cells delivered alone or in an oil-based adjuvant. We evaluated the relative abilities of the batterins to prevent the initiation or progression of infection in fish challenged by waterborne exposure to R. salmoninarum. Sixty-one days after vaccination, fish were held for 24 h in water containing either no bacteria or approximately 1.7 x 103, 1.7 x 105, or 5.3 x 106 live R. salmoninarum cells/mL. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor changes in the levels of R. salmoninarum antigen in live fish before and after the immersion challenges. High levels of R. salmoninarum antigens were detected by ELISA in kidney-spleen tissue homogenates from vaccinated fish immediately before the challenges. Levels of those antigens remained high in the tissues of unchallenged fish throughout the study. We found that the ELISA used in this study may be unsuitable for evaluating the efficacy of batterins because it did not distinguish antigens produced by the challenge bacteria during an infection from those of the bacterins. Groups of control and vaccinated fish also were injected with either 1.7 x 104 or 1.7 x 106 R. salmoninarum cells and served as R. salmoninarum virulence controls. Relative survival among the various subgroups in the injection challenge suggests that adverse effects might have been associated with the adjuvant used in this study. The lowest survival at both injection challenge levels was among fish vaccinated with bacteria in adjuvant.","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0099:EBELIA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Pascho, R., Goodrich, T., and McKibben, C., 1997, Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 9, no. 2, p. 99-107, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0099:EBELIA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c0ae4b0c8380cd529e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodrich, T.D.","contributorId":41166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodrich","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKibben, C.L.","contributorId":51483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKibben","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020042,"text":"70020042 - 1997 - Impact of an extreme event on the sediment budget: Hurricane Andrew in the Louisiana barrier islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:24:15","indexId":"70020042","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Impact of an extreme event on the sediment budget: Hurricane Andrew in the Louisiana barrier islands","docAbstract":"This paper examines the influence of Hurricane Andrew on the sediment budget of an 80-kilometer section of the Louisiana barrier islands west of the modern Mississippi delta. Because long-term bathymetric change has been extensively studied in this area, excellent baseline data are available for evaluating the impact of Hurricane Andrew. Results show that despite the high intensity of the storm and a storm track optimally positioned to impact the study area, the storm did not have an overwhelming influence on the sediment budget when compared to the changes occurring over the previous 50 years. For the Louisiana barrier islands, a 50-year record appears to be adequate for averaging the long-term contributions of both major and minor storm events to the sediment budget.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Part 1 (of 4)","conferenceDate":"2 September 1996 through 6 September 1996","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"08938717","usgsCitation":"List, J., Hansen, M., Sallenger, and Jaffe, B.E., 1997, Impact of an extreme event on the sediment budget: Hurricane Andrew in the Louisiana barrier islands, in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference, v. 3, Orlando, FL, USA, 2 September 1996 through 6 September 1996, p. 2756-2769.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2756","endPage":"2769","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.38427734374999,\n 28.815799886487298\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 28.815799886487298\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -91.38427734374999,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -91.38427734374999,\n 28.815799886487298\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38b3e4b0c8380cd6166c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Edge, B.L","contributorId":111972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edge","given":"B.L","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508688,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"List, Jeffrey H. jlist@usgs.gov","contributorId":2416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"Jeffrey H.","email":"jlist@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":384807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, Mark E.","contributorId":49943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Mark E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, Jr.","contributorId":105768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019583,"text":"70019583 - 1997 - Slope instability caused by small variations in hydraulic conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:48:49.418446","indexId":"70019583","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slope instability caused by small variations in hydraulic conductivity","docAbstract":"Variations in hydraulic conductivity can greatly modify hillslope ground-water flow fields, effective-stress fields, and slope stability. In materials with uniform texture, hydraulic conductivities can vary over one to two orders of magnitude, yet small variations can be difficult to determine. The destabilizing effects caused by small (one order of magnitude or less) hydraulic conductivity variations using ground-water flow modeling, finite-element deformation analysis, and limit-equilibrium analysis are examined here. Low hydraulic conductivity materials that impede downslope ground-water flow can create unstable areas with locally elevated pore-water pressures. The destabilizing effects of small hydraulic heterogeneities can be as great as those induced by typical variations in the frictional strength (approximately 4°–8°) of texturally similar materials. Common “worst-case” assumptions about ground-water flow, such as a completely saturated “hydrostatic” pore-pressure distribution, do not account for locally elevated pore-water pressures and may not provide a conservative slope stability analysis. In site characterization, special attention should be paid to any materials that might impede downslope ground-water flow and create unstable regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(717)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., 1997, Slope instability caused by small variations in hydraulic conductivity: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 123, no. 8, p. 717-725, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(717).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"725","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9160e4b08c986b319886","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019779,"text":"70019779 - 1997 - The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:04:56","indexId":"70019779","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments","docAbstract":"We report SHRIMP U-Pb ages of 49 zircons from a sand sample from the lower Orinoco River, Venezuela, and Nd model ages of the fine sediment load from the main river and tributaries. The U-Pb ages reflect individual magmatic or metamorphic events, the Sm-Nd model ages reflect average crustal-residence ages of the sediment sources. Together they allow delineation of the crust-formation history of the basement precursors of the sediments. The U-Pb ages range from 2.83 to 0.15 Ga, and most are concordant or nearly so. Discrete age groupings occur at ??? 2.8, ??? 2.1, and ??? 1.1 Ga. The oldest group contains only three samples but is isolated from its closest neighbors by a ??? 600 Ma age gap. Larger age groupings at ??? 2.1 and ??? 1.1 Ga make up about a third and a quarter of the total number of analyses, respectively. The remaining analyses scatter along concordia, and most are younger than 1.6 Ga. The ??? 2.8 and ??? 2.1 Ga ages correspond to periods of crust formation of the Imataca and Trans-Amazonian provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, and record intervals of short but intensive continental growth. These ages coincide with ??? 2.9 and ??? 2.1 Ga Nd model ages of sediments from tributaries draining the Archean and Proterozoic provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, indicating that the U-Pb ages record the geological history of the crystalline basement of the Orinoco basin. Zircons with ages corresponding to the major orogenies of the North Atlantic continents (the Superior at ??? 2.7 Ga and Hudsonian at 1.7-1.9 Ga) were not found in the Orinoco sample. The age distribution may indicate that South and North America were separated throughout their history. Nd model ages of sediments from the lower Orinoco River and Andean tributaries are ??? 1.9 Ga, broadly within the range displayed by major rivers and dusts. This age does not coincide with known thermal events in the region and reflects mixing of sources with different crust-formation ages. The igneous and metamorphic history of these sources, as recorded by the detrital zircons, is that of the Orinoco basin basement. This implies that, despite evidence of fast sedimentary recycling, global similarities in Nd crustal-residence ages, and the probability of cross-continent mixing through continental drift, the sedimentary material carried by individual rivers is mainly derived from the crystalline basement in the basin. The global semblance in Nd isotope ratios in major river sediments and atmospheric dusts results from the averaging effect of large-scale sampling of the continents, which are heterogeneous in age on smaller regional scales. A large portion of the continental crust in the Orinoco basin formed during the Trans-Amazonian orogeny at 2.0-2.1 Ga, and smaller portions formed both earlier, at ??? 2.8 Ga, and later, after 1.6 Ga. These observations, which are consistent with the relative sizes of crustal age provinces in the Orinoco basin, indicate that sediments from the lower Orinoco and Andean tributaries contain 25-35% of material added to the crust since Trans-Amazonian times. Nd model ages of these sediments underestimate the average crust-formation age of the basement of the Orinoco basin by only about 10%. If this relationship holds in other river basins, then Nd model ages of major rivers and wind blown particulates indicate that the mean age of the continental crust is ??? 1.9-2 Ga. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, S., Arndt, N., and Stallard, R., 1997, The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 139, no. 1-4, p. 271-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9.","startPage":"271","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00039-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266041,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9"},{"id":228020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacbbe4b08c986b3236da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldstein, S.L.","contributorId":40357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arndt, N.T.","contributorId":95887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019584,"text":"70019584 - 1997 - Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T17:45:44.483343","indexId":"70019584","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples","docAbstract":"Significant volumes of terrigenous organic matter can be preserved to form coals only when and where the overall increase in accommodation approximately equals the production rate of peat. Accommodation is a function of subsidence and base level. For mires, base level is very specifically the groundwater table. In paralic settings, the groundwater table is strongly controlled by sea level and the precipitation/evaporation ratio. Peat accumulates over a range of rates, but always with a definite maximum rate set by original organic productivity and space available below depositional base level (groundwater table).
Below a threshold accommodation rate (nonzero), no continuous peats accumulate, due to falling or low groundwater table, sedimentary bypass, and extensive erosion by fluvial channels. This is typical of upper highstand, lowstand fan, and basal lowstand-wedge systems tracts. Higher accommodation rates provide relatively stable conditions with rising groundwater tables. Mires initiate and thrive, quickly filling local accommodation vertically and expanding laterally, favoring accumulation of laterally continuous coals in paralic zones within both middle lowstand and middle highstand systems tracts. If the accommodation increase balances or slightly exceeds organic productivity, mires accumulate peat vertically, yielding thicker, more isolated coals most likely during of late lowstand-early transgressive and late transgressive-early highstand periods. At very large accommodation increases, mires are stressed and eventually inundated by clastics or standing water (as in middle transgressive systems tracts). These relations should be valid for mires in all settings, including alluvial, lake plain, and paralic. The tie to sea level in paralic zones depends on local subsidence, sediment supply, and groundwater regimes. These concepts are also useful for investigating the distribution of seal and reservoir facies in nonmarine settings.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/3B05C3FC-172A-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Bohacs, K., and Suter, J., 1997, Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 10, p. 1612-1639, https://doi.org/10.1306/3B05C3FC-172A-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1612","endPage":"1639","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228165,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d4ce4b08c986b31832a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohacs, K.","contributorId":14136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohacs","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suter, J.","contributorId":32697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suter","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020034,"text":"70020034 - 1997 - Estimating the social value of geologic map information: A regulatory application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70020034","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2254,"text":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the social value of geologic map information: A regulatory application","docAbstract":"People frequently regard the landscape as part of a static system. The mountains and rivers that cross the landscape, and the bedrock that supports the surface, change little during the course of a lifetime. Society can alter the geologic history of an area and, in so doing, affect the occurrence and impact of environmental hazards. For example, changes in land use can induce changes in erosion, sedimentation, and ground-water supply. As the environmental system is changed by both natural processes and human activities, the system's capacity to respond to additional stresses also changes. Information such as geologic maps describes the physical world and is critical for identifying solutions to land use and environmental issues. In this paper, a method is developed for estimating the economic value of applying geologic map information to siting a waste disposal facility. An improvement in geologic map information is shown to have a net positive value to society. Such maps enable planners to make superior land management decisions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jeem.1996.0963","issn":"00950696","usgsCitation":"Bernknopf, R., Brookshire, D., McKee, M., and Soller, D.R., 1997, Estimating the social value of geologic map information: A regulatory application: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, v. 32, no. 2, p. 204-218, https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1996.0963.","startPage":"204","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206079,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1996.0963"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b62e4b0c8380cd526cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brookshire, D.S.","contributorId":43335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brookshire","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, M.","contributorId":55554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soller, D. R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014885,"text":"1014885 - 1997 - Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in the environment: Relationship to effluent from aquaculture facilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-01T11:09:15.218048","indexId":"1014885","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in the environment: Relationship to effluent from aquaculture facilities","docAbstract":"Effluents from three fish hatcheries were monitored for the discharge and subsequent downstream distribution of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Samples of springwater and surface water, and tissues from salmonid and non-salmonid fish were assayed for IPNV. Water samples were processed to recover virus by adsorption to an electropositive, microporous filter matrix. No IPNV was detected in surface water collected above fish hatcheries or in hatchery springwater supplies. The virus could be detected for at least 19.3 km below the point of effluent discharge from hatcheries and the prevalence of IPNV infection in stream-resident fish was 2.8%.
The regional spatial correlation structure of bulk horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kb) estimated from published transmissivity data from 79 open boreholes in the fractured basalt aquifer of the eastern Snake River Plain was analyzed with geostatistical methods. The two-dimensional spatial correlation structure of ln Kb shows a pronounced 4:1 range anisotropy, with a maximum correlation range in the north-northwest–south-southeast direction of about 6 km. The maximum variogram range of ln Kb is similar to the mean length of flow groups exposed at the surface. The ln Kb range anisotropy is similar to the mean width/length ratio of late Quaternary and Holocene basalt lava flows and the orientations of the major volcanic structural features on the eastern Snake River Plain. The similarity between ln Kb correlation scales and basalt flow dimensions and between basalt flow orientations and correlation range anisotropy suggests that the spatial distribution of zones of high hydraulic conductivity may be controlled by the lateral dimensions, spatial distribution, and interconnection between highly permeable zones which are known to occur between lava flows within flow groups. If hydraulic conductivity and lithology are eventually shown to be cross correlative in this geologic setting, it may be possible to stochastically simulate hydraulic conductivity distributions, which are conditional on a knowledge of volcanic stratigraphy.