{"pageNumber":"3679","pageRowStart":"91950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185278,"records":[{"id":70019448,"text":"70019448 - 1997 - Campanian coastal plain sediments in southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois - Significance to the early geologic history of the northern Mississippi Embayment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T16:46:22.80752","indexId":"70019448","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Campanian coastal plain sediments in southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois - Significance to the early geologic history of the northern Mississippi Embayment","docAbstract":"Basal Cretaceous deposits in the northernmost part of the Mississippi Embayment in southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois have been correlated previously with the Tuscaloosa Formation of Alabama. New palynological data indicate that these clastic deposits comprise non-marine and marine sections of middle to late Campanian age. They consist of a lower non-marine deposit, the herein newly proposed Post Creek Formation, and an upper marine deposit that we correlate in part with the Coffee Sand of Tennessee. These Campanian deposits overlie a diachronous Mesozoic paleosol, Little Bear Formation, and are progressively overlain by the McNairy Sand of early to middle Maastrichtian age, the Owl Creek Formation of middle to late Maastrichtian age, and the Porters Creek Clay of late Paleocene age. Outcrops and subsurface occurrences of the Post Creek Formation are widespread around the northern margin of the Mississippi Embayment. In contrast, the Coffee Sand is more restricted in distribution, and is present in southeast Missouri only as an outlier. Extensive occurrences of the Coffee Sand are found in Tennessee and further south in the embayment. This study shows that (1) the basal Cretaceous deposits in the northern Mississippi Embayment are not equivalent to the Tuscaloosa Formation, but are entirely separate stratigraphic units, (2) the shallow Cretaceous Interior Seaway occupied the northernmost part of the present Mississippi Embayment by the late Campanian, and (3) a large part of the northern embayment may have experienced an episode of uplift and erosion during the latest Campanian or earliest Maastrichtian, prior to deposition of McNairy Sand. ?? 1997 Academic Press Limited.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/cres.1997.0080","usgsCitation":"Harrison, R., and Litwin, R.J., 1997, Campanian coastal plain sediments in southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois - Significance to the early geologic history of the northern Mississippi Embayment: Cretaceous Research, v. 18, no. 5, p. 687-696, https://doi.org/10.1006/cres.1997.0080.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"687","endPage":"696","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.99584353383595,\n 38.1683718871096\n ],\n [\n -91.54899360226537,\n 38.1683718871096\n ],\n [\n -91.54899360226537,\n 37.00666486285877\n ],\n [\n -87.99584353383595,\n 37.00666486285877\n ],\n [\n -87.99584353383595,\n 38.1683718871096\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f32fe4b0c8380cd4b64c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, R.W.","contributorId":32188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litwin, R. J.","contributorId":92284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019794,"text":"70019794 - 1997 - A hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate from playa lake sediments, Salines Lake, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019794","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate from playa lake sediments, Salines Lake, Spain","docAbstract":"Sediments of playa Lake Salines, SE, Spain, contain a carbonate mineral characterized by X-ray diffraction peaks very similar to, but systematically shifted from those of pure magnesite. Analyses (SEM, IR and Raman spectroscopy, DTA, TGA, and ICP) indicate the mineral is a hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate with the chemical formula (Mg0.92,Ca0.08)CO3??3H2O. Thermal characteristics of the mineral are similar to those of other known hydrated magnesium carbonates. X-ray and electron diffraction data suggests a monoclinic system (P21/n space group) with unit-cell parameters of a = 6.063(6), b = 10.668(5), and c = 6.014(4) A?? and ?? = 107.28??.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Queralt, I., Julia, R., Plana, F., and Bischoff, J.L., 1997, A hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate from playa lake sediments, Salines Lake, Spain: American Mineralogist, v. 82, no. 7-8, p. 812-819.","startPage":"812","endPage":"819","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e42be4b0c8380cd4646f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Queralt, I.","contributorId":69736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Queralt","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julia, R.","contributorId":34655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julia","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plana, F.","contributorId":60799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plana","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019447,"text":"70019447 - 1997 - Comagmatic granophyric granite in the Fish Canyon Tuff, Colorado: Implications for magma-chamber processes during a large ash-flow eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-17T01:08:05.805612","indexId":"70019447","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comagmatic granophyric granite in the Fish Canyon Tuff, Colorado: Implications for magma-chamber processes during a large ash-flow eruption","docAbstract":"

The 27.8 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff, a vast ash-flow sheet (∼ 5000 km3) of uniform phenocryst-rich dacite, is representative of “monotonous intermediate” eruptions from a magma chamber that lacked compositional gradients. Sparse small fragments of comagmatic granophyre in late-erupted tuff and postcaldera lava, having mineral compositions indistinguishable from phenocrysts in the tuff and precaldera lava-like rocks, record complex events in the Fish Canyon chamber just prior to eruption. Sanidine phenocrysts in the granophyre preserve zoning evidence of mingling with andesitic magma, then shattering by decompression and volatile loss accompanying early Fish Canyon eruptions before overgrowth by granophyre. The textural and chemical disequilibria indicate that the eruption resulted from batholith-scale remobilization of a shallow subvolcanic chamber, contrary to previous interpretations of magma storage and phenocryst growth in the lower crust.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0915:CGGITF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P., Dungan, M., and Bachmann, O., 1997, Comagmatic granophyric granite in the Fish Canyon Tuff, Colorado: Implications for magma-chamber processes during a large ash-flow eruption: Geology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 915-918, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0915:CGGITF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"915","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226706,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7d4e4b0c8380cd4cd0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, P.","contributorId":48326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dungan, M.","contributorId":64821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dungan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bachmann, Olivier","contributorId":101030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachmann","given":"Olivier","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019600,"text":"70019600 - 1997 - Sandstone-body and shale-body dimensions in a braided fluvial system: Salt wash sandstone member (Morrison formation), Garfield County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70019600","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sandstone-body and shale-body dimensions in a braided fluvial system: Salt wash sandstone member (Morrison formation), Garfield County, Utah","docAbstract":"Excellent three-dimensional exposures of the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Sandstone Member of the Morrison Formation in the Henry Mountains area of southern Utah allow measurement of the thickness and width of fluvial sandstone and shale bodies from extensive photomosaics. The Salt Wash Sandstone Member is composed of fluvial channel fill, abandoned channel fill, and overbank/flood-plain strata that were deposited on a broad alluvial plain of low-sinuosity, sandy, braided streams flowing northeast. A hierarchy of sandstone and shale bodies in the Salt Wash Sandstone Member includes, in ascending order, trough cross-bedding, fining-upward units/mudstone intraclast conglomerates, singlestory sandstone bodies/basal conglomerate, abandoned channel fill, multistory sandstone bodies, and overbank/flood-plain heterolithic strata. Trough cross-beds have an average width:thickness ratio (W:T) of 8.5:1 in the lower interval of the Salt Wash Sandstone Member and 10.4:1 in the upper interval. Fining-upward units are 0.5-3.0 m thick and 3-11 m wide. Single-story sandstone bodies in the upper interval are wider and thicker than their counterparts in the lower interval, based on average W:T, linear regression analysis, and cumulative relative frequency graphs. Multistory sandstone bodies are composed of two to eight stories, range up to 30 m thick and over 1500 m wide (W:T > 50:1), and are also larger in the upper interval. Heterolithic units between sandstone bodies include abandoned channel fill (W:T = 33:1) and overbank/flood-plain deposits (W:T = 70:1). Understanding W:T ratios from the component parts of an ancient, sandy, braided stream deposit can be applied in several ways to similar strata in other basins; for example, to (1) determine the width of a unit when only the thickness is known, (2) create correlation guidelines and maximum correlation lengths, (3) aid in interpreting the controls on fluvial architecture, and (4) place additional constraints on input variables to stratigraphie and fluid-flow modeling. The usefulness of these types of data demonstrates the need to develop more data sets from other depositional environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.W., and McCabea, P., 1997, Sandstone-body and shale-body dimensions in a braided fluvial system: Salt wash sandstone member (Morrison formation), Garfield County, Utah: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 8, p. 1267-1291.","startPage":"1267","endPage":"1291","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86aee4b08c986b31608a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J. W.","contributorId":54179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabea, P.J.","contributorId":55589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabea","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019793,"text":"70019793 - 1997 - U-Pb zircon date from Avalonian Cape Breton Island and geochronologic calibration of the early Ordovician","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T20:48:03.187719","indexId":"70019793","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon date from Avalonian Cape Breton Island and geochronologic calibration of the early Ordovician","docAbstract":"

A U–Pb zircon date of 483 ± 1 Ma is recorded from an uppermost Tremadoc K-bentonite from the Chesley Drive Group on McLeod Brook, eastern Cape Breton Island. The associated fauna, with the trilobite Peltocare rotundifrons, is also known from the Reversing Falls section in Saint John, New Brunswick, and the traditional reference of the latter section to the Arenig is incorrect. A 483 ± 1 Ma age is significantly older than a U – Pb zircon age reported from the classical base of the Arenig Series in north Wales and about 10 Ma older than strata regarded herein as upper Arenig in central Newfoundland. If the global standard for the base of the Arenig is defined at the Tetragraptus approximatus Zone base, then the base of the type Arenig in Wales is younger than the latter horizon. The McLeod Brook occurrence is from an uppermost Tremadoc (Hunnebergian Stage) interval that has been removed below the unconformity in north Wales. The age of the Tremadoc –Arenig series boundary remains uncertain; however, a tentative estimate that it is significantly younger than 483 Ma is suggested by fossil evidence.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e17-059","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Landing, E., Bowring, S., Fortey, R., and Davidek, K., 1997, U-Pb zircon date from Avalonian Cape Breton Island and geochronologic calibration of the early Ordovician: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, no. 5, p. 724-730, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-059.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"724","endPage":"730","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Nova Scotia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Bourinot Belt, Cape Breton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -60.807290916100186,\n 45.97450730476584\n ],\n [\n -60.81056064824972,\n 45.956325176282036\n ],\n [\n -60.82690930899582,\n 45.9153935674654\n ],\n [\n -60.7615146660098,\n 45.9153935674654\n ],\n [\n -60.70265948732208,\n 45.83343970926023\n ],\n [\n -60.77786332675673,\n 45.79241745723209\n ],\n [\n -60.77132386245765,\n 45.72169718990881\n ],\n [\n -60.88576448768357,\n 45.6486016092131\n ],\n [\n -60.86614609478791,\n 45.591429229409215\n ],\n [\n -60.77459359460717,\n 45.591429229409215\n ],\n [\n -60.7451660052629,\n 45.55709781829083\n ],\n [\n -60.656883237231725,\n 45.55709781829083\n ],\n [\n -60.64707404078389,\n 45.58685292055148\n ],\n [\n -60.55552154060315,\n 45.61201800202491\n ],\n [\n -60.42146252248155,\n 45.623452944346354\n ],\n [\n -60.35606787949553,\n 45.65088729182682\n ],\n [\n -60.30048243295734,\n 45.685161338271655\n ],\n [\n -60.25143645071822,\n 45.685161338271655\n ],\n [\n -60.199120736328766,\n 45.73995616192707\n ],\n [\n -60.16969314698531,\n 45.7741756460251\n ],\n [\n -60.107568236148026,\n 45.7741756460251\n ],\n [\n -60.04544332531154,\n 45.812932360288215\n ],\n [\n -60.12718662904447,\n 45.86760183778168\n ],\n [\n -60.032364396714186,\n 45.85166212232619\n ],\n [\n -59.921193503637795,\n 45.8926407298454\n ],\n [\n -59.774055556918825,\n 45.95405199061753\n ],\n [\n -59.81329234271092,\n 46.02220699960617\n ],\n [\n -59.91792377148825,\n 46.01993651796997\n ],\n [\n -60.03890386101247,\n 46.03128799376779\n ],\n [\n -60.2252785935235,\n 46.19449080823807\n ],\n [\n -60.19585100417923,\n 46.25782805988152\n ],\n [\n -60.241627254269616,\n 46.291728670396736\n ],\n [\n -60.30375216510686,\n 46.35044005206112\n ],\n [\n -60.43454145107893,\n 46.201280437851864\n ],\n [\n -60.4508901118258,\n 46.16053007574166\n ],\n [\n -60.49339662976665,\n 46.151470338040696\n ],\n [\n -60.522824219110106,\n 46.10841621452121\n ],\n [\n -60.70919895162115,\n 46.03128799376779\n ],\n [\n -60.807290916100186,\n 45.97450730476584\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d3e4b08c986b327e30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landing, E.","contributorId":53964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landing","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowring, S. A.","contributorId":55164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowring","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fortey, R.A.","contributorId":99321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortey","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davidek, K.L.","contributorId":17388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidek","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019603,"text":"70019603 - 1997 - Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T13:58:38.369193","indexId":"70019603","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis","docAbstract":"

Seismic reflection data show that the densely populated Puget Lowland of western Washington state is underlain by subhorizontal Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks deformed by west and northwest trending faults and folds. From south to north beneath the Lowland, features seen on the seismic data include: the horizontally-stratified, 3.5 km thick Tacoma sedimentary basin; the Seattle uplift with south dipping (∼20°) strata on its south flank and steeply (50° to 90°) north dipping strata and the west-trending Seattle fault on its north flank; the 7.5 km thick, northward-thinning Seattle sedimentary basin; the antiformal Kingston arch; and the northwest trending, transpressional Southern Whidbey Island fault zone (SWIF). Interpreting the uplifts as fault-bend and fault-propagation folds leads to the hypothesis that the Puget Lowland lies on a north directed thrust sheet. The base of the thrust sheet may lie at 14 to 20 km depth within or at the base of a thick block of basaltic Crescent Formation; its edges may be right-lateral strike-slip faults along the base of the Cascade Range on the east and the Olympic Mountains on the west. Our model suggests that the Seattle fault has a long-term slip rate of about 0.25 mm/year and is large enough to generate a M7.6 to 7.7 earthquake.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01830","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Johnson, S., Potter, C., Stephenson, W., and Finn, C.A., 1997, Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. 12, p. 27469-27489, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01830.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"27469","endPage":"27489","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01830","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.84781116719083,\n 47.049693329536154\n ],\n [\n -122.90931142816876,\n 47.06715055915913\n ],\n [\n -122.4736840822838,\n 47.070641309975855\n ],\n [\n -122.4890591650796,\n 47.24836650386561\n ],\n [\n -122.31480822672559,\n 47.304000933946384\n ],\n [\n -122.1251822055755,\n 47.44976305755432\n ],\n [\n -122.05343181919429,\n 47.640032865783496\n ],\n [\n -122.17643248156187,\n 47.81928935027662\n ],\n [\n -122.09955706758228,\n 48.04934515630055\n ],\n [\n -122.23793281274567,\n 48.117820205388455\n ],\n [\n -122.31480822672559,\n 48.30224764776912\n ],\n [\n -122.43780888909318,\n 48.42823125030364\n ],\n [\n -122.26868297833758,\n 48.492804453068544\n ],\n [\n -122.26868297833758,\n 48.74351742913896\n ],\n [\n -122.71456044962613,\n 49.006435257715\n ],\n [\n -123.32956376146412,\n 49.00307325804769\n ],\n [\n -123.84206652132899,\n 48.972805046528606\n ],\n [\n -123.79081624534261,\n 48.932418827094494\n ],\n [\n -123.64219044498181,\n 48.86503579993828\n ],\n [\n -123.46281447902882,\n 48.62509211277495\n ],\n [\n -123.3808140374505,\n 48.49620072239327\n ],\n [\n -123.314188678668,\n 48.42823120526424\n ],\n [\n -122.95031171916392,\n 48.110976756979255\n ],\n [\n -123.01181205034771,\n 47.715947400372244\n ],\n [\n -123.1604378507085,\n 47.48094533433269\n ],\n [\n -123.2014380714978,\n 47.331796169067644\n ],\n [\n -123.18093796110331,\n 47.112512442204405\n ],\n [\n -122.97081182955841,\n 47.03223043047478\n ],\n [\n -122.84781116719083,\n 47.049693329536154\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b41e4b08c986b3176dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, S.","contributorId":70323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, C.","contributorId":58332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephenson, W.","contributorId":37910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019445,"text":"70019445 - 1997 - Lithofacies and seismic-reflection interpretation of temperate glacimarine sedimentation in Tarr Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019445","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithofacies and seismic-reflection interpretation of temperate glacimarine sedimentation in Tarr Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles of sediment fill within Tart Inlet of Glacier Bay, Alaska, show seismic facies changes with increasing distance from the glacial termini. Five types of seismic facies are recognized from analysis of Huntec and minisparker records, and seven lithofacies are determined from detailed sedimentologic study of gravity-, vibro- and box-cores, and bottom grab samples. Lithofacies and seismic facies associations, and fjord-floor morphology allow us to divide the fjord into three sedimentary environments: ice-proximal, iceberg-zone and ice-distal. The ice-proximal environment, characterized by a morainal-bank depositional system, can be subdivided into bank-back, bank-core and bank-front subenvironments, each of which is characterized by a different depositional subsystem. A bank-back subsystem shows chaotic seismic facies with a mounded surface, which we infer consists mainly of unsorted diamicton and poorly sorted coarse-grained sediments. A bank-core depositional subsystem is a mixture of diamicton, rubble, gravel, sand and mud. Seismic-reflection records of this subsystem are characterized by chaotic seismic facies with abundant hyperbolic diffractions and a hummocky surface. A bank-front depositional subsystem consists of mainly stratified and massive sand, and is characterized by internal hummocky facies on seismic-reflection records with significant surface relief and sediment gravity flow channels. The depositional system formed in the iceberg-zone environment consists of rhythmically laminated mud interbedded with thin beds of weakly stratified diamicton and stratified or massive sand and silt. On seismic-reflection profiles, this depositional system is characterized by discontinuously stratified facies with multiple channels on the surface in the proximal zone and a single channel on the largely flat sediment surface in the distal zone. The depositional system formed in the ice-distal environment consists of interbedded homogeneous or laminated mud and massive or stratified sand and coarse silt. This depositional system shows continuously stratified seismic facies with smooth and flat surfaces on minisparker records, and continuously stratified seismic facies which are interlayered with thin weakly stratified facies on Huntec records.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00088-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Cai, J., Powell, R., Cowan, E.A., and Carlson, P., 1997, Lithofacies and seismic-reflection interpretation of temperate glacimarine sedimentation in Tarr Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Marine Geology, v. 143, no. 1-4, p. 5-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00088-1.","startPage":"5","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205781,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00088-1"},{"id":226747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4835e4b0c8380cd67cc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cai, J.","contributorId":10172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cai","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowan, E. A.","contributorId":16423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019604,"text":"70019604 - 1997 - Fecundity of the American eel Anguilla rostrata at 45°N in Maine, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:51:47","indexId":"70019604","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fecundity of the American eel Anguilla rostrata at 45°N in Maine, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"

The northern portion of the geographic range of the American eel Anguilla rostrata may contribute a great proportion of the reproductive potential to this panmictic species because of apparent increases in average female size and female percentage with latitude. The regressions of fecundity on body length and on body weight of 63 female eels captured at about 45° N latitude on their spawning migration to the sea were log F= 1·2601 + 2·9642 log L and log F= 4·1646+0·9153 log W, where F is fecundity, L is total length (cm), and W is total weight (g). Length and weight each explained about 90% of the variation in fecundity. Estimates of fecundity from counts of aliquots of eggs ranged from 1·84 million to 19·92 million eggs for eels ranging in length from 45 to 113 cm, nearly the range of sizes of migrating females reported in the literature. Fecundities of the American eel were greater than reported in one study at about 37° N and greater than reported for the European eel, A. anguilla, shortfin eel, A. australis, and longfin eel, A. dieffenbachii. If a geographic cline in fecundity does exist in American eels, it is established anew each generation because the species forms a single panmictic population.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb02004.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Barbin, G., and McCleave, J., 1997, Fecundity of the American eel Anguilla rostrata at 45°N in Maine, U.S.A.: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 51, no. 4, p. 840-847, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb02004.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"840","endPage":"847","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205995,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1997.0488"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f4ee4b0c8380cd53870","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbin, G.P.","contributorId":17948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbin","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCleave, J.D.","contributorId":33669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleave","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019443,"text":"70019443 - 1997 - Strengths of serpentinite gouges at elevated temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:55:53.97223","indexId":"70019443","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strengths of serpentinite gouges at elevated temperatures","docAbstract":"

Serpentinite has been proposed as a cause of both low strength and aseismic creep of fault zones. To test these hypotheses, we have measured the strength of chrysotile-, lizardite-, and antigorite-rich serpentinite gouges under hydrothermal conditions, with emphasis on chrysotile, which has thus far received little attention. At 25°C, the coefficient of friction, μ, of chrysotile gouge is roughly 0.2, whereas the lizardite- and antigorite-rich gouges are at least twice as strong. The very low room temperature strength of chrysotile is a consequence of its unusually high adsorbed water content. When the adsorbed water is removed, chrysotile is as strong as pure antigorite gouge at room temperature. Heating to ∼200°C causes the frictional strengths of all three gouges to increase. Limited data suggest that different polytypes of a given serpentine mineral have similar strengths; thus deformation-induced changes in polytype should not affect fault strength. At 25°C, the chrysotile gouge has a transition from velocity strengthening at low velocities to velocity weakening at high velocities, consistent with previous studies. At temperatures up to ∼200°C, however, chrysotile strength is essentially independent of velocity at low velocities. Overall, chrysotile has a restricted range of velocity-strengthening behavior that migrates to higher velocities with increasing temperature. Less information on velocity dependence is available for the lizardite and antigorite gouges, but their behavior is consistent with that outlined for chrysotile. The marked changes in velocity dependence and strength of chrysotile with heating underscore the hazards of using room temperature data to predict fault behavior at depth. The velocity behavior at elevated temperatures does not rule out serpentinite as a cause of aseismic slip, but in the presence of a hydrostatic fluid pressure gradient, all varieties of serpentine are too strong to explain the apparent weakness of faults such as the San Andreas.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB00995","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., Lockner, D., Ma, S., Summers, R., and Byerlee, J., 1997, Strengths of serpentinite gouges at elevated temperatures: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B7, p. 14787-14801, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00995.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"14787","endPage":"14801","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480063,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb00995","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b49e4b08c986b31cda3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ma, S.","contributorId":59189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Summers, R.","contributorId":65483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019441,"text":"70019441 - 1997 - Molecular markers and environmental organic geochemistry: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T17:34:56.868846","indexId":"70019441","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular markers and environmental organic geochemistry: An overview","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch001","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., 1997, Molecular markers and environmental organic geochemistry: An overview: ACS Symposium Series, v. 671, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch001.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"671","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cede4b0c8380cd7003d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019416,"text":"70019416 - 1997 - Depth dependence of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions in California: Implications for rupture initiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:59:10.676406","indexId":"70019416","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depth dependence of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions in California: Implications for rupture initiation","docAbstract":"

Statistics of earthquakes in California show linear frequency-magnitude relationships in the range of M2.0 to M5.5 for various data sets. Assuming Gutenberg-Richter distributions, there is a systematic decrease in b value with increasing depth of earthquakes. We find consistent results for various data sets from northern and southern California that both include and exclude the larger aftershock sequences. We suggest that at shallow depth (∼0 to 6 km) conditions with more heterogeneous material properties and lower lithospheric stress prevail. Rupture initiations are more likely to stop before growing into large earthquakes, producing relatively more smaller earthquakes and consequently higher b values. These ideas help to explain the depth-dependent observations of foreshocks in the western United States. The higher occurrence rate of foreshocks preceding shallow earthquakes can be interpreted in terms of rupture initiations that are stopped before growing into the mainshock. At greater depth (9–15 km), any rupture initiation is more likely to continue growing into a larger event, so there are fewer foreshocks. If one assumes that frequency-magnitude statistics can be used to estimate probabilities of a small rupture initiation growing into a larger earthquake, then a small (M2) rupture initiation at 9 to 12 km depth is 18 times more likely to grow into a M5.5 or larger event, compared to the same small rupture initiation at 0 to 3 km.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01356","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mori, J., and Abercrombie, R., 1997, Depth dependence of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions in California: Implications for rupture initiation: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B7, p. 15081-15090, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01356.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"15081","endPage":"15090","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fecee4b0c8380cd4ef37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abercrombie, R.E.","contributorId":57611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abercrombie","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019415,"text":"70019415 - 1997 - Empirical Green's function analysis: Taking the next step","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T13:27:16.64549","indexId":"70019415","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Empirical Green's function analysis: Taking the next step","docAbstract":"

An extension of the empirical Green's function (EGF) method is presented that involves determination of source parameters using standard EGF deconvolution, followed by inversion for a common attenuation parameter for a set of colocated events. Recordings of three or more colocated events can thus be used to constrain a single path attenuation estimate. I apply this method to recordings from the 1995–1996 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence; I analyze four clusters consisting of 13 total events with magnitudes between 2.6 and 4.9. I first obtain corner frequencies, which are used to infer Brune stress drop estimates. I obtain stress drop values of 0.3–53 MPa (with all but one between 0.3 and 11 MPa), with no resolved increase of stress drop with moment. With the corner frequencies constrained, the inferred attenuation parameters are very consistent; they imply an average shear wave quality factor of approximately 20–25 for alluvial sediments within the Indian Wells Valley. Although the resultant spectral fitting (using corner frequency and κ) is good, the residuals are consistent among the clusters analyzed. Their spectral shape is similar to the the theoretical one-dimensional response of a layered low-velocity structure in the valley (an absolute site response cannot be determined by this method, because of an ambiguity between absolute response and source spectral amplitudes). I show that even this subtle site response can significantly bias estimates of corner frequency and κ, if it is ignored in an inversion for only source and path effects. The multiple-EGF method presented in this paper is analogous to a joint inversion for source, path, and site effects; the use of colocated sets of earthquakes appears to offer significant advantages in improving resolution of all three estimates, especially if data are from a single site or sites with similar site response.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03488","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., 1997, Empirical Green's function analysis: Taking the next step: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B3, p. 5369-5384, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03488.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"5369","endPage":"5384","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479962,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03488","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0904e4b0c8380cd51d6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019414,"text":"70019414 - 1997 - Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019414","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data","docAbstract":"The free availability of GOES satellite data every 15 minutes makes these data an attractive tool for studying short-term changes on cloud-free volcanoes in the Pacific basin. We use cloud-free GOES-9 data to investigate the chronology of the January 1997, episode 54 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Seventy-six images for this effusive eruption were collected over a 60-hour period and show the opening and shutdown of active fissures, the draining and refilling of the Pu'u 'O'o lava lake, and the cessation of activity at the ocean entry. Copyright 1997 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Harris, A., Keszthelyi, L., Flynn, L., Mouginis-Mark, P., Thornber, C., Kauahikaua, J., Sherrod, D., Trusdell, F., Sawyer, M., and Flament, P., 1997, Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 24, p. 3281-3284.","startPage":"3281","endPage":"3284","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f9e4b0c8380cd4c513","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, A.J.L.","contributorId":82878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flynn, L.P.","contributorId":59302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, P. J.","contributorId":41086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thornber, C.","contributorId":28629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sherrod, D.","contributorId":49828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trusdell, F.","contributorId":61233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sawyer, M.W.","contributorId":21420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Flament, P.","contributorId":68600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flament","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70019606,"text":"70019606 - 1997 - Statistical modeling of agricultural chemical occurrence in midwestern rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T06:49:45","indexId":"70019606","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical modeling of agricultural chemical occurrence in midwestern rivers","docAbstract":"Agricultural chemicals in surface water may constitute a human health risk or have adverse effects on aquatic life. Recent research on unregulated rivers in the midwestern USA documents that elevated concentrations of herbicides occur for 1-4 months following application in late spring and early summer. In contrast, nitrate concentrations in unregulated rivers are elevated during fall, winter, and spring months. Natural and anthropogenic variables of fiver drainage basins, such as soil permeability, amount of agricultural chemicals applied, or percentage of land planted in corn, affect agricultural chemical concentration and mass transport in rivers. Presented is an analysis of selected data on agricultural chemicals collected for three regional studies conducted by the US Geological Survey. Statistical techniques such as multiple linear and logistic regression were used to identify natural and anthropogenic variables of drainage basins that have strong relations to agricultural chemical concentrations and mass transport measured in rivers. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to manage and analyze spatial data. Statistical models were developed that estimated the concentration, annual transport, and annual mean concentration of selected agricultural chemicals in midwestern rivers. Multiple linear regression models were not very successful (R2 from 0.162 to 0.517) in explaining the variance in observed agricultural chemical concentrations during post-planting runoff. Logistic regression models were somewhat more successful, correctly matching the observed concentration category in 61-80% of observations. Linear and multiple linear regression models were moderately successful (R2 from 0.522 to 0.995) in explaining the variance in observed annual transport and annual mean concentration of agricultural chemicals. Explanatory variables that were commonly significant in the regression models include estimates of agricultural chemical use, crop acreage, soil characteristics, and basin topography.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00011-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., and Goolsby, D.A., 1997, Statistical modeling of agricultural chemical occurrence in midwestern rivers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 196, no. 1-4, p. 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00011-5.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"25","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205996,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00011-5"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9732e4b08c986b31b940","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019608,"text":"70019608 - 1997 - The relationship between land use and organochlorine compounds in streambed sediment and fish in the Central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T10:30:05","indexId":"70019608","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between land use and organochlorine compounds in streambed sediment and fish in the Central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"

We analyzeds streambed sediment and fish in the Central Columbia Plateau in eastern Washington and Idaho for or ganochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCB). Our objective was to assess the effects of land use on the occurrence and distribution of these compounds; land uses in the study area included forest, dryland and irrigated farming, and urban. We detected 16 organochlorine compounds in streambed sediment and fish tissue; fish usually had more compounds and a greater frequency of detection. The most frequently detected compound was ΣDDT (sum of six isomers), which was found in 52% of bed sediment samples and 94% of whole fish composite samples. The other commonly detected compounds were dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, and Σchlordane (sum of cis- and trans-chlordane, cis- and trans-nonachlor oxychlordane, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide). Forest was the only land use with no detections of organochlorine compounds in either fish or bed sediment. Hexachlorobenzene was the only organochlorine pesticide detected at concentrations that differed significantly among land uses: concentrations were higher in the dryland farming areas than in the irrigated farming or urban areas. In agricultural areas irrigated by surface water, ΣDDT concentrations in both streambed sediment and fish tissue were related to the percentage of land irrigated by water delivered via furrows (gravity irrigation), although ΣDDT was not detectable in bed sediments until gravity irrigation exceeded 30%. Because of the relation between gravity irrigation and soil erosion, our study supports the importance of controlling soil erosion in order to reduce the overall loading of organochlorine compounds to surface waters.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620160917","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Munn, M., and Gruber, S., 1997, The relationship between land use and organochlorine compounds in streambed sediment and fish in the Central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 16, no. 9, p. 1877-1887, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160917.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1877","endPage":"1887","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206005,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1877:TRBLUA>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"16","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf19e4b08c986b324549","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munn, M.D.","contributorId":77908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gruber, S.J.","contributorId":39347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gruber","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019611,"text":"70019611 - 1997 - Use of bromide: Chloride ratios to differentiate potential sources of chloride in a shallow, unconfined aquifer affected by brackish-water intrusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-05T01:43:44.238615","indexId":"70019611","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of bromide: Chloride ratios to differentiate potential sources of chloride in a shallow, unconfined aquifer affected by brackish-water intrusion","docAbstract":"

Brackish water from Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries has entered the Aquia aquifer in east-central Anne Arundel County, Maryland, USA. This determination was made based on chloride analyses of water samples collected in wells screened in the Aquia aquifer between October 1988 and May 1989. The Aquia aquifer, which is composed of fine- to medium-grained sand, is a shallow, unconfined aquifer in this area. Land use is primarily urban, consisting of a mixture of residential and light commercial areas. Associated with the urban setting is the potential for chloride contamination to enter the Aquia aquifer from anthropogenic sources, such as residential septic-tank effluent, leaky public sewer lines, road-deicing salt, stormwater infiltration basins, and domestic water-conditioning recharge effluent.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050104","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Andreasen, D.C., and Fleck, W., 1997, Use of bromide: Chloride ratios to differentiate potential sources of chloride in a shallow, unconfined aquifer affected by brackish-water intrusion: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 5, no. 2, p. 17-26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050104.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227877,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbec9e4b08c986b3297b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andreasen, D. C.","contributorId":32565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleck, W.B.","contributorId":14862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019792,"text":"70019792 - 1997 - Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019792","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil","docAbstract":"The molecular and elemental composition of immature kerogens isolated from Upper Cretaceous marine carbonates from Sergipe Basin, Brazil were investigated using combined pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and organic petrographic techniques. The kerogens are predominantly composed of reddish-fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and variable amounts of yellow-fluorescing alginite and liptodetrinite. The abundance of organic sulfur in the kerogens inferred from the ratio 2-ethyl-5-methylthiophene/(1,2-dimethylbenzene + dec-1-ene) in the pyrolyzates is variable and may be related to changes in the type of primary organic input and/or to variations in rates of bacterial sulfate reduction. A concomitant increase in S/C and O/C ratios determined in situ using the electron microprobe is observed in AOM and alginites and may be related to a progressive oxidation of the organic matter during sulfurization. The S/C ratio of the AOM is systematically higher than the S C ratio of the alginites. Combined with a thiophene distribution characteristic of pyrolyzates of Type II organic matter, the higher S/C of AOM in Sergipe kerogens suggests that sulfurization and incorporation of low-molecular weight lipids derived from normal marine organic matter into the kerogen structure predominated over direct sulfurization of highly aliphatic algal biomacromolecules.The molecular and elemental composition of immature kerogens isolated from Upper Cretaceous marine carbonates from Sergipe Basin, Brazil were investigated using combined pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and organic petrographic techniques. The kerogens are predominantly composed of reddish-fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and variable amounts of yellow-fluorescing alginite and liptodetrinite. The abundance of organic sulfur in the kerogens inferred from the ratio 2-ethyl-5-methylthiophene/(1,2-dimethylbenzene+dec-1-ene) in the pyrolyzates is variable and may be related to changes in the type of primary organic input and/or to variations in rates of bacterial sulfate reduction. A concomitant increase in S/C and O/C ratios determined in situ using the electron microprobe is observed in AOM and alginites and may be related to a progressive oxidation of the organic matter during sulfurization. The S/C ratio of the AOM is systematically higher than the S/C ratio of the alginites. Combined with a thiophene distribution characteristic of pyrolyzates of Type II organic matter, the higher S/C of AOM in Sergipe kerogens suggests that sulfurization and incorporation of low-molecular weight lipids derived from normal marine organic matter into the kerogen structure predominated over direct sulfurization of highly aliphatic algal biomacromolecules.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Spring National Meeting of the American Chemical Society","conferenceDate":"24 March 1996 through 28 March 1996","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Carmo, A., Stankiewicz, B., Mastalerz, M., and Pratt, L., 1997, Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil, in Organic Geochemistry, v. 26, no. 9-10, New Orleans, LA, USA, 24 March 1996 through 28 March 1996, p. 587-603, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X.","startPage":"587","endPage":"603","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X"},{"id":228253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ebce4b0c8380cd535ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carmo, A.M.","contributorId":85347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmo","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stankiewicz, B.A.","contributorId":83676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stankiewicz","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pratt, L.M.","contributorId":41004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019410,"text":"70019410 - 1997 - Frictional strength and velocity-dependence of serpentine gouges under hydrothermal conditions and their seismogeological implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019410","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1400,"text":"Dizhen Dizhi","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frictional strength and velocity-dependence of serpentine gouges under hydrothermal conditions and their seismogeological implications","docAbstract":"The velocity - dependence of frictional strength of serpentine gouges has been measured at constant normal stress of 110 MPa, pore pressure of 10 MPa, temperature 25, 100 and 200??C , and at sliding rate ranging from 0. 001 to 10??m/s. At 25??C, the coefficient of friction of chrysotile gouge is very low (?????0. 2-0. 25), while lizardite and antigorite gouge are much stronger, with ?????0. 39 and 0. 45, respectively. The frictional strengths of chrysotile and antigorite gouges change little with a temperature increase to 200??C, whereas the strength of lizardite gouge increases substantially with increasing temperature. At 25??C, all three gouges show a transition from weak velocity weakening at high slip rates to velocity strengthening at low slip rates. With increasing temperature, the velocity dependence of each gouge shifts towards more positive values, especially at high slip rates. Based on this study and previous results, we suggest that the presence of serpentine in the fault zone may contribute to the occurrence of stable creep rather than earthquakes, but this effect may be limited to shallow depths. Although chrysotile is one of the weakest rock - forming minerals, it is still too strong to explain the weakness of the San Andreas fault deduced from heat flow data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dizhen Dizhi","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Chinese","issn":"02534967","usgsCitation":"Ma, S., Lockner, D., Moore, D., Summers, R., and Byerlee, J., 1997, Frictional strength and velocity-dependence of serpentine gouges under hydrothermal conditions and their seismogeological implications: Dizhen Dizhi, v. 19, no. 2.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13efe4b0c8380cd54832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ma, S.","contributorId":59189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.","contributorId":102190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, D.","contributorId":105307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Summers, R.","contributorId":65483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Byerlee, J.","contributorId":105838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019615,"text":"70019615 - 1997 - Quaternary history of sea ice and paleoclimate in the Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean, as recorded in the cyclical strata of Northwind Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:08:04.585317","indexId":"70019615","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary history of sea ice and paleoclimate in the Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean, as recorded in the cyclical strata of Northwind Ridge","docAbstract":"

The 19 middle-early Pleistocene to Holocene bipartite lithostratigraphic cycles observed in high-resolution piston cores from Northwind Ridge in the Amerasia Basin of the Arctic Ocean, provide a detailed record of alternating glacial and interglacial climatic and oceanographic conditions and of correlative changes in the character and thickness of the sea-ice cover in the Amerasia Basin. Glacial conditions in each cycle are represented by gray pelagic muds that are suboxic, laminated, and essentially lacking in microfossils, macrofossils, trace fossils, and generally in glacial erratics. Interglacial conditions are represented by ochre pelagic muds that are oxic and bioturbated and contain rare to abundant microfossils and abundant glacial erratics.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1101:QHOSIA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Phillips, R., and Grantz, A., 1997, Quaternary history of sea ice and paleoclimate in the Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean, as recorded in the cyclical strata of Northwind Ridge: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 9, p. 1101-1115, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1101:QHOSIA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1101","endPage":"1115","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a92d0e4b0c8380cd80a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, R. L.","contributorId":98289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grantz, A.","contributorId":60378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019405,"text":"70019405 - 1997 - Hematological and plasma biochemical reference ranges of Alaskan seabirds: Their ecological significance and clinical importance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:38:12","indexId":"70019405","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hematological and plasma biochemical reference ranges of Alaskan seabirds: Their ecological significance and clinical importance","docAbstract":"

Blood was analyzed from 151 pelagic marine birds to establish reference ranges for hematological and plasma biochemical parameters from healthy, wild populations of Pacific seabirds. Of the 13 species examined, 9 were from the Family Alcidae (N = 122 individuals) and the remainder (N = 29) from the Families Phalacrocoracidae, Laridae, and Procellariidae. Three of 8 hematological parameters (total white blood cell count, lymphocyte count and eosinophil count) differed significantly among species, as did 9 of 13 plasma biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, cholesterol, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein and field total protein). There were no differences among species for packed cell volume, buffy coat, cell counts of heterophils, monocytes and basophils, or for concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, uric acid and calcium. Plasma calcium concentration, triglyceride levels and field total protein varied significantly between sexes, with females having higher mean concentrations of all 3 parameters. However, no significant relationships between measures of breeding condition (brood patch size, subcutaneous and mesenteric fat deposits, or ovarian follicle size and ovary weight) and calcium or alkaline phosphatase concentrations in female birds could be identified. Alanine aminotransferase and uric acid were the only analytes which did not differ significantly between species or sexes.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521600","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Newman, S.H., Piatt, J.F., and White, J., 1997, Hematological and plasma biochemical reference ranges of Alaskan seabirds: Their ecological significance and clinical importance: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 3, p. 492-504, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521600.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"492","endPage":"504","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3051e4b0c8380cd5d543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, S. H.","contributorId":21888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, J.","contributorId":56355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019616,"text":"70019616 - 1997 - Tracing Recharge from Sinking Streams over Spatial Dimensions of Kilometers in a Karst Aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:19:04.065639","indexId":"70019616","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracing Recharge from Sinking Streams over Spatial Dimensions of Kilometers in a Karst Aquifer","docAbstract":"

Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen were used to trace the sources of recharge from sinking streams to wells and springs several kilometers downgradient in the karst Madison aquifer near Rapid City, South Dakota. Temporal sampling of streamflow above the swallets identified a distinct isotopic signature that was used to define the spatial dimensions of recharge to the aquifer. When more than one sinking stream was determined to be recharging a well or spring, the proportions were approximated using a two-component mixing model. From the isotopic analysis, it is possible to link sinking stream recharge to individual wells or springs in the Rapid City area and illustrate there is significant lateral movement of ground water across surface drainage basins. These results emphasize that well-head protection strategies developed for carbonate aquifers that provide industrial and municipal water supplies need to consider lateral movement of ground-water flow from adjacent surface drainage basins.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00159.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Greene, E., 1997, Tracing Recharge from Sinking Streams over Spatial Dimensions of Kilometers in a Karst Aquifer: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 5, p. 898-904, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00159.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"898","endPage":"904","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227967,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb68ee4b08c986b326d2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, E.A.","contributorId":75575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019403,"text":"70019403 - 1997 - The rupture process of the Manjil, Iran earthquake of 20 June 1990 and implications for intraplate strike-slip earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-16T13:22:33.875567","indexId":"70019403","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3487,"text":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The rupture process of the Manjil, Iran earthquake of 20 June 1990 and implications for intraplate strike-slip earthquakes","docAbstract":"

In terms of seismically radiated energy or moment release, the earthquake of 20 January 1990 in the Manjil Basin-Alborz Mountain region of Iran is the second largest strike-slip earthquake to have occurred in an intracontinental setting in the past decade. It caused enormous loss of life and the virtual destruction of several cities. Despite a very large meizoseismal area, the identification of the causative faults has been hampered by the lack of reliable earthquake locations and conflicting field reports of surface displacement. Using broadband data from global networks of digitally recording seismographs, we analyse broadband seismic waveforms to derive characteristics of the rupture process. Complexities in waveforms generated by the earthquake indicate that the main shock consisted of a tiny precursory subevent followed in the next 20 seconds by a series of four major subevents with depths ranging from 10 to 15 km. The focal mechanisms of the major subevents, which are predominantly strike-slip, have a common nodal plane striking about 285°–295°. Based on the coincidence of this strike with the dominant tectonic fabric of the region we presume that the EW striking planes are the fault planes. The first major subevent nucleated slightly south of the initial precursor. The second subevent occurred northwest of the initial precursor. The last two subevents moved progressively southeastward of the first subevent in a direction collinear with the predominant strike of the fault planes. The offsets in the relative locations and the temporal delays of the rupture subevents indicate heterogeneous distribution of fracture strength and the involvement of multiple faults. The spatial distribution of teleseismic aftershocks, which at first appears uncorrelated with meizoseismal contours, can be decomposed into stages. The initial activity, being within and on the periphery of the rupture zone, correlates in shape and length with meizoseismal lines. In the second stage of activity the aftershock zone expands and appears to cluster about the geomorphic and geologic features several tens of kilometres from the rupture zone. The activity is interpreted as a regional response to quasistatic stress migration along zones of tectonic weakness. The radiated energy of the main shock and the estimate of seismic moment yields an apparent stress of 20 bars. High apparent stress may be typical of strike slip earthquakes occurring in intracontinental environments undergoing continental collision.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1023336723587","issn":"00393169","usgsCitation":"Choy, G.L., and Zednik, J., 1997, The rupture process of the Manjil, Iran earthquake of 20 June 1990 and implications for intraplate strike-slip earthquakes: Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, v. 41, no. 1, p. 45-63, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023336723587.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafade4b08c986b324981","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zednik, J.","contributorId":77671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zednik","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019401,"text":"70019401 - 1997 - Endictya hendeyi sp. nov., a new coastal diatom species from North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-26T16:09:03.899944","indexId":"70019401","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1388,"text":"Diatom Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Endictya hendeyi sp. nov., a new coastal diatom species from North America","title":"Endictya hendeyi sp. nov., a new coastal diatom species from North America","docAbstract":"

Endictya hendeyi E. Hemphill-Haley sp. nov. is described from Recent and Quaternary, estuarine and marine deposits along the west coast of the United States. This taxon is distinguished by its 1) consistently small valves; 2) areolae of uniform size on the valve face in linear tangential rows; 3) prominent, external spatulate extensions of the rimoportulae at the valve face/mantle junction; 4) externally projecting hyaline rim or flange at the interior edge of the mantle; and 5) discontinuous pattern of pores on the basal siliceous layer. The new species is compared to the generitype, E. oceanica Ehrenberg, as well as E. minor A. Schmidt and E. margaritifera A. Mann.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/0269249X.1997.9705400","usgsCitation":"Hemphill-Haley, E., and Mahood, A.D., 1997, Endictya hendeyi sp. nov., a new coastal diatom species from North America: Diatom Research, v. 12, no. 1, p. 35-42, https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1997.9705400.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0922e4b0c8380cd51e0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemphill-Haley, Eileen 0000-0002-6988-5906","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6988-5906","contributorId":84366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill-Haley","given":"Eileen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahood, Albert D.","contributorId":97493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahood","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019617,"text":"70019617 - 1997 - Seismic-geodynamic constraints on three-dimensional structure, vertical flow, and heat transfer in the mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:50:22.154743","indexId":"70019617","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic-geodynamic constraints on three-dimensional structure, vertical flow, and heat transfer in the mantle","docAbstract":"

Joint inversions of seismic and geodynamic data are carried out in which we simultaneously constrain global-scale seismic heterogeneity in the mantle as well as the amplitude of vertical mantle flow across the 670 km seismic discontinuity. These inversions reveal the existence of a family of three-dimensional (3-D) mantle models that satisfy the data while at the same time yielding predictions of layered mantle flow. The new 3-D mantle models we obtain demonstrate that the buoyancy forces due to the undulations of the 670 km phase-change boundary strongly inhibit the vertical flow between the upper and lower mantle. The strong stabilizing effect of the 670 km topography also has an important impact on the predicted dynamic topography of the Earth's solid surface and on the surface gravity anomalies. The new 3-D models that predict strongly or partially layered mantle flow provide essentially identical fits to the global seismic data as previous models that have, until now, predicted only whole-mantle flow. The convective vertical transport of heat across the mantle predicted on the basis of the new 3-D models shows that the heat flow is a minimum at 1000 km depth. This suggests the presence at this depth of a globally defined horizon across which the pattern of lateral heterogeneity changes rapidly.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01276","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Forte, A., and Woodward, R., 1997, Seismic-geodynamic constraints on three-dimensional structure, vertical flow, and heat transfer in the mantle: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B8, p. 17981-17994, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01276.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"17981","endPage":"17994","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01276","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b7be4b08c986b317878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forte, A.M.","contributorId":93224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forte","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, R.L.","contributorId":46237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019791,"text":"70019791 - 1997 - Strontium 87/strontium 86 as a tracer of mineral weathering reactions and calcium sources in an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:08:13","indexId":"70019791","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium 87/strontium 86 as a tracer of mineral weathering reactions and calcium sources in an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado","docAbstract":"

Sr isotopic ratios of atmospheric deposition, surface and subsurface water, and geologic materials were measured in an alpine/subalpine watershed to characterize weathering reactions and identify sources of dissolved Ca in stream water. Previous studies have noted an excess of Ca in stream water above that expected from stoichiometric weathering of the dominant bedrock minerals. Mixing calculations based on 87Sr/86Sr indicate that on an annual basis, 26 ± 7% of Ca export in streams is atmospherically derived, 23 ± 1% is from weathering of plagioclase, and the remainder is from weathering of calcite present in trace amounts in the bedrock. A potential source of error when applying Sr isotopes in catchment studies is determination of the 87Sr/86Sr of Sr released by mineral weathering, which is complicated by the wide range of mineral isotopic compositions, particularly in older rocks, and the variable rates at which the minerals weather. In this study, base-flow stream chemistry was used to represent the 87Sr/86Sr of Sr derived from mineral weathering because it effectively integrates the potentially variable isotopic composition of Sr released by weathering in the alpine environment.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR00856","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., Mast, M.A., Bullen, T.D., and Turk, J.T., 1997, Strontium 87/strontium 86 as a tracer of mineral weathering reactions and calcium sources in an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 6, p. 1335-1351, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR00856.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1335","endPage":"1351","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr00856","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.65577507019043,\n 40.29825040694758\n ],\n [\n -105.6595516204834,\n 40.29792309593985\n ],\n [\n -105.66324234008788,\n 40.29720300614152\n ],\n [\n -105.66770553588867,\n 40.29602466082694\n ],\n [\n -105.6778335571289,\n 40.292882306191984\n ],\n [\n -105.68135261535643,\n 40.292358566212776\n ],\n [\n -105.68607330322266,\n 40.290329035454626\n ],\n [\n -105.6870174407959,\n 40.28803755650808\n ],\n [\n -105.68178176879883,\n 40.28391269862511\n ],\n [\n -105.68023681640625,\n 40.28338888913671\n ],\n [\n -105.68049430847168,\n 40.28181743631869\n ],\n [\n -105.67877769470215,\n 40.27854345895735\n ],\n [\n -105.68066596984862,\n 40.27860894005831\n ],\n [\n -105.68109512329102,\n 40.2782160525013\n ],\n [\n -105.6804084777832,\n 40.27526932305289\n ],\n [\n -105.68109512329102,\n 40.2740251098398\n ],\n [\n -105.68229675292969,\n 40.273042820079546\n ],\n [\n -105.68109512329102,\n 40.27048879992684\n ],\n [\n -105.67852020263672,\n 40.26904802805884\n ],\n [\n -105.6770610809326,\n 40.26773820881779\n ],\n [\n -105.6737995147705,\n 40.26767271718988\n ],\n [\n -105.67173957824707,\n 40.26800017469522\n ],\n [\n -105.66976547241211,\n 40.26780370038227\n ],\n [\n -105.66684722900389,\n 40.26747624192574\n ],\n [\n -105.66555976867674,\n 40.26701779742322\n ],\n [\n -105.66349983215332,\n 40.26970292816731\n ],\n [\n -105.66126823425292,\n 40.271143686084194\n ],\n [\n -105.65774917602539,\n 40.2769718935092\n ],\n [\n -105.65629005432129,\n 40.279460188599806\n ],\n [\n -105.65620422363281,\n 40.28227578049736\n ],\n [\n -105.65629005432129,\n 40.286007895990245\n ],\n [\n -105.65285682678223,\n 40.28888868632888\n ],\n [\n -105.65131187438965,\n 40.294060706304315\n ],\n [\n -105.65577507019043,\n 40.29825040694758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9ba3e4b08c986b31cfe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}