{"pageNumber":"3680","pageRowStart":"91975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185278,"records":[{"id":70019100,"text":"70019100 - 1997 - The effects of herbivory on neighbor interactions along a coastal marsh gradient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T10:57:20","indexId":"70019100","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of herbivory on neighbor interactions along a coastal marsh gradient","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many current theories of community function are based on the assumption that disturbances such as herbivory act to reduce the importance of neighbor interactions among plants. In this study, we examined the effects of herbivory (primarily by nutria,&nbsp;</span><i>Myocastor coypus</i><span>) on neighbor interactions between three dominant grasses in three coastal marsh communities, fresh, oligohaline, and mesohaline. The grasses studied were&nbsp;</span><i>Panicum virgatum, Spartina patens,</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Spartina alterniflora,</i><span>&nbsp;which are dominant species in the fresh, oligohaline, and mesohaline marshes, respectively. Additive mixtures and monocultures of transplants were used in conjunction with exclosure fences to determine the impact of herbivory on neighbor interactions in the different marsh types. Herbivory had a strong effect on all three species and was important in all three marshes. In the absence of herbivores, the impact of neighbors was significant for two of the species (</span><i>Panicum virgatum</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Spartina patens</i><span>) and varied considerably between environments, with competition intensifying for&nbsp;</span><i>Panicum virgatum</i><span>&nbsp;and decreasing for&nbsp;</span><i>Spartina patens</i><span>&nbsp;with increasing salinity. Indications of positive neighbor effects (mutualisms) were observed for both of these species, though in contrasting habitats and to differing degrees. In the presence of herbivores, however, competitive and positive effects were eliminated. Overall, then, it was observed that in this case, intense herbivory was able to override other biotic interactions such as competition and mutualism, which were not detectable in the presence of herbivores.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2445907","issn":"00029122","usgsCitation":"Taylor, K., Grace, J., and Marx, B., 1997, The effects of herbivory on neighbor interactions along a coastal marsh gradient: American Journal of Botany, v. 84, no. 5, p. 709-715, https://doi.org/10.2307/2445907.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"715","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.91348266601562,\n              30.161751648356894\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.53170776367188,\n              30.161751648356894\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.53170776367188,\n              30.725309888823382\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.91348266601562,\n              30.725309888823382\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.91348266601562,\n              30.161751648356894\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab81e4b08c986b322eba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, K.L.","contributorId":80021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marx, B.D.","contributorId":74888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marx","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019099,"text":"70019099 - 1997 - Tungstorhenate heteropolyanions. 2. Synthesis and characterization of enneatungstorhenates(V), -(VI), and -(VII)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T12:22:39.441279","indexId":"70019099","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2000,"text":"Inorganic Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tungstorhenate heteropolyanions. 2. Synthesis and characterization of enneatungstorhenates(V), -(VI), and -(VII)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The tungstorhenate(V) heteropolyanion [W</span><sub>9</sub><span>ReO</span><sub>32</sub><span>]</span><sup>5</sup><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;has been isolated as guanidinium and cesium salts from reaction of [ReO</span><sub>2</sub><span>(PPh</span><sub>3</sub><span>)(py)</span><sub>3</sub><span>]</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;with sodium tungstate. Crystallographic analysis of black Cs</span><sub>5</sub><span>[W</span><sub>9</sub><span>ReO</span><sub>32</sub><span>]·3H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O [triclinic,&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>1 or&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>1̄;&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;= 10.194(1),&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><span>&nbsp;= 11.503(2),&nbsp;</span><i>c</i><span>&nbsp;= 9.682(1) Å; α = 100.55(1), β = 115.81(1), γ = 99.13(1)°;&nbsp;</span><i>Z</i><span>&nbsp;= 1], based on 3743 reflections, shows the anion to be isostructural with decatungstate, [W</span><sub>10</sub><span>O</span><sub>32</sub><span>]</span><sup>4</sup><sup>-</sup><span>. Refinement in&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>1̄ led to reliability indices&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.084,&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;= 0.046. Electrochemical investigation revealed the existence of Re</span><sup>VI</sup><span>&nbsp;and Re</span><sup>VII</sup><span>&nbsp;analogues, which were hydrolytically unstable in aqueous solution but which were isolated as crystalline tetra-</span><i>n</i><span>-butylammonium and tetra-</span><i>n</i><span>-heptylammonium salts, respectively, from nonaqueous solvents. The tetra-</span><i>n</i><span>-butylammonium salts of [W</span><sub>9</sub><span>Re</span><sup>VI</sup><span>O</span><sub>32</sub><span>]</span><sup>4</sup><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;and [W</span><sub>10</sub><span>O</span><sub>32</sub><span>]</span><sup>4</sup><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;were shown to be isomorphous by X-ray powder diffraction. Simulation of the Q-band ESR spectrum of [W</span><sub>9</sub><span>Re</span><sup>VI</sup><span>O</span><sub>32</sub><span>]</span><sup>4</sup><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;(polycrystalline solid solution in [W</span><sub>10</sub><span>O</span><sub>32</sub><span>]</span><sup>4</sup><sup>-</sup><span>) gave&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><i><sub>x</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 1.69(1),&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><i><sub>y</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 1.66(1),&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><i><sub>z</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 1.730(2) and 10</span><sup>4</sup><i>A</i><i><sub>x</sub></i><span>(</span><sup>185,187</sup><span>Re,&nbsp;</span><i>I</i><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;</span><sup>5</sup><span>/</span><sub>2</sub><span>) = (−)252(10), 10</span><sup>4</sup><i>A</i><i><sub>y</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= (−)398(10), 10</span><sup>4</sup><i>A</i><i><sub>z</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= (−)653(5) cm</span><sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup><span>. The orthorhombic ESR spectrum proves that the Re atom occupies one of the eight equivalent “equatorial” sites in the decatungstate structure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ic961142q","issn":"00201669","usgsCitation":"Ortega, F., Pope, M., and Evans, H., 1997, Tungstorhenate heteropolyanions. 2. Synthesis and characterization of enneatungstorhenates(V), -(VI), and -(VII): Inorganic Chemistry, v. 36, no. 10, p. 2166-2169, https://doi.org/10.1021/ic961142q.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2166","endPage":"2169","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226456,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8e9e4b08c986b327b14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortega, F.","contributorId":78885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortega","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pope, M.T.","contributorId":78485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, H. T.","contributorId":82070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014614,"text":"1014614 - 1997 - Changes in gill morphology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts due to addition of acid and aluminum to stream water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T11:22:23.691114","indexId":"1014614","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Changes in gill morphology of Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) smolts due to addition of acid and aluminum to stream water","title":"Changes in gill morphology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts due to addition of acid and aluminum to stream water","docAbstract":"<p><span>One-year-old Atlantic salmon smolts were held in three artificial channels adjacent to a softwater (mean sp. cond. 30 μS cm</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, circumneutral stream. Water in one channel was untreated (mean pH 6.25); the others received additions of acid (to mean pH 5.6), or acid plus aluminum (to mean pH 5.5; mean exchangeable Al 158 μg litre</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). Gills were sampled after 16 and 23 days of exposure for morphometric examination. On primary lamellae, chloride cells were more numerous in both experimental treatments than in controls. In contrast, numbers of chloride cells on secondary lamellae were elevated only in fish exposed to acid without added Al. Chloride cell size and shape also varied with time and treatment. Fewer gill mucous cells were found in fish exposed to acid plus Al than in controls. Chloride cell proliferation and structural changes may represent an attempt to compensate for increased ionic effluxes with low pH stress by increasing uptake. However, if Al concentrations are high, chloride cells do not proliferate along the secondary lamellae, or proliferating cells are damaged and lost. This may limit the potential to increase ionic uptake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00069-9","usgsCitation":"Jagoe, C.H., and Haines, T., 1997, Changes in gill morphology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts due to addition of acid and aluminum to stream water: Environmental Pollution, v. 97, no. 1-2, p. 137-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00069-9.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Hancock County","otherGeospatial":"Baker Brook, Narraguagus River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -68.06128938975448,\n              44.75134392491739\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.0947931491917,\n              44.75156838982778\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.11407361452852,\n              44.73360844217186\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.10901644329276,\n              44.700143166787825\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.05686454600394,\n              44.66418585070829\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.00502854083615,\n              44.634279262897365\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.95529294673963,\n              44.59641364378203\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.91072662522338,\n              44.53831754047758\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.88386040303293,\n              44.53088245804446\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.88038359780816,\n              44.54890526151266\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.89681940432503,\n              44.580206614742394\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.91704808926808,\n              44.61711604903323\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.9247636323927,\n              44.65257830309801\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.9247636323927,\n              44.69037505361024\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.9652830251845,\n              44.75505870035508\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.00422373747993,\n              44.8114576147523\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.06421345658526,\n              44.90247579137923\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.0636871602083,\n              44.947185777055466\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.09736561408506,\n              45.00525712138179\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.16051271510406,\n              45.01083780529447\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.18156174877721,\n              44.96096442870456\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.11262663006416,\n              44.843181238467054\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.06128938975448,\n              44.75134392491739\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jagoe, C. H.","contributorId":97456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagoe","given":"C.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019673,"text":"70019673 - 1997 - Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T17:53:26.695298","indexId":"70019673","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The San Juan sag, concealed by the vast San Juan volcanic field of south-central Colorado, has only recently benefited from oil and gas wildcat drilling and evaluations. Sound geochemical analyses and maturation modeling are essential elements for successful exploration and development. Oil has been produced in minor quantities from an Oligocene sill in the Mancos Shale within the sag, and major oil and gas production occurs from stratigraphically equivalent rocks in the San Juan basin to the southwest and in the Denver basin to the northeast.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/522B4A05-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Gries, R.R., Clayton, J., and Leonard, C., 1997, Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1133-1160, https://doi.org/10.1306/522B4A05-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1133","endPage":"1160","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan sag","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2755e4b0c8380cd597a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gries, R. R.","contributorId":46241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gries","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leonard, C.","contributorId":61590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019853,"text":"70019853 - 1997 - A test of the double-shearing model of flow for granular materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T14:25:56.316889","indexId":"70019853","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A test of the double-shearing model of flow for granular materials","docAbstract":"<p><span>The double-shearing model of flow attributes plastic deformation in granular materials to cooperative slip on conjugate Coulomb shears (surfaces upon which the Coulomb yield condition is satisfied). The strict formulation of the double-shearing model then requires that the slip lines in the material coincide with the Coulomb shears. Three different experiments that approximate simple shear deformation in granular media appear to be inconsistent with this strict formulation. For example, the orientation of the principal stress axes in a layer of sand driven in steady, simple shear was measured subject to the assumption that the Coulomb failure criterion was satisfied on some surfaces (orientation unspecified) within the sand layer. The orientation of the inferred principal compressive axis was then compared with the orientations predicted by the double-shearing model. The strict formulation of the model [</span><i>Spencer</i><span>, 1982] predicts that the principal stress axes should rotate in a sense opposite to that inferred from the experiments. A less restrictive formulation of the double-shearing model by&nbsp;</span><i>de Josselin de Jong</i><span>&nbsp;[1971] does not completely specify the solution but does prescribe limits on the possible orientations of the principal stress axes. The orientations of the principal compression axis inferred from the experiments are probably within those limits. An elastoplastic formulation of the double-shearing model [</span><i>de Josselin de Jong</i><span>, 1988] is reasonably consistent with the experiments, although quantitative agreement was not attained. Thus we conclude that the double-shearing model may be a viable law to describe deformation of granular materials, but the macroscopic slip surfaces will not in general coincide with the Coulomb shears.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB00779","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., and Lockner, D., 1997, A test of the double-shearing model of flow for granular materials: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. 6, p. 12287-12294, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00779.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"12287","endPage":"12294","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5f8e4b0c8380cd4707f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020073,"text":"70020073 - 1997 - Linkage between mantle and crustal structures and its bearing on inherited structures in northwestern Scotland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T15:51:38.758667","indexId":"70020073","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linkage between mantle and crustal structures and its bearing on inherited structures in northwestern Scotland","docAbstract":"<p><span>Deep seismic reflection profiles in Scotland reveal mantle structures beneath a crust with a polyphase tectonic history that resulted in several generations of structures. Continuum mechanics suggests that coeval mantle and crustal structures must be kinematically linked. Inherited structures imply relative ages for the reflectors, ages that can be placed into the context of the geological history of the near-surface rocks of northern Scotland. Thus, some mantle reflectors are assigned Triassic ages related to the opening of the West Orkney and related marginal basins of the Atlantic Ocean. Other mantle reflectors are cut by late Caledonian structures associated with the Great Glen Fault Zone and therefore older than&nbsp;</span><i>c.</i><span>&nbsp;400 Ma. Many of these structures also track the late Precambrian margin of Laurentia and may be related to either the opening (900–600 Ma) or closing (500–600 Ma) of the Iapetus Ocean. Some reflective structures may also be attributed to 1800–1700 Ma Laxfordian deformation that was part of a global-scale orogenic belt.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/gsjgs.154.1.0079","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D., England, R., and McBride, J., 1997, Linkage between mantle and crustal structures and its bearing on inherited structures in northwestern Scotland: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 154, no. 1, p. 79-83, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.154.1.0079.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228230,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47cae4b0c8380cd67996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, D.B.","contributorId":99141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"England, R.W.","contributorId":106663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"England","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020072,"text":"70020072 - 1997 - Geotechnical properties of debris-flow sediments and slurries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T22:06:37.906557","indexId":"70020072","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geotechnical properties of debris-flow sediments and slurries","docAbstract":"Measurements of geotechnical properties of various poorly sorted debris-flow sediments and slurries (??? 32 mm diameter) emphasize their granular nature, and reveal that properties of slurries can differ significantly from those of compacted sediments. Measurements show that: (1) cohesion probably offers little resistance to shear in most debris flows under low confining stresses normally found in nature; (2) intrinsic hydraulic permeabilities of compacted debris-flow sediments vary from about 10-14-10-9 m2; permeabilities of 'typical' debris-flow slurries fall toward the low end of the range; (3) debris-flow slurries are characterized by very large values of 'elastic' compressibility (C approx. 10-2 kPa-1); and (4) hydraulic diffusivities of quasistatically consolidating slurries are approx. 10-4-10-7 m2/s. Low hydraulic diffusivity of debris slurries permits excess fluid pressure and low effective strength to persist during sediment transport and deposition.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"1st International conference on debris-flow hazards mitigation: Mechanics, prediction, and assessment, proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment","conferenceDate":"August 7-9, 1997","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Major, J., Iverson, R., McTigue, D., Macias, S., and Fiedorowicz, B., 1997, Geotechnical properties of debris-flow sediments and slurries, <i>in</i> 1st International conference on debris-flow hazards mitigation: Mechanics, prediction, and assessment, proceedings, San Francisco, CA, August 7-9, 1997, p. 249-259.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28c3e4b0c8380cd5a3b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McTigue, D.F.","contributorId":57605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McTigue","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Macias, S.","contributorId":24942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macias","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fiedorowicz, B.K.","contributorId":9414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiedorowicz","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019863,"text":"70019863 - 1997 - Quantitative analysis of major elements in silicate minerals and glasses by micro-PIXE","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T19:47:59","indexId":"70019863","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2909,"text":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative analysis of major elements in silicate minerals and glasses by micro-PIXE","docAbstract":"The Guelph micro-PIXE facility has been modified to accommodate a second Si(Li) X-ray detector which records the spectrum due to light major elements (11 ??? Z ??? 20) with no deleterious effects from scattered 3 MeV protons. Spectra have been recorded from 30 well-characterized materials, including a broad range of silicate minerals and both natural and synthetic glasses. Sodium is mobile in some of the glasses, but not in the studied mineral lattices. The mean value of the instrumental constant H for each of the elements Mg, Al, and Si in these materials is systematically 6-8% lower than the H-value measured for the pure metals. Normalization factors are derived which permit the matrix corrections requisite for trace-element measurements in silicates to be based upon pure metal standards for Mg, Al and Si, supplemented by well-established, silicate mineral standards for the elements Na, K and Ca. Rigorous comparisons of electron microprobe and micro-PIXE analyses for the entire, 30-sample suite demonstrate the ability of micro-PIXE to produce accurate analysis for the light major elements in silicates. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0168-583X(97)00258-9","issn":"0168583X","usgsCitation":"Campbell, J., Czamanske, G., MacDonald, L., and Teesdale, W., 1997, Quantitative analysis of major elements in silicate minerals and glasses by micro-PIXE: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 130, no. 1-4, p. 608-616, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(97)00258-9.","startPage":"608","endPage":"616","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268852,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(97)00258-9"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91fce4b0c8380cd805af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, J.L.","contributorId":20488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacDonald, L.","contributorId":90055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Teesdale, W.J.","contributorId":92448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teesdale","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020064,"text":"70020064 - 1997 - Nutrient concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents, South Platte River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T00:15:44.309923","indexId":"70020064","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents, South Platte River Basin","docAbstract":"<p><strong>ABSTRACT:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Accurate data about nutrient concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents are needed for river basin water-quality studies. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program in the South Platte River Basin, nutrient data were requested from 31 wastewater-treatment plants located in the basin. This article describes the types of nutrient data available from the plants, examines the variability of effluent nutrient concentrations, and discusses methods for estimation of nutrient concentrations where data are lacking.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04096.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Pocernich, M., and Litke, D.W., 1997, Nutrient concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents, South Platte River Basin: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 1, p. 205-216, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04096.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a697ee4b0c8380cd73d5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pocernich, M.","contributorId":10566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pocernich","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litke, D. W.","contributorId":94346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020063,"text":"70020063 - 1997 - The chemical evolution and paragenesis of uranium minerals from the ruggles and palermo granitic pegmatites, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70020063","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical evolution and paragenesis of uranium minerals from the ruggles and palermo granitic pegmatites, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"A study of the chemical evolution and paragenesis of the uranium minerals at the Palermo No. 1 and Ruggles granitic pegmatites, Grafton County, New Hampshire, revealed four stages of secondary mineralization. A total of eight uranium minerals were identified in the four stages. The first stage is a mixture of uranyl oxide hydroxide-hydrates represented by mineral \"A\", which surrounds and replaces a uraninite core. The second stage is a carbonate stage found only at the Palermo No. 1 pegmatite, and is represented by rutherfordine. The third stage is represented by uranyl silicates. At the Palermo No. 1 pegmatite, this stage consists of ??-uranophane, and at the Ruggles pegmatite, it consists of soddyite and ??-uranophane. A final fourth stage is a phosphate stage represented by phosphuranylite and meta-autunite I. The first three stages of mineralization developed from hydrothermal and meteoric processes. With dropping temperatures, hydrothermal fluids reached meteoric temperatures and acquired the characteristics of meteoric water. The pH shifted from acidic (pH less than about 6 at 100??C) to alkaline (pH > 7 at 25??C). Since mineral \"A\" contains hydroxyl and a low amount of molecular water, it probably formed at a temperature greater than 100??C in the acidic environment. After the first stage, the hydrothermal fluids likely reached the temperatures of meteoric water. The initial pH of the meteoric water was acidic (pH less than about 6 at 25??C) and then slowly shifted to alkaline. The mineralizing fluids became oversaturated in CO3, Ca, K, and Si. Uraninite and mineral \"A\" became unstable and were replaced by rutherfordine and uranyl silicates. The fourth or phosphate stage developed from the introduction of groundwater. The uranyl phosphate minerals precipitated from an acidic fluid (pH < 7 at 25??C) that was oversaturated with Ca, K, U, and P.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Korzeb, S., Foord, E., and Lichte, F., 1997, The chemical evolution and paragenesis of uranium minerals from the ruggles and palermo granitic pegmatites, New Hampshire: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 35, no. 1, p. 135-144.","startPage":"135","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2ae4b08c986b32273a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korzeb, S.L.","contributorId":49802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korzeb","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014675,"text":"1014675 - 1997 - Modeling gas transfer in a spray tower oxygen absorber","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:18:21.441007","indexId":"1014675","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling gas transfer in a spray tower oxygen absorber","docAbstract":"<p><span>A computer model characterizing the performance of a spray tower oxygen absorption system was developed based on finite difference mass transfer calculations. Performance was assessed in terms of oxygen utilization, transfer efficiency, and economy. Pilot scale tests verified model assumptions and performance predictions. Simulation runs indicated spray tower head and oxygen feed requirements for desired changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) exceeded those required for packed column equipment. Spray tower performance was improved by increasing hydraulic loading from 35 to 85 kg m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and by increasing tower height from 1·25 to 2·50 m. The effluent DO concentration that minimized variable costs of oxygen transfer was lower in the spray tower than in the packed tower, indicating clean water use of the spray tower will be limited to moderate effluent DO requirement applications (DO &lt;20 mg l</span><sup>−1</sup><span>).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0144-8609(96)01011-4","usgsCitation":"Vinci, B.J., Watten, B.J., and Timmons, M., 1997, Modeling gas transfer in a spray tower oxygen absorber: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 16, p. 91-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(96)01011-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489807,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8609(96)01011-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vinci, Brian J.","contributorId":71890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinci","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timmons, Michael","contributorId":239537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Timmons","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014677,"text":"1014677 - 1997 - Strategies for management of furunculosis Atlantic salmon effected by non-lethal detection of Aeromonas salmonicida: a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:18","indexId":"1014677","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1123,"text":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strategies for management of furunculosis Atlantic salmon effected by non-lethal detection of Aeromonas salmonicida: a review","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"98-099/FH","usgsCitation":"Cipriano, R.C., 1997, Strategies for management of furunculosis Atlantic salmon effected by non-lethal detection of Aeromonas salmonicida: a review: Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, v. 17, no. 6, p. 215-219.","productDescription":"p. 215-219","startPage":"215","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b11e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014552,"text":"1014552 - 1997 - Epidermal tumors of rainbow smelt with associated virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-09T10:56:25.078345","indexId":"1014552","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epidermal tumors of rainbow smelt with associated virus","docAbstract":"<div id=\"9844114\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Epithelial tumors of the skin occurred in landlocked populations of rainbow smelt (<i>Osmerus mordax</i>) in several lakes in New Hampshire (USA) during the spawning runs. Histologically, these were noninvasive epithelial cell lesions. Herpesvirus-like particles could be seen in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The lesions occurred in both males and females. Prevalence, which varied annually, was as high as 30%.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-33.4.925","usgsCitation":"Herman, R.L., Burke, C., and Perry, S., 1997, Epidermal tumors of rainbow smelt with associated virus: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 33, no. 4, p. 925-929, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-33.4.925.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"925","endPage":"929","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480091,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-33.4.925","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602120","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, R. L.","contributorId":21101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, C.N.","contributorId":96213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, S.","contributorId":70340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020054,"text":"70020054 - 1997 - Debris-flow initiation experiments using diverse hydrologic triggers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70020054","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Debris-flow initiation experiments using diverse hydrologic triggers","docAbstract":"Controlled debris-flow initiation experiments focused on three hydrologic conditions that can trigger slope failure: localized ground-water inflow; prolonged moderate-intensity rainfall; and high-intensity rainfall. Detailed monitoring of slope hydrology and deformation provided exceptionally complete data on conditions preceding and accompanying slope failure and debris-flow mobilization. Ground-water inflow and high-intensity sprinkling led to abrupt, complete failure whereas moderate-intensity sprinkling led to retrogressive, block-by-block failure. Failure during ground-water inflow and during moderate-intensity sprinkling occurred with a rising water table and positive pore pressures. Failure during high-intensity sprinkling occurred without widespread positive pore pressures. In all three cases, pore pressures in most locations increased dramatically (within 2-3 seconds) during failure. In some places, pressures in unsaturated materials rapidly 'flashed' from zero to elevated positive values. Transiently elevated pore pressures and partially liquefied soil enhanced debris-flow mobilization.","largerWorkTitle":"International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment","conferenceDate":"7 August 1997 through 9 August 1997","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Reid, M.E., LaHusen, R.G., and Iverson, R.M., 1997, Debris-flow initiation experiments using diverse hydrologic triggers, <i>in</i> International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, Proceedings, San Francisco, CA, USA, 7 August 1997 through 9 August 1997, p. 1-11.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdfbe4b0c8380cd4ea4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019937,"text":"70019937 - 1997 - Spatial heterogeneity of mercury bioaccumulation by walleye in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upper Columbia River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T10:51:28","indexId":"70019937","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial heterogeneity of mercury bioaccumulation by walleye in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upper Columbia River, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examined mercury concentration in muscle of walleye&nbsp;</span><i>Stizostedion vitreum</i><span>&nbsp;from three reaches in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, a reservoir on the Columbia River, and from the upper Columbia River, an area contaminated by wastes from metal mining and associated processing activities. Our objectives were to describe the relation between size and age of walleyes and tissue concentrations of mercury and to compare mercury concentrations within a single reservoir system among spatially segregated cohorts. Overall, mercury concentrations in walleye muscle ranged from 0.11 to 0.44 mg/kg (wet weight) and were positively correlated with age, weight, and length of the fish. Mercury concentrations in walleyes varied spatially within the system; the highest concentrations were in fish from the lower and middle reaches of the reservoir. Condition factor of age-2+ fish was inversely related to tissue concentration of mercury and was lower in fish from the lower and middle reaches than in fish from the upper reach. Spatial patterns in condition factor and mercury in walleyes were unrelated to concentrations of total mercury in surficial bed sediments, which ranged from less than 0.05 to 2.8 mg/kg (dry weight). We suggest that the observed spatial differences in the concentrations of mercury in walleyes may be attributed to the fish preferring to spawn and forage in specific areas where the bioavailability of mercury varies due to local differences in the physical and chemical environment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0477:SHOMBB>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Munn, M., and Short, T., 1997, Spatial heterogeneity of mercury bioaccumulation by walleye in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upper Columbia River, Washington: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 3, p. 477-487, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0477:SHOMBB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"477","endPage":"487","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9480e4b08c986b31ab1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munn, M.D.","contributorId":77908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Short, T.M.","contributorId":50626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019932,"text":"70019932 - 1997 - Paleogeographic significance of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller (Conodonta) and other Ibexian conodonts in an early Paleozoic carbonate platform facies of the Argentine Precordillera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T12:20:43.173335","indexId":"70019932","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogeographic significance of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller (Conodonta) and other Ibexian conodonts in an early Paleozoic carbonate platform facies of the Argentine Precordillera","docAbstract":"Pre-Tremadocian conodonts and trilobites and Tremadocian conodonts are reported from the Cambrian and Ordovician La Silla Formation in the Cerro La Silla section in east-southeast Ja??chal, San Juan Province, Argentina. A shallow marine conodont fauna contains elements of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller, a common species in North America, but reported for the first time from the early Paleozoic platform carbonates of the western Argentine Precordillera. The presence of this species suggests a correlation with the Clavohamulus hintzei conodont subbiozone of the Cordylodus intermedius conodont biozone in North America, considered Early Ordovician (Skullrockian Stage, Ibexian Series) in North America, but by South American and European standards, this biozone would be of latest Cambrian age. C. hintzei and associated conodonts of the La Silla Formation are typical of the tropical faunas of the North American Midcontinent Faunal Province; Late Cambrian trilobites from lower in the formation also are typical North American taxa. The presence of these faunas in the platform carbonates is consistent with plate reconstructions suggesting that the Precordillera was in a tropical or subtropical position close to Laurentia during the late Precambrian and early Paleozoic. These new paleontological data provide one more argument for recent models of the Precordillera as a displaced terrane derived from the Ouachita Embayment at the southern margin of Laurentia.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0429:PSOCHM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Lehnert, O., Miller, J., and Repetski, J., 1997, Paleogeographic significance of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller (Conodonta) and other Ibexian conodonts in an early Paleozoic carbonate platform facies of the Argentine Precordillera: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 4, p. 429-443, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0429:PSOCHM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"443","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227818,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f0e4b0c8380cd77331","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lehnert, O.","contributorId":39143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehnert","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, J.F.","contributorId":29830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019931,"text":"70019931 - 1997 - Depositional processes in large-scale debris-flow experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:26:28.348506","indexId":"70019931","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depositional processes in large-scale debris-flow experiments","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>This study examines the depositional process and characteristics of deposits of large‐scale experimental debris flows (to 15 m<sup>3</sup>) composed of mixtures of gravel (to 32 mm), sand, and mud. The experiments were performed using a 95‐m‐long, 2‐m‐wide debris‐flow flume that slopes 31°. Following release, experimental debris flows invariably developed numerous shallow (∼ 10 cm deep) surges. Sediment transported by surges accumulated abruptly on a 3° runout slope at the mouth of the flume. Deposits developed in a complex manner through a combination of shoving forward and shouldering aside previously deposited debris and through progressive vertical accretion. Progressive accretion by the experimental flows is contrary to commonly assumed<span>&nbsp;</span><i>en masse</i><span>&nbsp;</span>sedimentation by debris flows. Despite progressive sediment emplacement, deposits were composed of unstratified accumulations of generally unsorted debris; hence massively textured, poorly sorted debris‐flow deposits are not emplaced uniquely<span>&nbsp;</span><i>en masse.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>The depositional process was recorded mainly by deposit morphology and surface texture and was not faithfully registered by interior sedimentary texture; homogeneous internal textures could be misinterpreted as the result of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>en masse</i><span>&nbsp;</span>emplacement by a single surge. Deposition of sediment by similar, yet separate, debris flows produced a homogenous, massively textured composite deposit having little stratigraphic distinction. Similar deposit characteristics and textures are observed in natural debris‐flow deposits in China. Experimental production of massively textured deposits by progressive sediment accretion limits interpretations that can be drawn from deposit characteristics and casts doubt on methods of estimating flow properties from deposit thickness or from relations between particle size and bed thickness.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/515930","usgsCitation":"Major, J., 1997, Depositional processes in large-scale debris-flow experiments: Journal of Geology, v. 105, no. 3, p. 345-366, https://doi.org/10.1086/515930.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"366","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fec7e4b0c8380cd4ef0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019513,"text":"70019513 - 1997 - Assessment of liquefaction potential during earthquakes by Arias intensity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:50:38.392181","indexId":"70019513","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of liquefaction potential during earthquakes by Arias intensity","docAbstract":"<p><span>An Arias intensity approach to assess the liquefaction potential of soil deposits during earthquakes is proposed, using an energy-based measure of the severity of earthquake-shaking recorded on seismograms of the two horizontal components of ground motion. Values representing the severity of strong motion at depth in the soil column are associated with the liquefaction resistance of that layer, as measured by in situ penetration testing (SPT, CPT). This association results in a magnitude-independent boundary that envelopes initial liquefaction of soil in Arias intensity-normalized penetration resistance space. The Arias intensity approach is simple to apply and has proven to be highly reliable in assessing liquefaction potential. The advantages of using Arias intensity as a measure of earthquake-shaking severity in liquefaction assessment are: Arias intensity is derived from integration of the entire seismogram wave form, incorporating both the amplitude and duration elements of ground motion; all frequencies of recorded motion are considered; and Arias intensity is an appropriate measure to use when evaluating field penetration test methodologies that are inherently energy-based. Predictor equations describing the attenuation of Arias intensity as a function of earthquake magnitude and source distance are presented for rock, deep-stiff alluvium, and soft soil sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:12(1162)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R.E., and Mitchell, J.K., 1997, Assessment of liquefaction potential during earthquakes by Arias intensity: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 123, no. 12, p. 1162-1174, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:12(1162).","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1162","endPage":"1174","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee3ee4b0c8380cd49c4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, J. K.","contributorId":66422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019927,"text":"70019927 - 1997 - Geochemistry and stratigraphic correlation of basalt lavas beneath the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70019927","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and stratigraphic correlation of basalt lavas beneath the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","docAbstract":"Thirty-nine samples of basaltic core were collected from wells 121 and 123, located approximately 1.8 km apart north and south of the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Samples were collected from depths ranging from 15 to 221 m below land surface for the purpose of establishing stratigraphic correlations between these two wells. Elemental analyses indicate that the basalts consist of three principal chemical types. Two of these types are each represented by a single basalt flow in each well. The third chemical type is represented by many basalt flows and includes a broad range of chemical compositions that is distinguished from the other two types. Basalt flows within the third type were identified by hierarchical K-cluster analysis of 14 representative elements: Fe, Ca, K, Na, Sc, Co, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb, Hf, Ta, and Th. Cluster analyses indicate correlations of basalt flows between wells 121 and 123 at depths of approximately 38-40 m, 125-128 m, 131-137 m, 149-158 m, and 183-198 m. Probable correlations also are indicated for at least seven other depth intervals. Basalt flows in several depth intervals do not correlate on the basis of chemical compositions, thus reflecting possible flow margins in the sequence between the wells. Multi-element chemical data provide a useful method for determining stratigraphic correlations of basalt in the upper 1-2 km of the eastern Snake River Plain.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002540050138","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Reed, M., Bartholomay, R.C., and Hughes, S., 1997, Geochemistry and stratigraphic correlation of basalt lavas beneath the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory: Environmental Geology, v. 30, no. 1-2, p. 108-119, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050138.","startPage":"108","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050138"},{"id":227736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16e1e4b0c8380cd552cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, M.F.","contributorId":68902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholomay, R. C.","contributorId":66271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, S.S.","contributorId":30381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180881,"text":"70180881 - 1997 - Comment: Cautions on forcing regression equations through the origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T14:24:07","indexId":"70180881","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment: Cautions on forcing regression equations through the origin","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675-17.1.225","usgsCitation":"Cade, B.S., and Terrell, J.W., 1997, Comment: Cautions on forcing regression equations through the origin: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, no. 1, p. 225-227, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675-17.1.225.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"227","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999945e4b0efcedb71a0c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terrell, James W. 0000-0001-5394-5663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-5663","contributorId":92726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180882,"text":"70180882 - 1997 - Comparison of tree basal area and canopy cover in habitat models: Subalpine forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T14:33:52","indexId":"70180882","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of tree basal area and canopy cover in habitat models: Subalpine forest","docAbstract":"<p>Canopy cover and basal area are 2 common measures of tree cover used in forest wildlife habitat models and resource selection studies. When choosing between these 2 measures, it is important to recognize that they may differentially estimate relative cover of coexisting tree species due to differences in bole diameter distributions, crown overlap, and crown widths as a function of bole diameter. I found moderate agreement (multivariate p = 0.62, P &lt; 0.0001) between lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) composition estimated by relative canopy cover and relative basal area in young to old-growth stands (n = 31) in subalpine forest of northcentral Colorado. However, differences between stand compositions estimated by relative canopy cover and relative basal area (average = 17%, range = 1-44%) were predictable based on multiple regression models of canopy cover as a function of basal area and trees/ha. I attributed most (11 of 14) above average deviations (&gt;17%) to differences in diameter distributions among species in mature to old-growth (&gt;200 yr) stands. Low densities of large diameter lodgepole pine or Engelmann spruce were a greater proportion of the basal area than of the canopy cover, while the converse occurred for higher densities of small and large diameter subalpine fir. Only 3 of 14 deviations &gt;17% were attributed to species differences in crown overlap and crown width as a function of bole diameter, which occurred for young (22 yr) and intermediate-aged (48-80 yr) stands. I recommend use of basal area rather than canopy cover to estimate tree cover when it is desirable to emphasize large, uncommon trees that are resources used by the wildlife species of interest or that are indicators of important forest disturbance and successional conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802588","usgsCitation":"Cade, B.S., 1997, Comparison of tree basal area and canopy cover in habitat models: Subalpine forest: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 2, p. 326-335, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802588.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"326","endPage":"335","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999945e4b0efcedb71a0c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1004116,"text":"1004116 - 1997 - Is your bird feeder safe?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-22T12:51:31","indexId":"1004116","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1047,"text":"Bird Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is your bird feeder safe?","docAbstract":"<p>Bird feeding is a popular activity for millions of Americans. Some of our favorite bird species commonly visit bird feeders and these stations may be an important factor in their well-being during some segments of their life-cycle. However, poorly maintained feeding stations may contribute to the occurrence of infectious disease and mortality. In recent years there have been unprecedented reports of songbird mortality events and the occurrence of a previously unreported disease in songbirds. The National Wildlife Health Center of the U.S. Geological Survey conducts research on diseases in wildlife, their causes, and means of preventing or reducing disease outbreaks.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ruth, J., and Friend, M., 1997, Is your bird feeder safe?: Bird Conservation, no. 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,{"id":70187679,"text":"70187679 - 1997 - The IGBP-DIS global 1km land cover data set, DISCover: First results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:55:24","indexId":"70187679","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The IGBP-DIS global 1km land cover data set, DISCover: First results","docAbstract":"<p><span>The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Data and Information System (IGBP-DIS) is co-ordinating the development of global land data sets from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The first is a 1 km spatial resolution land cover product 'DISCover', based on monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index composites from 1992 and 1993. DISCover is a 17 class land cover dataset based on the science requirements of IGBP elements. Mapping uses unsupervised classification with post-classification refinement using ancillary data. Draft Africa, North America and South America products are now available for peer review.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/014311697217099","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T.R., and Belward, A., 1997, The IGBP-DIS global 1km land cover data set, DISCover: First results: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 18, no. 15, p. 3289-3295, https://doi.org/10.1080/014311697217099.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3289","endPage":"3295","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bce4b044b359e486c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belward, A.S.","contributorId":6197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belward","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015715,"text":"1015715 - 1997 - Excavation of red squirrel middens by grizzly bears in the whitebark pine zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T13:22:59","indexId":"1015715","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Excavation of red squirrel middens by grizzly bears in the whitebark pine zone","docAbstract":"<ol><li>Whitebark pine seeds Pinus albicaulis are an important food of grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis bears wherever whitebark pine is abundant in the contiguous United States of America; availability of seeds affects the distribution of bears, and the level of conflict between bears and humans. Almost all of the seeds consumed by bears are excavated from middens where red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus have cached whitebark pine cones.</li><li>Relationships among the occupancy of middens by squirrels, the excavation of middens by bears, and site features were investigated in this study. Data were collected from radio-marked bears and from middens located from line transects on two study sites in the Yellowstone ecosystem.</li><li>Densities of active middens were positively related to lodgepole pine Pinus contorta basal area and negatively related to steepness of slope.</li><li>The probability that a midden was occupied by a squirrel (i.e. active) was positively related to lodgepole pine basal area in the surrounding stand, size of the midden and size of the whitebark pine cone crop, and negatively related to elevation and to bear excavation during the previous 2-12 months.</li><li>The probability that a midden had been excavated by a bear during the previous 12 months was positively related to size of the midden, and to whitebark pine basal area and cone crop, and negatively related to nearness of roads and town sites.</li><li>The influence of midden size on bear use was attributable to a positive relationship with the number of excavated cones. The positive association between bear excavations and whitebark pine basal area or cone crops was attributable to availability of pine seeds.</li><li>Grizzly bears would benefit from the minimization of roads and other human facilities in the whitebark pine zone and from increases in the availability of whitebark pine seeds, potentially achieved by increasing the numbers of cone-producing whitebark pine trees, especially in lower elevations of the whitebark pine zone where red squirrels are more abundant.</li></ol>","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/2405283","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D., and Reinhart, D.P., 1997, Excavation of red squirrel middens by grizzly bears in the whitebark pine zone: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 926-940, https://doi.org/10.2307/2405283.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"926","endPage":"940","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland 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P.","contributorId":94258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reinhart","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015757,"text":"1015757 - 1997 - Photosynthesis of green algal soil crust lichens from arid lands in southern Utah, USA: Role of water content on light and temperature responses of CO2 exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-01T09:56:14","indexId":"1015757","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1665,"text":"Flora","onlineIssn":"1618-0585","printIssn":"0367-2530","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Photosynthesis of green algal soil crust lichens from arid lands in southern Utah, USA: Role of water content on light and temperature responses of CO<sub>2</sub> exchange","title":"Photosynthesis of green algal soil crust lichens from arid lands in southern Utah, USA: Role of water content on light and temperature responses of CO2 exchange","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp0005\">Biotic soil crusts are a worldwide phenomenon in arid and semi-arid landscapes. Metabolic activity of the poikilohydric organisms found in these crusts is dominated by quick and drastic changes in moisture availability and long periods of drought. Under controlled conditions, we studied the role of water content on photosynthetic and respiratory CO<sub>2</sub> exchange of three green algal soil crust lichens from a desert site in southern Utah (USA): <i>Diploschistes diacapsis</i> (A<span class=\"small-caps\">ch</span>.) L<span class=\"small-caps\">umbsch</span>, Psora cerebriformis W. W<span class=\"small-caps\">eber</span>, and <i>Squamarina lentigera</i> (W<span class=\"small-caps\">eber</span>) P<span class=\"small-caps\">oelt</span>.</p><p id=\"sp0010\">Photosynthetic metabolism is activated by extremely small amounts of moisture; lower compensation values for net photosynthesis (NP) are reached between 0.05 and 0.27 mm of precipitation equivalent. Thus, the lichens can use very low degrees of hydration for carbon gain. Maximal NP occurs between 0.39 and 0.94 mm precipitation equivalent, and area-related rates equal 2.6–5.2 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>. All three tested species show ‘sun plant’ features, including high light requirements for CO<sub>2</sub> exchange compensation and for NP saturation.</p><p id=\"sp0015\"><i>Diploschistes diacapsis</i> maintains high rates of NP at full water saturation. In contrast, suprasaturated thalli of the other two species show a strong depression in NP which can be removed or reduced by increased external CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. Consequently, this depression is most probably caused by increased thallus diffusive resistances due to pathway blockage by water. This depression will greatly limit carbon gain of these species in the field after heavy rain. It occurs at all temperatures of ecological relevance and also under conditions of low light. However, maximum water holding capacity of <i>P. cerebriformis</i> and <i>S. lentigera</i> is higher than that of <i>D. diacapsis</i>. This could mean that periods of hydration favorable for metabolic activity for those two species last longer than those of <i>D. diacapsis</i>. This might compensate for their lower rates of NP during suprasaturation. Thus, two different strategies might have developed for lichen existence in the specific and extreme arid soil crust habitat. Data about habitat conditions for the different lichen species are needed in order to test this hypothesis and to allow interpretation and prediction of perfonnance of these soil crust lichens in nature.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30749-1","usgsCitation":"Lange, O., Belnap, J., and Meyer, A., 1997, Photosynthesis of green algal soil crust lichens from arid lands in southern Utah, USA: Role of water content on light and temperature responses of CO2 exchange: Flora, v. 192, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30749-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","volume":"192","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685d89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lange, Otto L.","contributorId":17193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lange","given":"Otto L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Angelika","contributorId":72757,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Angelika","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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