The tectonic setting of the southern Washington Cascades has been studied with the aid of magnetotelluric (MT) and other geophysical data. The main feature of interest in the geophysical data is a broad high-conductivity anomaly mapped with MT and geomagnetic variation (GMV) data. This anomaly is located roughly within the triangle formed by the volcanoes Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams but exceeds beyond Mount Rainier to the northwest. We interpret the cause of the anomaly to be conductive rocks with resistivities of 1–4 ohm m and thicknesses possibly greater than 15 km. These conductive rocks are found 2–8 km beneath the overlying less conductive volcanic and sedimentary rocks at the surface. Two aeromagnetic lows follow the trend of the conductivity anomaly, and linear belts of strike-slip seismicity are coincident with both these magnetic lows. One of the aeromagnetic lows is coincident with the western margin of the conductivity anomaly. The geophysical data appear to outline a suture zone of probable Eocene age caused by accretion of a large seamount complex (Siletzia) and that may contain large thicknesses of compressed forearc basin and accretionary prism sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous to Eocene age. Part of the shallower conductive rocks may be associated with carbonaceous continental and transitional marine sedimentary rocks of the Puget Group. The contact between the hypothesized compressed basin and the accreted terranes to the west may localize the release of shear stresses in this region of oblique subduction. Several possible explanations for the conductivity anomaly are considered in addition to the compressed basin hypothesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB10p10179","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W., Finn, C.A., and Plesha, J.L., 1987, Tectonics and conductivity structures in the Southern Washington Cascades: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B10, p. 10179-10193, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB10p10179.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"10179","endPage":"10193","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231422","text":"External Repository"},{"id":420321,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.73779514457345,\n 47.19646941858687\n ],\n [\n -121.32809412987747,\n 47.393007888713186\n ],\n [\n -122.05791832988945,\n 47.574336824492036\n ],\n [\n -122.00425478577102,\n 47.24020776381656\n ],\n [\n -122.20817625342124,\n 47.101579216988426\n ],\n [\n -122.29403792401112,\n 46.918621824821884\n ],\n [\n -122.78774252990145,\n 46.86728143335327\n ],\n [\n -122.78774252990145,\n 46.72032374525833\n ],\n [\n -122.42283042989561,\n 46.50652213743527\n ],\n [\n -122.92726774460975,\n 46.21766469164257\n ],\n [\n -122.80920794754907,\n 45.91981382121435\n ],\n [\n -122.5408902269563,\n 45.889940328992225\n ],\n [\n -122.487226657556,\n 45.56778484414997\n ],\n [\n -122.30477060755274,\n 45.5076439365252\n ],\n [\n -121.83253141930975,\n 45.68037567984638\n ],\n [\n -121.52128286342234,\n 45.68787369575216\n ],\n [\n -121.42468848400898,\n 45.64287052597527\n ],\n [\n -121.33882681341912,\n 45.65787560241694\n ],\n [\n -120.95244929576565,\n 45.81518621546235\n ],\n [\n -120.52314094281758,\n 45.94967118853009\n ],\n [\n -120.51240823399377,\n 46.143352599189086\n ],\n [\n -120.74852782811544,\n 46.314120153948295\n ],\n [\n -120.67339886634937,\n 46.4399982244565\n ],\n [\n -120.4265465634042,\n 46.52867864013254\n ],\n [\n -120.28702134869592,\n 46.903958108056514\n ],\n [\n -120.73779514457345,\n 47.19646941858687\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, William D.","contributorId":23274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plesha, Joseph L.","contributorId":96335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plesha","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70227580,"text":"70227580 - 1987 - Comet showers as a cause of mass extinctions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T16:47:36.045151","indexId":"70227580","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-10T10:35:31","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comet showers as a cause of mass extinctions","docAbstract":"If at least some mass extinctions are caused by impacts, why do they extend over intervals of one to three million years and have a partly stepwise character? The solution may be provided by multiple cometary impacts. Astronomical, geological and palaeontological evidence is consistent with a causal connection between comet showers, clusters of impact events and stepwise mass extinctions, but it is too early to tell how pervasive this relationship may be.
Future Landsat satellites are to include the Thematic Mapper (TM) and also may incorporate additional multispectral scanners. One such scanner being considered for geologic and other applications is a four-channel thermal-infrared multispectral scanner having 60-m spatial resolution. This paper discusses the results of studies using combined Landsat TM and airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) digital data for lithologic discrimination, identification, and geologic mapping in two areas within the Basin and Range province of Nevada. Field and laboratory reflectance spectra in the visible and reflective-infrared and laboratory spectra in the thermal-infrared parts of the spectrum were used to verify distinctions made between rock types in the image data sets.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Podwysocki, M.H., Ehmann, W., and Brickey, D., 1987, Application of combined Landsat thematic mapper and airborne thermal infrared multispectral scanner data to lithologic mapping in Nevada: Pecora XI Symposium, p. 79-82.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288884,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.2,34.97 ], [ -116.2,37.52 ], [ -114.73,37.52 ], [ -114.73,34.97 ], [ -116.2,34.97 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae762ce4b0abf75cf2beb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Podwysocki, M. H.","contributorId":70391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podwysocki","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ehmann, W. J.","contributorId":41836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehmann","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brickey, D.W.","contributorId":34156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brickey","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185927,"text":"70185927 - 1987 - Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T09:50:14","indexId":"70185927","displayToPublicDate":"1987-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Results are presented from experiments carried out in conjunction with the U. S. Geological Survey at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. The study focuses on our ability to obtain orientation and transmissivity estimates of naturally occurring fractures. The collected data set includes a four-offset hydrophone vertical seismic profile, full waveform acoustic logs at 5, 15, and 34 kHz, borehole televiewer, temperature, resistivity, and self-potential logs, and borehole-to-borehole pump test data. Borehole televiewer and other geophysical logs indicate that permeable fractures intersect the Mirror Lake boreholes at numerous depths, but less than half of these fractures appear to have significant permeability beyond the annulus of drilling disturbance on the basis of acoustic waveform log analysis. The vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data indicate a single major permeable fracture near a depth of 44 m, corresponding to one of the most permeable fractures identified in the acoustic waveform log analysis. VSP data also indicate a somewhat less permeable fracture at 220 m and possible fractures at depths of 103 and 135 m; all correspond to major permeable fractures in the acoustic waveform data set. Pump test data confirm the presence of a hydraulic connection between the Mirror Lake boreholes through a shallow dipping zone of permeability at 44 m in depth. Effective fracture apertures calculated from modeled transmissivities correspond to those estimated for the largest fractures indicated on acoustic waveform logs but are over an order of magnitude larger than effective apertures calculated from tube waves in the VSP data set. This discrepancy is attributed to the effect of fracture stiffness. A new model is presented to account for the mechanical strength of asperities in resisting fracture closure during the passage of seismic waves during the generation of VSPs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB08p07989","usgsCitation":"Hardin, E., Cheng, C., Paillet, F., and Mendelson, J., 1987, Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B8, p. 7989-8006, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB08p07989.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"7989","endPage":"8006","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.26934051513672,\n 43.63359034903413\n ],\n [\n -71.279296875,\n 43.625886794606885\n ],\n [\n -71.26899719238281,\n 43.619673531511516\n ],\n [\n -71.25595092773438,\n 43.61097388438795\n ],\n [\n -71.2518310546875,\n 43.62340156642572\n ],\n [\n -71.2631607055664,\n 43.632844886919436\n ],\n [\n -71.26659393310547,\n 43.63334186269\n ],\n [\n -71.26934051513672,\n 43.63359034903413\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc821e4b02ff32c685758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardin, E.L.","contributorId":190068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hardin","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, C.H.","contributorId":94443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paillet, F.L.","contributorId":189369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mendelson, J.D.","contributorId":190067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mendelson","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221529,"text":"5221529 - 1987 - Persistence of DDT and metabolites in wildlife from Washington State orchards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T17:22:45.897103","indexId":"5221529","displayToPublicDate":"1987-07-01T12:19:02","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of DDT and metabolites in wildlife from Washington State orchards","docAbstract":"Residues of the DDT group, particularly p,p′-DDT (DDT) were detected in high or unusual amounts in some wildlife samples collected in fruit orchards near Wenatchee, Washington from 1979 to 1983. Samples of birds contained p,p′-DDE (DDE) and DDT in ratios (DDE:DDT) as low as 2.6:1 in eggs and 1.9:1 in brains. An unexpectedly high number (about 50%) of some samples, such as fat of adult waterfowl, contained unusually low DDE:DDT ratios (≤10:l). At the lower sensitivity level (0.01 μg/g), 96% of the samples contained DDE and 46% contained DDT. From about 1946 to 1970, technical DDT was applied at very high rates to orchards in Washington (56 to 73 kg/ha/yr); some areas probably received 5≥1000 kg/ha over this period. Considerable wildlife mortality from DDT was documented during the period of intensive use, but only one DDT-related mortality was recorded during this study. The possible origin of the residues is discussed. Occurrence of DDT and its metabolites in resident wildlife and its food indicates continuing contamination that probably originates largely from past legal applications in the orchard system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springerlink","doi":"10.1007/BF01055269","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Henny, C.J., Stafford, C.J., and Grove, R.A., 1987, Persistence of DDT and metabolites in wildlife from Washington State orchards: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 16, no. 4, p. 467-476, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055269.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"476","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6885b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stafford, C. J.","contributorId":65429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stafford","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grove, R. A.","contributorId":6546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grove","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5220761,"text":"5220761 - 1987 - Growth and physiological condition of black ducks reared on acidified wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T12:29:40.718876","indexId":"5220761","displayToPublicDate":"1987-06-16T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and physiological condition of black ducks reared on acidified wetlands","docAbstract":"Acid deposition has been identified as one of several possible factors contributing to the decline of some waterfowl populations in North America. In an effort to examine the effects of acidification on black duck (Anas rubripes) recruitment, growth and physiological condition were monitored in ducklings foraging for a 10-day trial (days 10-20 of life) on acidified (pH 5.0) and : circumneutral (pH 6.8) fish-free emergent wetlands. Acidification of these wetlands suppressed phytoplankton and algal growth, and reduced invertebrate biomass. Ducklings maintained on acidified wetlands grew poorly compared with ducklings reared on circumneutral wetlands, as evidenced by lower final body weight and culmen and tarsus length. Plasma growth hormone concentration was elevated and triiodothyronine levels were lower in stunted ducklings, in part substantiating impairment of growth-regulating processes. Ducklings exhibiting poor growth tended to have lower hematocrit, lower plasma protein, glucose, and cholesterol concentrations, and higher uric acid levels, presumably reflecting alterations in metabolism and development due to inanition. These findings suggest that acid deposition may lower food production in wetlands and ultimately impair duckling growth, condition, and survival.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z87-448","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., Haramis, G., Chu, D.S., Bunck, C., and Scanes, C., 1987, Growth and physiological condition of black ducks reared on acidified wetlands: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 65, no. 12, p. 2953-2958, https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-448.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2953","endPage":"2958","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65544a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":332412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":332413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chu, Diane S.","contributorId":7378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chu","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scanes, C.G.","contributorId":7376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanes","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70169010,"text":"70169010 - 1987 - U. S. Geological Survey begins seismic ground response experiments in Washington State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-10T13:26:44","indexId":"70169010","displayToPublicDate":"1987-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U. S. Geological Survey begins seismic ground response experiments in Washington State","docAbstract":"Residents of a West Seattle neighborhood must have been puzzled one Saturday morning in December 1986. Two men were leaning against the wall of a house and rhythmically pushing against it, and were being urged on by the shouts of another man standing on the roof. A horizontal seismometer was fastened to the top of the roof with a wad of beeswax; a thin cable trailed from the seismometer over the roof edges across the lawn and into a van parked at the curb. A digital seismograph in the van was recording the minute vibrations that were produced by the two men pushing on the wall and that were detected by the seismometer. From those recordings, the men could determine the predominant frequency and damping characteristics of the house when it is forced to oscillate in a horizontal direction as, for example, in an earthquake.
\nThe men were Denver-based U.S Geological Survey (USGS) geophysicists working on the Urban Hazards Field Investigations project. On the previous day they had recorded two events on their seismographs-a distant nuclear explosion in Nevada and a blast at amine near Centralia, Washington. On another day, they used seismic refraction equipment to locate the depth of bedrock and seismic velocity to it at several locations in West Seattle and in the Seward Park-Brighton district of southeast Seattle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tarr, A., and King, K.W., 1987, U. S. Geological Survey begins seismic ground response experiments in Washington State: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 19, no. 5, p. 160-170.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"170","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -116.91650390625,\n 46.17983040759436\n ],\n [\n -116.94946289062499,\n 46.01985337287634\n ],\n [\n -118.94897460937499,\n 46.01222384063238\n ],\n [\n -119.20166015625,\n 45.92822950933618\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 45.935870621190546\n ],\n [\n -119.871826171875,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 45.69083283645816\n ],\n [\n -120.59692382812499,\n 45.71385093029221\n ],\n [\n -121.00341796874999,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -121.51977539062499,\n 45.744526980468436\n ],\n [\n -121.805419921875,\n 45.729191061299936\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 45.54483149242463\n ],\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 45.66780526567164\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 45.85176048817254\n ],\n [\n -122.9150390625,\n 46.126556302418514\n ],\n [\n -123.20068359374999,\n 46.18743678432541\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -123.42041015624999,\n 46.2330529447983\n ],\n [\n -123.70605468750001,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -124.90356445312499,\n 48.31242790407178\n ],\n [\n -124.87060546874999,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -124.57397460937499,\n 48.46563710044979\n ],\n [\n -123.629150390625,\n 48.246625590713826\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.29781249243716\n ],\n [\n -123.12377929687499,\n 48.38544219115486\n ],\n [\n -123.277587890625,\n 48.66194284607008\n ],\n [\n -123.02490234375,\n 48.785151998043155\n ],\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 48.850258199721495\n ],\n [\n -123.365478515625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 49.023461463214126\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e2a8d2e4b0f59b85d391c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C.","contributorId":75903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, K. W.","contributorId":105729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210127,"text":"70210127 - 1987 - Volcanism and massive sulfide formation at a sedimented spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-14T19:05:03.176201","indexId":"70210127","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-14T14:00:53","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanism and massive sulfide formation at a sedimented spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Seismic‐reflection profiles over the sediment‐filled Escanaba Trough at the southern Gorda Ridge reveal a series of volcanic centers that pierce the sediment. The volcanic edifices are 3 to 6 km in diameter and are spaced at 15 to 20 km intervals along the axis of the trough. The volcanic intrusions have uplifted the sediment as much as 100 m, and in places fresh basaltic flows are exposed at the sea floor. Unoxidized pyrrhotite‐rich massive‐sulfide samples were obtained from the flanks of one of these volcanic centers. The composition and form of the sulfide samples suggest significant interaction between hydrothermal fluids and sediment at depth, and deposition of sulfide within the sediment pile.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/GL014i007p00769","usgsCitation":"Morton, J.L., Holmes, M.L., and Koski, R.A., 1987, Volcanism and massive sulfide formation at a sedimented spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 14, no. 7, p. 769-772, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL014i007p00769.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"769","endPage":"772","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Janet L.","contributorId":37269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Mark L.","contributorId":77945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":789223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210059,"text":"70210059 - 1987 - Sediment-yield history of a small basin in southern Utah, 1937–1976: Implications for land management and geomorphology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T19:14:04.312579","indexId":"70210059","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-12T14:09:07","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment-yield history of a small basin in southern Utah, 1937–1976: Implications for land management and geomorphology","docAbstract":"Alluvium deposited in a reservoir from 1937 to 1976 records the sediment-yield history of a small (2.8 km2), high-relief basin in semiarid southern Utah. Stratification in the alluvium shows that sediment was deposited in the reservoir only 21 times in 38 yr, a runoff recurrence interval of 1.8 yr. Thus, on average, the particular combination of rainfall intensity, duration, and antecedent moisture conditions producing runoff did not recur often. On the basis of the volume of beds in the reservoir fill, sediment yield of individual runoff events averaged 2500 m3/km2 (5.3 a-ft/mi2) with slightly less than one order of magnitude variation. This low variation is not expected of small basins and probably resulted from limited hillslope sediment supply, suggesting that transport processes were more rapid than weathering processes. Sediment yield, therefore, was evidently controlled by the availability of freshly weathered material.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<954:SHOASB>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 1987, Sediment-yield history of a small basin in southern Utah, 1937–1976: Implications for land management and geomorphology: Geology, v. 15, no. 10, p. 954-957, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<954:SHOASB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"954","endPage":"957","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374705,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Southern Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.5714111328125,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -111.258544921875,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -111.258544921875,\n 37.15156050223665\n ],\n [\n -112.5714111328125,\n 37.15156050223665\n ],\n [\n -112.5714111328125,\n 36.721273880045004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210024,"text":"70210024 - 1987 - A geologic interpretation of seismic-refraction results in northeastern California ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-11T20:42:56.640536","indexId":"70210024","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-11T15:37:45","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geologic interpretation of seismic-refraction results in northeastern California ","docAbstract":"In 1981, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a seismic-refraction experiment in northeastern California designed to study the Klamath Mountains, Cascade Range, Modoc Plateau, and Basin and Range provinces. Key profiles include 135-km-long, north-south lines in the Klamath Mountains and Modoc Plateau provinces and a 260-km-long, east-west line crossing all of the provinces.
The seismic-velocity models for the Klamath and Modoc lines are comparatively homogeneous laterally but are quite different from each other. The Klamath model is finely layered from the surface to at least 14-km depth, consisting of a series of high-velocity layers (6.1–6.7 km/s), ranging in thickness from 1 to 4 km, with alternating positive and negative velocity gradients. A layer with an unreversed velocity of 7.0 km/s extends from 14 km to an unknown depth. The Modoc model, in contrast, is relatively thickly layered and has lower velocities than does the Klamath model at all depths down to 25 km. An upper layer, 4.5 km thick, of low-velocity material (2.1–4.4 km/s) overlies a basement with a considerably higher velocity (6.2 km/s). Velocity increases slowly with depth, with a small velocity step (to 6.4 km/s) at 11 km and a 7.0-km/s layer beginning at 25-km depth. Moho is probably 38–45 km deep under the Modoc Plateau, but its depth is unknown under the Klamath Mountains. A combined velocity-density model for the east-west line consists of a western part similar in configuration to the Klamath velocity model, an eastern part similar to the Modoc velocity model, and laterally changing velocity-density structure in between, in the Cascade Range.
Beneath its upper layer, the velocity model for the Modoc Plateau is similar to that determined by other researchers for the adjacent Sierra Nevada. The velocity model is unlike those for rift areas, to which the Modoc Plateau has been compared by some authors. We theorize that beneath a veneer of volcanic and sedimentary rocks (the upper layer), the Modoc Plateau is underlain by a basement of granitic and metamorphic rocks that, like rocks in the Sierra Nevada, are the roots of one or more magmatic arcs.
The fine layering in the Klamath seismic-velocity model is consistent with the geologic structure of the Klamath Mountains, characterized by imbricate thrusting of oceanic rock layers of various compositions and ages. Independent modeling of aeromagnetic data indicates that the base of the Trinity ultramafic sheet, the second major rock layer down in the structural sequence, corresponds to a velocity step to 6.7 km/s at 7-km depth in our model. The 6.7-km/s layer beneath the Trinity ultramafic sheet apparently corresponds to rocks of the central metamorphic belt, which are mafic schists. Rock units structurally deeper than rocks of the central metamorphic belt can be correlated with velocity layers below the 6.7-km/s layer, but with less certainty.
In the model for the east-west line, the region of laterally changing velocity structure beneath the Cascade Range includes a 10-km step down to the east in the top of the 7.0-km/s layer. This region of lateral velocity change we interpret to be a fault, fold, or intrusive contact (or some combination of the three) between the stack of oceanic rock layers that underlie the Klamath Mountains and the buried roots of magmatic arcs inferred to underlie the Modoc Plateau. Magmas forming the modern Cascade Range arc apparently rise through this region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<53:AGIOSR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., Zucca, J., Mooney, W.D., and Milkereit, B., 1987, A geologic interpretation of seismic-refraction results in northeastern California : GSA Bulletin, v. 98, no. 1, p. 53-65, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<53:AGIOSR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 .p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374606,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Northeastern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 38.34165619279595\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zucca, J.J.","contributorId":104914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zucca","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milkereit, Bernd","contributorId":62752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milkereit","given":"Bernd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209799,"text":"70209799 - 1987 - Overview of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism, 1983–1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T16:01:30.608223","indexId":"70209799","displayToPublicDate":"1987-04-29T10:47:43","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism, 1983–1986","docAbstract":"Michael Fuller, author of a similar overview four years ago, concluded that “...the next quadrennium promises to be a most interesting one, with plenty to keep us busy.” The 11 review papers that follow support his prediction; research in geomagnetism and paleomagnetism indeed has flourished over the last four years. In this brief overview, I will attempt to summarize what I perceive as important advances during the last quadrennium and to predict where research might lead during the next four years. These observations are seen through the eyes of a very specialized geophysicist; another author undoubtedly would see the past and future much differently.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/RG025i005p00895","usgsCitation":"Blakely, R.J., 1987, Overview of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism, 1983–1986: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 25, no. 5, p. 895-899, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG025i005p00895.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"895","endPage":"899","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208661,"text":"70208661 - 1987 - Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T11:26:01","indexId":"70208661","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-24T11:22:29","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95","docAbstract":"Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, with emphasis on silicoflagellates, were studied in 62 samples from DSDP Sites 612 and 613 on the continental slope and rise off New Jersey. The mid-latitude assemblages correlate well with assemblages from California, Peru, and offshore of southern Brazil, but are distinctly different from high-latitude cold-water assemblages of the Falkland Plateau off southern Argentina. Coccoliths and silicoflagellates provide evidence for the presence of a fairly complete middle and upper Eocene sequence, represented by a composite of Sites 612 and 613. A major unconformity occurs at the middle Eocene to upper Eocene contact at Site 612.
The genus Bachmannocena Locker is emended and proposed as a replacement for genus Mesocena Ehrenberg for ring silicoflagellates. Six new silicoflagellates and one new diatom are described: Bachmannocena apiculata monolineata Bukry, n. subsp., Corbisema amicula Bukry, n. sp., C. bimucronata elegans Bukry, n. subsp., C. hastata incohata Bukry, n. subsp., C. jerseyensis Bukry, n. sp., Dictyocha acuta Bukry, n. sp., and Coscinodiscus eomonoculus Bukry, n. sp. Also, one new replacement name, B. paulschulzn Bukry, nom. nov., and 24 new combinations are proposed for genus Bachmannocena.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1987, Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 95, p. 395-415, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207782,"text":"70207782 - 1987 - Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T15:54:15.603156","indexId":"70207782","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-10T11:26:47","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93","docAbstract":"About one hundred samples of sediments and rocks recovered in Hole 603B were analyzed for type, abundance, and isotopic composition of organic matter, using a combination of Rock-Eval pyrolysis, C-H-N-S elemental analysis, and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Concentrations of major, minor, and trace inorganic elements were determined with a combination of X-ray fluorescence and induction-coupled plasma spectrometry.
The oldest strata recovered in Hole 603B (lithologic Unit V) consist of interbedded light-colored limestones and marlstones, and black calcareous claystones of Neocomian age. The inorganic and organic geochemical results suggest a very terrigenous aspect to the black claystones. The organic geochemical results indicate that the limestones and marlstones contain a mixture of highly degraded marine and terrestrial organic matter. Comparison of the Neocomian carbonates at Site 603 with those on the other side of the North Atlantic, off Northwest Africa at Site 367, shows that the organic matter at Site 367 contains more marine organic matter, as indicated by higher pyrolysis hydrogen indices and lighter values of δ13C. Comparison of inorganic geochemical results for the carbonate lithologies at Site 603 with those for carbonate lithologies at Site 367 suggests that the Site 603 carbonates may contain clastic material from both North American and African sources. The black claystones at Site 603, on the other hand, probably were derived almost entirely from North American clastic sources.
Lithologic Unit IV overlying the Neocomian carbonates, consists of interbedded red, green, and black claystones. The black claystones at Site 603 contain more than ten times the organic carbon concentration of the interbedded green claystones. The average concentration of organic carbon in the black claystones (2.8%), however, is low relative to most mid-Cretaceous black claystones and shales in the Atlantic, particularly those found off Northwest Africa. The geochemical data all suggest that the organic matter in the black claystones is more abundant but generally more degraded than the organic matter in the green claystones, and that it was derived mainly from terrestrial sources and deposited in oxygenated bottom waters. The increased percentage of black claystone beds in the upper Cenomanian section, and the presence of more hydrogen-rich organic matter in this part of the section, probably resulted from the increased production and accumulation of marine organic matter that is represented worldwide near the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary in deep-sea and land sections. A few upper Cenomanian black claystone samples that have hydrogen indices > 150 also contain particularly high concentrations of V and Zn. Most samples of black claystone, however, are not particularly metal-rich compared with other black claystones and shales. Compared with red claystones from lithologic Unit IV, the green and black claystones are enriched in many trace transition elements, especially V, Zn, Cu, Co, and Pb.
The main difference between the \"carbonaceous\" claystones of lithologic Unit IV and \"variegated\" or \"multicolored\" claystones of the overlying Upper Cretaceous to lower Tertiary Unit III is the absence of black claystone beds. As observed at several other sites (105 and 386), the multicolored claystones at Site 603 are somewhat enriched in several trace transition elements—especially Cu, Ni, and Cr—relative to most deep-sea clays. The multicolored claystones are not enriched in Fe and Mn, and therefore are not \"metalliferous\" sediments in the sense of those found at several locations in the eastern Pacific. The source of the slightly elevated concentrations of transition metals in the multicolored claystones probably is upward advection and diffusion of metals from the black claystones of the underlying Hatteras Formation.
The red, orange, and green claystone beds of lithologic Unit II (Eocene), like those of Unit III, really represent a continuation of deposition of multicolored claystone that began after the deposition of the Neocomian carbonates. The color of the few black beds that occur within this unit results from high concentrations of manganese oxide rather than high concentrations of organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Deep Sea Drilling Project","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Arthur, M., 1987, Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 93, p. 1093-1137, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"1093","endPage":"1137","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488881,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201404,"text":"70201404 - 1987 - Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T13:59:53","indexId":"70201404","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:59:21","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features","docAbstract":"Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceeds that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like (“diapiric”) instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic “heat pulse” at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters, but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a time scale ⪅104 years). Such a time scale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows, which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(87)90009-1","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Stevenson, D.J., 1987, Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features: Icarus, v. 69, no. 1, p. 91-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90009-1.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ganymede","volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5de4b034bf6a856a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121548,"text":"70121548 - 1987 - Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T12:54:53","indexId":"70121548","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T12:48:30","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Water-Supply Paper 2350","title":"Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements","docAbstract":"Water use generally is divided into two primary classes - offstream use and instream use. In offstream use, sometimes called out-of-stream or diversionary use, water is withdrawn (diverted) from a stream or aquifer and transported to the place of use. Examples are irrigated agriculture, municipal water supply, and industrial use. Each of these offstream uses, which decreases the volume of water available downstream from the point of diversion, is discussed in previous articles in this volume. Instream use, which generally does not diminish the flow downstream from its point of use, and its importance are described in this article.
\nOne of the earliest instream uses of water in the United States was to turn the water wheels that powered much of the Nation's industry in the 18th and 19th centuries. Although a small volume of water might have been diverted to a mill near streamside, that water usually was returned to the stream near the point of diversion and, thus, the flow was not diminished downstream from the mill. Over time, the generation of hydroelectric power replaced mill wheels as a means of converting water flow into energy. Since the 1920's, the generation of hydroelectric power increasingly has become a major instream use of water. By 1985, more than 3 billion acre-feet of water (3,050,000 million gallons per day) was used annually for hydropower generation (Solley and others, 1988, p. 45)-enough water to cover the State of Colorado to a depth of 51 feet.
\nNavigation is another instream use with a long history. The Lewis and Clark expedition journals and many of Mark Twain's novels illustrate the extent to which the Nation originally depended on adequate streamfiows for basic transportation. Navigation in the 1980's is still considered to be an instream use; however, it often is based upon a stream system that has been modified greatly through channelization, diking, and construction of dams and locks. The present (1987) inland water navigation system in the conterminous United States consists of about 12,000 miles of maintained waterways, over which about 500 million tons of cargo is carried each year (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1988, p. 16).
\nAlthough not so widely practiced in recent years, streams have been used to dispose of raw waste products from homes, communities, and factories. This use has been discouraged by law and public policy because of public health concerns and the damage it causes to the environment.
\nBeginning in the mid-1960's, other instream uses gained new prominence in the water-resources arena-the assertion of a legal right to a free-flowing stream for biological, recreational, and esthetic purposes. These uses themselves, however, are not new. Riverine habitat always has produced fish, and the beauty of flowing water always has evoked a strong sense of esthetic appreciation. What is new is the emerging legitimacy and awareness of these noneconomic uses under State and Federal laws and regulations. In the past, environmental uses of flowing water were ignored, for the most part, under a long-standing legal tradition that favored offstream uses and certain instream uses that had a strong economic basis.
\nThe history of instream-flow policy debate really concerns those recently recognized types of interim uses. Although the more transitional water uses have been protected by law, the recognition of other in stream uses has resulted in substantial changes in State water laws. Although methods for determining the volume of water needed for most traditional water uses are relatively straight-forward and well-established, methods for determining water requirements for the in stream uses have been developed only recently and are continuing to evolve.
\nWater laws that have favored the more traditional water uses, the inherent nature of conflict between instream and offstream water uses, and the special kinds of technological and philosophical problems posed by the \"newer\" types of instream uses are described below. Water laws that have been passed to accommodate the more recently recognized instream uses are summarized.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Water Summary 1987","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B., and Doerksen, H.R., 1987, Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85963e4b03f038c5c1820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":24009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doerksen, Harvey R.","contributorId":25476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doerksen","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121883,"text":"70121883 - 1987 - Variation of wet deposition chemistry in Sequoia National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-25T09:06:48","indexId":"70121883","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T09:04:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation of wet deposition chemistry in Sequoia National Park, California","docAbstract":"Sequoia National Park has monitored wet deposition chemistry in conjunction with the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network (NADP/NTN), on a weekly basis since July, 1980. Annual deposition of H, NO3 and SO4 (0.045, 3.6, and 3.9 kg ha−1 a−1, respectively) is relatively low compared to that measured in the eastern United States, or in the urban Los Angeles and San Francisco areas. Weekly ion concentrations are highly variable. Maximum concentrations of 324,162, and 156 μeq ol−1 of H, NO3 and SO4 have been recorded for one low volume summer storm (1.4 mm). Summer concentrations of NO3 and SO4 average two and five times higher, respectively, than concentrations reported for remote areas in the world. There is considerable variability in the ionic concentration of low volume samples, and much less variability in moderate and high volume samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(67)90084-4","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., and Parsons, D.J., 1987, Variation of wet deposition chemistry in Sequoia National Park, California: Atmospheric Environment, v. 21, no. 6, p. 1369-1374, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(67)90084-4.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1369","endPage":"1374","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292930,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292929,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(67)90084-4"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sequoia National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.919577,36.291376 ], [ -118.919577,36.70081 ], [ -118.234767,36.70081 ], [ -118.234767,36.291376 ], [ -118.919577,36.291376 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4de9e4b0413fd75d6b7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, David J.","contributorId":39249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015246,"text":"70015246 - 1987 - The Japan Trench and its juncture with the Kuril Trench: cruise results of the Kaiko project, Leg 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:25:25.201936","indexId":"70015246","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Japan Trench and its juncture with the Kuril Trench: cruise results of the Kaiko project, Leg 3","docAbstract":"This paper presents the results of a detailed survey combining Seabeam mapping, gravity and geomagnetic measurements as well as single-channel seismic reflection observations in the Japan Trench and the juncture with the Kuril Trench during the French-Japanese Kaiko project (northern sector of the Leg 3) on the R/V “Jean Charcot”. The main data acquired during the cruise, such as the Seabeam maps, magnetic anomalies pattern, and preliminary interpretations are discussed. These new data cover an area of 18,000 km2 and provide for the first time a detailed three-dimensional image of the Japan Trench. Combined with the previous results, the data indicate new structural interpretations. A comparative study of Seabeam morphology, single-channel and reprocessed multichannel records lead to the conclusion that along the northern Japan Trench there is little evidence of accretion but, instead, a tectonic erosion of the overriding plate. The tectonic pattern on the oceanic side of the trench is controlled by the creation of new normal faults parallel to the Japan Trench axis, which is a direct consequence of the downward flexure of the Pacific plate. In addition to these new faults, ancient normal faults trending parallel to the N65° oceanic magnetic anomalies and oblique to the Japan trench axis are reactivated, so that two directions of normal faulting are observed seaward of the Japan Trench. Only one direction of faulting is observed seaward of the Kuril Trench because of the parallelism between the trench axis and the magnetic anomalies. The convergent front of the Kuril Trench is offset left-laterally by 20 km relative to those of the Japan Trench. This transform fault and the lower slope of the southernmost Kuril Trench are represented by very steep scarps more than 2 km high. Slightly south of the juncture, the Erimo Seamount riding on the Pacific plate, is now entering the subduction zone. It has been preceded by at least another seamount as revealed by magnetic anomalies across the landward slope of the trench. Deeper future studies will be necessary to discriminate between the two following hypothesis about the origin of the curvature between both trenches: Is it due to the collision of an already subducted chain of seamounts? or does it correspond to one of the failure lines of the America/Eurasia plate boundary?
A moving boundary problem which arises during transport with precipitation-dissolution reactions is solved by three different numerical methods. Two of these methods (one explicit and one implicit) are based on an integral formulation of mass balance and lead to an approximation of a weak solution. These methods are compared to a front-tracking scheme. Although the two approaches are conceptually different, the numerical solutions showed good agreement. As the ratio of dispersion to convection decreases, the methods based on the integral formulation become computationally more efficient. Specific reactions were modeled to examine the dependence of the system on the physical and chemical parameters. Although the water flow rate does not explicitly appear in the equation for the velocity of the moving boundary, the speed of the boundary depends more on the flux rate than on the dispersion coefficient. The discontinuity in the gradient of the solute concentration profile at the boundary increases with convection and with the initial concentration of the mineral. Our implicit method is extended to allow participation of the solutes in complexation reactions as well as the precipitation-dissolution reaction. This extension is easily made and does not change the basic method.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i008p01561","usgsCitation":"Willis, C., and Rubin, J., 1987, Transport of reacting solutes subject to a moving dissolution boundary: Numerical methods and solutions: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1561-1574, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i008p01561.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1561","endPage":"1574","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba391e4b08c986b31fd6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willis, Catherine","contributorId":42489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015268,"text":"70015268 - 1987 - Unsaturated flow in a centrifugal field: Measurement of hydraulic conductivity and testing of Darcy's Law","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:33:21","indexId":"70015268","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unsaturated flow in a centrifugal field: Measurement of hydraulic conductivity and testing of Darcy's Law","docAbstract":"A method has been developed to establish steady state flow of water in an unsaturated soil sample spinning in a centrifuge. Theoretical analysis predicts moisture conditions in the sample that depend strongly on soil type and certain operating parameters. For Oakley sand, measurements of flux, water content, and matric potential during and after centrifugation verify that steady state flow can be achieved. Experiments have confirmed the theoretical prediction of a nearly uniform moisture distribution for this medium and have demonstrated that the flow can be effectively one-dimensional. The method was used for steady state measurements of hydraulic conductivity K for relatively dry soil, giving values as low as 7.6 × 10−11 m/s with data obtained in a few hours. Darcy's law was tested by measuring K for different centrifugal driving forces but with the same water content. For the sand at a bulk density of 1.82 Mg/m3 and 27% saturation, results were consistent with Darcy's law for K equal to 5.22 × 10−10 m/s and forces ranging from 216 to 1650 times normal gravity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i001p00124","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., Rubin, J., and Hammermeister, D., 1987, Unsaturated flow in a centrifugal field: Measurement of hydraulic conductivity and testing of Darcy's Law: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 1, p. 124-134, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i001p00124.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb3fe4b08c986b3285ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammermeister, D.P.","contributorId":27066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammermeister","given":"D.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014169,"text":"70014169 - 1987 - CALCULATION OF NONLINEAR CONFIDENCE AND PREDICTION INTERVALS FOR GROUND-WATER FLOW MODELS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014169","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CALCULATION OF NONLINEAR CONFIDENCE AND PREDICTION INTERVALS FOR GROUND-WATER FLOW MODELS.","docAbstract":"A method is derived to efficiently compute nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals on any function of parameters derived as output from a mathematical model of a physical system. The method is applied to the problem of obtaining confidence and prediction intervals for manually-calibrated ground-water flow models. To obtain confidence and prediction intervals resulting from uncertainties in parameters, the calibrated model and information on extreme ranges and ordering of the model parameters within one or more independent groups are required. If random errors in the dependent variable are present in addition to uncertainties in parameters, then calculation of prediction intervals also requires information on the extreme range of error expected. A simple Monte Carlo method is used to compute the quantiles necessary to establish probability levels for the confidence and prediction intervals. Application of the method to a hypothetical example showed that inclusion of random errors in the dependent variable in addition to uncertainties in parameters can considerably widen the prediction intervals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., and Vecchia, A.V., 1987, CALCULATION OF NONLINEAR CONFIDENCE AND PREDICTION INTERVALS FOR GROUND-WATER FLOW MODELS.: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, no. 4, p. 581-599.","startPage":"581","endPage":"599","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2c4e4b0c8380cd4b355","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014213,"text":"70014213 - 1987 - Chemical structural studies of natural lignin by dipolar dephasing solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T21:47:43.893589","indexId":"70014213","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical structural studies of natural lignin by dipolar dephasing solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance","docAbstract":"Two natural lignins, one from a gymnosperm wood the other from angiosperm wood, were examined by conventional solid-state and dipolar dephasing 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The results obtained from both techniques show that the structure of natural lignins is consistent with models of softwood and hardwood lignin. The dipolar dephasing NMR data provide a measure of the degree of substitution on aromatic rings which is consistent with the models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(87)90049-0","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, P.G., 1987, Chemical structural studies of natural lignin by dipolar dephasing solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance: Organic Geochemistry, v. 11, no. 1, p. 31-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(87)90049-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia, 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