{"pageNumber":"3693","pageRowStart":"92300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185258,"records":[{"id":49978,"text":"ofr97653 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (REDSTH00360025) on Town Highway 36, crossing the West Branch Deerfield River, Readsboro, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-17T16:16:53","indexId":"ofr97653","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-653","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (REDSTH00360025) on Town Highway 36, crossing the West Branch Deerfield River, Readsboro, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nREDSTH00360025 on Town Highway 36 crossing the West Branch Deerfield River, \nReadsboro, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the \nsite, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of \nTransportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in \nAppendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic \ncharacterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency \nof Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and is found in Appendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in \nsouth-central Vermont. The 14.5-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture on the upstream right \nbank and forest on the upstream left bank. The surface cover on the downstream right and \nleft banks is primarily grass, shrubs and brush.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, the West Branch Deerfield River has an incised, sinuous channel with a \nslope of approximately 0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 65 ft and an average bank \nheight of 4 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders, with a median grain \nsize (D<sub>50</sub>) of 117 mm (0.383 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and \nLevel II site visit on August 1, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Town Highway 36 crossing of the West Branch Deerfield River is a 59-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of one 57-foot concrete T-beam span (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written communication, September 28, 1995). The opening length of the \nstructure parallel to the bridge face is 54 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete \nabutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 50 degrees to the opening \nwhile the opening-skew-to-roadway is 30 degrees.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>During the Level I assessment, a scour hole approximately 2 ft deeper than the mean \nthalweg depth was observed along the upstream right wingwall and a scour hole \napproximately 1 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the downstream \nleft wingwall. The scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 \ninches diameter) at the downstream end of the downstream left wingwall, at the upstream \nend of the upstream right wingwall, at the downstream end of the right abutment, along the \nentire base length of the downstream right wingwall, along the upstream right bank and \nalong the downstream left bank. A stone wall was noted along the upstream left bank. \nAdditional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary \nand Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.6 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient-overtopping discharge. Abutment scour ranged \nfrom 15.1 to 16.3 ft along the left abutment and from 7.4 to 9.2 ft along the right abutment. \nThe worst-case abutment scour occurred at the incipient-overtopping and 500-year \ndischarges for the left abutment and at the 500-year discharge for the right abutment. \nAdditional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section \ntitled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, \nare presented in \ntables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. \nScour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97653","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Burns, R.L., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (REDSTH00360025) on Town Highway 36, crossing the West Branch Deerfield River, Readsboro, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-653, iv, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97653.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97653.GIF"},{"id":279700,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0653/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Readsboro","otherGeospatial":"Deerfield River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.125,42.75 ], [ -73.125,42.875 ], [ -72.875,42.875 ], [ -72.875,42.75 ], [ -73.125,42.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a801d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50002,"text":"ofr97767 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (JERITH00350031) on Town Highway 35, crossing Mill Brook, Jericho, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T13:31:00","indexId":"ofr97767","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-767","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (JERITH00350031) on Town Highway 35, crossing Mill Brook, Jericho, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure JERITH00350031 on Town Highway 35 crossing Mill Brook, Jericho, Vermont (figures 1– 8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gathered from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in Appendix D. </p><p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province and the Champlain section of the St. Lawrence physiographic province in northwestern Vermont. The 15.7-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream of the bridge. The downstream left overbank is pasture. The downstream right overbank is brushland. </p><p>In the study area, the Mill Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 117 ft and an average bank height of 11 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 81.1 mm (0.266 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 3, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. </p><p>The Town Highway 35 crossing of the Mill Brook is a 53-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 50-foot steel-beam span with a wooden deck (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, November 30, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 48 ft. The bridge is supported by a vertical, concrete abutment with wingwalls on the left. On the right, the abutment and wingwalls are laid-up stone with a concrete cap. The channel is not skewed to the opening. The roadway is skewed 10 degrees to the opening. </p><p>A scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the left abutment during the Level I assessment. Scour countermeasures at the site were type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) at the upstream and downstream left wingwalls, the upstream and downsteam left channel banks, and the downstream left road embankment. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E. </p><p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge is analyzed since it has the potential of being the worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows. </p><p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.4 to 1.3 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 9.9 to 12.4 ft. Right abutment scour ranged from 13.8 to 17.8 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p><p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97767","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 31 (JERITH00350031) on Town Highway 35, crossing Mill Brook, Jericho, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-767, iv, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97767.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97767.PNG"},{"id":279676,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0767/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Jericho","otherGeospatial":"Mill Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.125,44.375 ], [ -73.125,44.5 ], [ -73.0,44.5 ], [ -73.0,44.375 ], [ -73.125,44.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a653e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54403,"text":"wdrAZ961 - 1997 - Water resources data, Arizona water year 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-30T18:32:31.324535","indexId":"wdrAZ961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"AZ-96-1","title":"Water resources data, Arizona water year 1996","docAbstract":"<p>The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Arizona each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data for Arizona.\"</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrAZ961","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Arizona and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Smith, C., Duet, N., Fisk, G.G., McCormack, H., Partin, C., Pope, G., and Rigas, P., 1997, Water resources data, Arizona water year 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report AZ-96-1, xx, 328 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrAZ961.","productDescription":"xx, 328 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409866,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/az-96-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/az-96-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":50144,"text":"ofr97522 - 1997 - Water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data (October 1995 through September 1996) and statistical summaries of data for streams in the Upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr97522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-522","title":"Water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data (October 1995 through September 1996) and statistical summaries of data for streams in the Upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97522","usgsCitation":"Dodge, K.A., Hornberger, M.I., and Axtman, E.V., 1997, Water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data (October 1995 through September 1996) and statistical summaries of data for streams in the Upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-522, iv, 91 p. : map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97522.","productDescription":"iv, 91 p. : map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodge, Kent A. kdodge@usgs.gov","contributorId":1036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"Kent","email":"kdodge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Axtman, Ellen V.","contributorId":7352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axtman","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50145,"text":"ofr97584 - 1997 - The interannual distribution and abundance of lotic invertebrates from five habitats of the Merced River in Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, 1992-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr97584","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-584","title":"The interannual distribution and abundance of lotic invertebrates from five habitats of the Merced River in Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, 1992-1995","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97584","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.L., and Fend, S.V., 1997, The interannual distribution and abundance of lotic invertebrates from five habitats of the Merced River in Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, 1992-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-584, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97584.","productDescription":"110 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d428","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fend, Steven V. 0000-0002-4638-6602 svfend@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-6602","contributorId":3591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fend","given":"Steven","email":"svfend@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":56261,"text":"wdrPR961 - 1997 - Water resources data, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, Water Year 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"wdrPR961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PR-96-1","title":"Water resources data, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, Water Year 1996","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrPR961","usgsCitation":"Diaz, P., Aquino, Z., Figueroa-Alamo, C., Vachier, R., and Sanchez, A., 1997, Water resources data, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, Water Year 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report PR-96-1, 548 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrPR961.","productDescription":"548 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/pr-96-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88121,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/pr-96-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0bbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, P.L.","contributorId":21626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aquino, Zaida","contributorId":71621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aquino","given":"Zaida","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Figueroa-Alamo, Carlos","contributorId":95904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figueroa-Alamo","given":"Carlos","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vachier, R.J.","contributorId":47017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vachier","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sanchez, A.V.","contributorId":94731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":68679,"text":"ha741 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32075,"text":"ofr96465 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr96465","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68679,"text":"ha741 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ha741","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-02T21:57:08.310409","indexId":"ha741","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"741","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>The aquifer of western Cape Cod consists of several hydrogeologic units composed of sand, gravel, silt, and clay (fig. 1) that were deposited during the late Wisconsinan glaciation of New England. The aquifer is a shallow, unconfined hydrologic system in which ground-water flows radially outward from the apex of the ground-water mound near the center of the peninsula toward the coast (fig.2). The aquifer is the sole source of water supply for the towns of Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth, and Mashpee, and the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR).<br />Previous geologic studies summarized the characteristics and relative ages of the glacial moraines and meltwater deposits and the relation of these sediments to the extent of the ice-sheet lobes during the last glaciation of southern New England (Oldale and Barlow, 1986; Hartshorn and others, 1991). Hydrogeologic studies in western Cape Cod characterized the shallow regional ground-water-flow system (LeBlanc and others, 1986) and analyzed simulated responses of the aquifer to changes in hydrologic stresses (Guswa and LeBlanc, 1985; Barlow and Hess, 1993; Masterson and Barlow, 1994; and Masterson and others, 1996). Recent concerns about widespread ground-water contamination, especially from sources on the MMR, have resulted in extensive investigations to characterize the local hydrogeology of the aquifer near the MMR (ABB Environmental Services, 1992). Masterson and others (1996) illustrated the strong influence of geology on ground-water flow and the importance of characterizing the hydrogeology to predict the migration of the contaminant plumes beneath the MMR.<br />This report, a product of a cooperative study between the National Guard Bureau and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), characterizes the regional hydrogeology of the western Cape Cod aquifer on the basis of surficial glacial geology previously described by Mather and others (1940) and Oldale and Barlow (1986), and presents a new analysis of the subsurface hydrogeology. The characterization of the regional hydrogeologic framework includes a detailed analysis of the glacial sediments, including deltaic and lacustrine deposits and their sedimentary facies; a structure-contour analysis of the transition between the shallow sand and gravel deposits and the underlying fine sand, silt, and clay deposits; and a summary of the relation between lithologic characteristics (grain size and stratigraphy) and empirically determined hydraulic-conductivity values.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha741","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Stone, B.D., Walter, D.A., and Savoie, J., 1997, Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 741, 1 Plate: 41.50 x 50.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha741.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.50 x 50.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":187640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406195,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16211.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":90389,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/741/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.66666666666667,41.516666666666666 ], [ -70.66666666666667,41.78333333333333 ], [ -70.38333333333334,41.78333333333333 ], [ -70.38333333333334,41.516666666666666 ], [ -70.66666666666667,41.516666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6279af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":278718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":278716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G. jsavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":1691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","email":"jsavoie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":54530,"text":"wdrFL963A - 1997 - Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1996. Volume 3A. Southwest Florida Surface Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:11","indexId":"wdrFL963A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-96-3A","title":"Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1996. Volume 3A. Southwest Florida Surface Water","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL963A","usgsCitation":"Coffin, J., and Fletcher, W., 1997, Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1996. Volume 3A. Southwest Florida Surface Water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-96-3A, 279 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL963A.","productDescription":"279 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbb71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coffin, J.E.","contributorId":75913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffin","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, W.L.","contributorId":97977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54785,"text":"wdrNHVT961 - 1997 - Water Resources Data, New Hampshire and Vermont, Water Year 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T14:12:55","indexId":"wdrNHVT961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NH-VT-96-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New Hampshire and Vermont, Water Year 1996","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNHVT961","usgsCitation":"Coakley, M., Keirstead, C., Brown, R., and Hildgendorf, G., 1997, Water Resources Data, New Hampshire and Vermont, Water Year 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NH-VT-96-1, xii, 189 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNHVT961.","productDescription":"xii, 189 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369056,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/nh-vt-96-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/nh-vt-96-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.3447265625,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.68603515625,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.68603515625,\n              45.213003555993964\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.3447265625,\n              45.213003555993964\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.3447265625,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb369","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coakley, M.F.","contributorId":25228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coakley","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keirstead, Chandlee","contributorId":10862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keirstead","given":"Chandlee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, R.O.","contributorId":38215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hildgendorf, G.S.","contributorId":23813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildgendorf","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":55030,"text":"wdrTX963 - 1997 - Water resources data Texas, water year 1996, volume 3. Colorado River basin, Lavaca River basin, Guadalupe River basin, Nueces River basin, Rio Grande basin, and intervening coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-17T21:14:46.610844","indexId":"wdrTX963","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-96-3","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 1996, volume 3. 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,{"id":55105,"text":"wdrWV961 - 1997 - Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T14:27:43.72387","indexId":"wdrWV961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WV-96-1","title":"Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1996","docAbstract":"<p>Water-resources data for the 1996 water year for West Virginia consist of records of discharge and water quality of streams; contents of reservoirs; and water levels of observation wells. This report contains discharge records for 64 streamflow-gaging stations; annual maximum discharge at 39 crest-stage partial-record stations; change in contents for 1 reservoir, water-quality records for 8 stations; and water-level records for 15 observation wells. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 4 and 5. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in West Virginia.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWV961","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of West Virginia and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Ward, S., Taylor, B., and Crosby, G., 1997, Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WV-96-1, xxii, 258 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWV961.","productDescription":"xxii, 258 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/wv-96-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":482197,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/wv-96-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West 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,{"id":50137,"text":"ofr9751 - 1997 - Second west-central Florida coastal studies workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:17","indexId":"ofr9751","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-51","title":"Second west-central Florida coastal studies workshop","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9751","usgsCitation":"Gelfenbaum, G., 1997, Second west-central Florida coastal studies workshop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-51, 140 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9751.","productDescription":"140 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66811f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy","contributorId":79844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49990,"text":"ofr97675 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (DANVTH00010004) on Town Highway 1, crossing Joes Brook, Danville, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-17T13:51:44","indexId":"ofr97675","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-675","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (DANVTH00010004) on Town Highway 1, crossing Joes Brook, Danville, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nDANVTH00010004 on Town Highway 1 crossing Joes Brook, Danville, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of \na Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \ninvestigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. \nInformation on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) \nfiles, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in \nAppendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin northeastern Vermont. The 42.5-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and \nforested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture along the \nupstream and downstream left banks with trees and brush along the immediate banks. The \nupstream and downstream right banks are forested.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, Joes Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 68 ft and an average bank height of 5 ft. The \nchannel bed material ranges from gravel to bedrock with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 80.1 \nmm (0.263 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit \non August 22, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Town Highway 1 crossing of Joes Brook is a 49-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of \none 45-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, \nMarch 17, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 45 ft.The \nbridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed \napproximately 15 degrees to the opening and the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 \ndegrees.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the right \nabutment during the Level I assessment. The scour hole also extends upstream and \ndownstream of the bridge, along the right side of the channel. The scour protection \nmeasures at the site include type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) at the upstream \nend of the upstream left wingwall and along the entire base length of the downstream right \nwingwall. Type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) is along the entire base length of \nthe upstream right wingwall and type-5 protection (stone block wall) is along the upstream \nright bank. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II \nSummary and Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of \nthree components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to \naccelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused \nby accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three \ncomponents. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and \na summary of the results of these computations follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows was computed to be zero ft. Abutment scour \nranged from 11.7 to 13.0 ft along the right abutment and from 6.6 to 9.4 ft along the left \nabutment. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich and Hire equations (abutment scour) gives \n“excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). \nUsually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information \nincluding (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic \nstability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic \nanalyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97675","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Boehmler, E.M., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 4 (DANVTH00010004) on Town Highway 1, crossing Joes Brook, Danville, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-675, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97675.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97675.GIF"},{"id":279688,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0675/report.pdf"}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Danville","otherGeospatial":"Joes Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.25,44.375 ], [ -72.25,44.5 ], [ -72.0,44.5 ], [ -72.0,44.375 ], [ -72.25,44.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49924,"text":"ofr97367 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 49 (BENNCYHUNT0049) on Hunt Street, crossing the Walloomsac River, Bennington, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T15:04:00","indexId":"ofr97367","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-367","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 49 (BENNCYHUNT0049) on Hunt Street, crossing the Walloomsac River, Bennington, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBENNCYHUNT0049 on the Hunt Street crossing of the Walloomsac River, Bennington, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in \nsouthwestern Vermont. The 34.1-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. The bridge site is located within an urban setting in the Town of Bennington with \nbuildings and parking lots on overbanks except for the downstream left bank which is \ncovered by trees and brush.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, the Walloomsac River has a straight, incised channel. The confluence of \nthe Walloomsac River and Roaring Branch is 140 feet downstream. The channel has a slope \nof approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 54 ft and an average bank \nheight of 6 ft. The predominant channel bed material is cobble with a median grain size \n(D<sub>50</sub>) of 76.8 mm (0.252 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and \nLevel II site visit on July 31, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Hunt Street crossing of the Walloomsac River is a 51-ft-long, two-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 49-foot steel span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, December 13, 1995). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete \nabutments. The right abutment has a spill-through slope along its face. The channel is \nskewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening and the opening-skew-to-roadway is 20 \ndegrees.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour countermeasures at the site include type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) on \nthe spill through slope on the right abutment and along the base of the left abutment. Type-\n2 stone fill also protects the channel banks upstream and downstream of the bridge for a \nminimum distance of 17 feet from the respective bridge faces. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour computed for all modelled flows ranged from 0.9 to 5.0 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Computed left abutment scour \nranged from 15.3 to 16.5 ft. with the worst-case scour occurring at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Computed right abutment scour ranged from 6.0 to 8.7 ft. with the \nworst-case scour occurring at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour \ndepths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. \nA cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths \nwere calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97367","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Medalie, L., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 49 (BENNCYHUNT0049) on Hunt Street, crossing the Walloomsac River, Bennington, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-367, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97367.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97367.PNG"},{"id":279758,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0367/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bennington","otherGeospatial":"Walloomsac River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.25,42.875 ], [ -73.25,43.0 ], [ -73.125,43.0 ], [ -73.125,42.875 ], [ -73.25,42.875 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6071","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49986,"text":"ofr97671 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (CORITH0050034) on Town Highway 50, crossing the South Branch Waits River, Corinth, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-17T14:49:46","indexId":"ofr97671","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-671","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (CORITH0050034) on Town Highway 50, crossing the South Branch Waits River, Corinth, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCORITH00500034 on Town Highway 50 crossing the South Branch Waits River, Corinth, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin central Vermont. The 35.9-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream and downstream \nof the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, the South Branch Waits River has an incised, meandering channel with a \nslope of approximately 0.005 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 63 ft and an average \nbank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to cobble with a median \ngrain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 23.7 mm (0.078 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level \nI and Level II site visit on September 5, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Town Highway 50 crossing of the South Branch Waits River is a 56-ft-long, one-lane \nbridge consisting of one 54-foot steel thru-truss span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, \nwritten communication, March 24, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the \nbridge face is 51.5 ft.The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with no \nwingwalls. Stone fill and bank material in front of the abutments create spill-through \nembankments. The channel is skewed approximately 30 degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A scour hole 2.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the left bank \nthrough the bridge during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure at the \nsite was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the left and right banks \nextending from upstream to downstream through the bridge. The stone fill under the bridge \ncreates spill-through embankments. Additional details describing conditions at the site are \nincluded in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge was determined and analyzed as other potential worst-case scour scenario. Total \nscour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed \ndegradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow \narea at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 3.0 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge, which was less \nthan the 100-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 2.4 to 6.3 ft. The worst-case \nabutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths \nand depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. \nA cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths \nwere calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich and HIRE equations (abutment scour) give \n“excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). \nUsually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information \nincluding (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic \nstability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic \nanalyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97671","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M.A., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 34 (CORITH0050034) on Town Highway 50, crossing the South Branch Waits River, Corinth, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-671, iv, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97671.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97671.GIF"},{"id":279692,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0671/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Corinth","otherGeospatial":"South Branch Waits River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.25,44.0 ], [ -72.25,44.125 ], [ -72.125,44.125 ], [ -72.125,44.0 ], [ -72.25,44.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49878,"text":"ofr97103 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 125 (MIDBUS00070125) on U.S. Route 7 crossing the Middlebury River, Middlebury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-07T11:16:57","indexId":"ofr97103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-103","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 125 (MIDBUS00070125) on U.S. Route 7 crossing the Middlebury River, Middlebury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nMIDBUS00070125 on U.S. Route 7 crossing the Middlebury River, Middlebury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in \nwest-central Vermont. The 46.8-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover consists of row crops on the right \noverbank upstream and downstream, and trees on the left overbank.\nIn the study area, the Middlebury River has a straight channel with a slope of approximately \n0.005 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 77 ft and an average channel depth of 4 ft. The \npredominant channel bed materials are sand and cobbles with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of \n59.4 mm (0.195 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site \nvisit on June 18, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe U.S. Route 7 crossing of the Middlebury River is a 202-ft-long, two-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 91-foot, and two 55-foot steel-beam spans (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written communication, December 14, 1995). The bridge is supported by \nvertical, concrete abutment walls with spill-through embankments. The channel is skewed \napproximately 45 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 45 degrees. \nThe scour protection measures at the site were type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter) on the spill-through embankments of each abutment and type-1 stone fill (less \nthan 12 inches diameter) on the right bank upstream. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 1.2 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 7.5 to \n11.0 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge at the left \nabutment. Pier scour ranged from 8.3 to 15.9 ft. for each modeled discharge. The worst-case \npier scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. In this report, piers are numerically \ndesignated “1” and “2” for the left and right piers respectively. Additional information on \nscour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. \nScoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables \n1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour \ndepths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous \nparticle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Flynn, R.H., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 125 (MIDBUS00070125) on U.S. Route 7 crossing the Middlebury River, Middlebury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-103, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97103.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97103.PNG"},{"id":279824,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0103/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Middlebury","otherGeospatial":"Middlebury River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49916,"text":"ofr97344 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (WFIETH00170010) on Town Highway 17, crossing Taft Brook, Westfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-05T12:56:37","indexId":"ofr97344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-344","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (WFIETH00170010) on Town Highway 17, crossing Taft Brook, Westfield, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nWFIETH00170010 on Town Highway 17 crossing Taft Brook, Westfield, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of \na Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \ninvestigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. \nInformation on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) \nfiles, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in \nAppendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in \nnorthern Vermont. The 2.39-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the immediate channel banks have thick woody \nvegetation while the overbanks are grass or pasture.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, Taft Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.04 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 38 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The \npredominant channel bed material is cobble with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 85.3 mm \n(0.280 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nJune 26, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Town Highway 17 crossing of Taft Brook is a 26-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of \none 24-foot concrete span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, \nMarch 7, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 23.1 ft.The \nbridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed \napproximately 15 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 25 degrees. \nThere is 0.1 ft (vertical) undermining of both abutments and 0.8 feet of undermining at the \ndownstream right wingwall. Scour countermeasures at the site include sparsely placed type-\n2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) at the ends of each wingwall. Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D \nand E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>There is 0.1 ft (vertical) undermining of both abutments and 0.8 feet of undermining at the \ndownstream right wingwall. Scour countermeasures at the site include sparsely placed type-\n2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) at the ends of each wingwall. Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D \nand E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour at the left abutment \nranged from 6.1 to 7.7 ft. Abutment scour at the right abutment ranged from 4.3 to 5.4 \nft.The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge for both abutments. \nAdditional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section \ntitled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, \nare presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is \npresented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive \nmaterial and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97344","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 10 (WFIETH00170010) on Town Highway 17, crossing Taft Brook, Westfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-344, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97344.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279769,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0344/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Westfield","otherGeospatial":"Taft Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.5,44.75 ], [ -72.5,44.875 ], [ -72.375,44.875 ], [ -72.375,44.75 ], [ -72.5,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8465","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49889,"text":"ofr97184 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 49 (WALLVT01030049) on State Highway 103, crossing Freeman Brook, Wallingford, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-07T09:48:29","indexId":"ofr97184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-184","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 49 (WALLVT01030049) on State Highway 103, crossing Freeman Brook, Wallingford, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nWALLVT01030049 on State Highway 103 crossing Freeman Brook, Wallingford, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in \nsouth-central Vermont. The 11.7-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture with trees and brush on \nthe immediate banks except for the upstream left overbank which is tree covered. A levee \ncomposed of stone fill was constructed along the upstream left bank in order to keep flow \nfrom reaching the flood plain left (south) of the brook.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, Freeman Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 56 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 6 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobbles with a median \ngrain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 62.9 mm (0.206 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level \nI and Level II site visit on October 10, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The State Highway 103 crossing of the Freeman Brook is a 54-ft-long, two-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 50-foot concrete T-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, \nwritten communication, March 15, 1995). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete \nabutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening \nwhile the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A scour hole 0.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the downstream \nend of the left abutment and downstream left wingwall during the Level I assessment. The \nscour protection measures at the site included type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter) along the entire base length of the upstream left and downstream right wingwall \nand type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream end of the upstream \nright wingwall. Type-4 stone fill (less than 60 inches diameter) was found along the \nupstream left and right banks. Additional details describing conditions at the site are \nincluded in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 1.4 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 7.6 to \n21.4 ft. The worst-case abutment scour was predicted at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97184","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Severance, T., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 49 (WALLVT01030049) on State Highway 103, crossing Freeman Brook, Wallingford, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-184, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97184.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97184.GIF"},{"id":279813,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0184/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Wallingford","otherGeospatial":"Freeman Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.0,43.375 ], [ -73.0,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.375 ], [ -73.0,43.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a60ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54806,"text":"wdrNJ961 - 1997 - Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1996. Volume 1. Surface-water data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-14T23:39:58.204352","indexId":"wdrNJ961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-96-1","title":"Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1996. Volume 1. Surface-water data","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ961","usgsCitation":"Reed, T., Centinaro, G., DeLuca, M., Hutchinson, J., and Scudder, J., 1997, Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1996. Volume 1. 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,{"id":23985,"text":"ofr97223 - 1997 - Quality-control design for surface-water sampling in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:53:44","indexId":"ofr97223","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-223","title":"Quality-control design for surface-water sampling in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"<p>The data-quality objectives of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program include estimating the extent to which contamination, matrix effects, and measurement variability affect interpretation of chemical analyses of surface-water samples. The quality-control samples used to make these estimates include field blanks, field matrix spikes, and replicates. This report describes the design for collection of these quality-control samples in National Water-Quality Assessment Program studies and the data management needed to properly identify these samples in the U.S. Geological Survey's national data base.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr97223","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.K., Martin, J.D., and Lopes, T.J., 1997, Quality-control design for surface-water sampling in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-223, 17 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97223.","productDescription":"17 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment 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,{"id":24113,"text":"ofr96661A - 1997 - Evaluation of Nonpoint-Source Contamination, Wisconsin: Selected Topics for Water Year 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-15T14:38:56","indexId":"ofr96661A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-661","chapter":"A","title":"Evaluation of Nonpoint-Source Contamination, Wisconsin: Selected Topics for Water Year 1995","docAbstract":"<p>The objective of the watershed-management evaluation monitoring program in Wisconsin is to evaluate the effectiveness of best-management practices (BMP's) for controlling nonpoint-source contamination in eight rural and four urban watersheds. This report, the fourth in an annual series of reports, presents a summary of the data collected for the program by the U.S. Geological Survey and the results of several detailed analyses of the data. To complement assessments of water quality, a land-use and BMP inventory is ongoing for 12 evaluation monitoring projects to track nonpoint sources of contamination in each watershed and to document implementation of BMP's that were designed to cause changes in the water quality of streams. Each year, updated information is gathered, mapped, and stored in a geographic-information-system data base. Summaries of land-use, BMP implementation, and water-quality data collected during water years 1989-95 are presented. Storm loads, snowmelt-period loads, and annual loads of suspended sediment and total phosphorus are summarized for eight rural sites. Storm-load data for suspended solids, total phosphorus, total recoverable lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium are summarized for four urban sites. Quality-assurance and quality-control (QA/QC) samples were collected at the eight rural sites to evaluate inorganic sample contamination and at one urban site to evaluate sample-collection and filtration techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAR's). Some suspended solids and fecal coliform contamination was detected at the rural sites. Corrective actions will be taken to address this contamination. Evaluation of PAR sample-collection techniques did not uncover any deficiencies, but the small amount of data collected was not sufficient to draw any definite conclusions. Evaluation of PAR filtration techniques indicate that water-sample filtration with O.7-um glass-fiber filters in an aluminum filter unit does not result in significant loss of PAR.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96661A","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Owens, D., Corsi, S., and Rappold, K., 1997, Evaluation of Nonpoint-Source Contamination, Wisconsin: Selected Topics for Water Year 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-661, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96661A.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science 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,{"id":24286,"text":"ofr97119 - 1997 - Watershed Characteristics and Land Management in the Nonpoint-Source Evaluation Monitoring Watersheds in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-15T14:35:55","indexId":"ofr97119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-119","title":"Watershed Characteristics and Land Management in the Nonpoint-Source Evaluation Monitoring Watersheds in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>In 1992, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, began a land-use inventory to identify sources of contaminants and track the land-management changes for eight evaluation monitoring watersheds in Wisconsin. An important component of the land-use inventory has been developing descriptions and preliminary assessments for the eight watersheds. These descriptions establish a baseline for future data analysis. The watershed descriptions include sections on location, reference watersheds, climate, land use, soils and topography, and surface-water resources. The land-management descriptions include sections on objectives, sources of nonpoint contamination and goals of contaminant reduction, and implementation of best-management practices. This information was compiled primarily from the nonpoint-source control plans, county soil surveys, farm conservation plans, Federal and State agency data reports, and data collected through the land-use inventory.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97119","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rappold, K., Wierl, J., and Amerson, F., 1997, Watershed Characteristics and Land Management in the Nonpoint-Source Evaluation Monitoring Watersheds in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-119, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97119.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science 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