No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., and Browning, M., 1996, Tyrannula minima Baird & Baird, 1843 (currently Empidonax minimus) and Contopus pertinax Cabanis & Heine, 1859 (Aves, Passeriformes): Proposed conservation of the specific names: Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, v. 53, no. 2, p. 116-119.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201823,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db62350b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Browning, M.R.","contributorId":16542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224084,"text":"5224084 - 1996 - Use of parasite-specific monoclonal antibodies to study invasion and early development of Eimeria gruis in the Florida Sandhill Crane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-16T15:51:29","indexId":"5224084","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":704,"text":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Annual Proceedings","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of parasite-specific monoclonal antibodies to study invasion and early development of Eimeria gruis in the Florida Sandhill Crane","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Annual Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","collaboration":"Conference held November 3-8, 1996, in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Editor, Charlotte Kirk Baer","usgsCitation":"Augustine, P., Danforth, H., and Klein, P.N., 1996, Use of parasite-specific monoclonal antibodies to study invasion and early development of Eimeria gruis in the Florida Sandhill Crane: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Annual Proceedings, v. 1996, p. 172-174.","productDescription":"172-174","startPage":"172","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1996","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6044fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Augustine, P.C.","contributorId":51419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Augustine","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danforth, H.D.","contributorId":47059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klein, P. N.","contributorId":33261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205366,"text":"70205366 - 1996 - Processes of wetland loss in India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-16T11:02:14","indexId":"70205366","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-15T10:57:31","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1531,"text":"Environmental Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes of wetland loss in India","docAbstract":"Wetlands in India supply crucial human and animal needs such as drinking water, protein production, fodder, water purification, wildlife habitat, and flood storage. Increased appreciation of uses and threats is essential to protect wetlands where justified. Three quarters of India's population is rural, it places great demands on India's wetlands and losses continue to occur. This paper is based on extensive discussions with natural resource managers, government employees, farmers, academicians, and resource users at dozens of sites in India, as well as an extensive literature search. Twelve important kinds of wetland loss are identified and mechanisms believed to be causing them discussed: (1) agricultural conversion, (2) direct deforestation, (3) hydrologie alteration, (4) inundation, (5) defoliation, (6) altered upper watersheds, (7) accumulative water demands, (8) water quality degradation, (9) wetland consolidation, (10) global climate change, (11) ground-water depletion, (12) exotic species and biodiversity. Wetland understanding, management, and Public awareness in India must continue growing if wetland resources are to remain functional.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0376892900038248","usgsCitation":"Foote, A.L., Pandey, S., and Krogman, N., 1996, Processes of wetland loss in India: Environmental Conservation, v. 23, no. 1, p. 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900038248.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[77.83745,35.49401],[78.91227,34.32194],[78.81109,33.5062],[79.20889,32.99439],[79.17613,32.48378],[78.45845,32.61816],[78.73889,31.51591],[79.72137,30.88271],[81.11126,30.18348],[80.47672,29.72987],[80.08842,28.79447],[81.0572,28.4161],[81.99999,27.92548],[83.30425,27.36451],[84.67502,27.2349],[85.25178,26.7262],[86.02439,26.63098],[87.22747,26.3979],[88.06024,26.41462],[88.1748,26.81041],[88.04313,27.44582],[88.12044,27.87654],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.83564,27.09897],[89.74453,26.7194],[90.37327,26.87572],[91.21751,26.80865],[92.03348,26.83831],[92.10371,27.45261],[91.69666,27.77174],[92.50312,27.89688],[93.41335,28.64063],[94.56599,29.27744],[95.4048,29.03172],[96.11768,29.4528],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.24883,28.41103],[97.32711,28.26158],[97.40256,27.88254],[97.05199,27.69906],[97.134,27.08377],[96.41937,27.26459],[95.12477,26.57357],[95.15515,26.00131],[94.60325,25.1625],[94.55266,24.67524],[94.10674,23.85074],[93.32519,24.07856],[93.28633,23.04366],[93.06029,22.70311],[93.16613,22.27846],[92.67272,22.04124],[92.14603,23.6275],[91.86993,23.62435],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.91509,24.13041],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.7996,25.14743],[90.87221,25.1326],[89.92069,25.26975],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.35509,26.01441],[88.56305,26.44653],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.87631,22.87915],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.88877,21.69059],[88.2085,21.70317],[86.9757,21.49556],[87.03317,20.74331],[86.49935,20.15164],[85.06027,19.47858],[83.94101,18.30201],[83.18922,17.67122],[82.19279,17.01664],[82.19124,16.55666],[81.69272,16.31022],[80.792,15.95197],[80.3249,15.89918],[80.02507,15.13641],[80.23327,13.83577],[80.28629,13.00626],[79.86255,12.05622],[79.858,10.35728],[79.34051,10.30885],[78.88535,9.54614],[79.18972,9.21654],[78.27794,8.93305],[77.94117,8.25296],[77.5399,7.96553],[76.59298,8.89928],[76.13006,10.29963],[75.74647,11.30825],[75.3961,11.78125],[74.86482,12.74194],[74.61672,13.99258],[74.44386,14.61722],[73.5342,15.99065],[73.11991,17.92857],[72.82091,19.20823],[72.82448,20.4195],[72.63053,21.35601],[71.17527,20.75744],[70.47046,20.87733],[69.16413,22.0893],[69.64493,22.45077],[69.3496,22.84318],[68.17665,23.69197],[68.8426,24.35913],[71.04324,24.35652],[70.8447,25.2151],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.16893,26.49187],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.6165,27.9892],[71.77767,27.91318],[72.82375,28.96159],[73.45064,29.97641],[74.42138,30.97981],[74.40593,31.69264],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.45156,32.7649],[74.10429,33.44147],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.2402,34.74889],[75.75706,34.50492],[76.87172,34.65354],[77.83745,35.49401]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"India\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foote, A. Lee","contributorId":216145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pandey, Sanjeeva","contributorId":218995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pandey","given":"Sanjeeva","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krogman, N.","contributorId":58862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krogman","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5200248,"text":"5200248 - 1996 - Transmission dynamics, zoonotic cycles, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for vector-borne diseases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5200248","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NESO-RNR/NRTR/96-11","title":"Transmission dynamics, zoonotic cycles, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for vector-borne diseases","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H., 1996, Transmission dynamics, zoonotic cycles, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for vector-borne diseases: Technical Report NPS/NESO-RNR/NRTR/96-11, 36.","productDescription":"36","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, H. 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S. 0000-0002-4933-2466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":27576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBrun, R.A.","contributorId":43068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBrun","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230241,"text":"5230241 - 1996 - Annual survival and cause-specific mortality of white-tailed deer fawns on Mount Desert Island, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5230241","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NESO-RNR/NRTR/97-04","title":"Annual survival and cause-specific mortality of white-tailed deer fawns on Mount Desert Island, Maine","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Long, R., O'Connell, A., and Harrison, D., 1996, Annual survival and cause-specific mortality of white-tailed deer fawns on Mount Desert Island, Maine: Technical Report NPS/NESO-RNR/NRTR/97-04, 47.","productDescription":"47","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, R.","contributorId":47502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Connell, A.F. Jr. 0000-0001-7032-7023","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-7023","contributorId":24055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connell","given":"A.F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrison, D.J.","contributorId":82022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5200171,"text":"5200171 - 1996 - A land manager's guide to point counts of birds in the Southeast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5200171","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"SO-120.","title":"A land manager's guide to point counts of birds in the Southeast","docAbstract":"Current widespread concern for the status of neotropical migratory birds has sparked interest in techniques for inventorying and monitoring populations of these and other birds in southeastern forest habitats. The present guide gives detailed instructions for conducting point counts of birds. It further presents a detailed methodology for the design and conduct of inventorial and monitoring surveys based on point counts, including discussion of sample size determination, distribution of counts among habitats, cooperation among neighboring land managers, vegetation sampling, standard data format, and other topics. Appendices provide additional information, making this guide a stand-alone text for managers interested in developing inventories of bird populations on their lands.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station","publisherLocation":"New Orleans, LA","collaboration":"OCLC: 35838727","usgsCitation":"Hamel, P., Smith, W., Twedt, D., Woehr, J., Morris, E., Hamilton, R., and Cooper, R., 1996, A land manager's guide to point counts of birds in the Southeast: General Technical Report SO-120., 39.","productDescription":"39","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92042,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/1594","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamel, P.B.","contributorId":88444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamel","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, W.P.","contributorId":97217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woehr, J.R.","contributorId":77275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woehr","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morris, E.","contributorId":20872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hamilton, R.B.","contributorId":63509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5200169,"text":"5200169 - 1996 - Silver Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-13T09:54:37","indexId":"5200169","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":167,"text":"Contaminant Hazard Reviews","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"Report 32 ; Biological Report 32","title":"Silver Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","docAbstract":"Ecological and toxicological aspects of silver (Ag) in the environment are briefly summarized with an emphasis on natural resources. Elevated silver concentrations in biota occur in the vicinities of sewage outfalls, electroplating plants, mine waste sites, and silver-iodide seeded areas; in the United States, the photography industry is the major source of anthropogenic silver discharges into the biosphere. Silver and its compounds are not known to be mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic. Under normal routes of exposure, silver does not pose serious environmental health problems to humans at less than 50.0 ug total Ag/L drinking water or 10.0 ug per cubic meter air. Free silver ion, however, was lethal to representative species of sensitive aquatic plants, invertebrates, and teleosts at nominal water concentrations of 1.2 to 4.9 ug/L; sublethal effects were significant between 0.17 and 0.6 ug/L. Silver was harmful to poultry at concentrations as low as 1.8 mg total Ag/kg whole egg fresh weight by way of injection, 100.0 mg total Ag/L in drinking water, or 200.0 mg total Ag/kg in diets; sensitive mammals were adversely affected at total silver concentrations as low as 250.0 ug/L in drinking water, 6.0 mg/kg in diets, or 13.9 mg/kg whole body.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., 1996, Silver Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review: Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report 32 ; Biological Report 32, 44.","productDescription":"44","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91944,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/eisler/CHR_32_Silver.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3a33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, R.","contributorId":51869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200146,"text":"5200146 - 1996 - Planar PCB Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-13T09:53:40","indexId":"5200146","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":167,"text":"Contaminant Hazard Reviews","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Planar PCB Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","docAbstract":"Ecological and toxicological aspects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment are reviewed with emphasis on biologically active congeners and fish and wildlife. Subtopics include sources and uses, chemical and biochemical properties, concentrations in field collections, lethal and sublethal effects, and recommendations for the protection of sensitive resources. All production of PCBs in the United States ceased in 1977. Of the 1.2 million tons of PCBs manufactured to date, about 65% are still in use in electrical equipment and 31% in various environmental compartments, and 4% were degraded or incinerated. The 209 PCB congeners and their metabolites show wide differences in biological effects. A significant part of the toxicity associated with commercial PCB mixtures is related to the presence of about 20 planar congeners, i.e., congeners without chlorine substitution in the ortho position. Toxic planar congeners, like other PCB congeners, have been detected in virtually all analyzed samples, regardless of collection locale. Planar PCB concentrations were usually highest in samples from near urban areas and in fat and liver tissues, filter-feeding bivalve mollusks, fish-eating birds, and carnivorous marine mammals. Adverse effects of planar PCBs on growth, survival, and reproduction are highly variable because of numerous biotic and abiotic modifiers, including interaction with other chemicals. In general, embryos and juveniles were the most sensitive stages tested to planar PCBs, and the chinook salmon, domestic chicken, mink, rhesus macaque, and laboratory white rat were among the most sensitive species. for protection of natural resources, most authorities now recommend (1) analyzation of environmental samples for planar and other potentially hazardous congeners; (2) exposure studies with representative species and specific congeners, alone and in combination with other environmental contaminants; (3) clarification of existing structure-induction-metabolism relations; and (4) more research on physiological and biochemical indicators of PCB-stress.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., and Belisle, A.A., 1996, Planar PCB Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review: Contaminant Hazard Reviews 31, iv, 75.","productDescription":"iv, 75","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91943,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/eisler/CHR_31_Planar_PCBs.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, R.","contributorId":51869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belisle, A. 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In addition, earthworms were exposed (LC50) for 14 days in treated soil.
In general, no toxic responses were evident. For northern bobwhite, the LD50 for all five chemicals was >2000 mg a.l./kg of body mass. American kestrels regurgitated all chemicals except Silv-ex; LD50s all exceeded 2000 mg/kg. The LD50 for red-winged blackbird was also >2000 mg/kg for all chemicals except Fire-Trol GTS-R which is currently undergoing further testing. In addition, the LD50 for white-footed mouse was >2000 mg/kg for Phos-Chek D75F. The 14-day LC50 for earthworms was >1000 ppm for all chemicals. Therefore, we concluded that these retardants and foams do not pose an acute hazard to adult birds, mammals, or earthworms. However, ecological studies to evaluate the potential effects of these formulations on vertebrate behavior and population dynamics are in progress.
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