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This is the first article to describe mineralization of midplate submarine rift zones and hydrothermal manganese oxide mineralization of midplate volcanic edifices. Hydrothermal Mn oxides were recovered from submarine extensions of two Hawaiian rift zones, along Haleakala and Puna Ridges. These Mn oxides form two types of deposits, metallic stratiform layers in volcaniclastic rocks and cement for clastic rocks; both deposit types are composed of todorokite and bimessite. Thin Fe‐Mn crusts that coat some rocks formed by a combination of hydrogenetic and hydrothermal processes and are composed of δ‐MnO2. The stratiform layers have high Mn contents (mean 40%) and a large fractionation between Mn and Fe (Fe/Mn = 0.04). Unlike most other hydrothermal Mn oxide deposits, those from Hawaiian rift zones are enriched in the trace metals Zn, Co, Ba, Mo, Sr, V, and especially Ni (mean 0.16%). Metals are derived from three sources: mafic and ultramafic rocks leached by circulating hydrothermal fluids, clastic material (in Mn‐cemented sandstone), and seawater that mixed with the hydrothermal fluids. Mineralization on Haleakala Ridge occurred sometime during the past 200 to 400 ka, when the summit was at a water depth of more than 1,000 m. Hydrothermal circulation was probably driven by heat produced by intrusion of dikces, magma reservoirs, and flow of magma through axial and lateral conduits. The supply of seawater to ridge interiors must be extensive because of their high porosity and permeability. Precipitation of Mn oxide below the seafloor is indicated by its occurrence as cement, growth textures that show mineralizing fluids were introduced from below, and pervasive replacement of original matrix of clastic rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10641199609388310","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Gibbs, A.E., Clague, D., and Torresan, M., 1996, Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine rift zones, Hawaii: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 177-203, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199609388310.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"203","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37a1e4b0c8380cd61024","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbs, A. 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Framework provides a base on which to collect, register, and integrate geospatial information accurately and consistently. The Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) proposed that Framework include geodetic control, orthoimagery, elevation, transportation, hydrography, governmental units, and cadastral data. The Mapping Science Committee of the National Research Council recommends that geodetic control, orthoimagery, and elevation data become the critical foundation of the NSDI. The National Digital Orthophoto Program (NDOP) is a working model on how Federal, State, and local government, as well as private industry, can participate to develop the orthoimagery Framework for the Nation.","language":"English","publisher":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039554","usgsCitation":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Farm Service Agency, National States Geographic Information Council, U.S. Forest Service, and Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, National Digital Orthophoto Program, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039554.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":259578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a61a9e4b0c8380cd71ac4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","contributorId":127954,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","id":535353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farm Service Agency","contributorId":127884,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Farm Service Agency","id":535351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"National States Geographic Information Council","contributorId":127907,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National States Geographic Information Council","id":535352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"U.S. Forest Service","contributorId":128067,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Forest Service","id":535354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80102,"text":"mineral1996 - 1996 - Mineral Commodity Summaries 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T11:01:24","indexId":"mineral1996","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":323,"text":"Mineral Commodity Summaries","code":"MCS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1996","title":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 1996","docAbstract":"This report is the earliest Government publication to furnish estimates covering 1995 nonfuel mineral industry data. Most of the estimates are based on at least 6 months of data. These data sheets contain information on the domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, and 5-year salient statistics for over 90 individual minerals and materials. Most data are rounded to no more than 3 significant figures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mineral1996","usgsCitation":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 1996; 1996; MINERAL; 1996; U.S. Geological Survey","productDescription":"Text; 3 Appendixes; Individual Commodity Data Sheets; Available online and on CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9921,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635723","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188413,"text":"70188413 - 1996 - Human transformation processes—origins and philosophy of a temporal database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-08T13:10:59","indexId":"70188413","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5417,"text":"Sistema Terra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Human transformation processes—origins and philosophy of a temporal database","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","usgsCitation":"Acevedo, W., Foresman, T., and Buchanan, J.T., 1996, Human transformation processes—origins and philosophy of a temporal database: Sistema Terra, v. 5, no. 2-3, p. 32-38.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"38","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593ad70fe4b0764e6c602180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Acevedo, W.","contributorId":82542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foresman, T.W.","contributorId":182438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foresman","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchanan, J. T.","contributorId":192750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buchanan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70765,"text":"ofr96233 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (BETHTH00070037) on Town Highway 007, crossing Gilead Brook, Bethel, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:10:37","indexId":"ofr96233","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-233","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (BETHTH00070037) on Town Highway 007, crossing Gilead Brook, Bethel, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96233","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M.A., and Weber, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (BETHTH00070037) on Town Highway 007, crossing Gilead Brook, Bethel, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-233, 50 p., ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96233.","productDescription":"50 p., ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279979,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0233/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6341","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223,"text":"fs18696 - 1996 - Interactions of mercury with dissolved organic carbon in the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T15:39:29.479725","indexId":"fs18696","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"186-96","displayTitle":"Interactions of Mercury with Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Florida Everglades","title":"Interactions of mercury with dissolved organic carbon in the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"

There has been increased awareness by both public and scientific communities over mercury contamination of game fish in South Florida. Effective management strategies for dealing with this problem will require a more thorough understanding of the factors and processes that result in the generation and transport of mercury, and control its reactivity in the Everglades. The role of mercury complexation by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has been proposed by several investigators as a primary mechanism for the transport of mercury in aquatic systems. However, this relationship has been simply proposed based on a strong correlation between dissolved mercury and DOC concentrations in ground, lake and stream waters. Interactions with DOC may be an important process for controlling the transport and bioavailability of mercury.

The issue of carbon reactivity in South Florida is especially relevant due to the high natural production of organic carbon in the peat soils and wetlands, the relatively high carbon content of shallow ground water systems in the region, the interactions of organic matter with mercury, other trace metals, and anthropogenic compounds, accumulation of organic carbon in corals and carbonate precipitates, and the potential changes in the quality and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) resulting from land use practices. This study will attempt to meet the need to more clearly understand the dynamics of organic matter mercury interactions in the Florida Everglades by focusing research on the effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the transport and reactivity of Hg in the Everglades.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs18696","usgsCitation":"Aiken, G.R., and Reddy, M.M., 1996, Interactions of mercury with dissolved organic carbon in the Florida Everglades: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 186-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18696.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31946,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0186/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1996-186"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.8206787109375,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 26.504988828743404\n ],\n [\n -81.8206787109375,\n 26.504988828743404\n ],\n [\n -81.8206787109375,\n 25.045792240303445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0d48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, Michael M. mmreddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Michael","email":"mmreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":40014,"text":"fs17496 - 1996 - South Florida Ecosystem Program database development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T14:54:27.274883","indexId":"fs17496","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"174-96","displayTitle":"South Florida Ecosystem Program Database Development","title":"South Florida Ecosystem Program database development","docAbstract":"

Purpose  

The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program is an intergovernmental effort to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decision making. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is one of the agencies that provides scientific information as part of the South Florida Ecosystem Program (SFEP). The program, which was begun in fiscal year 1995, provides multidisciplinary hydrologic, cartographic, geologic, and biologic data that relate to the mainland of south Florida, the Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems.

A database with established transfer formats, definitions, and spatial registration greatly promotes dissemination of scientific data and information in a cost-effective manner.

Shared databases may help elevate the quality and quantity of available information. By acquiring data from the database, individual users can certify and evaluate data. With appropriate management oversight, this generally leads to improved consistency and increased reliability in the database.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs17496","usgsCitation":"South Florida Ecosystem Program database development; 1996; FS; 174-96; Stapleton, J. A.; Sonenshein, Roy; Halley, Bob","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3525,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0174/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -81.87874513277362,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -81.87874513277362,\n 24.358839683418125\n ],\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 24.358839683418125\n ],\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 27\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","publishedDate":"1996-10-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stapleton, J.A.","contributorId":82376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapleton","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sonenshein, Roy","contributorId":73257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonenshein","given":"Roy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halley, Bob","contributorId":32584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5619,"text":"fs15596 - 1996 - South Florida Ecosystem Program web site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T14:52:43.390442","indexId":"fs15596","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"155-96","title":"South Florida Ecosystem Program web site","docAbstract":"

Introduction  

The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program is an intergovernmental effort, involving a number of agencies, to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decision making. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the agencies, provides scientific information a part of the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program (SFEP). The USGS began their own program, called the South Florida Ecosystem Program, in fiscal year 1995 for the purpose of gathering hydrologic, cartographic, geologic, and biologic data that relate to the mainland of south Florida, Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs15596","usgsCitation":"South Florida Ecosystem Program web site; 1996; FS; 155-96; Geological Survey (U.S.)","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0155/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0155/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 27.75\n ],\n [\n -81.87874513277362,\n 27.75\n ],\n [\n -81.87874513277362,\n 24.358839683418125\n ],\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 24.358839683418125\n ],\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 27.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314

Contact Pubs Warehouse

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This map report describes the sampling design for a comprehensive regional assessment of water quality in the Red River of the North Basin, a study unit under the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The sampling design was developed to address questions about the presence, distribution, and loads of nutrients and pesticides associated with large agricultural regions in the basin and across the Nation. The design also begins to address major local and regional concerns about suspended sediment in surface water and naturally occurring salinity in ground water. Recognizing that the Red River of the North Basin study unit realistically could not be analyzed as a single homogeneous area, a hierarchical sampling stratification for assessing water quality was developed. Landscape features consisting of physiography, soils, land cover and land use, and cropping patterns provided the environmental framework for stratification of streams and surficial aquifers. The environmental framework characterizes the climate and hydrology and relates closely to an ecoregions framework. The environmental and ecoregions frameworks were considered in locating ecological sampling sites. For the subsurface framework, buried sand and gravel aquifers in study unit were subdivided into two general subregions of differing potential saline recharge from underlying bedrock aquifers.

\n

Actual sampling sites for streams, aquatic biology, and ground water were described within the proposed sampling stratification. Practical considerations of previously established sampling sites, background information from previous hydrologic investigations, and site suitability for sampling protocols also were considered for final site selection.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964129","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, D., and Stoner, J., 1996, Sampling design for assessing water quality of the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 1993-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4129, Document: 4 p.; 2 Plates: 46.35 x 38.28 inches and 46.41 x 38.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964129.","productDescription":"Document: 4 p.; 2 Plates: 46.35 x 38.28 inches and 46.41 x 38.29 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science 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L.","contributorId":10776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27317,"text":"wri944220 - 1996 - Selected geochemical characteristics of ground water from the Marshall aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-29T13:59:20","indexId":"wri944220","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4220","title":"Selected geochemical characteristics of ground water from the Marshall aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan","docAbstract":"

Chemistry and stable-isotope data for water from wells completed in the Marshall aquifer within the Michigan Basin were used to prepare maps that show area! variations of δ18O; distribution of dissolved solids, dissolved chloride, dissolved iron, and dissolved sulfate; and distribution of hydrochemical facies. Delta oxygen-18 values indicate the presence of modern meteoric water (δ18O approximately -10 parts per mil) as well as isotopically light meteoric water (δ18O less than -15 parts per mil). Isotopically light ground water is present in the Michigan Lowland. Dissolved-solids concentrations range from 273 to 412,000 milligrams per liter, and dissolved-chloride concentrations range from less than 10 to greater than 250,000 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-solids and dissolved-chloride concentrations increase toward the center of the study area. Dissolved-iron concentrations which range from less than 0.002 to 100 milligrams per liter, are low in the subcrop areas, and increase toward the center of the study area. Dissolved-sulfate concentrations range from 4.5 to 3,500 milligrams per liter and generally increase then decrease from the subcrop area toward the center of the study area. Most ground water in the Marshall aquifer is classified as either a calcium bicarbonate or a sodium chloride type.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri944220","usgsCitation":"Ging, P.B., Long, D.T., and Lee, R.W., 1996, Selected geochemical characteristics of ground water from the Marshall aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4220, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944220.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4220/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Central lower peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": 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pbging@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-8448","contributorId":1788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ging","given":"Patricia","email":"pbging@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, David T.","contributorId":20364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Roger W.","contributorId":105273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22679,"text":"ofr96376 - 1996 - Digital geologic map of Lawton quadrangle, southwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-05T16:54:01.778514","indexId":"ofr96376","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-376","title":"Digital geologic map of Lawton quadrangle, southwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This data set consists of digital data and accompanying documentation for the surficial geology of the 1:250,000-scale Lawton quadrangle, Oklahoma. The original data are from the Geologic Map, sheet 1 of 4, included in the Oklahoma Geological Survey publication, 'Reconnaissance of the water resources of the Lawton quadrangle, southwestern Oklahoma', Hydrologic Atlas 6, Havens, 1977. The geology was compiled by R.O. Fay, in 1967-68 and J.S. Havens, in 1973.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96376","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cederstrand, J.R., 1996, Digital geologic map of Lawton quadrangle, southwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-376, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96376.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400309,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40014.htm"},{"id":154603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":463704,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0376/ofr96376.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Lawton quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -98,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -98,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederstrand, Joel R.","contributorId":15223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrand","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23068,"text":"ofr96223 - 1996 - Occurrence of selected contaminants in water, fish tissue, and streambed sediments in central Nebraska, 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T08:26:04","indexId":"ofr96223","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-223","title":"Occurrence of selected contaminants in water, fish tissue, and streambed sediments in central Nebraska, 1992-95","docAbstract":"

Surface and ground water in Nebraska may contain contaminants resulting from human activities. For purposes of this publication, a contaminant is any element or compound whose presence may affect the water's suitability for certain uses. For example, herbicide concentrations may exceeed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Health Advisory Levels (HAL) for drinking water or trace-element concentrations may exceed guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. In general, the contaminats discussed in this report enter the aquatic system through nonpoint-source runoff from agricultural lands that dominate the Nebraska landscape. However,because this assessment was conducted as part of a larger, national program, a screening for contaminants with non-agricultural origins was included.

The measurement of water quality involves a variety of steps, each contributing unique information while also aggregating to an overall assessment. One aspect of water-quality assesment is to describe the occurrence and distribution of contaminants. Some contaminants may be hundreds or thousands of times more concentrated in the tissues of aquatic organisms or in fine sediments than they are in the water. As a result, fish tissue and streambed sediments are well suited for the detection of certain contaminants. For example, pesticides used in the United States prior to the early 1970's, such as DDT, may have degraded into more stable but still toxic compounds that are highly concentrated in fish tissues. Conversely, other contaminants are not concentrated in sediments or tissues but are readily detected in water samples. Organonitrogen herbicides (such as atrazine), the most commonly used herbicides in Nebraska, are examples of water-soluble contaminants.

Several sampling strategies were used to address specific questions. Some sites were sampled repeatedly through time and during all hydrologic conditions, whereas others were sampled only once to determine presence of contaminants. Because a strong relation between concentration and streamflow often exists for contaminants originating from nonpoint sources, streams typically were sampled near gaging stations that monitor streamflow.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96223","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S.A., 1996, Occurrence of selected contaminants in water, fish tissue, and streambed sediments in central Nebraska, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-223, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96223.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1488,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ne.water.usgs.gov/Nawqa/pubs/ofr_96_223/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -96.712646484375,\n 40.3549167507906\n ],\n [\n -97.042236328125,\n 40.413496049701955\n ],\n [\n -97.591552734375,\n 40.75557964275589\n ],\n [\n -98.23974609375,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -99.569091796875,\n 40.40513069752789\n ],\n [\n -100.107421875,\n 40.55554790286311\n ],\n [\n -100.777587890625,\n 40.95501133048621\n ],\n [\n -100.87646484375,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -101.634521484375,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -102.733154296875,\n 42.05745022024682\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 42.80346172417078\n ],\n [\n -102.01904296874999,\n 42.93229601903058\n ],\n [\n -100.37109375,\n 42.771211138625894\n ],\n [\n -99.591064453125,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -99.349365234375,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -98.360595703125,\n 42.67435857693381\n ],\n [\n -96.96533203125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -96.3720703125,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -96.317138671875,\n 41.3850519497068\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 41.32732632036622\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af6e4b07f02db692a43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21708,"text":"ofr96517 - 1996 - Damage and restoration of geodetic infrastructure caused by the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-19T08:28:08","indexId":"ofr96517","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-517","title":"Damage and restoration of geodetic infrastructure caused by the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"

We seek to restore the integrity of the geodetic network in the San Fernando, Simi, Santa Clarita Valleys and in the northern Los Angeles Basin by remeasurement of the network and identification of BMs which experienced non-tectonic displacements associated with the Northridge earthquake. We then use the observed displacement of BMs in the network to portray or predict the permanent vertical and horizontal deformation associated with the 1994 Northridge earthquake throughout the area, including sites where we lack geodetic measurements. To accomplish this, we find the fault geometry and earthquake slip that are most compatible with the geodetic and independent seismic observations of the earthquake. We then use that fault model to predict the deformation everywhere at the earth's surface, both at locations where geodetic observations exist and also where they are absent.

\n
\n

We compare displacements predicted for a large number of numerical models of the earthquake faulting to the coseismic displacements, treating the earthquake fault as a cut or discontinuity embedded in a stiff elastic solid. This comparison is made after non-tectonic deformation has been removed from the measured elevation changes. The fault slip produces strain in the medium and deforms the ground surface. The model compatible with seismic observations that best fits the geodetic data within their uncertainties is selected. The acceptable model fault bisects the mainshock focus, and the earthquake size , magnitude, is compatible with the earthquake size measured seismically. Our fault model was used to identify geodetic monuments on engineered structures that were anomalously displaced by the earthquake.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96517","issn":"0566-8174","collaboration":"Produced in cooperation with the California Department of Transporation, the National Geodetic Survey, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Hodgkinson, K.M., Stein, R.S., Hudnut, K.W., Satalich, J., and Richards, J.H., 1996, Damage and restoration of geodetic infrastructure caused by the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-517, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96517.","productDescription":"HTML Document","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1157,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0517/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96517.jpg"},{"id":284192,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0517/fema/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Los Angeles Basin;San Fernando Valley;Santa Clarita Valley;Simi Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.2494,33.499 ], [ -119.2494,34.7489 ], [ -117.9355,34.7489 ], [ -117.9355,33.499 ], [ -119.2494,33.499 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e980","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodgkinson, Kathleen M.","contributorId":80179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkinson","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth W. 0000-0002-3168-4797 hudnut@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-4797","contributorId":2550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","email":"hudnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Satalich, Jay","contributorId":108023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satalich","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richards, John H.","contributorId":34821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":30642,"text":"wri964210 - 1996 - Chlordane, DDT, PCB's, and other selected organic compounds in Asiatic clams and yellow bullhead in the Potomac River Basin, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri964210","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4210","title":"Chlordane, DDT, PCB's, and other selected organic compounds in Asiatic clams and yellow bullhead in the Potomac River Basin, 1992","docAbstract":"Chlordane, DDT (dichlor-diphenyl-trichloroethane), and PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyls) were the most widespread organic contaminants detected during a 1992 survey of aquatic biological tissues in the Potomac River Basin. On the basis of existing U.S. Food and Drug Administration criteria, no new threats to human health were discovered, although chlordane concentrations may pose a threat to fish-eating wildlife. Chlordane exceeded the National Academy of Science and National Academy of Engineering recommended maximum concentration for the protection of fish-eating wildlife at two sites.\r\n The survey, conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program, sampled Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) and yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis) at 16 sites to determine the occurrence and distribution of 29 hydrophobic organic compounds. Thirteen of these organic compounds were detected in the survey. Sites with the greatest number of compounds detected include the Potomac River near Alexandria, Va., with 6 compounds detected in Asiatic clam tissue, and Accotink Creek near Annandale, Va., with 11 compounds in yellow bullhead tissue.\r\n Chlordane was detected at six sites, with maximum concentrations of 31.1 ?g/kg (micrograms per kilograms) in Asiatic clam tissue and 127 ?g/kg in yellow bullhead whole-fish tissue. DDT was detected at five sites, with maximum concentrations of 12.9 ?g/kg in Asiatic clam tissue and 7.6 ?g/kg in yellow bullhead whole-fish tissue. PCB's were detected at nine sites, with maximum concentrations of 162 ?g/kg in Asiatic clam tissue and 146 mg/ kg in yellow bullhead whole-fish tissue.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri964210","usgsCitation":"Zappia, H., 1996, Chlordane, DDT, PCB's, and other selected organic compounds in Asiatic clams and yellow bullhead in the Potomac River Basin, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4210, 1 folded sheet (6 p.) :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964210.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet (6 p.) :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2972,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/wrir-96-4210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a22d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zappia, Humbert","contributorId":79093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zappia","given":"Humbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5143,"text":"fs21895 - 1996 - Borehole geophysical logging for water-resources investigations in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-09T12:47:24","indexId":"fs21895","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"218-95","title":"Borehole geophysical logging for water-resources investigations in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

Borehole geophysical logging is a procedure to collect and transmit specific information about the geologic formations penetrated by a well by raising and lowering a set of probes or sondes that contain water-tight instruments in the well. The data collected can be used to determine general formation geology, fracture distribution, vertical borehole flow, and water-yielding capabilities.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs21895","usgsCitation":"Conger, R.W., 1996, Borehole geophysical logging for water-resources investigations in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 218-95, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs21895.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0218/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":552,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0218/fs19950218.pdf","text":"Report","size":"74 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","contact":"

Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602a16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conger, Randall W. rwconger@usgs.gov","contributorId":2086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conger","given":"Randall","email":"rwconger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5111,"text":"fs12696 - 1996 - Source, Movement, and Age of Ground Water in a Coastal California Aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:42","indexId":"fs12696","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"126-96","title":"Source, Movement, and Age of Ground Water in a Coastal California Aquifer","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs12696","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., 1996, Source, Movement, and Age of Ground Water in a Coastal California Aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 126-96, [4] p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ill., maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12696.","productDescription":"[4] p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ill., maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/archive/fact_sheets/b08/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31898,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7726","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29601,"text":"wri964090 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic framework of the diabase aquifer at the Boarhead Farms Superfund site, Bridgeton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T16:03:55","indexId":"wri964090","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4090","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the diabase aquifer at the Boarhead Farms Superfund site, Bridgeton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

The hydrogeologic investigation at the Boarhead Farms Superfund site was done to characterize the framework of the diabase aquifer underlying the site. The primary water-producing fracture system is less than 30 feet below land surface. Water-bearing fractures were not found deeper than 50 feet below land surface. The overburden soil is thin and ranges from 4 to 14 feet thick. The overburden soil acts as a confining unit for the underlying bedrock aquifer. Weathered bedrock consisting of broken diabase ranged from 2 to 15 feet thick, and in some areas, fractures in the weathered bedrock zone were filled with clay. Due to the clay-rich overburden soil and the thick, clay filled weathered bedrock zone, little ground-water storage is available to supply the shallow fracture systems.

The diabase aquifer is low yielding with low transmissivities. Five of 15 boreholes drilled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's investigation produced no water. Estimates of transmisivity calculated from analyses of open-hole constant-discharge tests in five boreholes ranged from 3.1 to 100 square feet per day. Estimated discharge rates for these exists between boreholes. The fracture system is limited in areal extent. Dewatering of fractures supplying water to boreholes occurred during open-hole constant-discharge tests of three boreholes.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Schreffler, C.L., 1996, Hydrogeologic framework of the diabase aquifer at the Boarhead Farms Superfund site, Bridgeton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4090, vii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964090.","productDescription":"vii, 58 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2406,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4090/wri19964090.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4090"},{"id":124966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4090/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"

Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6279e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreffler, Curtis L. clschref@usgs.gov","contributorId":333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreffler","given":"Curtis","email":"clschref@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30455,"text":"wri944242 - 1996 - Configuration of freshwater/saline-water interface and geologic controls on distribution of freshwater in a regional aquifer system, central lower peninsula of Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T14:45:56","indexId":"wri944242","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4242","title":"Configuration of freshwater/saline-water interface and geologic controls on distribution of freshwater in a regional aquifer system, central lower peninsula of Michigan","docAbstract":"

Electrical-resistivity logs and water-quality data were used to delineate the fresh water/saline-water interface in a 22,000-square-mile area of the central Michigan Basin, where Mississippian and younger geologic units form a regional system of aquifers and confining units.

Pleistocene glacial deposits in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan contain freshwater, except in a 1,600-square-mile area within the Saginaw Lowlands, where these deposits typically contain saline water. Pennsylvanian and Mississippian sandstones are freshwater bearing where they subcrop below permeable Pleistocene glacial deposits. Down regional dip from subcrop areas, salinity of ground water progressively increases in Early Pennsylvanian and Mississippian sandstones, and these units contain brine in the central part of the basin. Freshwater is present in Late Pennsylvanian sandstones in the northern and southern parts of the aquifer system. Typically, saline water is present in Pennsylvanian sandstones in the eastern and western parts of the aquifer system.

Relief on the freshwater/saline-water interface is about 500 feet. Altitudes of the interface are low (300 to 400 feet above sea level) along a north-south-trending corridor through the approximate center of the area mapped. In isolated areas in the northern and western parts of the aquifer system, the altitude of the base of freshwater is less than 400 feet, but altitude is typically more than 400 feet. In the southern and northern parts of the aquifer system where Pennsylvanian rocks are thin or absent, altitudes of the base of freshwater range from 700 to 800 feet and from 500 to 700 feet above sea level, respectively.

Geologic controls on distribution of freshwater in the regional aquifer system are (1) direct hydraulic connection of sandstone aquifers and freshwater-bearing, permeable glacial deposits, (2) impedance of upward discharge of saline water from sandstones by lodgement tills, (3) impedance of recharge of freshwater to bedrock (or discharge of saline water from bedrock) by Jurassic red beds, and (4) vertical barriers to ground-water flow within and between sandstone units.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri944242","usgsCitation":"Westjohn, D.B., and Weaver, T.L., 1996, Configuration of freshwater/saline-water interface and geologic controls on distribution of freshwater in a regional aquifer system, central lower peninsula of Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4242, iv, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944242.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": 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B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, T. L.","contributorId":24339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30456,"text":"wri944246 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic framework of Mississippian rocks in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T14:48:29","indexId":"wri944246","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4246","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of Mississippian rocks in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan","docAbstract":"

Sedimentary rocks of Mississippian age form the lower part of a regional aquifer system in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Strata of the Michigan Formation, the Marshall Sandstone, and the Coldwater Shale were subdivided into an aquifer and two confining units on the basis of hydraulic properties. The Michigan confining unit consists of shale, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite, and discontinuous beds of sandstone and siltstone. The area! extent of this unit is approximately 17,000 square miles, and thickness typically ranges from 300 to 400 feet. The Michigan confining unit overlies the Marshall aquifer. This aquifer consists of one or more stratigraphically continuous, permeable sandstones, which are hydraulically connected at the scale of the regional aquifer system. The area! extent of this regional aquifer is approximately 22,000 square miles, and the composite thickness of permeable sandstones that form the Marshall aquifer typically ranges from 75 to 175 feet. The Marshall aquifer is freshwater bearing in areas where it is in direct hydraulic connection to Pleistocene glacial deposits. Saline water is present in this aquifer in a zone of transition from freshwater to brine. The width of this transition zone typically ranges from 10 to 30 miles, but width is as narrow as 2 to 4 miles in the northern part of the aquifer system. The Marshall aquifer contains brine in the central part of the basin (areal extent approximately 10,000 square miles), where it is more than 800 feet below land surface. The Coldwater confining unit, which underlies the Marshall aquifer, ranges from 500 to 1,300 feet in thickness. This confining unit forms the basal part of the regional aquifer system, and it consists mostly of shale.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri944246","usgsCitation":"Westjohn, D.B., and Weaver, T.L., 1996, Hydrogeologic framework of Mississippian rocks in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4246, iv, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944246.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59236,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4246/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", 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B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, Thomas L. tlweaver@usgs.gov","contributorId":2392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Thomas","email":"tlweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":203282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28685,"text":"wri934220 - 1996 - Selected geochemical characteristics of ground water from the Saginaw aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T21:38:31.91591","indexId":"wri934220","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4220","title":"Selected geochemical characteristics of ground water from the Saginaw aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan","docAbstract":"

Chemical and stable-isotope data of water from wells completed in the Saginaw aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan were used to prepare maps that show areal variation of δ18O; distribution of dissolved solids, dissolved chloride, dissolved iron, dissolved sulfate; and distribution of hydrochemical facies. Delta oxygen-18 values indicate the presence of modern meteoric water (δ18O approximately -10 parts per thousand) and glacial-age meteoric water, which is isotopically light (δ18O less than -15 parts per thousand). Isotopically light ground water is present in the Saginaw Bay Area in the eastern part of the study area. Dissolved-solids concentration ranges from 41 to 92,300 milligrams per liter, and dissolved-chloride concentrations range from less than 1 to 55,000 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-solids and dissolved-chloride concentrations increase toward Saginaw Bay. Dissolved-iron and dissolved-sulfate concentration ranges from 0.01 to 7.80 and 0.2 to 3,500 milligrams per liter, respectively. Most ground water from the Saginaw aquifer is classified as calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulfate, or sodium chloride.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri934220","usgsCitation":"Meissner, B.D., Long, D.T., and Lee, R.W., 1996, Selected geochemical characteristics of ground water from the Saginaw aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4220, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934220.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57525,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4220/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":407922,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47906.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.5,\n 42.1667\n ],\n [\n -83.25,\n 42.1667\n ],\n [\n -83.25,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -85.5,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -85.5,\n 42.1667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meissner, B. D.","contributorId":35364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meissner","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, David T.","contributorId":20364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Roger W.","contributorId":105273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23552,"text":"ofr96208 - 1996 - Computer input and output files associated with ground-water-flow simulations of the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-94, with projections to 2020; (supplement one to U.S. Geological Survey Water-resources investigations report 94-4251)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr96208","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-208","title":"Computer input and output files associated with ground-water-flow simulations of the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-94, with projections to 2020; (supplement one to U.S. Geological Survey Water-resources investigations report 94-4251)","docAbstract":"This report presents the computer input files required to run the \r\nthree-dimensional ground-water-flow model of the Albuquerque Basin, \r\ncentral New Mexico, documented in Kernodle and others (Kernodle, J.M., \r\nMcAda, D.P., and Thorn, C.R., 1995, Simulation of ground-water flow in \r\nthe Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-1994, with projections \r\nto 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report \r\n94-4251, 114 p.). Output files resulting from the computer simulations \r\nare included for reference.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"USGS ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96208","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., 1996, Computer input and output files associated with ground-water-flow simulations of the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-94, with projections to 2020; (supplement one to U.S. Geological Survey Water-resources investigations report 94-4251): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-208, 1 computer cassette ;3 7/8 x 2 1/2 in. +1 booklet (iii, 5 p. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96208.","productDescription":"1 computer cassette ;3 7/8 x 2 1/2 in. +1 booklet (iii, 5 p. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0208/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52845,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0208/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7a4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23553,"text":"ofr96210 - 1996 - Computer input and output files associated with ground-water-flow simulations of the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020; (supplement three to U.S. Geological Survey Water-resources investigations report 94-4251)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr96210","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-210","title":"Computer input and output files associated with ground-water-flow simulations of the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020; (supplement three to U.S. Geological Survey Water-resources investigations report 94-4251)","docAbstract":"This report presents the computer input files required to run the \r\nthree-dimensional ground-water-flow model of the Albuquerque Basin, \r\ncentral New Mexico, documented in Kernodle and others (Kernodle, J.M., \r\nMcAda, D.P., and Thorn, C.R., 1995, Simulation of ground-water flow in \r\nthe Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-1994, with projections \r\nto 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report\r\n94-4251, 114 p.) and revised by Kernodle (Kernodle, J.M., 1998, Simulation \r\nof ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, 1901-95, with projections \r\nto 2020 (supplement two to U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources \r\nInvestigations Report 94-4251): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report \r\n96-209, 54 p.). Output files resulting from the computer simulations are \r\nincluded for reference.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"USGS ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96210","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., 1996, Computer input and output files associated with ground-water-flow simulations of the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020; (supplement three to U.S. Geological Survey Water-resources investigations report 94-4251): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-210, 1 computer cassette ;3 7/8 x 2 1/2 in. +1 booklet (iii, 5 p. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96210.","productDescription":"1 computer cassette ;3 7/8 x 2 1/2 in. +1 booklet (iii, 5 p. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52846,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a79c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5622,"text":"fs16296 - 1996 - South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T14:56:24.520293","indexId":"fs16296","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"162-96","displayTitle":"South Florida High-Accuracy Elevation Data Collection Project","title":"South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project","docAbstract":"

Background

The major issues facing ecosystem restoration and management in south Florida are centered on the availability and distribution of clean, fresh water. Surface water flow modeling studies are an important aspect of the scientific information needs of the ecosystem restoration initiative. Hydrologic models provide much needed predictive capabilities for evaluating options for management of parks, refuges, and lands planned for acquisition, as well as for understanding the impacts of land management practices in surrounding areas. Models must account for the expansive and extremely low relief terrain of south Florida, where surface waters of the natural system are transported by sheet flow from Lake Okeechobee through the Everglades to Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. To model sheet flows, highly accurate elevation data that define the surface topography are required as the most critical input parameter to the Natural Systems Model and other hydrologic models. These data are necessary for calculating water surface slope, depth, velocity, and direction of flow. Hydrologists have stated vertical accuracy requirements of between 3 and 15 centimeters. These accuracy requirements are so stringent, because of the extremely flat terrain, that any standard or other currently available data products would not suffice for this modeling application.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs16296","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 1996–162, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16296.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118357,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0162/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0162/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","contact":"

Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","publishedDate":"1996-10-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6655,"text":"fs17996 - 1996 - Water flows and nutrient loads to the southwest coast of Florida—A study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T11:46:21.832101","indexId":"fs17996","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"179-96","displayTitle":"Water Flows and Nutrient Loads to the Southwest Coast of Florida","title":"Water flows and nutrient loads to the southwest coast of Florida—A study","docAbstract":"

Background

The embayments and estuaries of Florida's southwest coast are an integral part of the south Florida ecosystem. Nutrients and other constituents are transported to these coastal waters by surface water and ground-water flow from the Everglades National Park (ENP) and the Big Cypress Preserve and by longshore and offshore tidal currents. The coastal area is an essential breeding ground for many estuarine and marine species and is a popular location for wilderness recreational pursuits as well as sport fishing. The volume of flow and the loads of nutrients being discharged from the streams draining the upland areas of ENP and Big Cypress Preserve currently are unknown.

As part of Everglades restoration activities, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers may change the volume or location of water deliveries to the ENP. Such changes could affect the volume or distribution of inflow and associated constituents that are transported into the coastal waters of southwest Florida. Proposals to change water deliveries to the Everglades National Park and efforts to improve the environmental health of Florida Bay cannot be evaluated without some understanding of the hydrologic and water-quality characteristics of tidal rivers and coastal embayments in the region.

The southwest coast of Florida is part of a wilderness area with unique hydraulic characteristics that has historically been described as the \"River of Grass.\" Flat terrain and lack of controlled topographic information has made it difficult to define drainage divides. Low gradients, coupled with tidal effects, create complex conditions under which to measure riverine flow. It has been almost thirty years since any effort has been made to monitor flow characteristics continuously in the area. Significant technological advancements have occurred during this time and this new technology can be applied to help obtain the information needed to make informed decisions about the future of this unique coastal area.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs17996","usgsCitation":"Levesque, V.A., 1996, Water flows and nutrient loads to the southwest coast of Florida—A study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 179-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs17996.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34074,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0179/fs17996.pdf","text":"Report","size":"62.8 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1996-179"},{"id":122808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0179/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.22741699218749,\n 25.06320924418646\n ],\n [\n -80.75225830078124,\n 25.06320924418646\n ],\n [\n -80.75225830078124,\n 25.569697998006646\n ],\n [\n -81.22741699218749,\n 25.569697998006646\n ],\n [\n -81.22741699218749,\n 25.06320924418646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levesque, Victor A. levesque@usgs.gov","contributorId":4335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levesque","given":"Victor","email":"levesque@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31016,"text":"wri944248 - 1996 - Ground-water resources and contamination at Kwajalein Island, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:06","indexId":"wri944248","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4248","title":"Ground-water resources and contamination at Kwajalein Island, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1990-91","docAbstract":"Kwajalein Island is the largest of the many low, sandy islets that form Kwajalein Atoll in the western North Pacific Ocean. Salinity and water-level surveys at exploratory monitoring wells in 1990 and 1991 delineated a freshwater lens nearly 40 feet thick floating on saltwater within the carbonate sand and gravel aquifer. A transition zone of mixture between the freshwater and saltwater is as thick as 90 feet. Maximum water-table height is only 1.5 feet above sea level. The freshwater lens thinned and thickened by 5 feet during the year-long field study in response to seasonal rainfall and pumping. Freshwater is produced by airstrip rain catchments and shallow, horizontal wells up to 1,400 feet long. Catchment and ground-water yields are roughly equal on average, but catchment is the principal source during the wet season, whereas the dry season requires sustained pumping. The salinity of pumped water has remained below drinking-water standards since wells were installed in 1971, except during the drought of 1983-84, the most severe drought in the rainfall record dating back to 1945. Wet-season rains at the end of the drought reduced salinity to low levels in just a few months. The operating history of the combined catchment/well water supply indicates that it is capable of producing at least 300,000 gallons per day in all but the driest years, and more in wet years. Several sites are contaminated by fuels, solvents, or metals, but most are at the periphery of the freshwater flow system where contaminants are carried toward the shore. However, three interior sites have greater potential to contaminate nearby water-supply wells.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri944248","usgsCitation":"Hunt, C.D., 1996, Ground-water resources and contamination at Kwajalein Island, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4248, 3 over-size sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944248.","productDescription":"3 over-size sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258652,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4248/plate-1.pdf","size":"5929","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258653,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4248/plate-2.pdf","size":"5403","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258654,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4248/plate-3.pdf","size":"5808","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258655,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4248/report.pdf","size":"359","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4248/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Charles D. Jr. cdhunt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Charles","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cdhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":204593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}