In this paper we develop a numerical solution to equations developed in part 1 (M. Y. Corapcioglu and A. L. Baehr, this issue) to predict the fate of an immiscible organic contaminant such as gasoline in the unsaturated zone subsequent to plume establishment. This solution, obtained by using a finite difference scheme and a method of forward projection to evaluate nonlinear coefficients, provides estimates of the flux of solubilized hydrocarbon constituents to groundwater from the portion of a spill which remains trapped in a soil after routine remedial efforts to recover the product have ceased. The procedure was used to solve the one-dimensional (vertical) form of the system of nonlinear partial differential equations defining the transport for each constituent of the product. Additionally, a homogeneous, isothermal soil with constant water content was assumed. An equilibrium assumption partitions the constituents between air, water, adsorbed, and immiscible phases. Free oxygen transport in the soil was also simulated to provide an upper bound estimate of aerobic biodgradation rates. Results are presented for a hypothetical gasoline consisting of eight groups of hydrocarbon constituents. Rates at which hydrocarbon mass is removed from the soil, entering either the atmosphere or groundwater, or is biodegraded are presented. A significant sensitivity to model parameters, particularly the parameters characterizing diffusive vapor transport, was discovered. We conclude that hydrocarbon solute composition in groundwater beneath a gasoline contaminated soil would be heavily weighted toward aromatic constituents like benzene, toluene, and xylene.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i001p00201","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Corapcioglu, M.Y., 1987, A compositional multiphase model for groundwater contamination by petroleum products: 2. Numerical solution: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 1, p. 201-213, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i001p00201.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"213","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e382e4b0c8380cd46096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corapcioglu, M. Yavuz","contributorId":43114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corapcioglu","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Yavuz","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014891,"text":"70014891 - 1987 - Presence and potential significance of aromatic-ketone groups in aquatic humic substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T21:23:48.478256","indexId":"70014891","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence and potential significance of aromatic-ketone groups in aquatic humic substances","docAbstract":"Aquatic humic- and fulvic-acid standards of the International Humic Substances Society were characterized, with emphasis on carbonyl-group nature and content, by carbon-13 nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy, proton nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. After comparing spectral results of underivatized humic and fulvic acids with spectral results of chemically modified derivatives, that allow improved observation of the carbonyl group, the data clearly indicated that aromatic ketone groups comprised the majority of the carbonyl-group content. About one ketone group per monocyclic aromatic ring was determined for both humic and fulvic acids. Aromatic-ketone groups were hypothesized to form by photolytic rearrangements and oxidation of phenolic ester and hydrocarbon precursors; these groups have potential significance regarding haloform formation in water, reactivity resulting from active hydrogen of the methyl and methylene adjacent to the ketone groups, and formation of hemiketal and lactol structures. Aromatic-ketone groups also may be the point of attachment between aliphatic and aromatic moieties of aquatic humic-substance structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(87)90038-6","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Wilson, M.A., and Malcolm, R., 1987, Presence and potential significance of aromatic-ketone groups in aquatic humic substances: Organic Geochemistry, v. 11, no. 4, p. 273-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(87)90038-6.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"280","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Fargo","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.55719563644614,\n 30.73718669262388\n ],\n [\n -82.70468259143186,\n 30.595406491784985\n ],\n [\n -82.62660258515855,\n 30.599762786732207\n ],\n [\n -82.52104350470628,\n 30.666323175534032\n ],\n [\n -82.33092442455035,\n 30.827183395185997\n ],\n [\n -82.35189154748764,\n 30.855175569793232\n ],\n [\n -82.55719563644614,\n 30.73718669262388\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"plainLanguageSummary":"The pattern of lattice preferred orientation (texture) in deformed rocks is an expression of the strain path and the acting deformation mechanisms. A first indication about the strain path is given by the symmetry of pole figures: coaxial deformation produces orthorhombic pole figures, while non-coaxial deformation yields monoclinic or triclinic pole figures. More quantitative information about the strain history can be obtained by comparing natural textures with experimental ones and with theoretical models. For this comparison, a representation in the sensitive three-dimensional orientation distribution space is extremely important and efforts are made to explain this concept. We have been investigating differences between pure shear and simple shear deformation incarbonate rocks and have found considerable agreement between textures produced in plane strain experiments and predictions based on the Taylor model. We were able to simulate the observed changes with strain history (coaxial vs non-coaxial) and the profound texture transition which occurs with increasing temperature. Two natural calcite textures were then selected which we interpreted by comparing them with the experimental and theoretical results. A marble from the Santa Rosa mylonite zone in southern California displays orthorhombic pole figures with patterns consistent with low temperature deformation in pure shear. A limestone from the Tanque Verde detachment fault in Arizona has a monoclinic fabric from which we can interpret that 60% of the deformation occurred by simple shear.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Wenk, H., Takeshita, T., Bechler, E., Erskine, B., and Matthies, S., 1987, Pure shear and simple shear calcite textures. Comparison of experimental, theoretical and natural data: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 9, no. 5-6, p. 731-745.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"745","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a903be4b0c8380cd7fbf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenk, H.-R.","contributorId":47921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenk","given":"H.-R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takeshita, T.","contributorId":46232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takeshita","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bechler, E.","contributorId":95211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bechler","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erskine, B.G.","contributorId":8624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erskine","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matthies, S.","contributorId":36302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthies","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014876,"text":"70014876 - 1987 - Age of tilted reefs, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-05T16:50:22.024802","indexId":"70014876","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of tilted reefs, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Submerged carbonate reefs are preserved as a series of submarine terraces between Molokai and Hawaii along a 200-km span of the southeastern Hawaiian Ridge. Limestones from two of the terraces have been sampled from submersibles and dated radiometrically at 13 and 120 ka. Recognition that the terraces are tilted permits assignment of about a dozen terraces from 150 to 1300 m depth to eight general reef platforms. These reefs were drowned by the combined effects of island subsidence and sea level rise at the end of successive glacial stages from 13 to 647 ka. The platforms are tilted 5 m/km southeast toward the locus of volcanic loading centered on the island of Hawaii. The end of the active period of volcanic shield building is represented on each nonactive volcano by a submerged change in slope. Dating of this slope change by reference to the dated reefs provides independent evidence that shield building ended at about the same time that the volcano changed from eruption of tholeiitic to alkalic basalt. The variation in depth of the dated tilted reefs along the ridge indicates that the end of subsidence follows the end of shield building by about one half million years. The present northwest margin of major subsidence probably crosses southeast Maui. During the last half million years the rate of southeast migration of the beginning of both subsidence and of tholeiitic volcanism does not appear to have increased. However, the rate of southeast migration of the end of both subsidence and of tholeiitic volcanism has apparently increased. This shortening of the life history of the younger volcanoes implies an increase in eruption rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB03p02641","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Campbell, J., 1987, Age of tilted reefs, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B3, p. 2641-2646, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB03p02641.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2641","endPage":"2646","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f3e4b0c8380cd47fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, J.F.","contributorId":33066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014146,"text":"70014146 - 1987 - Analysis of Shuttle Multispecral Infrared Radiometer measurements of the western Saudi Arabian shield.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T08:20:14","indexId":"70014146","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of Shuttle Multispecral Infrared Radiometer measurements of the western Saudi Arabian shield.","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has conducted geochemical studies in the Indian Pass (CDCA-355), 124 km2, and Picacho Peak (CDCA-355A), 23 km2, Wilderness Study Areas (WSA's) as part of a program to evaluate the mineral resource potential of designated areas in the California Desert Conservation Area. These two WSA's are of particular interest because they lie within a region which has intermittently produced significant quantities of Au since the mid-1800's, and is currently the site of much exploration activity for additional Au resources. Within a 15-km radius of the WSA's, there is one actively producing gold mine, a major deposit which began production in 1986, and one recently announced discovery. In the reconnaissance geochemical surveys of the two WSA's - 177 μm (-80 mesh) stream sediments, heavy-mineral concentrates from stream sediments, and rocks were prepared and analyzed.
Four areas of possible exploration interest were identified within the WSA's. The first area is characterized by anomalous W and Bi in nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrates, and is underlain primarily by the Mesozoic Orocopia Schist which has been intruded by monzogranite of Oligocene age. Alteration and mineralization appear to be localized near the intrusive contact. The mineralized rock at the surface contains secondary Cu and Fe minerals where the monzogranite intrudes the metabasite horizons of the Orocopia Schist and scheelite where the monzogranite intrudes marble within the Orocopia Schist.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(87)90064-1","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Berger, B.R., and Tosdal, R., 1987, Geochemical studies in the Indian Pass and Picacho Peak Bureau of Land Management Wilderness study areas, imperial county, Southern California: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 28, no. 1-3, p. 479-494, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(87)90064-1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"494","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16ace4b0c8380cd5521a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, B. R.","contributorId":77914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014500,"text":"70014500 - 1987 - Langrangian model of nitrogen kinetics in the Chattahoochee River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T15:12:19.983383","indexId":"70014500","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Langrangian model of nitrogen kinetics in the Chattahoochee River","docAbstract":"A Lagrangian reference frame is used to solve the convection‐dispersion equation and interpret water‐quality data obtained from the Chattahoochee River. The model was calibrated using unsteady concentrations of organic nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrite plus nitrate obtained during June 1977 and verified using data obtained during August 1976. Reaction kinetics of the cascade type are shown to provide a reasonable description of the nitrogenspecies processes in the Chattahoochee River. The conceptual model is easy to visualize in the physical sense and the output includes information that is not easily determined from an Eulerian approach, but which is very helpful in model calibration and data interpretation. For example, the model output allows one to determine which data are of most value in model calibration or verification.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1987)113:2(223)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H., 1987, Langrangian model of nitrogen kinetics in the Chattahoochee River: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 113, no. 2, p. 223-242, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1987)113:2(223).","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a446ee4b0c8380cd66ad5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014499,"text":"70014499 - 1987 - Formation of scalloped cross-bedding without unsteady flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T23:19:47.900751","indexId":"70014499","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of scalloped cross-bedding without unsteady flows","docAbstract":"Scalloped cross-bedding --compound cross-bedding with internal bounding surfaces that cyclically scoop into the previously deposited foresets and into the sediment below the set--is a common and distinctive structure in eolian, fluvial, tidal, and nearshore-marine sands. Scalloped cross-bedding in shallow-marine deposits previously has been interpreted to be produced by cyclic flows, such as neap-spring tidal flows, which are known to cause cyclic fluctuations in the depth of scour in the troughs of migrating bedforms, but scalloped cross-bedding also originates by a process that does not require fluctuating flow: migration of small bedforms across the lee slopes or along the troughs of larger bedforms. Intersections of the troughs of the two sets of bedforms form topographically low scour pits, and cyclic passage of these scour pits through the outcrop plane--the plane that later becomes an outcrop surface--causes the lower-set boundary to rise and fall. Scalloped cross-bedding formed by fluctuating flow superficially resembles that formed by superimposed or intersecting bedforms, but, as illustrated in three-dimensional computer plots, the two kinds of structures commonly can be distinguished by directional properties of the bedding. Scallops deposited by alongslope-migrating, superimposed bedforms have cross-bed and bounding-surface dip patterns that lack bilateral symmetry and have cross-bed dips that are asymmetrically distributed relative to bounding-surface dips. Scallops with dip patterns that are bilaterally symmetrical and with cross-bed dips that are symmetrically distributed relative to the bounding-surface dips can be produced either by fluctuating flow or by downslope or upslope migration of superimposed bedforms. An example of nearshore-marine scalloped cross-bedding of Pleistocene age was examined in detail in a coastal terrace of Monterey Bay, California. The three-dimensional structure and directional properties of the bedding suggest that the deposit was produced by a series of small bedforms migrating offshore, down a rip channel that was bounded on one side by a migrating oblique bar.
Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured monthly from January 1971 to December 1982 at 1-m depth intervals at 13 stations in Keowee Reservoir in order to characterize spatial and temporal changes associated with operation of the Oconee Nuclear Station. The reservoir water column was i to 4°C warmer in operational than in non-operational years. The thermo-dine was at depths of 5 to 15 m before the operation of Oconee Nuclear Station, but was always below the upper level of the intake (20 m) after the station was in full operation; this suggests that pumping by the Oconee Nuclear Station had depleted all available cool hypolimnetic water to this depth. As a result summer water temperatures at depths greater than 10 m were usually 10°C higher after plant operation began than before. By fall the reservoir was nearly homothemious to a depth of 27 m, where a thermocine developed. Seasonal temperature profiles varied with distance from the plant; a cool water plume was evident in spring and a warm water plume was present in the summer, fall, and winter. A cold water plume also developed in the northern section of the reservoir due to the operation of Jocassee Pumped Storage Station. Increases in the mean water temperature of the reservoir during operational periods were correlated with the generating output of the power plant. The annual heat load to the reservoir increased by one-third after plant operations began. The alteration of the thermal stratification of the receiving water during the summer also caused the dissolved oxygen to mix to greater depths.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00805.x","usgsCitation":"Oliver, J.L., and Hudson, P.L., 1987, Thermal and dissolved oxygen characteristics of a South Carolina cooling reservoir: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, no. 2, p. 257-269, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00805.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Keowee Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.8973388671875,\n 35.03449433167976\n ],\n [\n -82.9522705078125,\n 35.07046911981966\n ],\n [\n -83.04840087890625,\n 35.03449433167976\n ],\n [\n -82.93304443359374,\n 34.89944783005726\n ],\n [\n -82.98797607421874,\n 34.8047829195724\n ],\n [\n -83.07037353515625,\n 34.76643521684169\n ],\n [\n -82.97973632812499,\n 34.66258150231496\n ],\n [\n -82.91656494140625,\n 34.72581233927868\n ],\n [\n -82.8643798828125,\n 34.79350603426752\n ],\n [\n -82.84790039062499,\n 34.84536693184101\n ],\n [\n -82.8204345703125,\n 34.89494244739732\n ],\n [\n -82.8973388671875,\n 35.03449433167976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e4f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, James L.","contributorId":97862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014790,"text":"70014790 - 1987 - Growth determinations for unattached bacteria in a contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-26T17:39:44.569157","indexId":"70014790","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth determinations for unattached bacteria in a contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"Growth rates of unattached bacteria in groundwater contaminated with treated sewage and collected at various distances from the source of contamination were estimated by using frequency of dividing cells and tritiated-thymidine uptake and compared with growth rates obtained with unsupplemented, closed-bottle incubations. Estimates of bacterial generation times [(In 2)/μ] along a 3-km-long transect in oxygen-depleted (0.1 to 0.7 mg of dissolved oxygen liter-1) groundwater ranged from 16 h at 0.26 km downgradient from an on-land, treated-sewage outfall to 139 h at 1.6 km and correlated with bacterial abundance (r2 = 0.88 at P < 0.001). Partitioning of assimilated thymidine into nucleic acid generally decreased with distance from the contaminant source, and one population in heavily contaminated groundwater assimilated little thymidine during a 20-h incubation. Several assumptions commonly made when frequency of dividing cells and tritiated-thymidine uptake are used were not applicable to the groundwater samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.53.12.2992-2996.1987","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and George, L., 1987, Growth determinations for unattached bacteria in a contaminated aquifer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 53, no. 12, p. 2992-2996, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.53.12.2992-2996.1987.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2992","endPage":"2996","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489719,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.53.12.2992-2996.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.63954884374593,\n 41.73751976509678\n ],\n [\n -70.68070167450198,\n 41.6945136775133\n ],\n [\n -70.6779581505853,\n 41.64532862029054\n ],\n [\n -70.67247110275133,\n 41.57353305884914\n ],\n [\n -70.70813691366979,\n 41.52630961823749\n ],\n [\n -70.6450358635835,\n 41.505766928716014\n ],\n [\n -70.60388300483176,\n 41.53452486840766\n ],\n [\n -70.5325513829955,\n 41.53452486840766\n ],\n [\n -70.46121976115928,\n 41.546845787507465\n ],\n [\n -70.42555395024084,\n 41.579690094800526\n ],\n [\n -70.33776118490337,\n 41.61661998392671\n ],\n [\n -70.26642956306715,\n 41.59610598773847\n ],\n [\n -70.1512015585625,\n 41.63302648454291\n ],\n [\n -70.02499945838991,\n 41.65967814379741\n ],\n [\n -70.00030774313942,\n 41.64532862029054\n ],\n [\n -69.93171964521983,\n 41.64942881033289\n ],\n [\n -69.91251497780193,\n 41.77231315298667\n ],\n [\n -69.94818078872038,\n 41.92150558094457\n ],\n [\n -70.02499945838991,\n 42.0316431803505\n ],\n [\n -70.08535698455957,\n 42.07034999451639\n ],\n [\n -70.1950979412309,\n 42.10089134374752\n ],\n [\n -70.25819899131719,\n 42.08256829852266\n ],\n [\n -70.26094251523384,\n 42.05609233347204\n ],\n [\n -70.21430260864811,\n 42.013300141541976\n ],\n [\n -70.1512015585625,\n 42.04183147085118\n ],\n [\n -70.09633108022686,\n 42.00718461934795\n ],\n [\n -70.09633108022686,\n 41.90721454025004\n ],\n [\n -70.04146060189117,\n 41.79277103595206\n ],\n [\n -70.21155908473149,\n 41.764128172257415\n ],\n [\n -70.25545546739986,\n 41.73751977314524\n ],\n [\n -70.41183633065691,\n 41.75184874318762\n ],\n [\n -70.4749373807432,\n 41.784588666019545\n ],\n [\n -70.5572430982467,\n 41.78254291035651\n ],\n [\n -70.63954884374593,\n 41.73751976509678\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2df2e4b0c8380cd5c17a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, L.H.","contributorId":97256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015142,"text":"70015142 - 1987 - Evaluating evaporation from field crops using airborne radiometry and ground-based meteorological data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015142","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2110,"text":"Irrigation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating evaporation from field crops using airborne radiometry and ground-based meteorological data","docAbstract":"Airborne measurements of reflected solar and emitted thermal radiation were combined with ground-based measurements of incoming solar radiation, air temperature, windspeed, and vapor pressure to calculate instantaneous evaporation (LE) rates using a form of the Penman equation. Estimates of evaporation over cotton, wheat, and alfalfa fields were obtained on 5 days during a one-year period. A Bowen ratio apparatus, employed simultaneously, provided ground-based measurements of evaporation. Comparison of the airborne and ground techniques showed good agreement, with the greatest difference being about 12% for the instantaneous values. Estimates of daily (24 h) evaporation were made from the instantaneous data. On three of the five days, the difference between the two techniques was less than 8%, with the greatest difference being 25%. The results demonstrate that airborne remote sensing techniques can be used to obtain spatially distributed values of evaporation over agricultural fields. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Irrigation Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00259473","issn":"03427188","usgsCitation":"Jackson, R.D., Moran, M.S., Gay, L.W., and Raymond, L., 1987, Evaluating evaporation from field crops using airborne radiometry and ground-based meteorological data: Irrigation Science, v. 8, no. 2, p. 81-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00259473.","startPage":"81","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205404,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259473"},{"id":223698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0be2e4b0c8380cd5290e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, R. D.","contributorId":30758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":370190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gay, L. W.","contributorId":53526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gay","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raymond, L.H.","contributorId":23151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015246,"text":"70015246 - 1987 - The Japan Trench and its juncture with the Kuril Trench: cruise results of the Kaiko project, Leg 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:25:25.201936","indexId":"70015246","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Japan Trench and its juncture with the Kuril Trench: cruise results of the Kaiko project, Leg 3","docAbstract":"This paper presents the results of a detailed survey combining Seabeam mapping, gravity and geomagnetic measurements as well as single-channel seismic reflection observations in the Japan Trench and the juncture with the Kuril Trench during the French-Japanese Kaiko project (northern sector of the Leg 3) on the R/V “Jean Charcot”. The main data acquired during the cruise, such as the Seabeam maps, magnetic anomalies pattern, and preliminary interpretations are discussed. These new data cover an area of 18,000 km2 and provide for the first time a detailed three-dimensional image of the Japan Trench. Combined with the previous results, the data indicate new structural interpretations. A comparative study of Seabeam morphology, single-channel and reprocessed multichannel records lead to the conclusion that along the northern Japan Trench there is little evidence of accretion but, instead, a tectonic erosion of the overriding plate. The tectonic pattern on the oceanic side of the trench is controlled by the creation of new normal faults parallel to the Japan Trench axis, which is a direct consequence of the downward flexure of the Pacific plate. In addition to these new faults, ancient normal faults trending parallel to the N65° oceanic magnetic anomalies and oblique to the Japan trench axis are reactivated, so that two directions of normal faulting are observed seaward of the Japan Trench. Only one direction of faulting is observed seaward of the Kuril Trench because of the parallelism between the trench axis and the magnetic anomalies. The convergent front of the Kuril Trench is offset left-laterally by 20 km relative to those of the Japan Trench. This transform fault and the lower slope of the southernmost Kuril Trench are represented by very steep scarps more than 2 km high. Slightly south of the juncture, the Erimo Seamount riding on the Pacific plate, is now entering the subduction zone. It has been preceded by at least another seamount as revealed by magnetic anomalies across the landward slope of the trench. Deeper future studies will be necessary to discriminate between the two following hypothesis about the origin of the curvature between both trenches: Is it due to the collision of an already subducted chain of seamounts? or does it correspond to one of the failure lines of the America/Eurasia plate boundary?
Methodologies that account for specific types of chemical reactions in the simulation of solute transport can be developed so they are compatible with solution algorithms employed in existing transport codes. This enables the simulation of reactive transport in complex multidimensional flow regimes, and provides a means for existing codes to account for some of the fundamental chemical processes that occur among transported solutes. Two equilibrium-controlled reaction systems demonstrate a methodology for accommodating chemical interaction into models of solute transport. One system involves the sorption of a given chemical species, as well as two aqueous complexations in which the sorbing species is a participant. The other reaction set involves binary ion exchange coupled with aqueous complexation involving one of the exchanging species. The methodology accommodates these reaction systems through the addition of nonlinear terms to the transport equations for the sorbing species. Example simulation results show (1) the effect equilibrium chemical parameters have on the spatial distributions of concentration for complexing solutes; (2) that an interrelationship exists between mechanical dispersion and the various reaction processes; (3) that dispersive parameters of the porous media cannot be determined from reactive concentration distributions unless the reaction is accounted for or the influence of the reaction is negligible; (4) how the concentration of a chemical species may be significantly affected by its participation in an aqueous complex with a second species which also sorbs; and (5) that these coupled chemical processes influencing reactive transport can be demonstrated in two-dimensional flow regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90174-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Lewis, F., Voss, C.I., and Rubin, J., 1987, Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 81-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90174-0.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9255e4b08c986b319e51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, F.M.","contributorId":83966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014776,"text":"70014776 - 1987 - Sediment-yield history of a small basin in southern Utah, 1937-1976: Implications for land management and geomorphology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T01:29:55.656198","indexId":"70014776","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment-yield history of a small basin in southern Utah, 1937-1976: Implications for land management and geomorphology","docAbstract":"Alluvium deposited in a reservoir from 1937 to 1976 records the sediment-yield history of a small (2.8 km2), high-relief basin in semiarid southern Utah. Stratification in the alluvium shows that sediment was deposited in the reservoir only 21 times in 38 yr, a runoff recurrence interval of 1.8 yr. Thus, on average, the particular combination of rainfall intensity, duration, and antecedent moisture conditions producing runoff did not recur often. On the basis of the volume of beds in the reservoir fill, sediment yield of individual runoff events averaged 2500 m3/km2 (5.3 a-ft/mi2) with slightly less than one order of magnitude variation. This low variation is not expected of small basins and probably resulted from limited hillslope sediment supply, suggesting that transport processes were more rapid than weathering processes. Sediment yield, therefore, was evidently controlled by the availability of freshly weathered material.
Two hundred twenty-nine species of benthic foraminifera have been identified from 96 stations representing 33 localities on the eastern Pacific inner continental shelf, ranging from southern Peru to northern Baja California. Their distributions mark nearshore provincial boundaries that are nearly identical with those previously documented from the distribution of ostracodes and molluscs. Thirteen species are characteristic of the Panamanian Province, one is characteristic of the Chilean-Peruvian Province, and one is characteristic of the newly proposed Sonoran Subprovince. Seventeen species (7%) appear to be endemic to the eastern Pacific. Fifty-eight (25%) of the species recognized are disjunct from population centers in the western Pacific, 134 species (59%) are disjunct from modern assemblages of the Atlanto-Caribbean region, and 40 species (17%) are disjunct from both the western Pacific and the Atlanto-Caribbean. The distribution of the remaining 57 species (25%) is poorly documented; we classify them as of unknown origin.
","language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsjfr.17.2.153","issn":"00961191","usgsCitation":"Crouch, R., and Poag, C.W., 1987, Benthic foraminifera of the Panamanian Province: distribution and origins.: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 153-176, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.17.2.153.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0b7e4b0c8380cd4a88e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crouch, R.W.","contributorId":98179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouch","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014471,"text":"70014471 - 1987 - GEOGRAPHIC ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF-MODEL PARAMETERS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014471","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"GEOGRAPHIC ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF-MODEL PARAMETERS.","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey is developing techniques to estimate and evaluate unit-hydrograph and loss-rate parameter values for rainfall-runoff models using Geographic Information System (GIS) procedures. The data base includes basin, soil, and climatological characteristics that will be stored in a GIS, and unit-hydrograph and loss-rate parameters obtained from calibration of a commonly used flood-hydrograph rainfall-runoff model for 616 storms in 98 gaged drainage basins. Development of unit-hydrograph and loss-rate parameter-estimation techniques includes statistical methods (exploratory data analysis, regression analysis, and categorical data analysis) to relate the model parameters to hydrologic characteristics. The estimation techniques are evaluated by use of error analysis of simulated hydrograph characteristics (peak discharge, flood volume, and time to peak discharge). The hydrographs will be simulated with parameters estimated by the techniques for (1) 102 storms occurring at 36 gaged basins; and (2) a large storm system (one which produced floods with a 50-to 100-year recurrence interval).","conferenceTitle":"Engineering Hydrology, Proceedings of the Symposium. Held Jointly with the ASCE National Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Williamsburg, VA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872626113","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, A.R., Weiss, L.S., and Oberg, K.A., 1987, GEOGRAPHIC ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF-MODEL PARAMETERS., Engineering Hydrology, Proceedings of the Symposium. Held Jointly with the ASCE National Conference., Williamsburg, VA, USA, p. 551-554.","startPage":"551","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a144ce4b0c8380cd549b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Arthur R.","contributorId":105709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weiss, Linda S. lsweiss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Linda","email":"lsweiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":368474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oberg, Kevin A. kaoberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberg","given":"Kevin","email":"kaoberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014761,"text":"70014761 - 1987 - Volcanism and massive sulfide formation at a sedimented spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T01:19:09.740631","indexId":"70014761","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanism and massive sulfide formation at a sedimented spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific","docAbstract":"Seismic-reflection profiles over the sediment-filled Escanaba Trough at the southern Gorda Ridge reveal a series of volcanic centers that pierce the sediment. The volcanic edifices are 3 to 6 km in diameter and are spaced at 15 to 20 km intervals along the axis of the trough. The volcanic intrusions have uplifted the sediment as much as 100 m, and in places fresh basaltic flows are exposed at the sea floor. Unoxidized pyrrhotite-rich massive-sulfide samples were obtained from the flanks of one of these volcanic centers. The composition and form of the sulfide samples suggest significant interaction between hydrothermal fluids and sediment at depth, and deposition of sulfide within the sediment pile.
Lake Atitlán, a caldera lake in western Guatemala, was investigated for evidence of recent volcanic and tectonic activity. No vents, faults, or folds are apparent on high-resolution seismic reflection profiles of lake sediment, representing at least 17,500 years and probably more than 35,000 years of deposition. Three post-caldera stratovolcanoes (San Pedro, Tolimán, and Atitlán) have grown in southern parts of the caldera and two deltas have grown from the north shore of the lake. Elsewhere, the caldera is occupied by Lake Atitlán, which is more than 300 m deep and has a relatively flat floor. Refraction profiles suggest that the original floor of the caldera lies ca. 300 m below the current lake floor, but prodigious amounts of methane gas in the lake sediment attenuated seismic signals and prevented any detailed view of the original caldera floor or faults along which the floor is presumed to have collapsed.
\nPiston cores from deep basins of Lake Atitlán record ca. 2,000 years of unusually rapid sedimentation (ca. 0.5 cm/yr). Only one thin silicic ash layer was penetrated, and it is probably from a distant source. Cores contain evidence of Mayan disturbance of the environment around the lake and, to a lesser degree, of the lake itself; they might also record episodes of increased thermal activity, each lasting several decades.
\nHeat-flow measurements inside and just outside the caldera are high (290 and 230 mW m−2), suggesting hydrothermal convection and a shallow heat source. High heat flow, a geological record of post-caldera silicic eruptions, and unexplained fluctuations of lake level (episodic tumescence ofthe lake floor?) suggest that magma remains beneath Lake Atitlán and that future eruptions are possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(87)90055-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Newhall, C.G., Paull, C.K., Bradbury, J., Higuera-Gundy, A., Poppe, L., Self, S., Bonar, S.N., and Ziagos, J., 1987, Recent geologic history of lake Atitlán, a caldera lake in western Guatemala: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 33, no. 1-3, p. 81-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90055-2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"107","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a961fe4b0c8380cd81df8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newhall, C. G.","contributorId":93056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J.P.","contributorId":14431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Higuera-Gundy, A.","contributorId":94798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higuera-Gundy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Self, S.","contributorId":101821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bonar, Sharpless N.","contributorId":13755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Sharpless","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ziagos, J.","contributorId":80013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziagos","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70015193,"text":"70015193 - 1987 - Direct comparison of kinetic and local equilibrium formulations for solute transport affected by surface reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:30:09","indexId":"70015193","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct comparison of kinetic and local equilibrium formulations for solute transport affected by surface reactions","docAbstract":"Modeling transport of reacting solutes in porous media often requires a choice between models based on the local equilibrium assumption (LEA) and models involving reaction kinetics. Direct comparison of the mathematical formulations for these two types of transport models can aid in this choice. For cases of transport affected by surface reaction, such a comparison is made possible by a new derivation procedure. This procedure yields a kinetics-based formulation that is the sum of the LEA formulation and one or more kinetically influenced terms. The dimensionless form of the new kinetics-based formulation facilitates identification of critical parameter groupings which control the approach to transport behavior consistent with LEA model predictions. Results of numerical experiments demonstrate that criteria for LEA applicability can be expressed conveniently in terms of these parameter groupings. The derivation procedure is demonstrated for examples of surface reactions including first-order reversible sorption, Langmuir-type kinetics and binary, homovalent ion exchange.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i003p00438","usgsCitation":"Bahr, J.M., and Rubin, J., 1987, Direct comparison of kinetic and local equilibrium formulations for solute transport affected by surface reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 3, p. 438-452, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i003p00438.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd4ae4b0c8380cd4e74b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahr, Jean M.","contributorId":69716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015195,"text":"70015195 - 1987 - Wind energy development in California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015195","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind energy development in California, USA","docAbstract":"Windfarms have been developed rapidly in California in the last few years. The impetus has been a legislated goal to generate 10% of California's electricity by windpower by the year 2000, and generous state and federal tax incentives. Windpower is promoted as environmentally benign, which it is in traditional uses. The California program, however, is not traditional: it calls for centralized development of a magnitude sufficient to offset significant amounts of fossil fuels now used to generate electricity. Centralized windfarm development, as exemplified by the Altamont Pass, Tehachapi Mountains, and San Gorgonio Pass developments, involves major road building projects in erosion-sensitive terrain, effective closure of public lands, and other detrimental effects. A windfarm consisting of 200 turbines with 17-m rotors located in steep terrain 16 km from an existing corridor might occupy 235 ha and physically disturb 86 ha. With average annual wind speeds of 22.5 km/h, the farm would generate about 10??106 kWh/year at present levels of capacity. This annual production would offset 1% of one day's consumption of oil in California. To supply 10% of the state's electricity (at 1984 production rates) would require about 600,000 turbines of the type in common use today and would occupy more than 685,000 ha. It is likely that indirect effects would be felt in much larger areas and would include increased air and water pollution resulting from accelerated erosion, degradation of habitat of domestic and wild animals, damage to archaeological sites, and reduction of scenic quality of now-remote areas of the state. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01867174","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H., and Prose, D., 1987, Wind energy development in California, USA: Environmental Management, v. 11, no. 1, p. 13-20, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867174.","startPage":"13","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205387,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867174"},{"id":223586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd121e4b08c986b32f24f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H.","contributorId":101391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prose, D.","contributorId":30369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014130,"text":"70014130 - 1987 - Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T09:43:07","indexId":"70014130","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models","docAbstract":"Recent literature concerning the modeling of chemical reactions during transport in ground water is examined with emphasis on sorption reactions. The theory of transport and reactions in porous media has been well documented. Numerous equations have been developed from this theory, to provide both continuous and sequential or multistep models, with the water phase considered for both mobile and immobile phases. Chemical reactions can be either equilibrium or non-equilibrium, and can be quantified in linear or non-linear mathematical forms. Non-equilibrium reactions can be separated into kinetic and diffusional rate-limiting mechanisms. Solutions to the equations are available by either analytical expressions or numerical techniques. Saturated and unsaturated batch, column, and field studies are discussed with one-dimensional, laboratory-column experiments predominating. A summary table is presented that references the various kinds of models studied and their applications in predicting chemical concentrations in ground waters.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00835.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Grove, D.B., and Stollenwerk, K.G., 1987, Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, no. 4, p. 601-615, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00835.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"615","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2cde4b0c8380cd4b3aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grove, David B.","contributorId":74750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013596,"text":"1013596 - 1987 - Interactions among dietary minerals, arginine and lysine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T15:55:02.97544","indexId":"1013596","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1651,"text":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Interactions among dietary minerals, arginine and lysine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","title":"Interactions among dietary minerals, arginine and lysine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","docAbstract":"Studies were conducted to determine whether interactions occur among dietary lysine, arginine and monovalent minerals in rainbow trout. In one experiment, rainbow trout fingerlings were fed diets containing three levels of lysine (2.4, 3.1 and 3.8 g per 100 g diet), two levels of arginine (1.7 and 2.5 g per 100 g diet) and two mixtures of Na+ K+ and Cl in a 3×2×2 factorial design. The mixtures varied in the proportions of cations to anions such that Cl equalled the sum of Na+ and K+ (cations − anions = 0 mEq/kg diet) in one mixture and exceeded the sum of Na+ and K+ (cations − anions = −200 mEq/kg diet) in the second mixture. Growth and efficiency of feed conversion were not affected by dietary lysine and arginine in fish fed diets containing − 200 mEq/kg balance, but when fish were fed diets containing a 0 mEq/kg balance, 3.8% lysine and a combination of 3.1% lysine and 2.5% arginine depressed both measures of response. Trout receiving the 0 mEq/kg cation-anion balance had significantly higher free histidine concentrations and lower free lysine concentrations in muscle and higher hepatic arginase activity (P≤0.01) than those receiving −200 mEq/kg. In another experiment, trout were fed diets containing three levels of K+ (21, 191 and 360 mEq/kg), two levels of Na+ (21 and 191 mEq/kg) and two levels of Cl− (179 and 347 mEq/kg) in a 3×2×2 factorial design. Growth and efficiency of feed conversion were depressed and hepatosomatic index increased with higher levels of dietary K+ (P≤0.01), Na+ (P≤0.05) and Cl (P≤0.01), with significant K+ x Cl+ (P≤0.01) and K+ x Na+ x Cl (P≤0.05) interactions. Increasing dietary K+ resulted in increased levels of muscle free histidine and decreased levels of muscle free lysine and arginine (P≤0.01), while increasing dietary Cl increased muscle free lysine, the effect of which was dependent on dietary potassium (K+ x Cl−, P≤0.01). It is concluded that dietary levels of K+, Na+ and Cl−, irrespective of overall cation-anion balance of these minerals, affects growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization and the metabolism of basic amino acids in tissues of trout. Excess lysine causes depressed growth and efficiency of feed utilization. These effects were due to a lysine toxicity rather than a lysine-arginine antagonism, as they were not prevented by supplemental dietary arginine.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF02073865","usgsCitation":"Chiu, Y.N., Austic, R.E., and Rumsey, G.L., 1987, Interactions among dietary minerals, arginine and lysine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 4, no. 1, p. 45-55, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02073865.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0d95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiu, Y. N.","contributorId":84306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiu","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austic, R. E.","contributorId":42558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austic","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014749,"text":"70014749 - 1987 - Reflections from midcrustal rocks within the Mesozoic subduction complex near the eastern Aleutian Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-24T17:00:02.167465","indexId":"70014749","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflections from midcrustal rocks within the Mesozoic subduction complex near the eastern Aleutian Trench","docAbstract":"Seismic reflection data collected in 1973 by Western Geophysical Company show that highly reflective rocks make up the midcrust of the convergent margin adjacent to the eastern Aleutian Trench. These rocks form an arch that strikes obliquely across the strongly expressed northeast-southwest structural grain of exposed Mesozoic rocks. In an earlier report we proposed that the deep events mark the location of either the presently subducting plate or the top of underplated rocks. However, the short radius of curvature of this arch precludes the possibility that the deep events indicate the igneous oceanic crust. Instead, the deep reflections could be from underplated rocks that have been arched by the imbrication or underplating of strata below the reflective rocks. High-amplitude water layer and interbed multiples prevent precise connection of shallow and deep geology. For example, the Border Ranges fault, a suture between major tectonostratigraphic terranes, is not revealed on any of our seismic sections. We speculate, however, that one band of reflections that rises toward but does not reach the surface is from the Eagle River thrust fault, which separates Late Cretaceous melange from deformed turbidite sequences of the same age.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB08p07907","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., von Huene, R.E., and Smith, G., 1987, Reflections from midcrustal rocks within the Mesozoic subduction complex near the eastern Aleutian Trench: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B8, p. 7907-7915, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB08p07907.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7907","endPage":"7915","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225272,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43ee4b0e8fec6cdbae4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.L.","contributorId":25569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}