Phytoplankton blooms are prominent features of biological variability in shallow coastal ecosystems such as estuaries, lagoons, bays, and tidal rivers. Long-term observation and research in San Francisco Bay illustrates some patterns of phytoplankton spatial and temporal variability and the underlying mechanisms of this variability. Blooms are events of rapid production and accumulation of phytoplankton biomass that are usually responses to changing physical forcings originating in the coastal ocean (e.g., tides), the atmosphere (wind), or on the land surface (precipitation and river runoff). These physical forcings have different timescales of variability, so algal blooms can be short-term episodic events, recurrent seasonal phenomena, or rare events associated with exceptional climatic or hydrologic conditions. The biogeochemical role of phytoplankton primary production is to transform and incorporate reactive inorganic elements into organic forms, and these transformations are rapid and lead to measurable geochemical change during blooms. Examples include the depletion of inorganic nutrients (N, P, Si), supersaturation of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide, shifts in the isotopic composition of reactive elements (C, N), production of climatically active trace gases (methyl bromide, dimethylsulfide), changes in the chemical form and toxicity of trace metals (As, Cd, Ni, Zn), changes in the biochemical composition and reactivity of the suspended particulate matter, and synthesis of organic matter required for the reproduction and growth of heterotrophs, including bacteria, zooplankton, and benthic consumer animals. Some classes of phytoplankton play special roles in the cycling of elements or synthesis of specific organic molecules, but we have only rudimentary understanding of the forces that select for and promote blooms of these species. Mounting evidence suggests that the natural cycles of bloom variability are being altered on a global scale by human activities including the input of toxic contaminants and nutrients, manipulation of river flows, and translocation of species. This hypothesis will be a key component of our effort to understand global change at the land-sea interface. Pursuit of this hypothesis will require creative approaches for distinguishing natural and anthropogenic sources of phytoplankton population variability, as well as recognition that the modes of human disturbance of coastal bloom cycles operate interactively and cannot be studied as isolated processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU ","doi":"10.1029/96RG00986","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., 1996, Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 34, no. 2, p. 127-168, https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG00986.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"168","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 38.14751758025121\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 38.14751758025121\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 37.41816326969145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e04be4b039675d005e4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70190174,"text":"70190174 - 1996 - The effect of phorate on wetland macroinvertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T14:43:38","indexId":"70190174","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1570,"text":"Environmental Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of phorate on wetland macroinvertebrates","docAbstract":"The effects of phorate, an organophosphorus insecticide, on aquatic macroinvertebrates was studied in littoral mesocosms in South Dakota wetlands. In 1991 and 1992, four mesocosms were constructed in each of three wetlands. In each wetland, one mesocosm was a reference and phorate concentrations of 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 kg/ha were applied to treatment mesocosms. Phorate caused mortality to amphipods and chironomids throughout the study. Leeches and snails were resistant to phorate. Few living macroinvertebrates were present in mesocosms after phorate treatment and populations recovered only slightly after 1 month. Macroinvertebrate taxa that were sensitive to phorate included: Odonata, Hemiptera, Culicidae, Heliidae, Ephemeroptera, Acarina, Coleoptera, Stratio-myidae, and Hydracarina. Taxa that were tolerant to phorate included: Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta, and Ostracoda.
","language":"English","publisher":" Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620150313","usgsCitation":"Dieter, C.D., Flake, L.D., and Duffy, W.G., 1996, The effect of phorate on wetland macroinvertebrates: Environmental Toxicology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 308-312, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150313.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"312","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":344867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Brookings County, Lake County, Kingsbury County","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Coteau","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.1285,44.545],[-96.8874,44.5446],[-96.4534,44.5444],[-96.4538,44.1983],[-96.8874,44.1965],[-96.8899,43.8501],[-97.1286,43.8496],[-97.3678,43.85],[-97.3697,44.196],[-97.8506,44.1964],[-97.853,44.5453],[-97.4921,44.5436],[-97.1285,44.545]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Brookings\",\"state\":\"SD\"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59940849e4b0fe2b9fe8afac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieter, Charles D.","contributorId":195665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dieter","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":707815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flake, Lester D.","contributorId":46452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flake","given":"Lester","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":707816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duffy, Walter G. wgd7001@usgs.gov","contributorId":2491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"Walter","email":"wgd7001@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":707817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188110,"text":"70188110 - 1996 - A watershed-scale approach to tracing metal contamination in the environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T13:37:01","indexId":"70188110","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A watershed-scale approach to tracing metal contamination in the environment","docAbstract":"Public policy during the 1800's encouraged mining in the western United States. Mining on Federal lands played an important role in the growing economy creating national wealth from our abundant and diverse mineral resource base. The common industrial practice from the early days of mining through about 1970 in the U.S. was for mine operators to dispose of the mine wastes and mill tailings in the nearest stream reach or lake. As a result of this contamination, many stream reaches below old mines, mills, and mining districts and some major rivers and lakes no longer support aquatic life. Riparian habitats within these affected watersheds have also been impacted. Often, the water from these affected stream reaches is generally not suitable for drinking, creating a public health hazard. The recent Department of Interior Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Initiative is an effort on the part of the Federal Government to address the adverse environmental impact of these past mining practices on Federal lands. The AML Initiative has adopted a watershed approach to determine those sites that contribute the majority of the contaminants in the watershed. By remediating the largest sources of contamination within the watershed, the impact of metal contamination in the environment within the watershed as a whole is reduced rather than focusing largely on those sites for which principal responsible parties can be found.
The scope of the problem of metal contamination in the environment from past mining practices in the coterminous U.S. is addressed in a recent report by Ferderer (1996). Using the USGS1:2,000,000-scale hydrologic drainage basin boundaries and the USGS Minerals Availability System (MAS) data base, he plotted the distribution of 48,000 past-producing metal mines on maps showing the boundaries of lands administered by the various Federal Land Management Agencies (FLMA). Census analysis of these data provided an initial screening tool for prioritization of watersheds in the western U.S. A different approach to the scope of the abandoned mine problem (Church et al., 1996a) is shown by the water quality data collected by the States under the Clean Water Act, section 305(b). These data document the stream reaches affected by metals from naturally occurring sources as well as from mining, or mineral resource extraction. Permitted discharges from active industrial and mine sites are not covered in the 305(b) data base.
Local citizens and state and federal agencies are all part of the collaborative decision process used to select the drainage basins chosen for the AML Initiative pilot studies. Data gathered by these three entities were brought to bear on the watershed selection process. The USGS prepared data available from Federal data bases in the form of interpretative GIS products. Maps of the states of Colorado (Plumlee et al., 1995) and a similar study of the state of Montana (USGS, unpublished data) were used to select the Animas watershed in southwestern Colorado and the Boulder watershed southwest of Helena Montana as the pilot study areas for the AML Initiative. Thus, the watersheds selected for study were public decisions made on the basis of available scientific data. The role of the U.S. Geological Survey in the Abandoned Mine Land Initiative is outlined in Buxton et al. (1997).
The watershed approach to metals contamination in the environment has been studied in several drainage basins (Church et al., 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996b; Kimball et al., 1995). The underlying principles used to successfully discriminate between sources and to quantify the impact of these sources on the environment are the subject of this report.
","conferenceTitle":"Metals in the Environment Workshop Report","conferenceDate":"October 21-22, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Far Hills, Inn, Val Morin, Quebec","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Network of Toxicology Centres (CNTC)","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., 1996, A watershed-scale approach to tracing metal contamination in the environment, Metals in the Environment Workshop Report, Far Hills, Inn, Val Morin, Quebec, October 21-22, 1996, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://amli.usgs.gov/reports/cntc/cntcmite.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592fd660e4b0e9bd0ea8980e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, Stanley E","contributorId":121086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23079,"text":"ofr96520 - 1996 - Distribution of surficial sediments in Ohio's nearshore (Lake Erie) as interpreted from sidescan sonar and 3.5 kHz subbottom data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T20:54:35.124353","indexId":"ofr96520","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-520","title":"Distribution of surficial sediments in Ohio's nearshore (Lake Erie) as interpreted from sidescan sonar and 3.5 kHz subbottom data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96520","usgsCitation":"Fuller, J.A., 1996, Distribution of surficial sediments in Ohio's nearshore (Lake Erie) as interpreted from sidescan sonar and 3.5 kHz subbottom data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-520, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96520.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406272,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22629.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52445,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0520/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0520/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.56201171875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -83.56201171875,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -83.56201171875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f451","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, J. A.","contributorId":29838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22926,"text":"ofr96173 - 1996 - Water-quality, streamflow, and meteorological data for the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T19:04:26.808035","indexId":"ofr96173","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-173","title":"Water-quality, streamflow, and meteorological data for the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1991-93","docAbstract":"Surface-water-quality data, ground-water-quality data, streamflow data, field measurements, aquatic-biology data, meteorological data, and quality-assurance data were collected in the Tualatin River Basin from 1991 to 1993 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon (USA). The data from that study, which are part of this report, are presented in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format in subject-specific data files on a Compact Disk-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). The text of this report describes the objectives of the study, the location of sampling sites, sample-collection and processing techniques, equipment used, laboratory analytical methods, and quality-assurance procedures. The data files on CD-ROM contain the analytical results of water samples collected in the Tualatin River Basin, streamflow measurements of the main-stem Tualatin River and its major tributaries, flow data from the USA wastewater-treatment plants, flow data from stations that divert water from the main-stem Tualatin River, aquatic-biology data, and meteorological data from the Tualatin Valley Irrigation District (TVID) Agrimet Weather Station located in Verboort, Oregon. Specific information regarding the contents of each data file is given in the text. The data files use a series of letter codes that distinguish each line of data. These codes are defined in data tables accompanying the text. Presenting data on CD-ROM offers several advantages: (1) the data can be accessed easily and manipulated by computers, (2) the data can be distributed readily over computer networks, and (3) the data may be more easily transported and stored than a large printed report. These data have been used by the USGS to (1) identify the sources, transport, and fate of nutrients in the Tualatin River Basin, (2) quantify relations among nutrient loads, algal growth, low dissolved-oxygen concentrations, and high pH, and (3) develop and calibrate a water- quality model that allows managers to test options for alleviating water-quality problems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96173","usgsCitation":"Doyle, M.C., and Caldwell, J.M., 1996, Water-quality, streamflow, and meteorological data for the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-173, Report: v, 49 p.; 1 Plate:; 30.00 × 28.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96173.","productDescription":"Report: v, 49 p.; 1 Plate:; 30.00 × 28.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407156,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18591.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19438,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0173/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19439,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0173/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.486,\n 45.26\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 45.26\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 45.798\n ],\n [\n -123.486,\n 45.798\n ],\n [\n -123.486,\n 45.26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e50f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, M. C.","contributorId":91136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, J. M.","contributorId":93934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44858,"text":"wri954241 - 1996 - Louisiana ground-water map no. 9: Potentiometric surface, 1993, and water-level changes, 1968-93, of the Cockfield aquifer in northern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T23:00:05.088539","indexId":"wri954241","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4241","title":"Louisiana ground-water map no. 9: Potentiometric surface, 1993, and water-level changes, 1968-93, of the Cockfield aquifer in northern Louisiana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954241","usgsCitation":"Brantly, J.A., and Seanor, R.C., 1996, Louisiana ground-water map no. 9: Potentiometric surface, 1993, and water-level changes, 1968-93, of the Cockfield aquifer in northern Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4241, 2 Plates: 26.00 × 23.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954241.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 26.00 × 23.78 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82219,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4241/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82218,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4241/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395426,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49269.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Cockfield aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 31.615965936476076\n ],\n [\n -91.0931396484375,\n 31.615965936476076\n ],\n [\n -91.0931396484375,\n 32.94875863715422\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 32.94875863715422\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 31.615965936476076\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63598d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brantly, Jeffrey A. jbrantly@usgs.gov","contributorId":5405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantly","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbrantly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seanor, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5735-5580 rcseanor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-5580","contributorId":3731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seanor","given":"Ronald","email":"rcseanor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44864,"text":"wri954291 - 1996 - Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Big Muddy Creek, Fort Peck Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:11","indexId":"wri954291","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4291","title":"Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Big Muddy Creek, Fort Peck Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Montana","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations of Big Muddy Creek were made to determine the magnitude of the 100-year flood and the extent of flooding that would occur as the result of this flood. The magnitude of the 100-year flood was determined to range from 13,600 to 20,400 ft3/s, depending on location. Field surveys were made at 39 cross sections along a 41-mile reach of Big Muddy Creek. An additional two cross sections along the same reach were synthesized. Data from the surveys were used to calculate the water-surface elevation at each cross section using a computer program (WSPRO) developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The water-surface profile of the computed 100-year flood elevations was then drawn. The profile also shows the streambed elevation and the location of the bridges and cross sections. The computed 100-year flood elevation at each cross section was used to delineate the width of the flood plain at that section. Flood boundaries between cross sections were interpolated using contour lines on topographic maps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri954291","usgsCitation":"Omang, R.J., 1996, Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Big Muddy Creek, Fort Peck Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4291, 1 map on 2 sheets ; 241 x 108 cm., sheets 94 x 124 cm. and 96 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954291.","productDescription":"1 map on 2 sheets ; 241 x 108 cm., sheets 94 x 124 cm. and 96 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82224,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4291/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82225,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4291/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9a8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omang, R. J.","contributorId":31365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omang","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32072,"text":"ofr96273 - 1996 - Maps showing topography, backscatter, and interpretation of seafloor features in the Massachusetts Bay disposal site region off Boston, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:22","indexId":"ofr96273","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-273","title":"Maps showing topography, backscatter, and interpretation of seafloor features in the Massachusetts Bay disposal site region off Boston, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96273","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Danforth, W.W., Roworth, E.T., and Stillman, S.T., 1996, Maps showing topography, backscatter, and interpretation of seafloor features in the Massachusetts Bay disposal site region off Boston, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-273, 4 maps on 2 sheets ;69 x 77 cm., and 55 x 61 cm., sheets 104 x 148 cm. and 138 x 70 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96273.","productDescription":"4 maps on 2 sheets ;69 x 77 cm., and 55 x 61 cm., sheets 104 x 148 cm. and 138 x 70 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258666,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0273/plate-1.pdf","size":"20699","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258667,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0273/plate-2.pdf","size":"21063","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258668,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0273/report.pdf","size":"356","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0273/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"12500","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roworth, Edwin T.","contributorId":80727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roworth","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stillman, Sara T.","contributorId":82373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stillman","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32071,"text":"ofr96258 - 1996 - Slope map and locations of irrigation-induced landslides and seepage areas, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:22","indexId":"ofr96258","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-258","title":"Slope map and locations of irrigation-induced landslides and seepage areas, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96258","usgsCitation":"Chleborad, A.F., and Powers, P.S., 1996, Slope map and locations of irrigation-induced landslides and seepage areas, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-258, 1 map :col. ;46 x 35 cm., on sheet 78 x 82 cm., folded to 28 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96258.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;46 x 35 cm., on sheet 78 x 82 cm., folded to 28 x 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19606,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0258/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee2fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chleborad, Alan F.","contributorId":87578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chleborad","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powers, Philip S.","contributorId":102078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32223,"text":"ofr96733A - 1996 - Digital bedrock geologic map of the Vermont part of the 7.5 x 15 minute Mount Ascutney and Springfield quadrangles, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T19:40:08.04132","indexId":"ofr96733A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-733","chapter":"A","title":"Digital bedrock geologic map of the Vermont part of the 7.5 x 15 minute Mount Ascutney and Springfield quadrangles, Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96733A","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., Armstrong, T.R., and Ratcliffe, N.M., 1996, Digital bedrock geologic map of the Vermont part of the 7.5 x 15 minute Mount Ascutney and Springfield quadrangles, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-733, 2 Plates: 25.07 x 51.92 inches and 25.07 x 53.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96733A.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 25.07 x 51.92 inches and 25.07 x 53.43 inches","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":108984,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18694.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18694"},{"id":163046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Mount Ascutney and Springfield quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.5,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -72.5,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -72.375,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -72.375,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -72.5,\n 43.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d55f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, Thomas R.","contributorId":40637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ratcliffe, N. M.","contributorId":80691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"N.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32067,"text":"ofr9688 - 1996 - Preliminary geologic map of the San Fernando 7.5' quadrangle, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T20:26:13.10778","indexId":"ofr9688","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-88","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the San Fernando 7.5' quadrangle, southern California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9688","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., 1996, Preliminary geologic map of the San Fernando 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-88, Report: 11 p.; 1 Plate: 22.00 × 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9688.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; 1 Plate: 22.00 × 30.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19601,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0088/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":108969,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18580.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18580"},{"id":164223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19602,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Fernando 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.375,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.375,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698239","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32063,"text":"ofr95705 - 1996 - Trends in water-table altitude (1984-93) and saltwater intrusion (1974-93) in the Biscayne Aquifer, Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:22","indexId":"ofr95705","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-705","title":"Trends in water-table altitude (1984-93) and saltwater intrusion (1974-93) in the Biscayne Aquifer, Dade County, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr95705","usgsCitation":"Sonenshein, R., and Koszalka, E., 1996, Trends in water-table altitude (1984-93) and saltwater intrusion (1974-93) in the Biscayne Aquifer, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-705, 2 over-size sheets. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95705.","productDescription":"2 over-size sheets. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19597,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0705/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19598,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0705/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624f7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sonenshein, R.S.","contributorId":10415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonenshein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koszalka, E. J.","contributorId":28949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koszalka","given":"E. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24528,"text":"ofr9615 - 1996 - Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr9615","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-15","title":"Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed as part of a cooperative U.S. Geological Survey/Massachusetts Water Resources Authority program to study contaminated sediment accumulation and transport in Massachusetts Bay. This report details the development of the model and assesses how well the model represents observed currents and water properties in the bay. It also summarizes circulation and comparative effluent dilution simulations from existing and future Boston sewage outfalls over a three-year period from October 1, 1989 to December 31, 1992. \r\n\r\nThe ECOM-si model, a semi-implicit version of the Blumberg and Mellor (1987) Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Model, is shown to reproduce many of the important hydrodynamical features of Massachusetts Bay: the seasonal evolution of the pycnocline, the mean flow pattern, and the strength of sub-tidal current fluctuations. Throughout the simulation period, during both vertically well-mixed and stratified conditions, the seasonal statistics of observed currents are well-represented by the model. The model is therefore appropriate for studying the average dilution of sewage effluent and other continuously discharged substances over seasonal time scales. \r\n\r\nThe ability of the model to reproduce individual flow events varies with season and location within the bay. Flow events during unstratified conditions in western Massachusetts Bay are particularly well-represented, indicating that the model is appropriate for studying processes such as the transport of suspended material from the future outfall site due to winter storms. Individual flow events during stratified conditions and in the offshore Stellwagen Bank region, however, are less well-represented due to small length scales (caused by upwelling and river discharge events) coupled with insufficient data to specify open boundary forcing from the Gulf of Maine. Thus while the model might be used to answer issues such as the frequency with which Gulf of Maine river plumes visit the new outfall site, attempting to predict whether a particular plume would visit the outfall site could be problematic. \r\n\r\nComparative simulations of effluent discharged from the existing and future Boston outfalls show that the region of relatively high effluent concentrations (1 part effluent to 200 parts sea water) is significantly smaller with the future outfall and is limited to Western Massachusetts Bay during both unstratified and stratified seasons. The region of even higher concentration (1 part effluent to 50 parts sea water) that covers much of Boston Harbor with the existing outfall is non-existent in the future outfall simulation. Additional simulations of chlorination plant failure predict that the offshore location of the future outfall will lead to dramatically lower levels of pathogens at area beaches.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Woods Hole Field Center,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9615","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., Jenter, H.L., and Blumberg, A.F., 1996, Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-15, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9615.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1622,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://crusty.er.usgs.gov/mbayopen/mbayopen.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":192087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenter, Harry L. 0000-0002-1307-8785 hjenter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-8785","contributorId":228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenter","given":"Harry","email":"hjenter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blumberg, Alan F.","contributorId":66299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumberg","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32070,"text":"ofr96253 - 1996 - Preliminary geologic map of the Burbank 7.5' quadrangle, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T20:02:51.75545","indexId":"ofr96253","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-253","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Burbank 7.5' quadrangle, southern California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96253","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., 1996, Preliminary geologic map of the Burbank 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-253, Report: 7 p.; 1 Plate: 22.00 × 28.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96253.","productDescription":"Report: 7 p.; 1 Plate: 22.00 × 28.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108972,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18596.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18596"},{"id":19605,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0253/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247344,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0253/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Burbank 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.375,\n 34.125\n ],\n [\n -118.25,\n 34.125\n ],\n [\n -118.25,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.375,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.375,\n 34.125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32221,"text":"ofr9631A - 1996 - Digital bedrock geologic map of the Andover quadrangle, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T20:15:17.499558","indexId":"ofr9631A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-31","chapter":"A","title":"Digital bedrock geologic map of the Andover quadrangle, Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9631A","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., 1996, Digital bedrock geologic map of the Andover quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-31, 2 Plates: 30.17 x 32.52 inches and 30.50 x 32.56 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9631A.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 30.17 x 32.52 inches and 30.50 x 32.56 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108967,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18573.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18573"},{"id":60312,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0031a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0031a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Andover quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.75,\n 43.375\n ],\n [\n -72.75,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -72.625,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -72.625,\n 43.375\n ],\n [\n -72.75,\n 43.375\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":208013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32222,"text":"ofr96526A - 1996 - Digital bedrock geologic map of the Weston quadrangle, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T20:04:32.345747","indexId":"ofr96526A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-526","chapter":"A","title":"Digital bedrock geologic map of the Weston quadrangle, Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96526A","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., and Burton, W.C., 1996, Digital bedrock geologic map of the Weston quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-526, 2 Plates: 30.83 x 32.49 inches and 31.00 x 32.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96526A.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 30.83 x 32.49 inches and 31.00 x 32.67 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108976,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18639.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18639"},{"id":60313,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0526a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0526a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Weston quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.875,\n 43.375\n ],\n [\n -72.875,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -72.75,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -72.75,\n 43.375\n ],\n [\n -72.875,\n 43.375\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4618","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":208015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32080,"text":"ofr96727 - 1996 - Summary Circum-North Pacific Tectonostratigraphic Terrane Map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:30","indexId":"ofr96727","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-727","title":"Summary Circum-North Pacific Tectonostratigraphic Terrane Map","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96727","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W.J., Parfenov, L.M., Monger, J.W., Baranov, B.V., Byalobzhesky, S.G., Bundtzen, T., Fenney, T.D., Fujita, K., Gordey, S.P., Grantz, A., Khanchuk, A.I., Natal’in, B.A., Natapov, L.M., Norton, I.O., Patton, W.W., Plafker, G., Scholl, D.W., Sokolov, S.D., Sosunov, G.M., Stone, D., Tabor, R.W., Tsukanov, N.V., and Vallier, T.L., 1996, Summary Circum-North Pacific Tectonostratigraphic Terrane Map: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-727, 1 map : col. ; 52 x 92 cm., on sheet 91 x 147 cm., folded to 23 x 19 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96727.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 52 x 92 cm., on sheet 91 x 147 cm., folded to 23 x 19 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9123,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-727/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"10000000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e487fe4b07f02db515883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parfenov, Leonid M.","contributorId":59112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parfenov","given":"Leonid","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monger, James W.H.","contributorId":53900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baranov, Boris V.","contributorId":39238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baranov","given":"Boris","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Byalobzhesky, Stanislav G.","contributorId":73684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byalobzhesky","given":"Stanislav","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bundtzen, Thomas K.","contributorId":83560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundtzen","given":"Thomas K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fenney, Tracy D.","contributorId":61298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenney","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fujita, Kazuya","contributorId":15654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujita","given":"Kazuya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gordey, Steven P.","contributorId":50042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordey","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Khanchuk, Alexander I.","contributorId":19585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khanchuk","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Natal’in, Boris A.","contributorId":91357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Natal’in","given":"Boris","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Natapov, Lev M.","contributorId":94154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Natapov","given":"Lev","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Norton, Ian O.","contributorId":82575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Patton, William W. Jr.","contributorId":107355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Sokolov, Sergei D.","contributorId":68590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokolov","given":"Sergei","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Sosunov, Gleb M.","contributorId":7560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sosunov","given":"Gleb","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Stone, David B.","contributorId":65324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Tabor, Rowland W. rtabor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"Rowland","email":"rtabor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Tsukanov, Nickolai V.","contributorId":44035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsukanov","given":"Nickolai","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Vallier, Tracy L.","contributorId":28857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}} ,{"id":32068,"text":"ofr9689 - 1996 - Preliminary geologic map of the Mint Canyon 7.5' quadrangle, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T20:17:23.431209","indexId":"ofr9689","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-89","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Mint Canyon 7.5' quadrangle, southern California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9689","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., 1996, Preliminary geologic map of the Mint Canyon 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-89, Report: 9 p.; 1 Plate: 22.00 × 28.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9689.","productDescription":"Report: 9 p.; 1 Plate: 22.00 × 28.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19604,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":108968,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18579.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18579"},{"id":19603,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0089/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0089/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mint Canyon 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.375,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.375,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b04d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32078,"text":"ofr96534 - 1996 - Geologic Map of the Cascade Head Area, Northwestern Oregon Coast Range (Neskiwin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph 7.5 minute Quadrangles)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:07:50","indexId":"ofr96534","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-534","title":"Geologic Map of the Cascade Head Area, Northwestern Oregon Coast Range (Neskiwin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph 7.5 minute Quadrangles)","docAbstract":"The geology of the Cascade Head area bridges the geology in the Tillamook Highlands to the north (Wells and others, 1994; 1995) with that of the Newport Embayment on the south (Snavely and others, 1976 a,b,c). The four 7.5-minute quadrangles (Neskowin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph) which comprise the Cascade Head area include significant stratigraphic, structural, and igneous data that are essential in unraveling the geology of the northern and central part of the Oregon Coast Range and of the adjacent continental shelf
Earlier studies (Snavely and Vokes, 1949) were of a broad reconnaissance nature because of limited access in this rugged, densely forested part of the Siuslaw National Forest. Also, numerous thick sills of late middle Eocene diabase and middle Miocene basalt mask the Eocene stratigraphic relationships. Previous mapping was hampered by a lack of precise biostratigraphic data. However, recent advances in biostratigraphy and radiometric age dating and geochemistry have provided the necessary tools to decipher stratigraphic and structural relationships in the Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rock sequences (W.W. Rau, personal communication, 1978 to 1988; Bukry and Snavely, 1988).
Many important stratigraphic and igneous relationships are displayed within the Casacde Head area:
(1) turbidite sandstone of the middle Eocene Tyee Formation, which is widespread in the central and southern part of the Oregon Coast Range (Snavely and others, 1964), was not deposited in the western part of the Cascade Head, and is of limited extent north of the map area (Wells and others, 1994);
(2) the late middle Eocene Yamhill Formation, which crops out along the west and east flank of the Oregon Coast Range, overlaps older strata and overlies an erosional unconformity on the lower Eocene Siletz River Volcanics (Snavely and others, 1990; 1991);
(3) thick sills of late middle Eocene diabase (43 Ma) are widespread in the Cascade Head area and also form much of the eastern flank of the Tillamook Highlands (Wells and others, 1994), but are rare south of the map area;
(4) Cascade Head is the northernmost eruptive center of late Eocene alkalic basalts--85 km north of the eruptive center of correlative alkalic flows of the Yachats Basalt in the Newport Embayment (Snavely and Vokes, 1949; Snavely and others, 1990; Barnes and Barnes, 1992; Davis and others, 1995);
(5) early Oligocene (33 Ma) sills and dikes of nepheline syenite and camptonite present in the Newport Embayment (Snavely and Wagner, 1961) are not found in the Cascade Head area;
(6) extensive middle Oligocene (30 Ma) granophyric gabbro sills that are widespread in the central part of the Oregon Coast Range (Snavely and Wagner, 1961; MacLeod, 1969) are not present in the Cascade Head area.
The Cascade Head area is the last segment of the Oregon Coast to receive detailed geologic mapping. Increased logging operations in the 1970's and 1980's created numerous new roadcut exposures and access to exposures in stream beds. More importantly, microfossil biostratigraphic control, available since 1970, based upon foraminifer determinations by W.W. Rau and nannofossil determinations by David Bukry provided critical information on stratigraphic succession as well as on depositional environments of the deep water (bathyal) siltstone units present in much of the Cascade Head area. These paleontologic data also permitted correlations with other sedimentary sequences mapped in the Newport Embayment and in the Tillamook Highlands as well as in western Washington.
New 7.5-minute topographic maps and aerial photographs which became available in the late 1980's provided detailed topography which can be related to the distribution of thick sills and broad landslide areas, as well as a precise geographic relationship of geologic observations in this densely forested and brush-covered terrain.
New geographic information systems (GIS) technology has produced a digitized color map of the Cascade Head area that combines the four 7.5-minute quadrangles that previously were open-filed as separate black and white 7.5-minute quadrangles (Snavely and others, 1990; 1990a; 1991; 1993).
The tectonic framework and stratigraphic architecture presented on the map of the Cascade Head area was obtained by classic geologic field methods. This information could have been obtained only through detailed observation and sampling along stream beds, road cuts, and outcrops. Remote sensing techniques were of minor help in unraveling the geology in this poorly exposed and complex terrain, a terrain that characterizes much of the Oregon and Washington Coast Ranges.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96539","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hettinger, R.D., Roberts, L.N., Biewick, L.R., and Kirschbaum, M., 1996, Preliminary investigations of the distribution and resources of coal in the Kaiparowits Plateau, southern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-539, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96539.","productDescription":"72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1208,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/OF96-539/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hettinger, R. 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Two frequency bands are considered, 0.5-1.5 Hz and 2.0-6.0 Hz. Instrument characteristics prevented going to lower frequencies, and frequencies above 6.0 Hz are less important to the building inventory. Site response determined at the instrumented locations is associated with the surficial geology and contoured to produce a continuous spatial estimation of site response. 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